Complex Cognitive Process

Fatin Marlia binti Mohd Maulana

MPP181117
 Conceptual Understanding
• Concept
• Hierarchical Categorization and Concept Maps
• Hypothesis Testing
• Prototype Matching
 Concept
• Is a group objects, events and characteristics on the basic
of common properties. It helps us to simplify, summarize
and organize information
 Hierarchical Categorization and Concept
Maps
• Is important because once a concept is categorized it can
take on characteristic and features from being a member
of a category.
• A concept map is a visual presentation of a concept's
connection and hierarchical organization.
Example of a concept map
 Hypothesis Testing
• Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested
to determine their accuracy
• Students benefit from the pratice of developing
hypotheses about what a conceptis and is not.
 Prototype Matching
• individual decide whether an item is a member of a
category by comparing it with the most typical items of the
category
Example of Prototype Matching
 What is Thinking?
• Thinking involves manipulating and transforming
information in memory.
• We think to conceptualize, reason, critique, decide, create
and solve problem
 Executive Function
• An umbrella-like concept that encompasses a number of
higher-level cognitive processes linked to the
development of the brain's prefrontal cortex.
• Involves managing one's thought to engage in one goal-
directed behaviour and exercise self-control.
 Reasoning
• Is a logical thinking that uses induction and deduction to
reach a conclusion
• Inductive Reasoning: involves reasoning from the
specific to the general. That is consist of drawing
conclusion about all members of a category based on
observing only some of its member.
• Deductive Reasoning: Is the process of making a logical
argument by applying known facts, definition, properties,
and the laws of logic
 Critical Thinking
• Mindfulness
• Critical Thinking In Schools
• Critical Thinking in Adolescene
• Technology and Critical Thinking
 Mindfulness
• Means being alert, mentally present, and cognitively
flexible while going through life's everyday activities and
tasks.
• Mindfulness student create new ideas, are open to new
information, and are aware of more than one perspective.
 Critical Thinking In Schools
• Some ways teachers can consciously build critical
thinking into their students in schools
- Ask not only what happened but also 'how' and 'why'
-Examine supposed 'facts' to determine whether there is
evidence support them
-Argue in a reasoned why rather than through emotions
- Compare various answers to a question and judge which
is really the best answer
 Critical Thinking In Adolescence
• If a solid base of fundamental skills is nit developed
during childhood, critical thinking skills are unlikely to
mature in adolesence
• Several cognitive changes occur during adolescene as
shown below;
-Increase speed, automaticity, and capacity of information
processing, which frees cognitive resources for other
purposes
-More knowledge in a variety of domains
- An increase ability tp construct new combination of
knowledge
 Decision Making
o Is thinking that involves evaluating alternatives and
choosing among them
Bias and Flaws
• Confirmation Bias
• Belief Perserverance
• Overconfidence Bias
• Hindsight Bias
 Creative Thinking
• Steps in the creative process
vPreparation
vIncubation
vInsight
vEvaluation
vElaboration
Problem Solving
 Steps In Problem Solving
1) Find and Frame Problems
-Recognize or identify problems
-Explore and Refine Problems
 Steps In Problem Solving
2) Develop good problem solving strategies
- Subgoaling
-Algorithm
-Heuristics
* Mean-end analysis
• Fixation
It involves prior strategy and failing to look at problem from
a new perspective

Types of Fixation
ØFunctional Fixedness
ØMental Set
Lack Of Motivation And Persistence
Inadequate Emotional Control
Transfer
 What is Transfer
• Occurs when a person applies previous experiences and
knowledge to learning or problem solving in a new
situation
• If a student learn concept in math and then use this
concept to solve a problem in science, transfer has
occured.
Types Of Transfer