TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

403037

CHAPTER 2: RECTIFIER

Tri-Vien Vu, PhD

 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
After study this chapter, student enable to:
• Understand the operation of typical rectifier
circuits
• Appreciate the different qualities of rectifiers
required for different applications
• Design practical rectifier circuits

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 CONTENT
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Halfwave Rectifier
2.2.1. Single phase un-controlled
2.2.2. Single phase controlled
2.3. Fullwave Rectifier
2.3.1. Centre-tap versus Bridge
2.3.2. RL-Source Controlled Rectifier
2.3.3. Resistive Load
2.3.4. Half-controlled
2.4. Three-phase rectifier
2.4.1. Halfwave Controlled
2.4.2. Bridge Controlled
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 CONTENT
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Halfwave Rectifier
2.2.1. Single phase un-controlled
2.2.2. Single phase controlled
2.3. Fullwave Rectifier
2.3.1. Centre-tap versus Bridge
2.3.2. RL-Source Controlled Rectifier
2.3.3. Resistive Load
2.3.4. Half-controlled
2.4. Three-phase rectifier
2.4.1. Halfwave Controlled
2.4.2. Bridge Controlled
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 2.1. INTRODUCTION
Definition
− Rectifier: An electrical device that convert alternative
current (AC) to DC
− Rectification: a process of conversion
Application
– Electromagnets
– Electrochemistry
– Electrolyzing
– Electrochlorination
– DC electrical drive
– Particle Accelerators
– Welding

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 2.1. INTRODUCTION
Classification

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 2.1. INTRODUCTION
Common load in PE circuits
– Load: a part or a component in a circuit that converts
electricity into light, heat, or mechanical motion. Examples
of loads are a light bulb, resistor, or motor.
– Resistive load: Convert electrical energy to other form of
energy (active power)
– Inductive load: store energy in magnetic field, resists
changes in terminal current
– Capacitor load: store energy in electric field, resists
change in terminal voltage
– RL-source load: the source is normally a back
electromotive force (battery, motor,...)

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 CONTENT
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Halfwave Rectifier
2.2.1. Single phase un-controlled
2.2.2. Single phase controlled
2.3. Fullwave Rectifier
2.3.1. Centre-tap versus Bridge
2.3.2. RL-Source Controlled Rectifier
2.4. Three-phase rectifier
2.4.1. Halfwave Controlled
2.4.2. Bridge Controlled

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 CONTENT
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Halfwave Rectifier
2.2.1. Single phase un-controlled
2.2.2. Single phase controlled
2.3. Fullwave Rectifier
2.3.1. Centre-tap versus Bridge
2.3.2. RL-Source Controlled Rectifier
2.3.3. Resistive Load
2.3.4. Half-controlled
2.4. Three-phase rectifier
2.4.1. Halfwave Controlled
2.4.2. Bridge Controlled
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 2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UN-
CONTROLLED
a) Resistive Load
b) Inductive Resistive Load
d) Inductor-Source Load
c) RL-Source Load
d) Inductive-Source Load
e) Inductive load with free-wheeling diode
f) Resistive load with filter capacitor

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

a) Resistive load vs  V 2 sin t   Vm sin t 

vs  vD  vo
vo  R  io is iD
io

- D on: vD = 0
vo  vs  Vm sin t 
vo
is  iD  io 
R
- D off: iD = 0
is = io = 0; vo = 0;
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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

a) Resistive load vs  V 2 sin t   Vm sin t 

– Turn on: VAK > 0
– Turn-off: io < iH ≈0

vs when D is in on-state

vo  
0 when D is in off-state
– Disadvantage
• Pulsating output current
→ Required filter
• AC supply delivers power on half the time

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

a) Resistive load

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

a) Resistive load
- Average value of the load/output voltage


   0
1 Vm  Vm
Vo  Vavg   V sin  
 d    cos  
2 0 2 
m

- Effective value of the load/output voltage


Vm  1  cos  2  

1 Vm V
  V sin   d    
2
Vrms 
2 2 
m
0
2 0 2 2
Vo Vm
- Average value of output current Io  
R R
Vrms Vm
- Effective value of output current I rms  
R 2R
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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

a) Resistive load
- Average value of the diode voltage Vsw,avg  Vo

- Effective value of the diode voltage Vsw,rms  Vrms

- Average value of the diode current I sw,avg  I o

- Effective value of diode current I sw,rms  I rms

- Effective value of source current I s ,rms  I rms

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

a) Resistive load
- Power factor

P Vrms I rms Vm / 2 1
Powerf      0.7071
S Vs ,rms I s ,rms Vm / 2 2

Vrms Vm / 2 
- Form factor Ff     1.57
Vo Vm /  2

Vm Vm
- Peak/ factor Pf   2
Vrms Vm / 2

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

b) Resistive - Inductive load RL

- When diode is conducting
dio  t 
Rio  t   L  Vm sin t 
dt
- Response io  t   i f  t   in  t 
Vm
- Force Response i f  sin  t- 
Z
- Natural Response in  t   Ae  t /
t
Vm Vdc 
io t   sin t -     Ae 
Z R
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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

b) Resistive - Inductive load RL

- When diode is conducting
dio  t 
Rio  t   L  Vm sin t 
dt
- Response io  t   i f  t   in  t 
Vm
- Force Response i f  sin  t- 
Z
- Natural Response in  t   Ae  t /

Vm
- Initial condition io(0) = 0 A  sin  
Z
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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

b) Resistive - Inductive load RL

- Output current

io t  
Vm
Z
 sin   t     sin   
 e  t /

 L  L
Z  R   L    tan 
1
2 2
 
 R  R

- b: Diode extinction angle, solution of io(b) =0:

sin  b     sin   e
 b /  
0

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

b) RL Load – Discontinuou current mode

- Output Current
Vm   
t

  sin t     sin   e   when 0  t  b

i  t    Z  

0 when b  t  2
- Average output current
b
1 Vm
I o ,avg   i  t  d  t   1  cos b 
2 0 2 R
- Effective output current
b
1 2
I o ,rms   i  t  d  t 
2 0
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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

b) RL Load – Discontinuou current mode

- Output voltage
V 2 sin t  when 0  t  b
vo  
0 when b  t  2
- Average output voltage
b

1  cos  b    I o ,avg R
1 Vm
Vo ,avg   Vm  sin   d 
2 0 2
- Effective output voltage
b sin  2 b 
b
1 Vm
  V sin   d    I o ,rms Z
2
Vo ,rms
2 
m
0
2 2
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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

b) RL Load – Discontinuou current mode

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

c) RL-Source Load
- Diode only be forward biased when vs ≥ Vdc
- Angle at which the diode starts to conduct
1  Vdc 
 o  sin  
 Vm 
- Kirchhoff Voltage Law:
dio  t 
Rio  t   L  Vm sin t   Vdc
dt
- Current response:
io  t   i f  t   in  t 
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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

c) RL-Source Load
Vm Vdc
i f  i f ,ac  i f ,dc  sin  t-  
Z R

in  t   Ae  t /

t
Vm Vdc 
io t   sin t -     Ae 
Z R

 Vm Vdc  0 /
A    sin  0      e
 Z R

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

c) RL-Source Load
- Output current
 0 t  0 t
Vm   V  
io t    sin t     sin  0    e 
-
dc
1  e 

Z   R  
- b: Diode extinction angle, solution of io(b) =0:
0  b 0  b
Vm   Vdc  
 sin  b     sin  0    e  - 1  e  0
Z   R  

- Continuous current mode: b  2   0

- Discontinuous current mode: b  2   0

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

c) RL-Source Load – Discontinuous Current

- Output current
V  
t  0  
V  
t  0  
 m  sin t     sin     e   - dc 1  e   if  0  t  b
 Z   R 
 


i  t   
 0  t   0
0 if
b  t  2   0


- Output voltage
V 2 sin t  if  0  t  b
vo  
Vdc if 0  t   0 ; b  t  2   0

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

c) RL-Source Load – Discontinuous Current

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

c) RL-Source Load – Discontinuous Current

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

c) RL-Source Load – Discontinuous Current

- Average output voltage:

Vm  cos  0   cos  b    Vdc 

1
Vo ,avg 
2

- Effectivie output voltage:

1  b   0 sin  2 b   sin  2 0   
Vo ,rms  Vm     Vdc 
2

2  2 4  

- Maximum Reverse Voltage of Diode VD ,max  Vm  E

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

c) RL-Source Load – Discontinuous Current

b
1
- Average output current I o ,avg 
2  i   d  
0

b
1
    d  
2
- Effective output current I o ,rms i
2 0

- Average load power Po  RI o2,rms  I o ,avgVdc

- Average source power Ps  Vs ,rms I s ,rms  VI s ,rms

Po RI s2,rms  I o ,avgVdc
- Power factor pF  
Ps VI s ,rms
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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

d) Inductor-Source Load
- For a battery charger, an inductor can
be used to limit the current
- Output current
 Vm
  L  cos  0   cos t     L  0  t  if  0  t  b
Vdc

i  t   
0  t   0
0 if
 b  t  2   0
- The extinction angle b is found from:
  
Vm Vdc
cos  0
  cos b   0  b   0
L L
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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

d) Inductor-Source Load
- Power absorbed by the DC source
Po  Vdc I o

- Where b
1
Io 
2  i t  d t 
o
0

- For ideal diode and inductor

Ps  Po

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

e) RL load with free-wheeling diode

- Used for RL load
- First half cycle: D1 on, D2 off
- Second half cycle: D1 off, D2 on

Equivalent circuit for vs > 0 Equivalent circuit vs < 0

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

e) RL load with free-wheeling diode

- Fourier analysis for the output voltage

VmVm 2Vm
v t    sin 0t    cos  n0t 
 n  2,4,6...  n  1 
2
2
Vm V0
- Average values V0  ; I0 
 R
Vn
In  Zn  R   n0 L 
2 2
- Effective values ;
Zn
2 2 2 2

 I1   I 2   I 4   I 6 
I rms  I
k 0
2
k , rms  I 
2
0    
 2  2  2  2
    ...

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

e) RL load with free-wheeling diode

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

e) RL load with free-wheeling diode

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED
e) RL load with free-wheeling diode: L/R∞

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

f) Resistive load with filter capacitor

– Reduce voltage variation
– Intitially VC (t 0)  0 V 
– Positive cycle: Diode is forward biased
vo  Vm sin t 
d Vm sin t    
iC  C  CVm sin  t  
dt  2
Vm
iR  sin t 
R
iD  iR  iC

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

f) Resistive load with filter capacitor

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

f) Resistive load with filter capacitor

– When t > /2: at angle : vs < vC: D is reversed
bias: C is discharge through the load
dvo vo
C  0
dt R

t  
vo  Vmsin   e RC

Vm sin  t  when D on


vo   
t  
Vmsin   e RC when D is off
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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

f. Resistive load with filter capacitor

–  is the solution of the equation
dvo , D _ on dvo , D _ off

dt dt
   tan 1
 RC     tan  RC  1

– In next cycle, D will be conducted from angle :

Vm sin  2     Vm sin   e
 2    /  RC 

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

f) Resistive load with filter capacitor

–  is the solution of the equation
sin    sin   e
 2    /  RC 
0

– The output voltage ripple

Vo  Vm  Vm sin   Vm 1  sin  

– It can be approximately estimated by:

Vm
Vo 
fRC
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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

f) Resistive load with filter capacitor

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.1. SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED

f) Resistive load with filter capacitor

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 CONTENT
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Halfwave Rectifier
2.2.1. Single phase un-controlled
2.2.2. Single phase controlled
2.3. Fullwave Rectifier
2.3.1. Centre-tap versus Bridge
2.3.2. RL-Source Controlled Rectifier
2.3.3. Resistive Load
2.3.4. Half-controlled
2.4. Three-phase rectifier
2.4.1. Halfwave Controlled
2.4.2. Bridge Controlled
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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.2. SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED
SCR
SCR is io

Gate R
𝑉𝐴𝐾 > 0 Control
– Turned on: vs vo L
𝑖𝐺 > 0 Vdc

– Firing angle  : t  
– Turned off: io < 0
– Minimum firing angle:
1  Vdc 
 min   o  sin   t T/2 T

 Vm 
– Current response
io  t   i f  t   in  t 
t T/2 T

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.2. SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED

RL-Source Load
- Output current
t    t   
Vm   Vdc  
io t    sin t     sin     e 
 - 1  e  
Z   R  
- b: Diode extinction angle, solution of io(b) =0:
 b  b
Vm   Vdc  
 sin  b     sin     e 1  e 0
 
-
Z   R  
- Conduction angle:   b 
- Continuous current mode: b  2  
- Discontinuous current mode: b  2  
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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.2. SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED

RL-Source Load – Discontinuous Current

- Output current
V  
t   
V  
t   
 m  sin t     sin     e   - dc 1  e   when   t  b
Z   R  
i  t   
 0  t  
V
 dc when
 b  t  2  

- Output voltage

V 2 sin t  if   t  b

vo  
Vdc if 0  t   ; b  t  2  

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.2. SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED

RL-Source Load – Discontinuous Current

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.2. SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED

RL-Source Load – Discontinuous Current

- Conducting angle:
  b 
- Average output voltage:
Vm  cos    cos  b    Vdc 
1
Vo ,avg 
2
- Effectivie output voltage:
1  b   sin  2 b   sin  2   
Vo ,rms  Vm     Vdc 
2

2  2 4  

- Maximum Reverse Voltage of Diode VD ,max  Vm  E

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.2. SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED

RL-Source Load – Discontinuous Current

b
1
- Average output current I o ,avg   i   d  
2 
b
1 2
- Effective output current I o ,rms   i   d  
2 

- Average load power Po  RI o2,rms  I o ,avgVdc

- Average source power Ps  Vs ,rms I s ,rms  VI s ,rms

Po RI s2,rms  I o ,avgVdc
- Power factor pF  
Ps VI s ,rms
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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.2. SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED

Resistive Load (Vdc = 0, L = 0, 0 = 0, b  )

- Conducting angle:
   
- Average output voltage:
1
Vo ,avg  Vm 1  cos  
2
- Effectivie output voltage:
1     sin  2    Vm  sin  2 
Vo ,rms  Vm     1  
2  2 4   2  2

- Maximum Reverse Voltage of Diode VD ,max  Vm

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.2. SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED

Resistive Load (Vdc = 0, L = 0, 0 = 0, b  )

Vm
- Average output current I o ,avg  1  cos  
2 R

Vm  sin  2 
- Effective output current I o ,rms  1 
2R  2

V 2   sin  2  
- Average load power Po  RI s2,rms  1   
2R   2 

1  sin  2 
- Power factor pF  1 
2  2
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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.2. SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED

Resistive Load (Vdc = 0, L = 0, 0 = 0, b  )

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 2.2. HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
2.2.2. SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED

Resistive Load (Vdc = 0, L = 0, 0 = 0, b  )

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 CONTENT
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Halfwave Rectifier
2.2.1. Single phase un-controlled
2.2.2. Single phase controlled
2.3. Fullwave Rectifier
2.3.1. Centre-tap versus Bridge
2.3.2. RL-Source Controlled Rectifier
2.3.3. Resistive Load
2.3.4. Half-controlled
2.4. Three-phase rectifier
2.4.1. Halfwave Controlled
2.4.2. Bridge Controlled
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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.1. CENTRE-TAPPED VS BRIDGE

Centre Tapped Bridge

When S1 on When S1, S2 on

vS 2   D   B   A   B vS 3   D   B   A   B  vs
  A  C    B  C   2vs vS 4   A  C   A   B  vs
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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.1. CENTRE-TAPPED VS BRIDGE

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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.1. CENTRE-TAPPED VS BRIDGE

Centre-tapped 1:1 A

– Initially, io = 0: B = D * *
vs
– During first half cycle: vs D
B
• A > B: S1 forward biased -vs
• C < B: S2 reverse biased
C
– At the instant t (t = ), a current pulse is applied
to the gate of S1: S1 is turned on
– When S1 is on: vo   D   B   A   B  vs
– Similarly, when S2 is on: vo   D   B  C   B  vs

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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.1. CENTRE-TAPPED VS BRIDGE

Centre-tapped

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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.1. CENTRE-TAPPED VS BRIDGE

Centre-tapped

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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.1. CENTRE-TAPPED VS BRIDGE

Centre-tapped

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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.1. CENTRE-TAPPED VS BRIDGE

Common Cathode:
– Cathode connected
– Ti will be conducted if Ai is max

Common Anode:
– Anode connected
– Ti will be conducted if Ki is min

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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.1. CENTRE-TAPPED VS BRIDGE

Bridge S1, S3: Common cathode; S2, S4: Common

anode
– During 1st half cycle:
• vs = A – B > 0  A > B
• S1, S2: forward biased
• S3, S4: reverse biased

– At the instant t (t = ), current pulses apply to

the gate of S1 and S2: S1, S2 are turned on
vo   D  C   A   B  vs
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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.1. CENTRE-TAPPED VS BRIDGE

Bridge
– During 2nd half cycle: vs = A – B < 0  A < B
• vs = A – B < 0  A < B
• S3, S4: forward biased
• S1, S2: reverse biased

– At the instant t (t =   ), current pulses applies

to the gate of S3 and S4: S3, S4 are turned on
vo   D  C   B   A  vs
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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.2. RL-SOURCE LOAD

- Output current
t    t   
Vm   Vdc  
io t    sin t     sin     e 
 - 1  e  
Z   R  

- b: Diode extinction angle, solution of io(b) =0:

 b  b
Vm   Vdc  
 sin  b     sin     e 1  e 0
 
-
Z   R  

- Continuous current mode: b   

- Discontinuous current mode: b   

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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.2. RL-SOURCE LOAD

Discontinuous Current
- Output current
V  
t   
V  
t   
 m  sin t     sin     e   - dc 1  e   when   t  b
Z   R  
i  t   
 0  t  
V
 dc when
 b  t    

- Output voltage

V 2 sin t  if   t  b

vo  
Vdc if 0  t   ; b  t    

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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.2. RL-SOURCE LOAD

Discontinuous Current

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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.2. RL-SOURCE LOAD

Discontinuous Current

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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.2. RL-SOURCE LOAD

Discontinuous Current
- Conducting angle:
  b 
- Average output voltage:

Vm  cos    cos  b    Vdc 

1
Vo ,avg 

- Effectivie output voltage:

1  b   sin  2 b   sin  2   
Vo ,rms  Vm     Vdc 
2

  2 4  
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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.2. RL-SOURCE LOAD

Discontinuous Current
b
1
- Average output current I o ,avg   i   d  

b
1
I o ,rms     d  
2
- Effective output current i
 

- Average load power Po  RI o2,rms  I o ,avgVdc

- Average source power Ps  Vs ,rms I s ,rms  VI s ,rms

Po RI s2,rms  I o ,avgVdc
- Power factor pF  
Ps VI s ,rms
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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.2. RL-SOURCE LOAD

Continuous Current

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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.2. RL-SOURCE LOAD

Continuous Current

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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.2. RL-SOURCE LOAD

Continuous Current: L/R ∞

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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.2. RL-SOURCE LOAD

Continuous Current
- Output voltage:
V 2 sin t  if   t    

vo   0   t  
V 2 sin t  if 
     t  2  
- Average output voltage:
2Vm
Vo ,avg  cos  

Vo  Vdc
- Average output current I o ,avg 
R
- Effective output current I o ,rms  I o ,avg
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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.3. RESITIVE LOAD

Vdc = 0, L = 0, 0 = 0, b  
- Conducting angle:
   

- Average output voltage:

1
Vo ,avg  Vm 1  cos  

- Effective output voltage:
Vm  sin  2   sin  2 
Vo ,rms  1   Vs ,rms 1  
2  2  2

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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.3. RESITIVE LOAD

Vdc = 0, L = 0, 0 = 0, b  
Vm
- Average output current I o ,avg  1  cos  
R

Vs ,rms  sin  2 
- Effective output current I o ,rms  1 
R  2

V 2   sin  2  
- Average load power Po  RI s2,rms  1   
R   2 

 sin  2 
- Power factor pF  1  
 2
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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.4. HALF-CONTROLLED: RL LOAD

− Two topologies: a) is preferred

− Use fewer SCRs
− Simpler control circuit a)
− Have better power factor
− Cannot change the current
direction: I-quadrant DC motor
drive
b)
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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.4. HALF-CONTROLLED: RL LOAD

Vm
Vo ,rms  1  cos  


 
I s ,rms  I o ,avg


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 2.3. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
2.3.4. HALF-CONTROLLED: RL LOAD

4/27/2016 403032 – Mạch Chỉnh Lưu 80

 CONTENT
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Halfwave Rectifier
2.2.1. Single phase un-controlled
2.2.2. Single phase controlled
2.3. Fullwave Rectifier
2.3.1. Centre-tap versus Bridge
2.3.2. RL-Source Controlled Rectifier
2.3.3. Resistive Load
2.3.4. Half-controlled
2.4. Three-phase rectifier
2.4.1. Halfwave Controlled
2.4.2. Bridge Controlled
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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.1. UN-CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

Used for output power higher than 15kW

Two typical types of 3-phase rectifier
– Node; Star, Halfwave, 3-pulse
– Brigde, 6-pulse,...
A balanced 3-phase voltage source
 
vab  3VM sin  t  
va  Vm  sin t  ;  6
  
vb  Vm  sin t  2 3
vbc  3VM sin  t  
 2

vc  Vm  sin t  4 3 
vca  3VM sin  t 
7 

 6 
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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.1. UN-CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

A balanced 3-phase voltage source

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.1. UN-CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

3-pulse rectifier with resistive load

V1, V2, V3 are common cathode
 Vmax On v0
𝜋 5𝜋
÷ Phase a V1 van
6 6
5𝜋 9𝜋
÷ Phase b V2 vbn
6 6
9𝜋 13𝜋
÷ Phase c V3 vcn
6 6
5 /6
1 3 2
Vo ,avg   Vm sin   d  Vm
2 / 3  /6 2

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.1. UN-CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

3-pulse rectifier with resistive load

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.1. UN-CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

3-pulse rectifier with resistive load

3 3 3 6
- Average output voltage Vo ,avg  Vm  Vs ,rms
2 2
- Effective output voltage
3
5 /6
3  3
Vo ,rms   V sin   d    Vm
2 2
  
2 2
m
/6 3 4 

- Average/rms output current

Vo ,avg
3 6 Vo ,rms
Vm 3  3
I o ,avg   Vs ,rms I o ,rms     
R 2 R R R 2 3 4 
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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.1. UN-CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

3-pulse rectifier with resistive load

– The output voltage has 3 pulses for each cycle of
input voltage
– Output period: To = T/3;
– Output frequency: fo = 3 f
– Each diode conducts in one third cycle
I sw,avg  I o ,avg / 3
I sw,rms  I o ,rms / 3
Vsw,max  VL  L  3Vm
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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.1. UN-CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

3-pulse rectifier with resistive load

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.1. UN-CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

Bridge rectifier with resistive load

V1, V3, V5: common cathode
V2, V4, V6: common anode
vP  max  van , vbn , vcn 
vN  min  van , vbn , vcn 
vo  vP  vN

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.1. UN-CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

Bridge rectifier with resistive load

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.1. UN-CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

Bridge rectifier with resistive load

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.1. UN-CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

Bridge rectifier with resistive load

 Phase Phase D1,3,5 D2,4,6 vo
max min
𝜋 ÷ 𝜋 Phase a Phase b D1 D6 vab
6 2
𝜋 ÷ 5𝜋 Phase a Phase c D1 D2 vac
2 6
5𝜋 ÷ 7𝜋 Phase b Phase c D3 D2 vbc
6 6
7𝜋 ÷ 3𝜋 Phase b Phase a D3 D4 vba
6 2
3𝜋 ÷ 11𝜋
2 6 Phase c Phase a D5 D4 vca
11𝜋 ÷ 13𝜋
6 6 Phase c Phase b D5 D6 vcb

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.1. UN-CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

Bridge rectifier with resistive load

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.1. UN-CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

Bridge rectifier with resistive load

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.1. UN-CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

Bridge rectifier with resistive load

- Average output voltage
3 3 3 6
Vo ,avg  Vm  Vs ,rms
 
- Effective output voltage
 /2
3  
Vo ,rms   3V sin     d  
2 2

  /6  6
m

2 /3
9 3 9 3
 Vm  sin   d    Vm
2
  1.655Vm
 /3
2 4
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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.1. UN-CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

Bridge rectifier with resistive load

- Average/rms output current
Vo ,avg
3 6 Vo ,rms
Vm 3 9 3
I o ,avg   Vs ,rms I o ,rms   
R R R R 2 4

- Average/ RMS current through a diode

I sw,avg  I o ,avg / 3 I sw,avg  I o ,rms / 3

- RMS source current

I s ,rms  2 / 3I o ,rms

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.2. CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

3-pulse Rectifier – Resistive Load

Firing : Angle from natural commutation point (t = /6) at
which the control signal applies to the gate of SCR

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.2. CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

3-pulse Rectifier – Resistive Load

– When  < 30o: continuous current
3 3
Vo ,avg  Vm cos   Vd 0 cos 
2
– When  > 30o: discontinuous

3 3   
Vo ,avg 
2 
 Vm sin  d  Vm 1  cos     
2   


– Control range

  0

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.2. CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

3-pulse Rectifier – Resistive Load

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.2. CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

3-pulse Rectifier: Inductive - Resistive Load

- Average output voltage:
3 3
Vo ,avg  Vm cos   Vd 0 cos 
2
- The output current always be a continuous
Vo ,avg
3 3
I o ,avg   Vm cos 
R R
- Control range:

  0
2
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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.2. CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

Bridge Rectifier
– Most important rectifier converter
– Wide range of application
– Better DC output voltage
– Higher power factor
– Can be connected to the utility directly without
using transformer
– Can be considered as a series connection of two
3-phase 3-pulse rectifier

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.2. CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

Bridge Rectifier

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.2. CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

Bridge Rectifier: Resistive Load

– Continuous current: 0 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 60°
3 3
Vo ,avg  Vm cos 

– DisContinuous current: 𝛼 > 60°
3   
Vo ,avg  Vm 1  cos     
   
– Control range:
2
  0
3
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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.2. CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

Bridge Rectifier: Resistive Load

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.2. CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
Bridge Rectifier: LR load Ld = ∞

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.2. CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

Bridge Rectifier: RL Load

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.2. CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

Bridge Rectifier: RL Load

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.2. CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

12-pulse diode rectifier

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.2. CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

18-pulse series type diode rectifier

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 2.4. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
2.4.2. CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

24-pulse series type diode rectifier

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 2.4. RECTIFIER – DC MOTOR DRIVE
2.4.1. DC MOTOR REVIEW

PM DC motor Series DC motor

Shunt DC motor Compound DC motor

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 2.4. RECTIFIER – DC MOTOR DRIVE
2.4.1. DC MOTOR REVIEW

Steady state
Vf  I f Rf
  Kf If
Ea  K   M
TM  K I a
Motor mode Va  Ea  Ra I a

Generator mode Va  Ea  Ra I a

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 2.4. RECTIFIER – DC MOTOR DRIVE
2.4.2. RECTIFIER – DC MOTOR SYSTEM

One-quadrant DC drive

Vm
Va  1  cos  
2 Vm
Va  1  cos  


3 3Vm
Va  1  cos  
2

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 2.4. RECTIFIER – DC MOTOR DRIVE
2.4.2. RECTIFIER – DC MOTOR SYSTEM

Two-quadrant DC drive E

2Vm
Va  cos 
 Ia

3 3Vm
Va  cos 


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 2.4. RECTIFIER – DC MOTOR DRIVE
2.4.2. RECTIFIER – DC MOTOR SYSTEM

Four-quadrant DC motor drive E

2Vm
Va  cos 
 Iư

+
3 3Vm
Vs Vs Va  cos 
- 

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 2.4. RECTIFIER – DC MOTOR DRIVE
2.4.2. RECTIFIER – DC MOTOR SYSTEM

DC motor drive: Matlab toolbox

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 10% EXAM
A heater has resistance of R = 20W fed by a single
phase fully-controlled H-bridge rectifier which is
connected to the source vs = 310sin(100t).
1. If the firing angle can be adjusted from /10 to 7/8,
determine the maximum and minimum power
consumption of the heater
2. Find the firing angle to adjust the power
consumption of the heater to 1800W.
3. As the power consumption of the heater is in
question 2, find the conducting time of one SCR in
term of one cycle of input current
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