Name: María Paula Alandete González

Perfect modals
use perfect modals to express feelings and beliefs about past actions and events:

 Regrets or judgments: should have + past participle

I should have studied medicine. ( but unfortunately, i didn`t.)
she shouldn`t have divorced sam. (but unfortunately, she did)

 Possibility: may have / might have + past participle

I may (or might) have failed the final exam. It was really hard
He may (or might) not have been able to make a living as a painter.

 Ability (OR possibility): could have + past participle

He was the driver. He could have prevented the accident
The museum was closed, but she couldn`t have known that. It`s usually open on Tuesdays

 Certainty: would have + past participle

You should have gone to Rio. You would have loved it.
It`s good he broke up with Anne. They wouldn`t have been happy together .

 Conclusions: must have + past participle

Beth isn`t here. She must have gone hime early.
( I think that`s what happened)
They didn`t buy the house. The price must not have been acceptable.
(I think that`s the reason.)

Future with will

Will future expresses a spontaneous decision, an assumption with regard to the future or an action in the
future that cannot be influenced.

Use of will Future

a spontaneous decision
example: Wait, I will help you.
an opinion, hope, uncertainty or assumption regarding the future
example: He will probably come back tomorrow.

a promise
example: I will not watch TV tonight.

an action in the future that cannot be influenced

example: It will rain tomorrow.

conditional clauses type I

 example: If I arrive late, I will call you.

Signal Words
in a year, next …, tomorrow
Vermutung: I think, probably, perhaps

Wish + past perfect

This formula is used only to talk about the past and expresses regret. There are two variants:

 Talk about things we did in the past (and that now don't seem like such a good idea): I wish I
hadn't gone to the beach instead of studying.
 Talk about things we did not do in the past and wish we had done: I wish I had studied harder
for my Advanced exam.
To form this wish clause, you must use I wish (or if only) + had or hadn’t + the past participle.

They are usually equivalent to "if only" and are almost always interchangeable, but the latter is more
intense. Find out more about how to use if only and i wish in the Practical Uses of 'if only' and 'I wish'

Should have

We use this modal whenever we talk about something that we should have done, but finally did not do.
For example:
 We should have studied more for the exam.
 You should have called first.