 s=specific gravity  N=kg ∙ m/ s2

W  g=gravity  W =mg
Specific weight : γ = or y= pg∨ y= y water s
V
Specific weight of water at 20℃ , γ =9.79 kN /m 3
Specific weight of water at 4℃ , γ =9.81 kN /m 3

M kg slugs P
Mass density : ρ=

V m3(∨ 3 =ρ water s=
ft )RT
= ρ gauge + ρatmospheric
p = absolute pressure of gas in Pa(kPa)
R= gas constant
62.41lb 1000 kg 9.81 kN 1.94
ρwater = = = = 3 For air: R = 287 J/kg-K
ft 3 m3 m3 3 ft R = 1716 lb-ft/slug-R
J 480 x 10
ρ=
 R=287 T = absolute temperature
kg−° K 287 (21+273) °K = °C + 273
Mass density of water at 20℃ , ρ=988 kg /m 3 °R = °F + 460
kg
Mass density of water at 4℃ , ρ=1000
m3 Water at 4°C
 1 slug = 32.174 lbm = 14.594 kg 
 1 kg = 2.2046 lbm = 6.8521x10-2 slugs lb
 y=62.4 3
=9.81 kN /m 3
 density of water: 1000 kg/m3, 1.938 slugs/ft3 ft
slugs kg
 ρ=1.94 =1000 3
1 m3 ft 3
Specific volume : V s = ( ∨
ρ kg slugs )  s=1.0
ft 3
m

ρliquid ρ gas
Specific Gravity : s= =
ρ water ρwater
Viscosity, μ (mu)
τ
μ=
dV /dy
 the property of a fluid which determines the amount of its resistance to shearing forces.
𝜏= shear stress (Pa)
𝜇= absolute viscosity in Pa –s, lb−sec/ft 2or poise
y= distance between the plates Common Units of Viscosity
V= velocity
System Absolute, μ Kinematic
Kinematic viscosity, 𝛎 (nu) sec
lb−
English ft 2 ft 2 /sec
 is the ratio of the dynamic fluid, μ, to its mass density, ρ ¿)
μ s
v= dyne−
ρ cm2 /s
Metric cm 2 (stoke)
μ = absolute viscosity in Pa-s (poise)
ρ = density in kg/m3
S.I.
Pa-s
2
m2 / s
Surface Tension, 𝛔 (sigma) ( N −s /m )
∆F
σ=
∆L
 the membrane of “skin” that seems to form on the free surface of a fluid is due to the
intermolecular cohesive forces.
ΔF = elastic force transverse to any length element ΔL in the
surface
𝜎 in N/m or lb/ft.

Pressure inside a droplet of liquid, p

4σ
p=
d
 the membrane of “skin” that seems to form on the free surface of a fluid is due to the
intermolecular cohesive forces.
𝛔 = surface tension in N/m
d = diameter of the droplet in m
p = gauge pressure in Pa

Capillarity (Capillary action)

 name given to the behavior of the liquid in a thin-bore tube.
 The rise or fall of a fluid in a capillary tube is caused by surface tension and depends on the
relative magnitudes of the cohesion of the liquid and adhesion of the liquid to the walls of the
containing vessel.
4 σcosθ
h=
yd
 For complete wetting, as with water on clean glass, the angle θ is 0°, the formula becomes
h = capillarity rise or depression in m
y = unit weight in N/m2 4σ
d = diameter of the tube in m h=
yd
𝛔 = surface tension in Pa
Contact Angles ϴ
Compressibility, β
 also known as the coefficient of compressibility is Materials Angle ϴ
the fractional change in the volume of a fluid per unit Mercury-glass 140°
change in pressure in a constant temperature Water-paraffin 107°
process. Water-silver 90°
∆V Kerosene-glass 26°
V 1 −dV /V Glycerin-glass 19°
β= = =
∆ p EB dp Water-glass 0°
ΔV = change in volume Ethyl alcohol-glass 0°
V = original volume
Δ𝑝 = change in pressure
dV/V = change in volume (usually in percent)

Bulk modulus of elasticity, EB

 The bulk modulus of elasticity of the fluid expresses the compressibility of the fluid. It is the ratio
of change in unit pressure to the corresponding volume change per unit volume.
stress ∆p
E B= =
strain ∆ V /V
Or
−dp
E B=
dV /V
ISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS An isothermal process is a change of a system, in which
For a fixed temperature the temperature remains constant: ΔT =0. ... In other
γ 1 p1 words, in an isothermal process, the value ΔT = 0 and
p1 v 1= p2 v 2 and = =constant
γ 2 p2 therefore, the change in internal energy ΔU = 0 (only for an
Also, ideal gas) but Q ≠ 0, while in an adiabatic process, ΔT ≠ 0
Bulk modulus E=p but Q = 0.

ADIABATIC OR ISENTROPIC CONDITIONS

If no heat is exchanged between gas and its container,