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Chap02 - Transportation Systems and Organization
Chap02 - Transportation Systems and Organization
Transportation Systems
and Organizations
Chapter 2
Modes of Transportation
Transportation Organization
Chapter 2 Transportation
Systems and Organizations
SUMMARY
The transportation system in a developed nation
consists of a network of modes that have evolved
over many years.
The system consists of vehicles, guide ways,
terminal facilities, and control systems;
these operate according to established
procedures and schedules in the air, on land, and
on water.
The system also requires interaction with the user,
the operator, and the environment.
Chapter 2 Transportation
Systems and Organizations
SUMMARY
The passenger or shipper thinks of each mode in
terms of the level of service provided.
Each mode offers a unique set of service
characteristics at a given price: travel time,
frequency, comfort, convenience, reliability, and
safety.
The traveler or shipper selects the mode based on
how these attributes are valued.
Chapter 2 Transportation
Systems and Organizations
2.1.1 Comparative Advantages of
Transportation Modes
Mode Selection
Example: Mode Selection
Highway Project
Development Process
Chapter 2 Transportation
Systems and Organizations
2.2.3 Highway Transportation
The Highway Project Development Process
1. Planning (6 to 24 months)
2. Design (15 to 24 months
3. Environment (9 to 36 months)
4. Right-of-Way (6 to 21 months)
5. Construction (12 to 36 months)
Thus, total project time can range from 4 to 12
years, depending on the physical characteristics,
scope, and community support for the project.
Chapter 2 Transportation
Systems and Organizations
Six-step process for transportation projects:
1. Select Project
2. Investigate Alternates
3. Obtain Final Approval
4. Develop Project Design
5. Prepare for Construction
6. Construct the Project
Chapter 2 Transportation
Systems and Organizations
Cost of highways…..
Estimate the cost of building 1km length of a
30m wide road.
Highway Finance
Chapter 2 Garber P33
2.1 Developing a transportation system
Example 2.2
Computing the Toll to Maximize Revenue Using a
Supply- Demand Curve :
• A toll bridge carries 5000 veh/day. The current toll is 150
cents. When the toll is increased by 25 cents, traffic volume
decreases by 500 veh/day.
• Determine the amount of toll that should be charged such
that revenue is maximized.
• How much additional revenue will be received?
Chapter 2 Garber P33
2.1 Developing a transportation system
Transportation System
• Example 2.2 - Solution:
• Let x = the toll increase in cents.
• Assuming a linear relation between traffic volume and cost,
the expression for V is:
Chapter 2 Garber P33
2.1 Developing a transportation system
Transportation System
• Example 2.2 - Solution:
Chapter 2 Transportation
Systems and Organizations
• Gridiron
Advantages:
1. Easier for surveyors to set out, using straight lines and rectangular co-ordinates.
2. It encourages an equal spread of traffic over the grid, therefore, the impact at
particular location is reduced.
3. It facilitates the implementation of one-way street systems.
4. If there is a central business area in the middle of the grid, it is easy for through
traffic to bypass it.
Disadvantages:
1. Extra distances must be travelled when going in a diagonal direction.
2. Providing a diagonal route has an unfortunate effect on the buildings producing
acute angles.
Chapter 2
Roads and highway network
• Gridiron
Omar
Elmokhtar
• Linear pattern
Advantages:
1. Main traffic flow is canalised into one major roadway.
Disadvantages:
The major roadway serves as a route both to the completely internal traffic and
for the internal-external traffic as well as for external-internal and through
traffic...
This leads to congestion and the major roadway becomes overloaded.
Chapter 2
Roads and highway network
• Linear pattern
• Radial pattern
Mainly in old cities
Advantages:
Providing a direct access to the town centre.
Disadvantages:
1. Concentration of traffic generators within the central area
2. Radial roads converging on the main sources of attraction
3. Lack of suitable bypass routes for through traffic.
Chapter 2
Roads and highway network
• Radial pattern
• Radial pattern
Road classification
Highway system classification
rural areas
And
urban areas
Source: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/fcsec2_1.htm
Highway system classification
In the USA
Rural roads
are classified as follows:
Arterial roads:
Principal - interstate,
Minor
Collectors:
Major
Minor
Local roads
Source: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/fcsec2_1.htm
Highway system classification
Source: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/fcsec2_1.htm
Highway system classification
Arterial highways:
•longer trips
Highway system classification
Collectors
Collectors are the intermediate functional category.
They serve small towns directly,
connect them to the arterial network,
and collect traffic from local roads.
Local Roads
Local roads are the bottom-level system
They serve:
individual farms and
other rural land uses.
Chapter 2
Road classification (USA)
Urban roads
are classified as follows:
Arterials:
Principal
Minor
Collector streets
Local streets
Chapter 2
Road classification (USA)
Highway system classification
In Britain
In rural areas:
Motorways:
dual carriageway with 3 or more lanes in each direction. The speed limit
is 70mph (110 km/h). They connect between major cities (Inter-city).
A- Roads:
dual or single carriageway with 2 lanes in each direction. Speed
limit is between 60 and 70 mph (95 - 110 km/h).
B-Roads:
single carriageway with one lane in each direction. Speed limit is
between 50 and 60 mph (80 - 95 km/h).
Highway system classification
In Great Britain (continue)
In urban areas:
Primary distributors:
They serve the town as a whole. They form the primary network for the
urban area as a whole, and all longer- distance traffic movements are
canalized onto them.
District distributors:
They serve large areas within the town. They feed traffic from the
primary road network to local areas.
Local distributors:
They go through local areas and provide the link between district
distributors and access roads.
Access streets:
They give direct access to buildings and land.
Chapter 2
Road classification
In Gaza (Palestine):
Main Road
Serves for national or inter district traffic
Regional road
Branching off from, or lining, main roads
Access Road
Leading from a main or regional road to a certain point within a locality
Chapter 2
Road classification