Earthquake Lecture 4 PDF

SEISMIC CODE
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
ELECTIVE 2
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE
Asst. Prof 2
REGULAR / IRREGULAR STRUCTURES
• REGULAR STRUCTURES
o Described as structures having no significant
physical discontinuities in plan or vertical
configurations or in their force resisting systems.
o Have a uniform and continuous distribution of
mass, stiffness and ductility with no significant
torsional forces or large height-width ratio or
large changes in plan area from floor to floor.
o It has shorter spans than irregular structures,
simple structural subsystems and balanced
stiffness and strength between members,
connections and supports.
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

• IRREGULAR STRUCTURES
o Described as structures having significant
physical discontinuities in configurations or in their
lateral force resisting systems.
o All structures in occupancy categories 4 and 5 in
Zone 2 need to be evaluated only for vertical
irregularities of Type 5 and horizontal irregularities
of Type 1
o Structures having any of the features listed in
Table 208-9 and Table 208-10

• VERTICAL STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES

o Type 1: Stiffness Irregularity – Soft Storey
• Lateral stiffness is less than 70% of that in the
storey above or less than 80% of the average
stiffness of the three stories above.





• Example:
A six storey special moment resisting frame is shown. The
specified lateral forces Fx have been applied and the
corresponding floor level displacement Δx at the floor
center of mass have been found and are shown.
Determine if a Type 1 Vertical Irregularity exists in the first
storey.

∆𝑆1 18.03 −0
• = = 0.00515
𝑕1 3500
∆𝑆2 −∆𝑆1 27.43 − 18.03
• = = 0.00313
𝑕2 3000
∆𝑆3 −∆𝑆2 36.83 − 27.43
• = = 0.00313
𝑕3 3000
∆𝑆4 −∆𝑆3 44.45 − 36.83
• = = 0.00254
𝑕4 3000
1
• 0.00313 + 0.00313 + 0.00254 = 0.00293
3
∆𝑆1
• 0.70 = 0.70 0.00515 = 0.00361 > 0.00313
𝑕1
∆𝑆1
• 0.80 = 0.80 0.00515 = 0.00412 > 0.00293
𝑕1
• Both conditions state that soft storey exists in the first

storey of the structure
o Type 2: Weight (Mass) Irregularity – Soft Storey
• Where the effective mass of any storey is more
than 150% of the effective mass of an
adjacent storey. A roof that is lighter than the
floor below need not be considered.

• Example:
The five storey special moment frame office building has
a heavy utility equipment installation at Level 3. This
results in the floor weight distribution as shown. Determine
if there is a Type 2 vertical weight (mass) irregularity.

• At Level 2:
 1.5 𝑊1 = 1.5 400 = 600 𝐾𝑁
 𝑊2 = 800 𝐾𝑁 > 600 𝐾𝑁
 Weight irregularity exists
• At Level 4:
 1.5 𝑊3 = 1.5 500 = 750 𝐾𝑁
 𝑊2 = 800 𝐾𝑁 > 750 𝐾𝑁
 Weight irregularity exists

o Type 3: Vertical Geometric Irregularity
• Shall be considered to exist where the horizontal
dimension of a story’s lateral force – resisting
system is more than 130% of that in an adjacent
story. (One story penthouses are excluded).


• Example:
The lateral force resisting system of the four-storey
special moment frame building shown has 7.50 m
setback at the third and fourth storeys. Determine if a
Type 3 Vertical Geometric Irregularity exists.

𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 3 30.00 𝑚

• = = 1.33
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 4 22.50 𝑚
• 133 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 > 130 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
Therefore vertical geometric irregularity exists

o Type 4: In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Lateral
Force Resisting Element Irregularity:
• Shall be considered when there is an in –
plane offset of the lateral load resisting
elements greater than the length of those
elements.


• Example:
A concrete building has the building frame system
shown. The shear wall between lines A and B has an in-
plane offset from the shear wall between lines C and D.
Determine if there is a Type 4 vertical irregularity, in-
plane discontinuity in the vertical lateral force-resisting
element.

• A type 4 vertical irregularity exists where there is an

in-plane offset of the lateral load resisting elements
greater than the length of those elements. In this
example, the left side of the upper shear wall
(between lines A and B) is offset 15.0 m from the left
side of the lower shear wall (between lines C and
D). This 15.0 m offset is greater than the 7.5 m
length of the offset wall elements.
• Therefore in-plane discontinuity exists.

o Type 5: Discontinuity in Capacity – Weak Storey
Irregularity
• It exists when the story strength is less than 80%
of that in the story above.
• Story strength is defined as the strength of all
seismic resisting elements sharing the story
shear in the direction under consideration.


• Example 1:
A concrete bearing wall building has the typical transverse
shear wall configuration shown. All walls in this direction are
identical, and the individual piers have the shear contribution
given below. Vn is the nominal shear strength calculated and
Vm is the shear corresponding to the development of the
nominal flexure strength calculated. Determine if a Type 5
vertical irregularity, discontinuity in capacity – weak storey
condition exists.

• Using the smaller values of Vn and Vm given for each
pier, the storey strengths are:
• Second Storey Strength = 20 + 30 + 10 + 15 = 75 KN
• Third Storey Strength = 80 + 10 + 15 = 105 KN
• Check if the second storey strength is less than 80%

of the third storey
• 0.80(105) = 84 KN > 75 KN
• Therefore weak storey condition exists

• Example 2:
A four storey building has a steel special moment resisting
frame (SMRF). The frames consist of W24 beams and W12
columns with the following member strength properties

• PLAN STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES
o Type 1: Torsional Irregularity – To Be Considered
When Diaphragms Are Not Flexible
• It exists when the maximum story drift (caused
by the lateral load and the accidental torsion)
at one end of the structure transverse to its
axis is more than 1.2 times the average story
drifts calculated from both ends.
• Only buildings with rigid diaphragms are
affected by this type of irregularities
• Earthquake forces should be considered from
any direction other than the principal axes if
torsional irregularity exists for both major axes


• Example:
A four storey special moment resisting frame building
has rigid floor diaphragms. Under specified seismic
forces, including the effects of accidental torsion, it has
the following displacements at Levels 1 and
2.Determine if a Type 1 Torsional Irregularity exists at the
second storey.
𝛿𝐿,2 = 33 𝑚𝑚
𝛿𝑅,2 = 48.5 𝑚𝑚
𝛿𝐿,1 = 25 𝑚𝑚
𝛿𝑅,1 = 30.5 𝑚𝑚

1.2 ∆𝑅,𝑋 + ∆𝐿,𝑋
• ∆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∆𝑅,𝑋 > 𝑜𝑟 1.2 ∆𝑎𝑣𝑔
2
where
• ∆𝛿𝐿,2 = 𝛿𝐿,2 − 𝛿𝐿,1
• ∆𝛿𝑅,2 = 𝛿𝑅,2 − 𝛿𝑅,1
• Determining storey drifts at Level 3

 ∆𝐿,2 = 33 − 25 = 8 𝑚𝑚
 ∆𝑅,2 = 48.5 − 30.5 = 18 𝑚𝑚
8+18
 ∆𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 13 𝑚𝑚
2
• ∆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.2 13 = 15.6 𝑚𝑚 < ∆𝑅,2 = 18 𝑚𝑚
• Therefore torsional irregularity exists

o Type 2: Re-entrant Corner Irregularity
• A building has reentrant corner irregularity
when one or more parts of the structure
project beyond a reentrant corner a distance
greater than 15% of the plan dimension in the
given direction.

• Example:
The plan irregularity of a ten-storey special moment
frame building is shown. Determine if there is Type 2
Re-entrant Corner Irregularity.

• For the sides on Lines 1 and 5
• 37.5 m – 30.0 m = 7.5 m
7.5
• = 0.20 𝑜𝑟 20% 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 37.5𝑚 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
37.5
• For the sides on Lines A and F
• 24.0 m – 18.0 m = 6.0 m

6.0
• = 0.25 𝑜𝑟 25% 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 24.0𝑚 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
24.0
• Since both projections exceed 15%, then, there

exists a re-entrant corner irregularity

o Type 3: Diaphragm Discontinuity Irregularity
• It occurs with diaphragms having abrupt
discontinuities or variations in stiffness,
including when there are cutout, or open
areas greater than 50% of the gross
diaphragm area, or when the stiffness of
the diaphragm changes more than 50%
from story to adjacent story.

• Example:
A five-storey concrete building has a bearing wall
system located around the perimeter of the building.
Lateral forces are resisted by the bearing walls acting as
shear walls. The floor plan of the second floor of the
building is shown. The symmetrically placed open area
in the diaphragm is for an atrium and has dimension of
12 m x 23 m. All diaphragm above the second floor are
without significant openings. Determine if a Type 3
diaphragm discontinuity exist at the second floor level.


• Gross enclosed area of the diaphragm is
 24.0 (38.0) = 912 m2
• Area of opening is
 12.0 (23.0) = 276 m2
• 50% of Gross area is

 0.50 (912.0) = 456 m2
• 276.0 m2 < 456.0 m2

 Therefore no diaphragm discontinuity irregularity
exists

o Type 4: Out-of-Plane Offsets Irregularity
• It is a discontinuity in the lateral force path,
such as an out – of – plane offset of the
vertical elements

• Example:
A four-storey building has a concrete shear wall
lateral force resisting system in a building frame
system configuration as shown. Determine if there is a
Type 4 out-of-plane offset plan irregularity between
the first and second storeys.


• The first storey shear wall on Line D has 7.5 m out-of-
plane offset to the shear wall on Line E at the
second storey and above. This constitute an out-of-
plane offset irregularity since there exist a
discontinuity in a lateral force path for the structure.

o Type 5: Non-parallel Systems Irregularity
• is one for which the vertical load carrying
elements are not parallel to or symmetrical
about the major orthogonal axes of the lateral
force – resisting system. This includes buildings
in which a column is a part of two or more
intersecting lateral force – resisting systems (as
would most likely occur in a corner column at
the ends of two orthogonal frames), unless the
axial column load due to seismic forces is less
than 20% of the column allowable load.


• Example:
A ten-storey building has the floor plan shown at all
levels. Special moment resisting frames are located
on the perimeter of the building on Lines 1, 4, A and F.
Determine if a Type 5 nonparallel system irregularity
exists

• The vertical lateral force resisting frame elements
located on Line F are not parallel to the major
orthogonal axes of the building (i.e., Lines 4 and A).
Therefore, a nonparallel system irregularity exists.

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE ON
BUILDING ARCHITECTURE




Rigid Diaphragms, Asymmetry and Torsion

• Interrupting Shear Walls at ground Level

• Shear Walls and the Effect of Openings

BUILDING PERIOD, 𝑇
• METHOD A
o It is an approximate method that implies that the
natural period increases as the height of the
structure increases.
o This method can be used for all buildings
3
𝑇=𝐶𝑡 𝑕𝑛 4
• 𝐶𝑡 = 0.0853 for steel moment resisting frame
• 𝐶𝑡 = 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment
resisting frames and eccentrically braced frames
• 𝐶𝑡 = 0.0488 for all other buildings

• 𝐶𝑡 = 0.0743 𝐴𝑐 for structures with concrete or
masonry shear walls
• 𝑕𝑛 height in meter above the base to Level 𝑖
𝐷𝑒 2
• 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑒 0.2 +
𝑕𝑛
𝐷𝑒
• ≤ 0.9
𝑕𝑛
• 𝐷𝑒 length in meter of a shear wall in the first
storey in the direction parallel to the applied
forces.
• 𝐴𝑒 the minimum cross sectional area in any
horizontal plane in the first storey of a shear
wall, 𝑚2

• METHOD B
o It is based on the deformation characteristics of
the resisting elements and is a more rational
determination
o Also known as the Rayleigh Method
o The value of T cannot be taken more than 30%
greater than the value of T determined from the
empirical period given by Method A in seismic
zone 4 and 40% in seismic zone 2.

𝑛 2
𝑤 𝛿
𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑖
𝑇 = 2𝜋 𝑛
𝑔 𝑖=1 𝑤𝑓𝑖 𝛿𝑖
• 𝑓𝑖 - represent any lateral force distributed

approximately in accordance with rational
distribution of force.
• 𝛿𝑖 - horizontal displacement at Level 𝑖 relative to
the base due to applied lateral forces
• 𝑤𝑖 - portion of seismic dead load indicated at or
assigned to Level 𝑖.
• 𝑔 - acceleration due to gravity

EARTHQUAKE LOADS, 𝐸𝑕 & 𝐸𝑣
• The earthquake load is a function of horizontal and
vertical seismic induced forces, 𝐸
𝐸 = 𝜌𝐸𝑕 + 𝐸𝑣
o 𝐸𝑕 - represents the forces associated with the
horizontal component of the earthquake load.
o 𝐸𝑣 - represents loads resulting from the vertical
component of the earthquake ground motion.
• 𝐸𝑣 = 0 if ASD is used for proportioning structural
element
• 𝐸𝑣 = 𝐷𝐿 + 0.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝐷 if LRFD
o 𝜌 - reliability or redundancy factor

𝐸𝑚 = Ω0 𝐸𝑕
o 𝐸𝑚 - estimated maximum earthquake force
that can be developed in the structure and used
in the design of specific elements of the structure
o Ω0 - seismic force amplification factor.

• LOAD COMBINATIONS
o For a structure, the basic contributing design loads
are:
• Floor live load (𝐿)
• Roof live load (𝐿𝑟 )
• Dead load (𝐷𝐿)
• Earthquake load (𝐸)
• Estimated maximum earthquake force (𝐸𝑚 )
• Wind load(𝑊)
o The code requires members to be designed for the
most critical and unfavorable combination of
loads

• Example:
A special SMRF is located in seismic zone 4. This site is
not near active seismic sources, and its soil profile is 𝑆𝐵 .
Assume that 𝐼 = 1 and 𝜌 = 1.
o What is the earthquake load effect, 𝐸 , on one
column in axial direction resulting from the vertical
and horizontal components of the earthquake
ground motion?
o What is the estimated maximum earthquake force
that can be developed in the structure at the
column?


TOTAL SEISMIC DEAD LOAD, 𝑊
• It includes the weight of the ceiling, partitions, pipes,
ducts and equipment that are normally attached.
• It does not include full design roof and live loads
• Applicable portions of other loads to be included:
o Minimum of 25% of the floor live load is added in
warehouses and storage buildings
𝐾𝑁
o No less than 0.48 2 must be added when partition
𝑚
loads are used in the design of the floor
o The total weight of permanent equipment.

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SEISMIC CODE

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

• VERTICAL STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

• Both conditions state that soft storey exists in the first

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 3 30.00 𝑚

• 133 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 > 130 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

Therefore vertical geometric irregularity exists

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

• A type 4 vertical irregularity exists where there is an

• Therefore in-plane discontinuity exists.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

• Second Storey Strength = 20 + 30 + 10 + 15 = 75 KN

• Third Storey Strength = 80 + 10 + 15 = 105 KN

• Check if the second storey strength is less than 80%

• Therefore weak storey condition exists

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

• Determining storey drifts at Level 3

• ∆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.2 13 = 15.6 𝑚𝑚 < ∆𝑅,2 = 18 𝑚𝑚

• Therefore torsional irregularity exists

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

• For the sides on Lines A and F

• 24.0 m – 18.0 m = 6.0 m

• Since both projections exceed 15%, then, there

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

• 50% of Gross area is

• 276.0 m2 < 456.0 m2

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO, CE ASCOT