1.

2 Algebra Booster

(ii) a1 – k, a2 – k, a3 – k, …, an – k are also in AP. 3.1 nth Term of a GP Sequence

(iii) a1.k, a2.k, a3.k, …, an.k are also in AP. Let the first term be a and the common ratio be r of a GP.
a a a a Then the sequence is {a, ar, ar2, ar3, …, arn–1}
(iv) 1 , 2 , 3 , …, n are also in AP.
k k k k Thus tn = arn–1
Property II which is also known as general term of the GP.
If a1, a2, a3, …, an and b1, b2, b3, …, bn are two APs, then
3.2 nth Term of a GP Sequence from the End
(i) a1 + b1, a2 + b2, a3 + b3, …, an + bn are also in AP.
(ii) a1 – b1, a2 – b2, a3 – b3, …, an – bn are also in AP. Let the first term be a, the common ratio r and the numbers
(iii) a1 ¥ b1, a2 ¥ b2, a3 ¥ b3, …, an ¥ bn are not in AP. of terms be m of a GP.
(iv) a1/b1, a2/b2, a3/b3, …, an/bn are not in AP. Ï l l ¸
The sequence is Ìa, ar , ar 2 , …, 2 , , l˝ .
Property III Ó r r ˛
The sum of the terms of an AP is equidistant from the be- l ar m -1
Thus tn = n -1 = n -1 = ar m - n , where a is the first term,
ginning and from end is constant and is equal to the sum of r r
the first and the last terms, i.e. m is the number of terms and n is the required term, which
if a1, a2, a3, …, an are in AP, then we want to find out.
a1 + an = a2 + an–1 = a3 + an–2 = …
Property IV 3.3 Sum of n Terms of a GP
Any term of an AP (other than the first term) is equal to half Let the first term be a and the common ratio be r of a GP.
the sum of terms which are equidistant from it, i.e. Then the sequence is {a, ar, ar2, ar3, …, arn–1}.
if a1, a2, a3, …, an are in AP, then ÏÊ 1 - r n ˆ
ar - k + ar + k ÔÁ ˜ , r <1
ar = , ÔË 1 - r ¯
2 Ô
where 0 £ k £ n – r. The sum of n terms of a GP, Sn = Ì Ê r n - 1ˆ
ÔÁ ˜ , r >1
Property V ÔË r - 1 ¯
a+c Ô
If a, b, c are in AP, then b = Ó n, r =1
2
Property VI Note: If r = 1, the sum is Sn = N
Terms of an AP sequence
(i) Three numbers of an AP can be taken as a – d, a, a + d. 3.4 Basic Concepts of Infinity
(ii) Four numbers of an AP can be taken as a – 3d, a – d,
a + d, a – 3d 1. lim x n when x > 1
n
(iii) Five numbers of an AP can be taken as a – 2d, a – d,
2. lim x n = 0 when 0 < x < 1
a, a + d, a + 2d. n
(iv) Six numbers of an AP can be taken as a – 5d, a – 3d, 3. The value of 2 = , 3 = , 4 = , 5 =
a – d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d. 4. The value of
Property VII Ê 1ˆ Ê 1ˆ Ê 2ˆ Ê 3ˆ
If log a, log b and log c are in AP, then a, b, c are in G. P ÁË ˜¯ = 0, ÁË ˜¯ = 0, ÁË ˜¯ = 0, ÁË ˜¯ = 0
2 3 3 4
and conversely.
3.5 Sum of Infinite Terms of a GP
3. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (GP) As we know that,
If the algebraic ratio between any two consecutive terms is Ê1 - rn ˆ
Sn = a Á ,
the same throughout the sequence, the sequence is called a Ë 1 - r ˜¯
GP sequence. where a = first term, r = common ratio.
t r +1 When n Æ , rn Æ 0
i.e. = constant = r , and r is known as the common ratio. a
tr Thus S = .
1- r
Note
1. No term of a GP sequence can be zero. 3.6 Properties of a GP Sequence
2. All terms of a GP sequence can never be negative. Property I
3. ab = a ¥ b is holds good only when either a or If a1, a2, a3, …, an are in GP and k be a non-zero real num-
b is non-negative. ber, then
(i) a1k, a2k, a3k, …, ank are also in GP

Algebra_01.indd 2 1/6/2017 3:41:58 PM