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CHAPTER 5 GLOSSARY WORKSHEET (FROM TEXTBOOK (p87) /PPT)

CLASS GUIDE/INDEPENDENT ATTENDANCE LESSON

Natural Selection and the Origin of Species

ANT 153 F 2020 IDG (pg. 1 of 3)

ENVIRONMENT, HABITAT and NICHE

1) Micro Evolution referred to as “small-scale” biological evolution. It includes any change in the
frequency of alleles within the gene pool of population.
2) Macro Evolution referred to as “large-scale” biological evolution. Leads to the evolution of new
species and larger categories of life.
3) The place in which a particular organism lives is called its habitat.
4) An ecological niche refers to the space that an organism occupies and how the organism uses
the space.

THE MECHANISMS OF NATURAL SELECTION

5) A selective agent is any factor that brings about differences in fertility or mortality. A higher
mortality rate is related to a lower fertility rate. Only those that survive can transmit their
genes to the next generation (Ex: Birds and Peppered Moths)
6) Fitness is a measure of how well an individual (or population) is adapted to a specific
ecological niche or their environment. It can be measured by how many offspring an
individual has.
7) Charles Darwin took a voyage on the HMS Beagle and studied a group of birds on the
Galapagos Island known as Finches. Although they belonged to the same family, their beaks
are different sizes and shape due to the foods eaten on a given island.
8) In 1973 Peter and Rosemary Grant did a “follow up” study on the Finches of the Galapagos on
the island of Daphne Major. No rain fell from 1976-1978, due to lack of water, fewer seeds
were produced. Smaller seeds were replaced by larger, hardier seeds, difficult to eat.
The birds with the larger, powerful beaks had the distinct advantage. The drought and lack of
small seeds operated as a selective agent working against the small beaked birds.
9) Concerning fleas, “RAID” was a selective agent that decided which fleas lived and which died in
a given home. Yet, after a couple of years the number of fleas began increasing again in spite of
continued use of RAID. This was because RAID resistant fleas survived to breed, as did their
offspring, until more and more of each year’s fleas were resistant.
TYPES OF NATURAL SELECTION

There are 3 types of Natural Selection

10) Directional selection is a type of natural selection characterized by a generation-after-
generation shift in the population toward the fittest in ONE specific direction. Example: As a
result of little rain, the average size of the beaks on some of the Finches at the island of
Daphne Major increased throughout generations and got larger and larger, therefore they
were able to eat the bigger seeds and were most “fit” for that environment.
ANT 153 Chapter 5 pg.2
11) Stabilizing selection is a type of natural selection characterized by a generation-after-
generation shift in the population in the direction of the average (middle). Example: Individuals
with both low weight and high weight being selected against (with a lower chance of survival),
and those with average body weight being the most “fit”.

12) Disruptive Selection is a type of natural selection characterized by a generation-after-

generation shift in the population AWAY from the average individual,s and towards BOTH
extremes. Therefore, those in the population at BOTH the higher and lower extremes are
the most “fit”. Example: Both the larger and smaller sized animal would be most fit, and the
animal who had average (mean) size, less fit, has a lower chance of survival.

NATURAL SELECTION IN HUMANS – SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

Erythrocytes are red blood cells filled with millions of molecules of the protein hemoglobin. Average
individuasl are those who are homozygous for Hemoglobin (HbA).
13) Sickle-Cell Anemia is a disorder in individuals homozygous for hemoglobin S (HbS), in which red
blood cells will develop into ridged, misshapen (sickle shaped) forms that clog capillaries,
resulting in anemia, heart failure, and other symptoms.
14) A person who is heterozygous has a mixture of BOTH normal (HbA) and abnormal hemoglobin
(HbS). Such a person rarely has symptoms and is said to have Sickle cell trait, which is an
example of codominance.
15) The fitness of Sickle Cell anemia is effectively zero. Yet populations in Africa, southern Europe
and the Middle East have very HbS allele frequencies. 36% of individuals in these areas either
have sickle cell trait, or sickle cell anemia!
16) The high frequencies of HbS are found in areas characterized by high instances of falciparum
malaria. Hemoglobin S conveys a correlation to malaria.
17) The increase of malaria in Africa was most related to the development of farming.
18) In areas where malaria is prevalent, it is best (or most fit) to be heterozygous for the sickle-
cell allele. This results in a situation called balanced polymorphism.

SEXUAL SELECTION
Sexual selection is a selection that favors characteristics that increase reproductive success, usually due
to male competition or female mate choice.
19 intersexual Selection is a form of sexual selection for traits that make males more attractive to
females. Example: Females preferring male gorillas who are larger (sexual dimorphism), and have
access to more territory.
20) Intrasexual Selection is a form of sexual selection for characteristics that make
males better able to compete with one another for sexual access to females.

KIN SELECTION (See Coefficient of Relatedness pg. 102)

21) Behavior characterized by self-sacrifice that benefits others altruism
22) A process whereby an individual’s genes are selected for, increasing the chances that his or
her kin’s genes are propagated into the next generation kin selection.
THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES

23) Though the species is the largest reproductive population, an even smaller reproductive
population is the local breeding population called the demes.
24) Subspecies include interfertile groups within a species that display significant
differentiation among themselves.
25) Speciation is the evolution of a new species.
26) Speciation is usually initiated by geographical isolation.
27) Species that occupy mutually exclusive (different) geographical areas allopatric species.
28) Different species living in the SAME area but prevented from successfully reproducing by a
reproductive isolating mechanism are called sympatric species.
29) In the case of sympatric species. Reproductive Isolating Mechanism include (pg. 106):
A) Ecological Isolation
B) Seasonal Isolation
C) Sexual Isolation
D) Mechanical Isolation
E) Premating Mechanism
F) Postmating Mechanism
G) Gametic Mortality
H) Zygotic Mortality
I) Hybrid Inviability
J) Hybrid Sterility

30) Reproductive isolation that results from incompatibility in mating behavior is

termed sexual isolation.
31) Reproductive isolation that results from incompatibility due to breeding in different seasons
Seasonal isolation.
32) A specialized species is one that is closely fitted to a specific niche and able to tolerate
little change in that niche.
33) A generalized species is a species that can survive in a variety of ecological niches or
environmental conditions, and characterizes humans as a whole. Since gene flow has been
continuous, speciation has not occurred among humans…yet.
THE TEMPO OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE

34) Phyletic gradualism sees evolution as a SLOW BUT CONSTANT PROCESS of change
characterized by gradual transformation of one population into others.
35) Punctuated equilibrium sees evolution as characterized by uneven tempos in change.
Where there are both fast and slower periods of change.
BASIC CONCEPTS
36) The evolution of a single population into a number of different species is called
Adaptive radiation.
37) The disappearance of a population is called extinction.

SOCIAL DARWINISM, SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST AND HERBERT SPENCER

38) The application of the principles of biological evolution to social science, to explain topics such
as social inequalities became known as Darwinism. 19th century proponents of this thought,
believed that their dominate position in the world was a result of natural superiority that
resulted from natural selection. Many believed that because of this, nothing should be done to
help the poor or sick. Darwin was not considered to be a social Darwinist