DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

MODULE-I: Analog to Digital Conversion

By
Dr.S.Neeraja
Assistant Professor
Department of EECE

2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications

 Contents:
1. Introduction to Digital Communication Systems
2. Block Diagram of Digital Communication System
3. Basic Signal Processing Operations in Digital Communications
4. Sampling Process, Flattop Sampling, Natural Sampling
5. Pulse Amplitude Modulation
6. Quantization Process
7. Pulse Code Modulation
8. Noise Considerations in PCM Systems
9. Time Division Multiplexing
10.Digital Multiplexers
11.Delta Modulation
12.Linear Prediction, Differential Pulse Code Modulation.

2 September 2020 Department of

EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications
 Lecture 5

2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications

 Contents:

1. Sampling Theorem
2. Various cases of sampling
3. Natural Sampling
4. Flat top Sampling
5. Problems

2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications

 Revision
Classification of Sampling
• Sampling

Instantaneous Natural Flat top

Sampling Sampling Sampling

2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications

 Instantaneous Sampling
• Sampling is a process which converts the analog signal into
“discrete time signal”.

Fig.1

2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications

Generation:

Multiplier
Analog signal Sampled Signal

Fig. 2 Generation of Instantaneous Sampling 0 Ts

Train of impulses
2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications
• g (t) is sampled instantaneously at uniform rate at every Ts Seconds.
• The Sampling Period= Ts=Sampling Interval
• Sampling Frequency=fs=1/ Ts

g(t)
Instantaneous
sampling g δ (t)
2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications
Mathematical analysis: (Time domain)
 Sample the signal g(t) instantaneously and at a uniform rate,
 Instantaneously (ideal) sampled signal :

 The signal obtained by individually weighting the elements of a periodic

sequence of Dirac delta functions :


g δ (t) =  g(nTs )δ(t  nTs )
n=
(Eq.1)

2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications

 • Instantaneous (ideal )sampling:

 Nyquist rate
 The sampling rate of 2W samples per second for a
signal bandwidth of W hertz
 Nyquist rate=minimum sampling frequency= f s = 2W
 (measured in samples per seconds or hertz)
 Nyquist interval
 Nyquist Interval=Maximum sampling Interval= Ts = 1 / 2W
 (measured in seconds)

2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications

Frequency domain:
 Sample the signal g(t) instantaneously and at a uniform rate,
 Spectrum of Instantaneously (ideal) sampled signal :
 The process of uniformly sampling a continuous time signal of
finite energy results in a periodic spectrum with a repetition
frequency equal to the sampling rate.

 


n= 
g(nTs )δ (t  nTs )  f s  G(f  mf s )  Gδ (f )
m= 
(Eq. 2)

2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications

• By applying the Fourier transform for δ (t  nTs )
• Then resultant spectrum is

 g(nT
n= 
s )exp(  j 2πnTs f)= Gδ (f) (Eq.3)

Which is called “Discrete Time Fourier Transform”(DTFT).

2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications

 A discrete-time Fourier transform of the sequence


 n   j nf  (Eq.4)
Gδ (f) = 
n= 
g 
 2W 
exp 


W



 (Eq.5)
G ( f )  f s G ( f )  f s  G( f  mf )
m  
s

m0

 For a strictly band-limited signal, under the two conditions

(Eq.6)
1.G( f )  0 for f  W
2. f s  2W
1
G(f ) = Gδ (f ), W < f <W (Eq.7)
2W

1  n   jπnf 
G(f)=
2W
 g  exp  
n=  2W 
,  W < f <W ( 5.5 )
 W 
(Eq.8)

28 August 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications

Case:I f s = 2W

2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications

 Reconstruction:

Analog signal

Sampled Signal Low Pass

filter

Fig. 4 Reconstruction

2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications

 The sequence {g(n/2W)} has all the information contained in g(t).

 Reconstructing the signal g(t) from the sequence of sample values. Inverse FT or IDTFT

g (t )  

G( f ) exp(j 2ft)df
1   n   jnf 
 
W
 g  exp  exp(j 2ft)df
n     2W   W 
W 2W


 n  1   n 
W
g(t) =  g    exp j 2πf  t  df
n=  2W  2W W   2W 
 The interpolation formula for reconstructing the original signal g(t) from the sequence of
sample values {g(n/2W)} .

 n 
g(t) =  g  sin c( 2Wt  n),   < t < 
n=   2W 

2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications

 Fig.5 Interpolation

2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital

Communications
Sampling Theorem:
 The sampling theorem for strictly band-limited signals of finite energy in two
equivalent parts

 Analysis : A band-limited signal of finite energy that has no frequency

components higher than W hertz is completely described by specifying the values
of the signal at instants of time separated by 1/2W seconds.

 Synthesis : A band-limited signal of finite energy that has no frequency

components higher than W hertz is completely recovered form knowledge of its
samples taken at the rate of 2W samples per second.

2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital

Communications
Case:II f s  2W

2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications

 Case II: -Aliasing Phenomenon: f s  2W
 The phenomenon of a high-frequency component in the spectrum of the signal
seemingly taking on the identify of a lower frequency in the spectrum of its sampled
version.
 To combat the effects of aliasing in practices
 Prior to sampling : a low-pass anti-alias filter is used to attenuate those high-
frequency components of a message signal that are not essential to the
information being conveyed by the signal
 The filtered signal is sampled at a rate slightly higher than the Nyquist rate.

 Physically realizable reconstruction filter

 The reconstruction filter is of a low-pass kind with a passband extending from –W
to W
 The filter has a non-zero transition band extending form W to fs-W
2 September 2020 Department of
EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications 20
 Case:III f s  2W

Practical sampling
condition

2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications

Natural Sampling

Natural Sampling is a practical method of sampling in

which pulse have finite width equal to τ.

Natural sampling signal

2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications

Flat top Sampling

In this sampling techniques, the top of the

samples remains constant and is equal to the
instantaneous value of the message signal m(t)

2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital

Communications
 Problems:
1.An analog signal is x(t )  3cos50t  10sin 300t  cos100t
calculate Nyquist rate.
Sol. The first frequency component=25Hz
The second frequency component=150Hz
The third frequency component =50 HZ
Among these, the highest frequency component W=150 Hz
Nyquist rate=2W samples/sec
=2 x150
=300Hz or 300 samples/sec

2 September 2020 Department of

EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications
 x(t )  10 cos 60t cos2 160t
2. Ananalog signal is
Find minimum sampling rate and maximum sampling interval.
Sol. x(t )  10 cos 60t cos2 160t
1  cos 320t
 10 cos 60t ( )
2
 5 cos 60t  5 cos 60t cos 320t
 5 cos 60t  2.5 cos 380t  cos 260t
The first frequency component=30Hz
The second frequency component=190Hz
The third frequency component =130 HZ
Among these, the highest frequency component W=190 Hz
Nyquist rate or minimum sampling rate fs=2W samples/sec
=2 x190
=380Hz or 380 samples/sec
Nyquist interval or maximum sampling interval= Ts=1/2W=1/380=0.00263 sec
2 September 2020 Department of
EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications
 Review
• Reconstruction
• Mathematical analysis of Sampling and Reconstruction
• Observations:
• Case-I: f s = 2W
• Case-II: f s  2W
• Case-III: f s  2W

• Problems
• Natural and Flat top sampling

2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications

 Thank You

2 September 2020 Department of EEEC, GIT EEC307 Digital Communications