DCP20052 ● INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING ● MUHAMMAD SHAIFUL AZMI BIN ABDUL RAHMAN ● LECTURER DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ● POLIMAS KEDAH

INTRODUCTION

• Wastewater that consists of waste and wastewater

from house, town center, industrial areas and
agricultural areas.
• Sewage contains contaminants.
• If sewage is allowed to flow directly into the
nearest drain, the contaminants will cause
pollution to the environment.
• The sewage must be treated first
before it can be released into drain or
water channel.
 TYPE OF SEWAGE

DOMESTIC AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIAL

• Produced by agricultural • Produce by industrial

and farming activities. activities
• Usually contain organic • Industrial sewage contains
materials in the form of chemical compounds used
solid and fluid. in manufacturing process of
• Originates from residential
• Organic materials the industrial products.
area, public buildings and
decompose easily due to • These compounds are
commercial centre
oxygen reaction in water. hazardous.
• Sewage becomes septic • The sewage must be
rapidly when oxygen is specially treated before it
lacking. can be released into the
• It releases foul odor environment.
especially in hot weather.
FLOW FROM THE HOUSE TO SEWERAGE PIPE
SEWAGE TREATMENT METHOD
 INDIVIDUAL SEPTIC TANK

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN MODERN DESIGN

INFLUENT
(RAW SEWAGE) EFFLUENT

(MEDIUM LAYER)

Flush toilet
 SEPTIC TANK

• Structure constructed underground according to some

specifications for sewage treatment.
• Used in individual house.
• Also used in schools, hotels and office buildings.
• The size of septic tank depends on the sewage
generated by these premises.
• For buildings or premises with many occupants, the
size of septic tank should be large.
• A unit of septic tank only serve to a unit of house or
few of houses.
 SEPTIC TANK

• There are an estimated 1.2 million premises with

individual septic tanks in Malaysia (IWK,2012)
• Premises with a proper individual septic tank
(Malaysian Standards - MS 1228 ) has 3 to 4
rectangular metal covers and is usually located
outside the premises compound either at the side,
rear or front.
• The septic tank only provides partial treatment of the
sewage that flows into it and needs to be desludged
on a regular basis, approximately once in two years,
to ensure that it functions efficiently.
 SEPTIC TANK
• Mostly fats, oils and grease (FOG) which
are less dense than water so they float.
• Scum can form a fairly hard crust which will
slowly be digested by bacteria in the septic
tank.
• Baffles on the inlet and outlet pipes help to
prevent them being blocked by scum.
INFLUENT
(RAW SEWAGE) EFFLUENT • Consist of suspended solid and bacteria.
• The bacteria decompose the suspended
solid before it is being drained out of the
(MEDIUM LAYER)
septic tank together with the effluent.

• Tank base consists of both decomposable

and non-decomposable solids.
• Non-decomposable solid accumulates in
• If desludging is not carried out, the sludge level may exceed this layer and over time thicken up to the
maximum level. maximum level before being removed out of
• When this happens, sewage retention time decreases. the tank.
• This will result in an incomplete breakdown of sewage and
thus, untreated sewage and sludge solids will be released
from the septic tank into the drain.
 SEPTIC TANK

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Low efficiency in sewage
• Treat low volume sewage
treatment.
• Treat sewage from • Less suitable for clustered
individual houses. houses.
• Construction and
maintenance costs are
lower.
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
 TYPE OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

SEWAGE
TREATMENT PLANT

PACKAGE/ COMBINED IMHOFF TANKS OXSIDATION POND

MECHANICAL PLANT PROCESS

AERATED LAGOON

EXTENDED AERATION
SYSTEM

OXSIDATION DITCH

ROTATING BIOLOGICAL
CONTRACTORS

HIGH RATE TRICKLING

FILTER
 PACKAGE/MECHANICAL PLANT
CHARACTERISTIC

• Serve small communities up to population equivalent (PE)

of 5,000.
• Require little design work.
• Can be installed quickly.
• Require the same operational and maintenance care as
conventional treatment plants.
• Also produce a sludge.
 AERATED LAGOON
CHARACTERISTIC
• Simple plants to operate and maintain.
• Require large land areas.
• Rarely found in densely populated urban areas.
• Comprises two or three lagoons in a sequence.
• There are approximately 40 in Malaysia.
HOW IT WORKS

o The first lagoon has surface aerators, which are like large
"paddle mixers".
Air kumbahan dikacau utk o The aerators float on the surface of the pond and continuously
kekalkan oksigen bagi
pencernaan oleh bakteria stir the incoming sewage, serving to maintain oxygen content
in the sewage and preventing any solids from settling.
Bahan organic dinyahgred dan o Sewage has an average retention in the first pond of five days.
bentuk enapcemar o During this time, bacteria consumed the oxygen to breaking
down the organic material in the sewage.
Peneutralan kumbahan
dipertingkan sebelum
dilepaskan ke paiit / saliran
o Effluent is passed into the second pond where the degraded
organic matter and sediments are settle out to form sludge.
o The average retention time in the second pond is one day.

o The effluent may then pass to a third pond for polishing or be

discharged to a receiving waterway.

Kocakan hasilkan buih untuk
proses oksigen
A E
EXTENDED AERATION SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTIC
• To breakdown the organic material in sewage, bacteria require oxygen.
• This may be introduced by agitation (using surface aerators) or by
submerged "diffusers".
• Introduce air in the form of fine bubbles through submerged diffusers.
• Currently approximately 60 in Malaysia.
HOW IT WORKS
A Sewage entering a plant in passed through primary treatment
o
where coarse material and grit is removed.
C
B
D B The sewage then passes to secondary treatment in the form
o
of any aeration tank where it is injected with fine bubbles of
air from submerged diffusers.
C Solids in the sewage are held in suspension by the bubbles and
o
bacteria in the sewage break down organic materials. Sewage is
held in the aeration tank between 18-24 hours.
D The effluent with suspended material is then passed into a
o
"clarifier" (sedimentation tank) where the material settles as
a sludge.
E The sludge is drawn off with some being returned to the aeration
o
tank to ensure enough bacteria are present in the tank to continue
the process of breaking down newly introduced sewage.
 OXSIDATION DITCH
CHARACTERISTIC
• Requires a relatively large area.
• A simple structure.
• Easily operated.
• Being able to remove nitrogen easily.
• Currently approximately 30 in Malaysia.
HOW IT WORKS

It consists of a long channel of an

Wastewater which elliptical or circular shape equipped
enters the ditch is with an aeration equipment called a
aerated and rotor for generating a water flow
circulated and stirring water in the channel to
supply oxygen.

Kumbahan melalui tindakbalas

biologi (pencernaan semulajadi)
 ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTRACTOR
CHARACTERISTIC
• Suitable where land is restricted.
• They are quite and consistently produce a high quality
effluent.
Cakera berputar akan • Suitable for a staged development.
mencernakan bahan organic
melalui pertumbuhan bakteria & • Operations and maintenance costs are lower than for
mikroorganisma
A
other forms of mechanical treatment.
• Currently approximately 40 RBC plants in Malaysia.
B
HOW IT WORKS

C
• The sewage passes through one or more RBC units.
A• An RBC unit comprises a series of closely spaced "circular
disks" normally made from a plastic material.
B• The disks are partially submerged in the sewage and are slowly
rotated through it.
C• The rotating disks support the growth of bacteria and micro-
organisms present in the sewage, which breakdown and stabilise
organic pollutants.
• Oxygen is obtained from the atmosphere as the disks rotate.
• Effluent from the RBC is then passed through final clarifiers
where the micro-organisms in suspension settle as a sludge.
• The sludge is withdrawn from the clarifier for further treatment.
 HIGH RATE TRICKLING FILTER
HOW IT WORKS

• The modern trickling filter comprises a bed of

highly permeable medium to which micro-
organisms are attached.
Penyebaran kumbahan A • Rock beds are typically 2 meters deep and are
melalui putaran
circular.
•A A revolving arm is used to distribute the sewage
over the media.
Penuras diperbuat dari • Filters under the media drain the effluent and
batu batan & plastik
khas biological solids, which have become detached
from the media.
• The effluent from the drain is settled before
discharge to the receiving environment.
• Some effluent from the drain is recycled to dilute
A
the strength of the incoming sewage and to
ensure the media remain moist.
• As the effluent passes through the media organic
material is absorbed onto the biological film or
slime layer covering the media.
• A slime layer begins to grow again and the cycle
is repeated.
 COMBINED PROCESS

• Recent developments in sewage treatment technology

include the combination of various aerobic treatment
processes to obtain the best performance and most
economical treatment of sewage.

• Combining the various aerobic processes available can

derive a large number of treatment systems.

• The main reason for combining these processes is that

they provide the stability and resistance to shock loads of
attached growth processes and the high-quality effluent
of suspended growth systems.
 IMHOFF TANKS
IMHOFF
• SimpleTAN
CHARACTERISTIC
form of sewage treatment plants requiring very little operator skill.
• No mechanical equipment to maintain and operation consists of removing
scum, reversing the flow to keep an even distribution of sludge and
removing sludge.
• Constitute 24% (800 numbers) of all sewage treatment plants in Malaysia.
• Provide limited treatment of sewage and are not a suitable long-term
solution.
• Normally used to service small communities up to a population equivalent
(PE) of 1,000.
• Relatively cheap to install, operate and maintain
Pelepasan
gas
HOW IT WORKS

• The effluent from Imhoff tanks can rapidly deteriorate if

Efluen
terawat
the tanks are not properly maintained.
A Tangki pemendapan
dilepaskan ke • Comprises two chambers positioned one above the
saliran other.
Penuras batu-batan
•A In the upper compartment sedimentation occurs with
solids passing through an opening into the lower
B Enapcemar dicernakan (anarobik)
chamber.
•B Settled solids form sludge in the lower chamber and
undergo anaerobic digestion.
 OXSIDATION POND
IMHOFF• TAN CHARACTERISTIC
Popular sewage treatment method for small
communities.
Kolam 1 :
• Low construction and operating costs.
Kolam 2 :
Kurangkan bahan organic
Kurangkan patogen • Represent 12% (500 numbers) of all sewage
(pencernaan aerobik)
treatment plants.
• There are normally at least two ponds
constructed.

HOW IT WORKS

Proses dikekalkan beberapa

hari sebelum dilepaskan
saliran air bersih ke parit
Proses semulajadi
pertumbuhan alga & bakteria
• Comprise one or more shallow ponds in a series.
• The natural processes of algal and bacteria growth
exist in a mutually dependent relationship.
• Bacteria present in the wastewater use the oxygen to
feed on organic material, breaking it down into
nutrients and carbon dioxide.
• The first pond reduces the organic material using
aerobic digestion.
• The second pond polishes the effluent and reduces
the pathogens present in sewage.
• After retention for several days, the flow is often
passed into a second pond for further treatment before
it is discharged into a drain.
 PLANNING REQUIREMENT
IMHOFF TAN

a. The central sewage treatment plant (STP) should be provided for

housing schemes of more than 30 residential units

b. Minimum buffer zone distance:

Area Open STP Enclosed STP
Housing 30m 10m
Commercial 30m 10m
Industrial 20m 10m

c. Buffer zone can be used for road reserves, drainage, TNB lines,
open space, parking, retention pond or other utility uses
 PLANNING REQUIREMENT
IMHOFF TAN
Site location for STP

1) In the lowest area to simplify drainage systems.

2) Close to the water source that can accept that water has been cleared.

3) Flat area and not stagnant water or an area has a slight gradient to help
flow natural sewage.

4) The area does not have soft soil structure, clay, former mine and area
floods easily.

5) Far from the place of worship, cemeteries, playgrounds and food court
area.

6) Area where sewage pipe easy to connect to STP site.

7) Free from pollution, distraction noises, smells, heat, taste, color and
vibration.
PLANNING REQUIREMENT
IMHOFF TAN
Calculation of population equivalent based on the number
of building / space in a development
 PLANNING REQUIREMENT
Reserve area of sewage treatment plant (STP)
based on population equivalent

People equivalent
Type Required of STP reserve area
(PE)
210 m² 1,070 m²
Class 1 100 – 1,000 to
(0.052 acre) (0.264 acre)
1,115 m² 3,076 m²
Class 2 1,100 – 5,000 to
(0.276 acre) (0.760 acre)
Class 3 0.31 hectare 1.19 hectare
5,001 – 20,000 to
(mechanical system) (0.760 acre) (2.950 acres)
Class 4 1.19 hectare 9.36 hectares
20,001 – 450,000 to
(mechanical system) (2.950 acres) (23.14 acres)

Not including the buffer zone area

PLANNING REQUIREMENT
IMHOFF
Minimum buffer TAN
zone guideline for open STP
in housing / commercial area
PLANNING REQUIREMENT
IMHOFF
Minimum buffer TAN
zone guideline for open STP
In industrial area
PLANNING REQUIREMENT
IMHOFF
Minimum buffer TAN
zone guideline for enclosed STP
in housing / commercial & industrial area
 PLANNING REQUIREMENT
IMHOFF TAN
Please calculate the area, the type of STP and where
its should be to proposed?

26m

Type of 24m

Total of units 24m

housing 22m
22m

20m
Bungalow 45 20m

Semi detached 124

Terrace 582
Apartment 1,824
 PLANNING REQUIREMENT
IMHOFF TAN
Please calculate the area, the type of STP and where
its should be to proposed?

STP area STP proposed area

a) Find a total of PE: 26m
Class of STP
= 45 units bungalow x 5
= 225 PE Class 1 24m
24m
22m
22m
b) Find the range of STP reserve area: 20m
= 1,070 m² - 210 m² 20m
= 860 m² / (1,000 PE – 100 PE)
= 860 m² / 900 PE
= 0.956 m²

c) Find a total area of STP:

= 0.956 m² x (225 PE - 100 PE)
= 0.956 m² x 125 PE
= 119.5 m² + 210 m²
= 330 m²
 PLANNING REQUIREMENT
IMHOFF TAN
Please calculate the area & the type of STP should be to proposed

Type of Number of Size of Size of land Total of

commercial storey building area units
6.10m x
Shop house 2 - 78
21.34m
Office shop lot 3 20’ x 80’ - 267
Shopping 60% of land
4 43,560 sqf 1
complex area
 AGENCIES INVOLVED

FUNCTIONS OF DSS

To promote the smooth implementation of the sewerage system

appropriate and modern throughout the country in accordance with the standards
prescribed.

To promote and develop the sewage so that it dealt with efficiently in terms of cost,
technology and manpower resources.

To protect the interests of consumers by ensuring the best at a reasonable cost.

To ensure the successful implementation of

privatization and satisfactorily.

To assist in the development of the

economy through the development modern
sewerage sector by protecting water
resources and environmental around.
 AGENCIES INVOLVED

• A company owned by Minister of Finance

Incorporated.

• Malaysia's national sewerage company

which has been entrusted with the task of IWK SERVICES
developing and maintaining a modern and
efficient sewerage system for all Individual septic tank
Malaysians. • Desludging service

• In 1994, the Federal Government awarded Connected services

the company the concession for nationwide • Sewerage system
sewerage services which prior to that, was • Sewerage pipe connection
under the responsibility of local authorities. • Blockages
• Broken pipes
• IWK is mainly responsible for operating and
maintaining the public sewage treatment Sludge treatment
plants and network of underground
sewerage pipelines. Refurbishment