DAR ES SALAAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT: ELECTRONICS ANDTELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MODULE:
MODULE CODE: ETU 07302
NAME:
REGISTRATION No.
CLASS: BENG18 ETE-1
PARTICIPANTS
S/N NAME REGISTRATION NUMBER
1. ALEX L. MHANDE 180640720058
2. EVELYNE A. MTALI 170630710490
3. DENIS NJUNWA 180640720173
4. HINDU KATOWA 170630710458

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 ABSTRACT
DC bias allows a transistor to operate as an amplifier. In a class A amplifier, the transistor
conducts for the full cycle of the input signal (360°). Thus, a transistor can be used to produce a
larger ac signal using a smaller ac signal as a “pattern.
In the following experiment we are examining the factors important for the operation of a
transistor class A amplifier. Generally, class A amplifiers are used in low-power applications
where power levels are generally less than 1 W.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents
CHAPTER ONE
Aim of experiment………………………………………………………………………………….………………..4
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………..……......4

CHAPTER TWO

Main objective……………………………………………………………………………………………………….5
Specific objectives……………………………..……………………………………………………………………5

CHAPTER THREE
Components and Tools used……….………………………………………………………………………………6
Data Analysis…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..7

The values from the simulation using digital Multimeter.………………………………………………..8

The values from the calculation expected……….………………………………….........................................8

CHAPTER FOUR
Circuit implementation procedures………………………………………………………………………………….10

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………....14

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 CHAPTER ONE
AIM OF EXPERIMENT
The purpose of the experiment is to demonstrate the design and operation of Class B push pull
power amplifier. The class B push-pull power amplifier has a pair of complementary (npn and
pnp) transistors, each of which is biased at cutoff (that is no collector current). Consequently,
collector current in each transistor flows only for alternate half-cycles of the input signal. Since
both transistors are biased at cutoff, the input signal must be sufficient to forward bias each
transistor on the appropriate half –cycle of the input waveform. As a result, crossover distortion
occurs.
To eliminate crossover distortion, both transistors should be under quiescent conditions, be
slightly forward biased so that each transistor is actually biased slightly before cutoff, resulting
in a small amount of current called the trickle current.
INTRODUCTION
A power amplifier is the device that boosts the power of a signal. When an amplifier is biased
such that it operates in the linear region for 180° of the input cycle and is in cutoff for 180°, it is
a class B amplifier. The primary advantage of a Class B amplifier over a class A is that the
Class B is more efficient; you can get more output power for a given amount of input power.
A disadvantage of class B amplifiers is that it is more difficult to implement the circuit in order
to get a linear reproduction of the input waveform. As you will see in this section, the term push-
pull refers to a common type of class B amplifier circuit.

Figure 1; Class A common-emitter power amplifier

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 CHAPTER TWO

OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT

I. Main objective
To demonstrate the design and operation of Class B push-pull amplifier.
II. Specific objectives
Measuring and calculating values of VBE1, VBE2, and VE.
Eliminating crossover distortion in waveforms as 180-degree phase shift occurs when peak to
peak output voltage no longer increases or when input signal level increases
Measure V0(rms) and calculate the power output, dc power and the efficiency
Understanding the amplifier’s Q point biasing center on the AC load line

CHAPTER THREE
METHOD AND ANALYSIS

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Components and Tools used.
Used components and tools in designing the required circuit with in the software used i.e.
Proteus, are analyzed in the below table as follows

Table 1; Tools Used

SN EQUIPMENTS VALUE AMMOUNT

1. Potentiometer 5K 1
2. Resistors 1K ,100, 10K 6
3. Transistor Npn-2N3904,pnp-2N3906 1
4. Dual trace Oscilloscope
5. Signal generator DATA
6. Power supply 15VDC
7. Digital Multimeter
8. Capacitors 2.2u, 100u 3
ANALYSIS
From the theory of our experiment the electronic components needed were analyzed to be
assigned with the correct values which could be compared with the measured values.
Calculation.
From the useful formulas
The Value of VB
VB = (R2/ R2 + R1). Vcc
= (4.7K/14700). 15
=4.976V

The value of VE
VE= VB-VBE
=4.976V-0.7V
=4.096V

The value of Icq

Icq= VE/RE
=4.096V/560

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 =7.31mA

The value of VCEQ

VCEQ= VCC- ICQ(RC+RE)
=15V- 11.41V
=3.59V

The value of RL from the useful formulas

RC//RL = VCEQ/ ICQ
RC x RL/ RC + RL = 3.59/7.31m
1kRL / 1K + RL = 491.1
1kRL-491.1RL = 491.1 x 1000
RL = 965.02 ohm

The value of Power in DC

P = VCC x ICQ
=15V x 7.31mA
=0.11 watt

The values from the simulation using digital Multimeter

VO (rms) = 2.23V
VB = 4.71V
VE = 3.95V
Icq = 7.05mA
VCEQ = 4.43V

The value of Power output

Po (rms) = (VO (rms) 2) / RL

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 = 2.322 / 965.02
=5.15 mW

Calculating efficiency
= Po (rms) / P dc x 100%
= (5.15m /0.11) x 100%
= 4.685%
Hence the amplifier efficiency is 4.685%

From the output waveforms the operation points on AC Load line were calculated combining the
useful and measured values
The value for IC SAT using 220 ohm resistor
IC SAT = ICQ + (VCEQ/ RC)
But RC = RC//RL
= 1k x 965.02 / (1K + 965.02)
RC =491.099
IC SAT = 709mA + (4.07/ 491.099)
= 0.015A
The value for VCE SAT using 220 ohm resistor
VCE CUTOFF = VCE + ICQ RC
= 4.07 + (7.09 mA x 491.099)
=7.56 V
The value for IC SAT using 100 k ohm resistors
IC SAT = ICQ + (VCEQ/ RC)
= 6.87m A + (5.56 / 491.099)
=0.018 A
The value for VCE SAT using 100k ohm resistor
VCE CUTOFF = VCE + ICQ RC
= 5.56 + (7.09 mA x 491.099)

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 = 9.042 V
Table 2; Table 1-1

Parameter Measured values Expected values % Error

VB 4.71V 4.976V 5.35
VE 3.95V 4.096V 3.56
Icq 7.05mA 7.31mA 3.56
VCEQ 4.02V 3.59V -11.9

Table 3; Table 1-2

Parameter Measured Value

VO (rms) 2.23V
Parameter Calculated
Po (rms) 5.15 m W
P dc 0.11 watt
%ƞ 4.685%

CHAPTER FOUR
CIRCUIT DESIGNING PROCEDURES
The circuit diagram was implemented on Proteus 8.6 software as a schematic circuit diagram as
shown below.
1. Wire the circuit diagram, omitting the signal generator and the power supply.
 Channel 1: 10mV/division, ac coupling
 Channel 2: 1V/division, ac coupling
 Time base: 0.2ms/division
2. Apply power to the circuit ,adjust the sine wave output level of the
generator at 6V peak-to-peak ,with frequency of 1KHz.

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Figure 2; Circuit drawn in Proteus 8.6

After checking all the connections 15V power was supplied and digital multimeter was used to
measures values of VB, VE, Icq and VCEQ and the measured values were tabulated and compared to
the calculated ones.

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Figure 3; Peak are a bit flattened or clipped

In addition of having phase shift of 1800 , the peak to peak output voltage level is 120 mV and no
longer increases, thus it can be observed both peak are a bit flattened or clipped, thus if Q is
placed very near the center of the ac load line both peaks becomes clipped at approximately same
time. Consequently, the transistor reaches cut off and saturation at same input level.

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Figure 4; The positives peaks are clipped, thus concludes the characteristic of cutoff clipping

After replacing the potentiometer with 200 ohm resistor, and as we increase the input level signal
we notice that the positives peaks are clipped, thus concludes the characteristic of cutoff clipping
because the Q point is closer to the AC load line’s collector – emitter cutoff voltage than the
collector saturation current.

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Figure 5; The negatives peaks are clipped, thus concludes the characteristic of saturation clipping

After replacing the 200 ohm resistor with 100K resistor and as we increase the input level signal
we notice that the negatives peaks are clipped, thus concludes the characteristic of saturation
clipping because the Q point is closer to the AC load line’s collector – saturation current. than
collector – emitter cutoff voltage

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 CONCLUSION

This experiment demonstrate the design and operation of Class B push pull power amplifier and
how it compared with that of a Class A amplifier circuit. The circuit required a complementary
pair of transistors (one each pnp and npn) have almost identical characteristics. The causes of
crossover distortion were demonstrated and possible methods to eliminate it were investigated.
The most effective of these methods were the current- mirror biasing using a pair of diodes. In
addition, the efficiency of the amplifier was determined and compared with that of Class A
amplifier.

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