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A Numerical Study of Water Based Al2O3 and Al2O3 Cu - 2015 - International Journ
A Numerical Study of Water Based Al2O3 and Al2O3 Cu - 2015 - International Journ
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: In this work, a CFD modeling of a horizontal circular tube was presented to investigate the effect of
Received 26 November 2013 nanofluids on laminar forced convective heat transfer. The water-based Al2O3 and Al2O3eCu hybrid
Received in revised form nanofluid with 0.1% volume concentration and average particle size of 15 nm was considered. The so-
12 August 2014
lutions were based on both single- and two-phase approaches. The results showed a higher convective
Accepted 27 January 2015
heat transfer coefficient for the hybrid nanofluid. In comparison to the single phase approach, the
Available online 23 February 2015
proposed mixture model revealed a better agreement with the experimental data. An energetic per-
formance of fluid flowing was evaluated too. For these hybrid nanofluids, the average Nusselt number
Keywords:
Convective heat transfer
increase was 4.73% and 13.46% in compared to Al2O3/water and pure water, respectively.
CFD © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Hybrid nanofluid
Laminar flow
1. Introduction flow in tubes. Their experimental results showed that the convec-
tive heat transfer coefficient and nanofluids Nusselt number would
Fluids such as water and oils have low thermal conductivity be increased with the Reynolds number and the volume fraction of
compared to the most of solids [1,2], so some modified techniques nanoparticles under the turbulent flow. Wen and Ding [7] experi-
can be developed to overcome this limitation. Dispersing fine mentally investigated the convective heat transfer behavior of wa-
particles in the size range of micro/millimeter can enhance the ter-Al2O3 nanofluid flowing through a copper tube in laminar flow
thermal conductivity compared to the base fluid. However, using regime. They found that the enhancement was particularly signifi-
this type of fluids may result in some problems such as erosion, cant in the inlet region decreasing with the axial distance. Heris
clogging in small situation, low stability of suspension and pressure et al. [8,9] investigated the convective heat transfer of Al2O3 and
drop. In 1995, Choi [3] for the first time used a suspension of CuO nanofluids in water as a base fluid with different concentra-
nanoparticles named as nanofluids. tions in annular tube and laminar flow under a constant wall
Several researches studied different types of nanofluids in both temperature boundary condition.
laminar and turbulent regimes numerically and experimentally Maiga et al. [10] numerically investigated the forced convection
[4e19]. The first study on convective heat transfer of nanofluids in flow of Al2O3/water and Al2O3/Ethylene Glycol nanofluids in the
circular tube was presented by Pak and Cho [4]. They experimen- laminar regime and showed that ethylene glycol as a base fluid
tally examined the turbulent friction and heat transfer behaviors of had a better heat transfer enhancement than water. Moraveji et al.
Al2O3 and TiO2 nanofluids in a circular tube. They found that the [11] studied the numerical turbulent forced convective heat
increase in Nusselt number depends on the volume concentration, transfer and friction factor in a tube using Fe3O4 magnetic nano-
and accordingly they proposed a new correlation for the turbulent fluid with the average diameter of 36 nm. They proposed two
connective heat transfer. Xuan and Li [5,6] studied the single-phase analytical equations for the Nusselt number and friction factor
flow and heat transfer performance of nanofluids under turbulent based on the dimensionless numbers. Labibet al. [12] investigated
the effect of base fluids (water and Ethylene Glycol) and CNTs and
Al2O3 as hybrid nanofluids in the forced convective heat transfer
using a two-phase mixture model. The results show that Ethylene
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: a-moghadassi@araku.ac.ir, a.moghadassi@gmail.com Glycol as a base fluid gives better heat transfer enhancement than
(A. Moghadassi). water. Bianco et al. [13] numerically analyzed the turbulent forced
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2015.01.025
1290-0729/© 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
A. Moghadassi et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 92 (2015) 50e57 51
2. Experimental set-up
Fig. 1. Schematic of experimental setup [21]. Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of numerical domain (test section).
52 A. Moghadassi et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 92 (2015) 50e57
Xn
fk rk
Vdr;k ¼ Vpf V (10) 3.4. Boundary conditions and numerical method
i¼1
rm fk
In the present study, the single phase approach and mixture
The slip velocity (relative velocity) is defined as the velocity of a model are numerically investigated. The SIMPLE (semi-implicit
secondary phase (nanoparticle, p) relative to the velocity of the method for pressure -related equations) algorithm [31,32] is used
primary phase (water, f). for dealing with the coupling between velocity and pressure. In the
tube inlet, the uniform axial velocity profiles, Vin (based on Rey-
Vpf ¼ Vp Vf (11)
nolds number) and Tin (the initial temperature) have been speci-
The relative velocity is determined using Eq. (12) proposed by fied. Boundary conditions of tube wall consist of non-slip wall
Manninen et al. [26], while Eq. (13) developed by Schiller and condition and constant heat flux, so that the flux is calculated using
00
Naumann [27] is used to calculate the drag function, fdrag. q ¼ Q/pDl. For the tube outlet section, it is assumed that the flow
and temperature fields are fully developed implying all axial de-
rp d2p rp rm rivatives are zero.
Vpf ¼ a (12)
18mf fdrag rp
4. Results and discussion
1 þ 0:15Re0:687 Rep 1000
fdrag ¼ p (13) 4.1. Grid optimization and validation
0:0183Rep Rep > 1000
The acceleration (a) in Eq. (12) is: In order to ensure the grid independency of the results, six
different mesh distributions were tested. As shows in Fig. 3, it is
a ¼ g ðVm VÞVm (14) obvious that the grid sizes with 1600 and 24 nodes are satisfactory
The average Nusselt number and heat the transfer coefficient is in the axial and radial directions, respectively. It means that the grid
calculated using the following equations [11]: numbers increase does not make a great difference the accuracy of
the results.
q
00
hd To validate the numerical analysis, a comparison with the pre-
h¼ and Nu ¼ (15) vious traditional expressions and experimental results for pure
Tw Tf k
water is undertaken. Fig. 4 shows the simulation results for laminar
flows under the constant heat flux at the Reynolds number of 1892
where, q00 is the heat flux, Tw and Tf are the average temperature of after passing the first section of tube and reaching a fully developed
the wall and the average bulk temperature of fluid, respectively, D is flow (x > 200 mm). They indicate a good agreement with the
the tube diameter and k is the fluid thermal conductivity. experimental data and Shah's equation [33]:
Table 1
Thermophysical properties of nanofluids and the models used to calculate them.
Table 2
Thermophysical properties of water and nanofluids at inlet temperature [20].
Fig. 5. Comparison of the friction factor obtained from the present workwith theo-
reticaland experimental data.
Fig. 6. Simulation results for Nusselt numbers of water and 0.1% nanofluids (Al2O3 and
Al2O3eCu hybrid) and comparison with experimental data.
_ p $DT
m$C The effect of solid nanoparticles volume concentration (0.1%) on
PEC ¼ (19)
_
V$DP t the thermal behavior of water-based Al2O3 and Al2O3eCu hybrid
Fig. 7. Simulation results for friction factor of water and 0.1% nanofluids (Al2O3 and Fig. 9. Comparison between calculated average Nusselt numbers with the experi-
Al2O3eCu hybrid) and comparison with experimental data. mental data for f ¼ 0.1% Al2O3/water nanofluid.
A. Moghadassi et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 92 (2015) 50e57 55
Fig. 10. Comparison between calculated average Nusselt numbers with the experi-
mental data for f ¼ 0.1% Al2O3eCu/water hybrid nanofluid. f ¼ 133:57Re1:12 ð1 þ fÞ112:45 (23)
nanofluids was studied in a horizontal tube using single-phase and Fig. 12 shows the comparison of calculated Nusselt number ac-
mixture model approaches. The single phase model is simpler and its cording to eqs. (20) and (22) and the simulation results. As shown
computation needs less time and CPU storage. It is assumed that the in this figure, the correlated Nu data were in good agreement with
liquid phase and the particles are in the thermal equilibrium and the simulated ones and the maximum deviation is about 7%.
move with the same speed while in the two phase model each phase As it can be seen from eqs. (21) and (23), the predicted friction
has its own velocity vector field. As it can be seen from Figs. 9 and 10, factor values for the single of single-phase model are compared to
using the actual (two-phase) model results are in a better agreement the modeling values and a good agreement is achieved with 5%
with experimental data for Al2O3/water and Al2O3eCu/water, and þ7% deviations shown in Fig. 13.
respectively. Adding the nanoparticles to the fluid changes the flow
structure, thus beside thermal conductivity increase, the chaotic 5. Conclusions
movement, dispersion and fluctuation of nanoparticles especially
near the tube wall lead to the increase of energy exchange rates and In this research, the steady state laminar (Re < 2300) region
heat transfer rates between the fluid and the tube wall. For two-phase containing 0.1% volume concentration of Al2O3 and Al2O3eCu with
model, the hybrid nanoparticles are 4% higher than Al2O3 nano- 15 nm average size dispersed in distilled water using the straight
particle because of adding a small amount of Cu nanoparticles.
Fig. 12. Comparison of average Nusselt number between the developed correlation
Fig. 11. Deviation between the results of two models and experimental data [20]. results.
56 A. Moghadassi et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 92 (2015) 50e57
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Greek symbols
Glossary
r: density, kg/m3
m: Viscosity of the fluid, kg/m.s
C: Specific heat, J/kg K
ф: volume concentration
f: Friction factor
DP: pressure drop, Pa
h: Average convective heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 K
Nu: Average Nusselt number
T: Average temperature, K Subscripts
k: Thermal conductivity, W/m K
q: Heat flux, W/m2 exp: experimental
D: Tube diameter nf: nanofluid
Pr: Prandtl number f: fluid
L: length of the tube, m p: particle
P: power, W dr: drift
Q: heat flow m: mixture
Re: Reynolds number corr: correlation
PEC: performance evaluation criterion