Study Guide in Pencil Monochromatic FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev.

0 03-June-2020

(Course Code & Title) AVT 111-VISUAL TECHNIQUES 1 Module 1 _____________ (Unit/Chapter Title)

Module No. 1

MONOCHROMATIC AND FREEHAND TECHNIQUES IN PENCIL, PEN & INK AND

BRUSH

MODULE OVERVIEW

Drawing, just like writing or speech, is a form of communication, and in the same way as these
other forms of communication drawing can be multi-faceted, and very diverse as a means of
expression of our observations, thoughts and feelings. The best way to work with this study guide
is to think of it as a complete guide to pen and pencil techniques, which details how you can
develop your drawing skills using these tools in particular. As you work with this study guide, you
will find yourself beginning to build on your basic drawing skills.
The exercises in this study guide are planned to help you learn about the tools you will be using
what they are capable of and what their limitations are. When you consider the many kinds of
pens and pencils available, as well as the great variety of paper surfaces on which to use them,
the full scope of illustration techniques becomes apparent; this exploration becomes even more
exciting.
Do not skip the exercises; they are an important part of the instruction in this study guide. In fact, I
would suggest that you do all the exercises several times, using various paper surfaces and kinds
of pens and pencils. Above all, study the step-by-step demonstrations so that you really
understand how the drawings are done. This is an important means of familiarizing yourself with
all the drawing tools—by actually working with them on many different paper surfaces.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this Module, you should be able to:

1. Familiarize different techniques and methods of Visual arts and representations.
2. Develop the skills using different means in freehand drawing techniques with a focus on
visualization techniques in the use of Graphite pencil, ink pens, brushes.
3. Apply and demonstrate use and mastery of the elements of freehand techniques through
effective hand pressure control and accuracy in sketching.
4. Develop the technical skills and the ability to organize the visual elements necessary to
communicate concepts and experiences across one type of media;

LEARNING CONTENTS

Chapter 1: Materials and Equipment Pages

1.1 Pencils
1.2 Charcoal Pencil
1.3 Technical Pens
1.4 Drawing Pens
1.5 Erasers
1.6 Sketch pad/Charcoal paper
1.7 T-Squares and Triangles
1.8 Wet and Dry Brushes

Chapter 2: Graphite Freehand Drawing & Techniques

2.1 Pencil Techniques in drawing (Freehand Drawing)
2.2 Types of Line Strokes

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 1

Study Guide in Pencil Monochromatic FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 03-June-2020

(Course Code & Title) AVT 111-VISUAL TECHNIQUES 1 Module 1 _____________ (Unit/Chapter Title)

2.3 Ten 10 Exercises for Confident Lines and Accurate Hatching

2.4 Various Line Shading Techniques

Chapter 3: Principles of Freehand Drawings

3.1 Composition
3.1.1. Key Elements of Composition
3.2 Proportion
3.2.1. Drawing Techniques for Accuracy
3.3 Light and Shading
3.3.1. Theory of Light and Shade
3.3.2. Light Source and Shadow
3.3.3. Portrait Pencil Shading Techniques

Chapter 4: Freehand Drawing in Pen and Ink

4.1 Mark-Making and Shading Techniques

Chapter 5: Freehand Drawing in Architectural Entourage

5.1 Landscapes
5.2 Floor Plan
5.3 Elevation
5.4 Interior

Chapter 6: Wet and Dry Brush

6.1. Principles and its usage

LEARNING POINTS

Chapter 1: Introduction: Materials and Equipment

If you are serious about drawing, you will need to know about the many possibilities available in
this medium. One way to gain more skill in your drawing, so that you can move from the simple to
the complex, is to learn about your drawing tools and how to handle them. This Module will tell
you what the best materials are and how to use them. Just knowing your tools can give you a
measure of confidence, which will reflect itself in your work.

1.1 Pencils
1.1.1 Graphite Pencils. The traditional basic drawing tool—the graphite pencil—is made of
compressed graphite that is encased in cedar wood. It is available in many different
grades, ranging from very hard to very soft. The order of grading is 9H, 8H. 7H, 6H, 5H.
4H, 3H. 2H. H. HB, B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, and 6B. The 9H lead is the hardest grade, and the
6B is the softest.
Personally I prefer using the HB grade for general work and often use the H and 2H
grades as well. Experiment with a few of the different grades to see which you prefer.
Generally speaking, the harder grades work better on smooth, hard-surface paper, and the
softer grades work better on textured paper.
With regard to lead grades:
1. the harder the lead, the lighter the line, the softer the lead, the darker the line. The harder
grades—those above 2H are usually used for drafting or for mechanical drawing, the softer
grades are used for general drawing.

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 2

Study Guide in Pencil Monochromatic FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 03-June-2020

(Course Code & Title) AVT 111-VISUAL TECHNIQUES 1 Module 1 _____________ (Unit/Chapter Title)

2. For sketching, the very soft grades—2B through 6B are best; the hard 2H to B grades are
better for meticulous renderings.

A. Graphite
B. Charcoal and carbon
C. Carb-Othello pastel
D. Berol Eagle turquoise
Prismacolor
E. Conte’ white
F. Koh-I-Noor Hardtmuth
Negro
G. Stabilo
H. Faber Castel Polychromos
I. Caran D'Ache Prismalo
water-soluble
J. China marking pencils
and litho crayons
K. Hardtmuth Cyklop

Graphite Pencils

Typical pencil varieties Typical lead holders

medium = 2 or HB *The top holder holds ¼” diameter soft lead
soft = 3 B *The other two are mechanical lead holder
extra soft = 6 B for drafting only

There are also charcoal pencils, layout pencils, flat sketching pencils, ebony pencils, etc.
Charcoal pencil has a charcoal core and it works just like regular charcoal stick except for
the fact that the tip can be sharpened like a pencil.
Because it is encased in wood, it is a lot cleaner to use. I like the flat sketching pencil
because it contains a square or rectangular lead that becomes a flat chisel when
sharpened. It produces wide, broad strokes with many dynamic variations when twisted
and turned.

1.1.2 Different types of pencil cutting edge

One of my favorites is the classic “draughting” pencil commonly known as 314. It has a
rounded, dark brown wood casing with the lead no less than 1⁄8" in diameter.Because of
the large lead, the exposed tip of the 314 is about half an inch long after sharpening. The
long tip is valuable in sketching because it can do so many things from making a thin line
to a broad half-inch stroke by holding the pencil on its side.
It has dark values and the tone is very intense.

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 3

Study Guide in Pencil Monochromatic FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 03-June-2020

(Course Code & Title) AVT 111-VISUAL TECHNIQUES 1 Module 1 _____________ (Unit/Chapter Title)

Five major Pencil and the difference in line quality

Pencil edge cutting

.

1.2 Charcoal Pencil

Consist of compressed charcoal enclosed in a jacket of wood. Designed to be similar to

graphite pencils while maintaining most of the properties of charcoal, they are often used
for fine and crisp detailed drawings, while keeping the user's hand from being marked.

Important notes:
Use any of the following brand types of graphite and Charcoal pencils: Staedtler (recommended)
Faber Castell (optional) and Derwent and other top quality pencils available.

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 4

Study Guide in Pencil Monochromatic FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 03-June-2020

(Course Code & Title) AVT 111-VISUAL TECHNIQUES 1 Module 1 _____________ (Unit/Chapter Title)

1.3 Technical pen

Is a specialized instrument used by an Architect, Engineer or drafter to make lines of
constant width for architectural, engineering, or technical drawings. "Rapidograph" is a
trademarked name for one type of technical pen. Technical pens use either a refillable ink
reservoir (Isograph version) or a replaceable ink cartridge.

Technical pens (Rotring)

Complete sets of Rotring and Staedtler

Staedtler technical pen divided in parts in comparison

Recommended sizes of Tech pens to be use during exercise activity: 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6
Important Notes::
Use any of the following types of Technical drawing pen : Rotring (recommended),Staedtler
(optional) and Faber Castell.

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 5

Study Guide in Pencil Monochromatic FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 03-June-2020

(Course Code & Title) AVT 111-VISUAL TECHNIQUES 1 Module 1 _____________ (Unit/Chapter Title)

1.4 Drawing Pen (Pen and Ink)

Aside from pencil, pen and ink drawings are probably the most portable, convenient,
and low-cost form of artmaking.
There are many types of pens available for drawing, such as:
 fountain pens
 graphic pens
 drafting pens
 reed pens
 and even ball point pens.

A pen designed for use in drawing such as a freehand artist's pen that varies the width of strokes
according to the pressure applied.

1.5 Eraser
A piece of soft rubber or plastic, used to rub out something written.

Fig. 8 Different types of Eraser

1.5.1 Types of Eraser:

1. Kneaded Eraser - The kneaded eraser, also known as a putty rubber, is a tool for artists. It
is usually made of a grey or white pliable material, such as rubber and resembles putty or
chewing gum. It functions by absorbing and "picking up" graphite and charcoal particles.

2. Rubber / Vinyl Eraser - An eraser is an article of stationery that is used for removing marks
from paper or skin. Erasers have a rubbery consistency and come in a variety of shapes,
sizes and colours.

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 6

Study Guide in Pencil Monochromatic FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 03-June-2020

(Course Code & Title) AVT 111-VISUAL TECHNIQUES 1 Module 1 _____________ (Unit/Chapter Title)

1.6 Sketch Pad / Charcoal Paper

(Recommended for working plate activity)
Many drawing papers and illustration boards can be used for pencil drawings. The
following are a few of the basic types most suitable for this medium.

List of Branded Sketch Pad:

 Canson (recommended)
 Berkeley (optional)
 Sterling

 Size: 12 x 18 inches
 Required thickness:
` 90 to 100 gsm

Important notes: Strictly the use of White Cartolina is not allowed.

1.6.1 Various types of paper surface finish

A. Smooth surface or high-finish
bristol (also called plate finish).
B. Ingres Canson—a slightly
textured surface.
C. MGM Ingres D'Arches—a more
evenly textured surface.
D. Aussedat Annecy—a soft, less
machine like surface.
E. Laris B—a slightly rough-
textured surface.
F. Regular-surface bristol—a slightly
textured surface.
G. Layout paper—afine, smooth surface.
H. Tracing paper—a very smooth surface.
I. Colored papers—slightly textured.

Different line effects on surface finish

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 7

Study Guide in Pencil Monochromatic FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 03-June-2020

(Course Code & Title) AVT 111-VISUAL TECHNIQUES 1 Module 1 _____________ (Unit/Chapter Title)

1.7 T-square/Triangle, Ruler

A t-shaped ruler with a thick piece at one end that can slide on an edge used for making
straight, parallel lines.

Wooden T-square and 45 deg. 30/60 deg, triangles

Required Size in length of T-Square is 36 inches

Important Notes:
The main function of T-square and triangle in this subject is for creating borderline and Title
block in all drawing plates activity / data gathering.

1.8 Wet and Dry Brushes

Ink brushes are used in Chinese calligraphy as well as in Japanese and Korean
calligraphy which both have roots in Chinese calligraphy. They are also used in Chinese
painting and other brush painting styles.

Types of different brushes used in pencil

Makeup brush is a tool with bristles, used for the application of makeup or face painting.
The bristles may be made out of natural or synthetic materials, while the handle is usually
made out of plastic or wood.

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 8

Study Guide in Pencil Monochromatic FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 03-June-2020

(Course Code & Title) AVT 111-VISUAL TECHNIQUES 1 Module 1 _____________ (Unit/Chapter Title)

REFERENCES

A. Books and E-books

 Drawing Dynamic Hands (1988) By Burne Hogart
 Pencil Drawing A beginner’s guide
 Pencil Sketching, 2nd Edition, Thomas C. Wang
 www.sbctc.edu (adapted). "Module 6: Media for 2-D Art" (PDF). Saylor.org. Retrieved 2 April
2012.
 Simmons, S (2011). "Philosophical Dimension of Drawing Instruction" (PDF). Archived from the
original (PDF) on 2014-03-17. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
 Evolution of pen - From Reed Pen to 3Doodler - Spinfold". www.spinfold.com.
Retrieved 2017-11-30
 Illustrator’s guide to Pen and Pencil Drawing Techniques; Harry Borgman
 Drawing with Pen_ink; Volume 6; Carl Glassford
 Hale, Robert Beverly (1964). Drawing Lessons from the Great Masters (45th Anniversary ed.).
Watson-Guptill Publications (published 2009). ISBN 978-0-8230- 1401-9.
 Watson, Ernest W. (1978). Course in Pencil Sketching: Four Books in One. New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold Company. pp. 167–75. ISBN 978-0-442-29229-4.
 Walker, J. F; Duff, L; Davies, J (2005). "Old Manuals and New Pencils". Drawing- The Process.
Bristol: Intellect Books.

B. Electronic Sources
https://thevirtualinstructor.com/draw-with-a-grid.html
https://tsafallbeginningdrawing.wordpress.com/2013/11/09/sighting/
https://www.art-is-fun.com/grid-method
http://www.howtodrawjourney.com/grid-drawing.html
https://willkempartschool.com/a-beginners-guide-to-shadow-light-part-1-drawing/
https://www.artinstructionblog.com/drawing-lesson-a-theory-of-light-and-shade
http://www.toadhollowstudio.com/wp_blog/drawing-painting-powdered-graphite/

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 9