CHAPTER TWO

Design of Flexural Member at Serviceability Limit

State

Deflection & End Block

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 Learning Outcomes :

■ Determine the deflection of the prestressed

concrete structure.

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 DEFLECTION

■ δ due to more complex profiles, the basis of y=(KL2)/EI is used,

where K = variation of curvature

■ δ may be critical at 3 principal life stages:

1. At transfer
2. Under dead load (before application of finishes)
3. Long-term under full quasi-permanent actions

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 DEFLECTION
1. At transfer
□ A check of actual δ at transfer for comparison with estimated
values is a useful guide that a prestressed beam has been
correctly constructed

2. Under dead load (before application of finishes)

□ δ must be evaluated to permit subsequent movement and
possible damage to be estimated

3. Long-term under full quasi-permanent actions

□ δ are required, both to determined the subsequent movement
and also to assess the appearance of the final structure

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 Transfer or short-term deflection due to loading

Short-term deflections:
 based on material properties (γm=1) and with actual loading (γf=1)
 at transfer.

1. Due to self-weight + prestress force:

~ downward deflection (+) is:
5w min L4 5 (P0 ec ) L2
ya = −
384 EcmI 48 Ecm I
2. Due to finishes:

5wfinL4
yb = y a −
5
384 EcmI
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 Long-term deflection due to quasi-permanent action +
prestress force (after losses)
 Consider losses in prestress force, creeps due to applied load and
prestress loading components of the deflection
 Effective modulus of elasticity for creep can be taken as

Note: quasi-permanent
5w max L4
5 (KP0 ec ) L
2 action = self weight +

yc = − finishes + proportion
(ψ) of variable action
384 Ec , eff I 48 Ec , eff I

Deflection due to movement after application of finishes :

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yd = yc - yb < Span/500
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 Long-term deflection due to quasi-permanent action +
prestress force (after losses)
 Consider losses in prestress force, creeps due to applied load and
prestress loading components of the deflection

 Effective modulus of elasticity for creep can be taken as

Note: quasi-permanent action = self weight + finishes +

7 proportion (ψ) of variable action @RBI 2019
 Final creep coefficient of normal weight concrete (Class 25/30)

■ In cases of net upward δ, δ often increa s e due

to creep, hence
□ Mos t critica l ne t dow nw a rd δ ha p p e ns be fore
cre e p los s e s occur
□ Mos t critica l ne t upw a rd δ m a y be long -te rm
■ How ever, ca lcula tion of δ often reg a rded a s
es tim a tes only due to uncerta inties
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 EXAMPLE 11.8, text book
Estimate transfer and long-term deflections for a 200x350mm beam of 10m span.
Given:
~ tendon is parabolic, mid-span eccentricity=75mm, at the end, e=0 at
both ends,
~ initial prestress force at transfer, Po = 560 kN,
~ losses = 20%.
~ load applied after transfer consists of 2.0 kN/m finishes and 1.0 kN/m
imposed load. Ecm = 31 kN/mm2 and creep coefficient φ = 2.
SOLUTION
Self-weight = 0.2x0.35x25 = 1.75 kN/m
Moment of Inertia, I = bh3/12 = 200x3503/12 = 715x106 mm4

a) At transfer:
5w min L4 5 ( Poec ) L2
ya = −
384 Ecm I 48 Ecm I
 5 ×1.75 ×10 4 ×1012 5 × 560 ×103 × (75) ×10 2 ×106
ya = −
384 × 31x103 × 715 ×106 48 × 35 ×103 × 715 ×106

= 9.1 - 17.5 = -8 mm (upwards)

b) At application of finishes

Assuming only a small proportion of prestress losses have occurred:

Weight of finishes = 2.0 kN/m,

5 w finishes L4
yb = y a +
384 Ecm I

5 (2.0 ×10 4 )(10)12

yb = − 8 −
384 × 35 ×103 × 715 ×10 6

= -8 + 10 = 2mm (downwards)
c) Long-term deflection

Due to quasi-permanent action = self-weight + finishes + 0.3 x

variable load.
= 1.75 + 2.0 + (0.3 x 1.) = 4.05 kN/m.

Prestress force after losses = 0.8P0 = 0.8 x 560 = 448 kN

Ec,eff = Ecm / [1 + φ (∝, t0)]

= 35 / (1 + 2.) = 11.7 kN/mm2

5w max L4 5 (KP0 ec ) L2
yc = −
384 Ec , eff I 48 Ec , eff I
5 × (4.05) ×10 4 ×1012 5 × 448 ×103 × 75 ×10 2 ×106
yc = −
384 ×11.7 ×103 × 715 ×106 48 ×11.7 ×103 × 715 ×106

= 63.0 - 43.3 = 20.0 mm (downwards) < Span/250 = 40 mm

(OK)
 The deflection under sustained maximum loading:
Deflection, y d = 65.1 x(4.68/3.68) – 39.2 – 32.7
= 82.8 – 39.2 - 32.7 Note: Total load
= 11 mm (downwards) = (g + q) = 1.68 + 2 + 1
= 4.68 kN/m
Load = s.w. + finishes
Deflection after application of finishes = 1.68 + 2 kN/m

■ yc = maximum long -term deflection (y d ) – instantaneous deflection after application of

finishes ( yb ) (~ actual)
yc = 11-(-8) = 19 mm

Deflection limits: (BS 8110: Part 2)

1. Maximum downward deflection = span/250 (limit)
(Cl. 3.2.1.1)
= 10 000/250 = 40 mm (limit > 11 mm; OK)
2. Maximum upward deflection = span/350 (Cl.3.2.1.2)=29 mm (> 8 mm)
3. Maximum movement after application of finishes = span/500 or 20 mm whichever lesser =
20mm . (20 mm > 19 mm; OK).
 END BLOCKS
 In post-tensioned member, the force is concentrated over a small
area at the end faces of the member, and this leads to high-tensile
forces at right angles to the direction of the compression force.

 This effect will extend some distance from the end of the member until
the compression has distributed itself across the full concrete cross-
section.

 This region is known as ‘end block’ and must be heavily reinforced by

steel to resist the bursting tension forces.

 End block reinforcement will generally consist of closed links which

surround the anchorages, and the quantities provided are usually
13 obtained from empirical methods.
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 END BLOCKS

■ Anchorage zones failure due to uncontrolled cracking or splitting of

the concrete from insufficient transverse reinforcement .

■ Bearing failures immediately behind the anchorage plate are also

common and may be caused by inadequate dimensions of bearing
plates or poor quality of concrete

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See
Code
 yo ypo
2ypo 2P A B C 2yo
yo ypo

2yo
Uniform (b) Double Uniform
(a) Single anchor plate stress anchor plate stress

FIG. 2: TRANSMISSION OF FORCES IN END BLOCK

 END BLOCK DESIGN
■ In designing end block, it is necessary to check that the bearing
stress behind the anchorage plate due to the prestressing force
does not exceed the limiting stress, fRdu .

𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑐 0.5
𝑓𝑓𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 0.67𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ( ) ≤ 2.0 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑐

Where;
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐0 = loaded area of the anchorage plate
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐1 = the maximum are, having the same shape as 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑐
which can be inscribed in the total area 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 , Fig (a)
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 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐1 0.5 P

0.6 P

𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑐 33.70o 0.33 P

P

0.6 P
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐

0.5 P
(a) Anchorage zone (end view) (b) Strut and tie model of load dispersion

• The lateral tensile bursting forces can be established by the use of a statically
determinate strut and tie model where it is assumed that the load is carried by a
truss consisting of concrete struts and links of reinforcement acting as steel ties.
Partial factor of safety = 𝛾𝛾𝑝𝑝 = 1.2
𝑓𝑓
• Disperse angle=33.7oC, compressive strength should not exceed 0.4(1-250𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
) 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 .
• The reinforcement is design to 0.87 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 limited to 300N/mm2; no crack check is
19 necessary,
 Design considerations to Section 8.10.5, Code

A deviator shall satisfy the following requirements:

■ withstand both longitudinal and transverse forces that the tendon

applies to it and transmit these forces to the structure;

■ ensure that the radius of curvature of the prestressing tendon

does not cause any overstressing or damage to it.
 Flat plate anchorage Conical anchorage
(a)
(b) Typical ‘flow lines’ of
compressive stress, Fig. 3a & 3b

* 2.0yo ~ whatever type of anchorage

used:
*
0.2yo 2.0yo the distribution attained at a
distance from the loaded face **
Bursting tensile stress

0.5yo End block

= lateral dimension of the
member.
~ relatively independent of the
anchorage type
Distance from end face of member ~ distribution of bursting tensile
FIG. 3 (c ) stress as in Fig. 3c.
 ANCHORAGE ZONE (END-BLOCK) REINFORCEMENT

■ The main reinforcement in the anchorage zone should be designed

to withstand the bursting tension, which is determined by the
transverse stress distribution on the critical axis, usually coinciding
with the line of action of the largest individual force.

■ For plate and embedded (Freyssinet) type of anchorages, the typical

arrangement of reinforcement in end blocks is shown in Fig.5

■ Mats, helics, loops or links are generally provided in perpendicular

directions.

■ Based on research works, helical reinforcement is more efficient that

mat reinforcement.
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ARRANGEMENT OF REINFORCEMENT IN END BLOCK

links Hair-pin bars

FIG. 4

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TYPICAL TYPES OF POST-TENSIONED TENDONS AND
ANCHORAGE

FIG. 5

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 DESIGN OF END BLOCKS REINFORCEMENT

Example 11.9 (Mosley et al.,2007)

The beam below is stressed by four identical 100 mm diameter conical
anchorages located as shown, with a jacking force of 250kN applied to each. The
are may be subdivided into four equal end zones of 200x150 mm each. Determine
the reinforcement required around the anchorages;
fck=40 N/mm2, fyk=500 N/mm2 . Consider one anchor.

(a) Check bearing stress under the anchor

𝛾𝛾𝑝𝑝 ×𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
Actual bearing stress =
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
1.2 ×250 ×103
= = 38.2 N/mm2
𝜋𝜋 × 1002 /4
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 DESIGN OF END BLOCKS REINFORCEMENT

Allowable bearing stress, fRdu = 0.67 fck(Ac1/Ac0)0.5

0.5
𝜋𝜋×1502 /4
= 0.67 x 40
𝜋𝜋×1002 /4
= 40.2 N/mm2 (>38.2)
b) Reinforcement
From figure (b), the tensile force in the tie of the equivalent truss is given by;
T = 0.33 x 1.2 x 250 = 100 kN
Area of tensile steel required (assuming stress in the steel is limited to 300 N/mm2)
100 × 103
As = = 330 mm 2
300
This can be provided by three 10 mm closed links (471 mm2) at say,
50, 125 and 200 mm from the end face; that is distributed over a length
equal to the largest dimensions of the anchorage block (200 mm). Note that in each direction
there are two legs of each link acting to resist the tensile force.
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 DESIGN OF END BLOCKS REINFORCEMENT

c) Check compressive stress in the struts

Allowable compressive stress = 0.4 (1 - fck/250)fck
= 0.4 (1 - 40/250)40 = 13.44 N/mm2
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
Actual stress in strut =
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶−𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
0.6 ×1.2 ×250 ×103
=
(250 ×150×cos 33.7𝑜𝑜 )
= 7.21 N/mm2
The effect of the combined anchorage can be considered by considering the total prestress
force of 1000 kN acting on an effective end block of 400 x 400 mm.
T = 0.33 x 1.2 x 1000 = 400kN
Area of tensile steel required This can be provided by six 12 mm closed links (1358
mm2) distributed over a length equal to the largest
400 × 103 dimension of the anchorage block, that is 400 mm.
As = = 1333 mm2
27 300
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 REFERENCES

1. Lecture Slide, Dr Goh Lyn Dee, UiTM Pulau Pinang

2. Lecture Slide, Ir Afiffudin , UiTM Pulau Pinang
3. Lecture Slide, Assoc Prof Dr Afidah , UiTM Shah Ala m
4. Lecture Slide, Assoc Prof Baderul Hisham Ahmad, UTM
Skudai

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