SQ1&2: What is an atom?

•  atoms are made of?

–  Protons
•  determines the element in
which it s the atom of
–  Neutrons
•  particle without charge
–  Electrons
•  subatomic particle with a
single charge, located at some
distance from the center
nucleus

Fig 2.4

Elements and Atoms Questions

1. What is the atomic mass of Potassium atom with
19 protons, 19 electrons, and 20 neutrons?
•  how to ID an atom?
– atomic number 2. What is the number of neutrons in Carbon atom
(C6, atomic mass = 12.01)?
– atomic mass = ?
•  what makes C different from H?
6 1
C H
12.01 1.008

Questions
# of electron # proton #neutron
Mg2+

F-
 Isotopes of Elements

C-12 C-13 C-14

MASS 12 13 14

#PROTONS 6 6 6

#NEUTRONS= 6 7 8
MASS-#PROT

#ELECTRONS= 6 6 6
#PROT IN NEUTRAL RADIOACTIVE
table 2.4
ATOMS ISOTOPE OF C

Electron arrangement determines the chemical ATOMS AND ELECTRON SHELLS

properties of an atom.
SQ7: Forming Chemical bond

Which part of atom is involved in

bonding? ! Fig not in the book
 1.CHARGED ATOMS and IONIC BONDS 7. Ionic bonds

2.7

Fig 2.7

emergent properties! Fig. 2.7A

Fig. 2.7 Fig. 2.7

2. NEUTRAL ATOMS AND COVALENT 7. covalent Table 2.8;

BONDS
bonds Pg. 23
Covalent bonds Two atoms share one or more pairs
•  2 atoms sharing e- to of outershell (valence) electrons.
fill e- shell
– equal sharing
•  nonpolar covalent
bond
– H2, O2, CH4
– unequal sharing
•  polar covalent
bond Single
– H2O covalent
2.8 bond
 7. covalent
7. covalent Table 2.8 Table 2.8
bonds
bonds

Double
covalent
bond

9. What properties of water are due to the

An atom s attraction for its electrons, including
shared electrons is called electronegativity formation of hydrogen bonds between
water molecules?

•  *Nonpolar covalent bond:

•  *Polar covalent bond:

Fig. 2.9 Fig. 2.9

Fig. 2.10
Property 1 SQ10: WATER AND HYDROGEN BONDS

polar covalent bonds

2.9, 2.10

•  H-bond: weak forces of attraction

–  H weakly shares electron in polar covalent bond
–  important in properties of water
•  cohesion
•  heat capacity
•  solvent
!  important in properties of other biomolecules
 WATER S SPECIAL PROPERTIES Property 2
2.11, 2.13
•  density differences
– liquid vs solid H2O
•  cohesive
solid vs liquid density differences – increases surface
tension
•  moderates
temperature
– body temp
– ocean temp
cohesive nature of water
increases its surface tension
Figure 2-11

Fig. 2.11 Pg. 25, top Cohesion of water molecules

Property 2 allows water to traverse from
the roots to the leaves. This
distance can be a
up to 367 feet
above the ground in some
trees.

SQ13: Water s Solvent-Ability

WATER S SPECIAL Solvent PROPERTIES
•  what s a solvent?
– dissolves other molecules
– water is the biological solvent
•  what s a solute?
– molecule that gets dissolved by a
solvent
•  what s a solution?
– mixture containing a solute dissolved in
a solvent

2.14
fig 2.14
Fig. 2.14 Fig. 2.12
Water Interacts with Many Other Molecules
Property 3
Water is an
effective coolant on a
hot day due to
its high
heat of vaporization
(evaporative cooling,
perspiration, or
transpiration) and
specific heat.

Water is an extremely good solvent; it is capable

of dissolving a wide range of substances including proteins,
sugars, and salts.

Fig. 2.13B
Pages 32/33

Property 4 Chemical bonding: combining of

atoms!
Most liquids
become dense
Why do atoms bond with one another?!
when they solidify; !
Ice is a.  They are more stable after bonding than
unique because it is
less dense than
before!
water.
b. They seek to fill their outer shell of electrons!
!
c.They seek to be in their lowest energy state!
!
d. All of the above!