RR

G2pQF`2iMB F`mʈMB T`Q+2bB

RRXR lpQ/
G2pQF`2iMB F`mʈMB T`Q+2bB bm T`Q+2bB TQ FQDBK `/2 `b?H/MB m`2çDB@FQ`Bbi2 x ?Hç2MD2 B
iQTHQiM2 TmKT2@FQ`Bbi2 b2 x ;`2DMD2X .FH2- mFQHBFQ D2 TQi`2#MQ m M2FQD T`QbiQ`BDB Q/`ʈpiB
i2KT2`im`m BbTQ/ i2KT2`im`2 QFQHBM2 QM/ D2 TQi`2#MQ FQ`BbiBiB `b?H/MB m`2çD- /QF b2 m
bHmÍDm / D2 TQi`2#MQ /im T`QbiQ`BDm /`ʈiB M i2KT2`im`K pBȒBK Q/ i2KT2`im`2 QFQHBM2
FQ`Bbi2 iQTHQiM2 TmKT2X S`Q+2bB FQDB b2 Q/pBDDm m /iBK m`2çDBK Q#pHDDm b2 m bmT`QiMQ Q/
bK2` F`2iMD FxHDF2 M bim iDX mH2pQ- T Qim/ B MxBp x Qp2 F`mʈM2 T`Q+2b2X "BiMQ D2 xT@
xBiB / b2 m Q# bHmÍD FQHBÍBM iQTHQi2 T`2MQbB b i2H UQ/ iQTHQiMQ; BxpQ`V MBʈ2 i2KT2`im`2
M i2HQ UiQTHQiMB TQMQ`V pBȒ2 i2KT2`im`2 UbHBF RRXRVX l bFH/m b AA xFQMQK i2`KQ/BMKBF2
iQTHQi b2 bTQMiMQ KQʈ2 T`2M2iB BbFHDmÍBpQ b i2H pBȒ2 M i2HQ MBʈ2 i2KT2`im`2- T x Q#@
pHDMD2 M2T`B`Q/MQ; T`Q+2b T`2MQȒ2MD iQTHQi2 b i2H MBʈ2 M i2HQ pBȒ2 i2KT2`im`2 TQi`2#MQ
D2 mi`QȒBiB M2Fm /Q/iMm FQHBÍBMm iQTHQi2 UTbQ`T+BQM2 KȒBM2V BHB /Q/iMB `/ UFQKT`2bBQM2
KȒBM2VX L QbMQpm bHBF2 RRXk b2 pB/B / #B m bHmÍDm / iQTHQi KQʈ2 T`2ÉB bK Q/ b2#2 b
i2H MBʈ2 M i2HQ pBȒ2 i2KT2`im`2 T`QK2M 2Mi`QTBD2 BxQHQpMQ; bBbi2K #BH KMD Q/ MmH2-
 ȒiQ #B #BHQ m bmT`QiMQbiB b AA xFQMQK i2`KQ/BMKBF2X . #B b2 x/QpQHDBQ AA xFQM i2`KQ@
/BMKBF2 TQi`2#MQ D2 M M2FB MÍBM TQMBȒiBiB ǴM2;iBpMm T`QK2Mm 2Mi`QTBD2 i2`KQ/BMKBÍFQ;
bBbi2KǴT`BFxMm M bHB+B RRXkX PpQ b2 KQʈ2 TQbiBÉB /QpQç2MD2K /Q/iM2 FQHBÍBM2 iQTHQi2 iQ@
THQiMQK TQMQ`m FQ ȒiQ D2 T`BFxMQ M bHB+B RRXjX
.FH2- mbH2/ Q/pQç2MD FQHBÍBM2 iQTHQi2 Q Q/ iQTHQiMQ; BxpQ` i2KT2`im`2 Ti - T`QK2M 2Mi`Q@
TBD2 iQTHQiMQ; BxpQ` D2,
Q
∆Sti = − URRXRV
Ti
Abi FQHBÍBM iQTHQi2 Q T`2/D2 b2 iQTHQiMQK TQMQ`m i2KT2`im`2 Tp mbH2/ Í2; D2 T`QK2M
2Mi`QTBD2 iQTHQiMQ; TQMQ`,
Q
∆Stp = URRXkV
Tp
S`QK2M 2Mi`QTBD2 FQD MbiD2 FQ TQbH2/B+ /QpQç2MD /Q/iM2 UFQKT2Mx+BDbF2V FQHBÍBM2
iQTHQi2 ∆Q D2,
∆Q
∆S∆Q = URRXjV
Tp
S`QK2M 2Mi`QTBD2 BxQHQpMQ; bBbi2K m bHmÍDm /QpQç2MD iQTHQi2 FQKT2Mx+BD2 D2,
Q Q ∆Q
∆Sis = ∆Sti + ∆Stp + ∆S∆Q = − + + ≥0 URRX9V
Tti Tp Tp

RRy
 LX _m/QMD

aHBF RRXR, _b?H/MB m`2çD B iQTHQiM TmKT

aHBF RRXk, L2KQ;mÉB bTQMiMB T`Q+2b T`2Hʈ2MD iQTHQi2 b i2H MBʈ2 M i2HQ pBȒ2 i2KT2`im`2

Ax T`2i?Q/M2 D2/MÍBM2 b2 KQʈ2 /Q#BiB KBMBKHMQ TQi`2#M /Q/iM FQHBÍBM iQTHQi2,

Tp
∆Q = Q( − 1) URRX8V
Ti
S`2MQȒ2MD2 iQTHQi2 b i2H MBʈ2 M i2HQ pBȒ2 i2KT2`im`2 KQ;mÉ2 D2 TQbiBÉB FQ`BȒÉ2MD2K bTQ@
HDȒMD2; `/- iDX TQKQÉm H2pQF`2iMQ; F`mʈMQ; T`Q+2b T`BFxMQ; M bHB+B RRX9X .QpQç2MD2
iQTHQi2 m /iB +BFHmb b2 p`ȒB T`B MBʈQD-  Q/pQç2MD2 T`B pBȒQD i2KT2`im`BX JBMBKHMQ TQi`2#M
bTQHDȒMDB UmHQʈ2MBV `/ x Q/pBDMD2 H2pQF`2iMQ; F`mʈMQ; T`Q+2b /Q#BQ #B b2 FQ`BȒÉ2MD2K E`@

RRR
 h2`KQ/BMKBF "@AxpQ/B b T`2/pMD

aHBF RRXj, EQKT2Mx+BQMB T`Q+2b mbH2/ /QpQç2MD /Q/iM2 FQHBÍBM2 iQTHQi2 ∆Q

MQQpQ; H2pQF`2iMQ; F`mʈMQ; T`Q+2bX EQ`BȒÉ2MD2K A xFQM i2`KQ/BMKBF2 B bHBF2 RRX9 mHQʈ2MB

aHBF RRX9, E`MQ@Qp H2pQF`2iMB F`mʈMB T`Q+2b

`/ E`MQQpQ; H2pQF`2iMQ; F`mʈMQ; T`Q+2b D2,

Wul = |Qodv | − Qdov URRXeV

RRk
 LX _m/QMD

lFQHBFQ b2 H2pQF`2iMB F`mʈMB T`Q+2b FQ`BbiB x ?Hç2MD2 /2}MBȒ2 b2 FQ2}+BD2Mi ?Hç2MD H2pQ@
F`2iMQ; F`mʈMQ; T`Q+2b h X l bHmÍDm ?Hç2MD Q/ xMÍD D2 FQHBÍBM iQTHQi2 FQD b2 mxBK Q/
?Hç2MQ; Q#D2Fi UiQTHQiMQ; BxpQ`V-  i FQHBÍBM iQTHQi2 D2 x H2pQF`2iMB F`mʈMB T`Q+2b Qdov X
l bFH/m b iBK FQ2}+BD2Mi ?Hç2MD D2,
Qdov Qdov
h = = URRXdV
Wul |Qodv | − Qdov
w E`MQQp H2pQF`2iMB F`mʈMB T`Q+2b pʈB / D2 |∆Sti | = ∆Stp = ∆S T b2 /Qp2/2M B Q/p2/2M
FQHBÍBM iQTHQi2 Bx F`mʈMQ; T`Q+2b KQʈ2 Q/`2/BiB M MÍBM,

|Qodv | = Tp ∆S URRX3V

Qdov = Ti ∆S URRXNV
EQ`BȒÉ2MD2K T`2i?Q/MB? Bx`x m Bx`xm x FQ2}+BD2Mi ?Hç2MD- /Q#BD b2 Bx`x x FQ2}+BD2Mi
?Hç2MD E`MQQpQ; F`mʈMQ; T`Q+2b,
Qdov Qdov Ti ∆S
C
h = = = URRXRyV
Wul |Qodv | − Qdov Tp ∆S − Ti ∆S

Ti
C
h = URRXRRV
Tp − Ti

lFQHBFQ b2 H2pQF`2iMB F`mʈMB T`Q+2b FQ`BbiB x ;`2DMD2 /2}MBȒ2 b2 FQ2}+BD2Mi ;`2DMD H2pQ@
F`2iMQ; F`mʈMQ; T`Q+2b g X l bHmÍDm ;`2DMD UiQTHQiM TmKTV Q/ xMÍD D2 FQHBÍBM iQTHQi2
FQD b2 Q/pQ/B Bx F`mʈMQ; T`Q+2b B FQD b2 FQ`BbiB x TQi`2#2 ;`2DMD UiQTHQi FQD b2 T`2/D2
iQTHQiMQK TQMQ`mV Qodv X l bFH/m b iBK FQ2}+BD2Mi ;`2DMD D2,

|Qodv | |Qodv |
g = = URRXRkV
Wul |Qodv | − Qdov
EQ2}+BD2Mi ;`2DMD E`MQQpQ; F`mʈMQ; T`Q+2b D2,

|Qodv | |Qodv | Tp ∆S
C
g = = = URRXRjV
Wul |Qodv | − Qdov Tp ∆S − Ti ∆S

Tp
C
g = URRXR9V
Tp − Ti

AxK2çm FQ2}+BD2Mi ;`2DMD B ?Hç2MD KQʈ2 b2 mbTQbipBiB bH2/2É p2x,

|Qodv | |Qodv | − Qdov + Qdov

g = = = 1 + h URRXR8V
Wul Wul
w FQ2}+BD2Mi ?Hç2MD m HBi2`im`B b2 Í2biQ FQ`BbiB QxMF COPR - ;/2 D2 COP bF`É2MB+ 2M@
;H2bFQ; MxBp +Q2{+B2Mi Q7 T2`7Q`KM+2- /QF b2 BM/2Fb R Q/MQbB M ?Hç2MD2@`27`B;2`iBQMX
w FQ2}+BD2Mi ;`2DMD m HBi2`im`B b2 FQ`BbiB QxMF COPHP - ;/2 b2 bF`É2MB+ HP Q/MQbB M
iQTHQiMm TmKTm iDX ;`2DMD2 U?2i TmKTVX
.Qp2/2M FQHBÍBM iQTHQi2 m D2/BMB+B p`2K2M xQp2 b2 `b?H/M bM; U`b?H/MB mÍBMFV- /QF
b2 Q/p2/2M FQHBÍBM iQTHQi2 xQp2 ;`2DM bM; U;`2DMB mÍBMFVX
l xpBbMQbiB Q/ `/MQ; K2/BDmK FQDB Q#pHD H2pQF`2iMB F`mʈMB T`Q+2b- H2pQF`2iMB F`mʈMB
T`Q+2bB KQ;m #BiB,

RRj
 h2`KQ/BMKBF "@AxpQ/B b T`2/pMD

Ç F`mʈMB T`Q+2bB b B/2HMBK ;bQKc

Ç F`mʈMB T`Q+2bB b `2HMBK ~mB/QKX

RRXk G2pQF`2iMB F`mʈMB T`Q+2bB b B/2HMBK ;bQK

P/ H2pQF`2iMB? F`mʈMB? T`Q+2b b B/2HMBK ;bQK `xKi`É2 b2 F`mʈMB T`Q+2b TQ FQK2
`/B `b?H/M KȒBMfiQTHQiM TmKT b px/m?QKX E`mʈMB T`Q+2b ixpX px/mȒM2 `b?H/M2
KȒBM2fiQTHQiM2 TmKT2 D2 .ʈmHQp H2pQF`2iMB F`mʈMB T`Q+2bX A/2HMB H2pQF`2iMB .ʈmHQp F`mʈMB
T`Q+2b T`BFxM m T − S /BD;`Km /i D2 M bHB+B RRX8X

aHBF RRX8, A/2HMB H2pQF`2iMB .ʈmHQp F`mʈMB T`Q+2b

ȑ2K TQbi`QD2MD FQD2 `/B TQ .ʈmHQpQK H2pQF`2iMQK F`mʈMQK T`Q+2bm /i D2 M bHB+B RRXeX
L2F b2 TQbKi` T`Qbi- M2TQF`2iM- T`QiQÍM B bi+BQM`M i2`KQ/BMKBÍFB bBbi2KX
.QpQç2MD2 iQTHQi2 b2 Q/pBD iQFQK BxQ#`bF2 T`QK2M2 biMD 4 − 1- T`B Í2Km b2 iQTHQi /QpQ/B
Q/ iQTHQiMQ; BxpQ` ÍBD D2 i2KT2`im` biHMX .Qp2/2M FQHBÍBM iQTHQi2 m D2/BMB+B p`2K2M
D2/MF `xHB+B 2MiHTBD,

Q̇dov = ṁ(h1 − h4 ) = ṁcp (T1 − T4 ) [q] URRXReV

RR9
 LX _m/QMD

aHBF RRXe, ȑ2K TQbi`QD2MD px/mȒM2 `b?H/M2 KȒBM2

P/pQç2MD2 iQTHQi2 b2 Q/pBD iQFQK BxQ#`bF2 T`QK2M2 biMD 2−3- T D2 TbQHmiM Q/p2/2M
FQHBÍBM iQTHQi2 m D2/BMB+B p`2K2M,

|Q̇odv | = ṁ(h2 − h3 ) = ṁcp (T2 − T3 ) [q] URRXRdV

lHQʈ2MB bTQHDȒMDB `/ x Q/pBDMD2 H2pQF`2iMQ; F`mʈMQ; T`Q+2b D2/MF D2 `xHB+B Q/p2/2M2
B Q/p2/2M2 FQHBÍBM2 iQTHQi2- iDX m D2/BMB+B p`2K2M,

Ẇul = |Q̇odv | − Q̇dov [q] URRXR3V

lHQʈ2MB `/ KQʈ2 b2 Bx`xBiB FQ `xHBF `/ TQi`2#MQ; x TQ;QM FQKT`2bQ` B `/ FQDB b2
/Q#BD iQFQK Bx2Mi`QTbF2 2FbTMxBD2 m im`#BMB- iDX m D2/BMB+B p`2K2M,

Ẇul = Ẇkp − |Ẇtur | [q] URRXRNV

lFQHBFQ b2 TQbi`QD2MD2 T`BFxMQ M bHB+B RRXe FQ`BbiB x TQi`2#2 ?Hç2MD Upx/mȒM `b?H/@
M KȒBMV- Q/ BMi2`2b D2 /Qp2/2M FQHBÍBM iQTHQi2 FQD b2 mxBK Q/ iQTHQiMQ; BxpQ`- T D2
FQ2}+BD2Mi ?Hç2MD px/mȒM2 `b?H/M2 KȒBM2,

Q̇dov Q̇dov
Jh = = URRXkyV
Ẇul |Q̇odv | − Q̇dov
AKDmÉB m pB/m / bm m B/2HMQK F`mʈMQK T`Q+2bm T`QK2M2 biMD FQD2 b2 Q/pBDDm m FQKT`2bQ`m
UT`QK2M biMD 1−2V B im`#BMB UT`QK2M biMD 3−4V FpxBbiiBÍF2 /BD#ibF2 T`QK2M2 biMD-
Bx`x x FQ2}+BD2Mi ?Hç2MD px/mȒM2 `b?H/M2 KȒBM2 TQbiD2,
ṁcp (T1 − T4 )
Jh = URRXkRV
ṁcp (T2 − T3 ) − ṁcp (T1 − T4 )

RR8
 h2`KQ/BMKBF "@AxpQ/B b T`2/pMD

T1 − T4
Jh = URRXkkV
(T2 − T3 ) − (T1 − T4 )
1 1
Jh = T2 −T3
= T URRXkjV
−1 T2 1− T2
3
T1 −T4
T1 1− T4
−1
T 1

L QbMQpm T − S /BD;`K T`BFxMQ; M bHB+B RRX8 xFHDmÍmD2 b2 / D2 ∆S3−2 = ∆S4−1 - Bx

T
1− T3
Í2; bH2/B / D2 ÍHM T
2
m D2/MÍBMB RRXkj D2/MF D2/BMB+B- T D2 FQ2}+BD2Mi ?Hç2MD px/mȒM2
1− T4
`b?H/M2 KȒBM2,
1

1
Jh = T2
URRXk9V
T1
−1

AKDmÉB m pB/m ÍBMD2MB+m / b2 Bx2Mi`QTbF T`QK2M biMD 1 − 2 Q/pBD m FQKT`2bQ`m QM/

b2- FQ`Bbi2ÉB Bx`x x QbMQpMm TQHBi`QTbFm T`QK2Mm biMD- FQ2}+BD2Mi ?Hç2MD KQʈ2 Bx`xBiB B
T`2FQ bi2T2M b#BDMD UQ/MQb T`BiBbFV m FQKT`2bQ`m,

T2 p2 κ−1
URRXk8V
κ−1
=( ) κ =π κ
T1 p1
1
Jh = κ−1 URRXkeV
π κ −1
SQbi`QD2MD2 T`BFxMQ M bHB+B RRXe KQʈ2 b2 FQ`BbiBiB x TQi`2#2 ;`2DMD UiQTHQiM TmKTV-
F/ D2 Q/ BMi2`2b Q/p2/2M FQHBÍBM iQTHQi2 FQD b2 mxBK Bx F`mʈMQ; T`Q+2b B T`2/D2 iQ@
THQiMQK TQMQ`m UK2/BDmKm FQDB b2 ;`2D2V- T D2 FQ2}+BD2Mi ;`2DMD iQTHQiM2 TmKT2 FQD `/B
TQ B/2HMQK .ʈmHQpQK F`mʈMQK T`Q+2bm,
κ−1
π
URRXkdV
κ
Jg =1+ Jh = κ−1
π κ −1

RRXj G2pQF`2iMB F`mʈMB T`Q+2bB b `2HMBK ~mB/QK

G2pQF`2iMB F`mʈMB T`Q+2bB b `2HMBK ~mB/QK b2 Q/pBDDm m p2ÉBMB FQK2`+BDHMB? m`2çD FQDB
b2 FQ`Bbi2 x ?Hç2MD2 UixpX FHBK m`2çDB- 7`BʈB/2`B- xK`xBpÍB-XXXV BHB m m`2çDBK x ;`2DMD2
UiQTHQiM2 TmKT2VX EQ `/MB K2/BDmKB MDÍ2ȒÉ2 b2 FQ`Bbi2 7`2QMBX hFQ- p2ÉBM /MȒMDB? m`2çD
x FHBKiBx+BDm `/B b 7`2QMBK _9Ry- _9yd*- _Rj8-XXX- /QF bm b2 M2F/ m p2HBFQD K2`B
FQ`BbiBHB 7`2QMB _RR-_Rk- _kk-XXX- HB bm x#Q; bpQ; Ȓi2iMQ; /2Dbip M QxQMbFB QKQiÍ TQpmÍ2MB
Bx mTQi`2#2X
L QbMQpm /Qb/ȒMD2; xMMD KQʈ2 b2 xFHDmÍBiB / #B MDp2ÉB FQ2}+BD2Mi ;`2DMD BHB ?Hç2MD
BKQ m`2çD FQDB #B `/BQ TQ E`MQQpQK H2pQF`2iMQK F`mʈMQK T`Q+2bm FQDB #B b2 Q/pBDQ UFQ
FQ/ /2bMQF`2iMB? F`mʈMB? T`Q+2bV m Q#HbiB pHʈM2 T`2X
J2çmiBK- T`BK2Mm QpQ; F`mʈMQ; T`Q+2b UbHBF RRXdV Q;`MBÍpDm bH2/2ÉB T`Q#H2KB,

RX biMD2 M mHxm m FQKT`2bQ` UbiMD2 RV MHxB b2 m Q#HbiB pHʈM2 T`2 ȒiQ #B x TQbH2/B+m
BKHQ F`iF `/MB p2F FQKT`2bQ` UMT`X i2ÍMB m/` /QpQ/B /Q ?p`BD2 FQKT`2bQ`V-

kX Bx2Mi`QTbF 2FbTMxBD FQD b2 Q/pBD m im`#BMB UT`QK2M biMD j@9V xp`Ȓp b2 m Q#HbiB
pHʈM2 T`2 UbiMD2 9V- ȒiQ x TQbH2/B+m BK bF`ÉBpMD2 `/MQ; p2F im`#BM2- ÍBD +2M D2
T`B#HBʈMQ D2/MF +2MB FQKT`2bQ`X

RRe
 LX _m/QMD

aHBF RRXd, G2pQF`2iMB E`MQQp F`mʈMB T`Q+2b m Q#HbiB pHʈM2 T`2

EQ `2Ȓ2MD2 Mp2/2MB? T`Q#H2K bH2/B,

Ç biMD2 R b2 TQK2` M ;Q`MDm ;`MBÍMm F`Bpm UBHB ÍF m Q#Hbi T`2;`2DMD2 T`2V- FQ K2`
xȒiBi2 FQKT`2bQ` Q/ i2ÍMQ; m/`X

Ç `/ FQDB b2 /Q#BD m im`#BMB D2 `2HiBpMQ KHB- T b2 im`#BM xK2MDmD2 D27iBMBDBK 2H2K2MiQK
m FQK2 b2 p`ȒB /BD#biFQ Q#`MD2 T`BiBbF iDX /BD#ibFQ T`B;mȒBpMD2X

.Q#BD2MB H2pQF`2iMB F`mʈMB T`Q+2b Í2biQ b2 MxBp H2pQF`2iMB _MFBM@EHmxBDmbQp F`mʈMB T`Q+2bX
SQ QpQK F`mʈMQK T`Q+2bm `/B T`M FQKT`2bQ`bF `b?H/M KȒBMX

RRXjXR S`M FQKT`2bQ`bF `b?H/M TQbi`QD2MD b /BD#ibFBK

T`B;mȒBpMD2K B mbBbpMD2K bmpQxbBÉ2M2 T`2 m FQKT`2bQ`
A/2HMB H2pQF`2iMB _MFBM@EHmxBDmbQp F`mʈMB T`Q+2b b /BD#ibFBK T`B;mȒBpMD2K B mbBb@
pMD2K bmpQxbBÉ2M2 T`2 m FQKT`2bQ` T`BFxM D2 M bHB+B RRX3X
E`mʈMB T`Q+2b b2 bbiQDB Q/ bH2/2ÉB? T`QK2M biMD-

Ç R@k Bx2Mi`QTbF FQKT`2bBD @ FQKT`2bQ`-

Ç k@j BxQ#`bFQ Q/pQç2MD2 iQTHQi2 @ FQM/2MxiQ`-

Ç j@9 /BD#ibFQ T`B;mȒBpMD2 UM2FpxBbiiBÍF T`QK2M biMDV @ T`B;mȒMB p2MiBH-

Ç 9@R BxQ#`bFQ /QpQç2MD2 iQTHQi2 @ BbT`BpÍX

ȑ2K TQbi`QD2MD T`M2 FQKT`2bQ`bF2 `b?H/M2 KȒBM2 /i D2 M bHB+B RRXNX

1M2`;BDbF MHBx B/2HM2 H2pQF`2iM2 T`M2 FQKT`2bQ`bF2 `b?H/M2 KȒBM2

lT`QȒÉ2M Ȓ2K T`M2 FQKT`2bBQM2 H2pQF`2iM2 KȒBM2 /i D2 M bHB+B RRXRyX L bHB+B bm
BbT`2FB/MQK HBMBDQK Q#2H2ʈ2M2 FQMi`QHM2 ;`MB+2 bpFQ; 2H2K2MiX

RRd
 h2`KQ/BMKBF "@AxpQ/B b T`2/pMD

aHBF RRX3, A/2HMB H2pQF`2iMB _MFBM@EHmxBDmbQp F`mʈMB T`Q+2b

aHBF RRXN, S`M FQKT`2bQ`bF `b?H/M KȒBM

1M2`;BDbF MHBx bT`Qp2ȒÉ2 b2 TQ T`pQK xFQMm i2`KQ/BMKBF2 x bi+BQM`M2 mbHQp2- x

M2TQF`2iM h.a B b xM2K`BpMD2K T`QK2M FBM2iBÍF2 B TQi2M+BDHM2 2M2`;BD2 ~mB/MB? iQFQpX
.FH2- x /i2 mbHQp2 A xFQM i2`KQ/BMKBF2 ;HbB,

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 LX _m/QMD

aHBF RRXRy, lT`QȒÉ2M Ȓ2K T`M2 FQKT`2bQ`bF2 `b?H/M2 KȒBM2

X X
Q̇ + Ẇext = ṁi hi − ṁi hi [q] URRXk3V
iz ul

1M2`;BDbFB #BHMb FQKT`2bQ`

l FQKT`2bQ`m b2 Q/pBD /BD#ibF FQKT`2bBDX aiMD2 `/M2 Ki2`BD2 M mHxm m FQKT`2bQ`

D2 biMD2 R- /QF D2 M BxHxm biMD2 kX l TBiMDm D2 /BD#ibF FQKT`2bBD- T D2 `xK2M iQTHQi2
b QFQHBMQK D2/MF MmHB UQ̇ = 0VX L QbMQpm D2/MÍBM2 RRXk3 bH2/B Bx`x x bM;m FQKT`2bQ`,

Ẇext = Ẇkp = ṁ(h2 − h1 ) [q] URRXkNV

"BiMQ D2 BbiÉB / D2 `/ FQKT`2bQ`- x#Q; T`Bbmbip T`B;mȒMQ; p2MiBH- D2/MF mHQʈ2MQK
`/m Wul = Wkp X

1M2`;BDbFB #BHMb FQM/2MxiQ`

l FQM/2MxiQ`m b2 Q/pBD BxQ#`bFQ Q/pQç2MD2 iQTHQi2X aiMD2 `/M2 Ki2`BD2 M mHxm m

FQM/2MxiQ` D2 biMD2 k- /QF D2 M BxHxm biMD2 jX L QbMQpm D2/MÍBM2 RRXk3 bH2/B Bx`x x
bM;m FQM/2MxiQ`,

Q̇kd = |Q̇odv | = ṁ(h2 − h3 ) [q] URRXjyV

RRN
 h2`KQ/BMKBF "@AxpQ/B b T`2/pMD

1M2`;BDbFB #BHMb T`B;mȒMQ; p2MiBH

l T`B;mȒMQK p2MiBHm b2 Q/pBD /BD#ibFQ T`B;mȒBpMD2 UQ̇ = 0V- T`B Í2Km M2 TQbiQDB bTQ@
HDȒMDB `/X aiMD2 `/M2 Ki2`BD2 M mHxm m T`B;mȒMB p2MiBH D2 biMD2 j- /QF D2 M BxHxm biMD2
9X L QbMQpm D2/MÍBM2 RRXk3 /Q#BD b2,

h3 = h4 = const. URRXjRV
.FH2- T`Q+2b /BD#ibFQ; T`B;mȒBpMD b2 Q/pBD TQ HBMBDB h = const. ȒiQ b2 KQʈ2 T`BK2iBiB B
m h − s /BD;`Km ;/2 D2 T`QK2M biMD 3 − 4 ?Q`BxQMiHM HBMBDX SQȒiQ D2 T`QK2M biMD
j@9 M2FpxBbiiBÍF T`QK2M biMD QM/ b2 QM T`2/bipHD BbT`2FB/MQK HBMBDQKX oʈMQ D2
xTxBiB / TQp`ȒBM BbTQ/ M2FpxBbiiBÍF2 T`QK2M2 biMD M2 KQʈ2 T`2/bipHDiB `xK2MD2Mm
FQHBÍBMm iQTHQi2 Um bHmÍDm /BD#ibFQ; T`B;mȒBpMD `xK2MD2M FQHBÍHBM iQTHQi2 D2 D2/MF
MmHBVX

1M2`;BDbFB #BHMb BbT`BpÍ

l BbT`BpÍm b2 Q/pBD BxQ#`bFQ /QpQç2MD2 iQTHQi2X aiMD2 `/M2 Ki2`BD2 M mHxm D2 biMD2
9- /QF D2 M BxHxm biMD2 RX L QbMQpm D2/MÍBM2 RRXk3 bH2/B Bx`x x bM;m BbT`BpÍ,

Q̇isp = Q̇dov = ṁ(h1 − h4 ) [q] URRXjkV

EQ2}+BD2Mi ?Hç2MD

Q̇dov Q̇dov ṁ(h1 − h4 )

h = = = URRXjjV
Ẇul Ẇkp ṁ(h2 − h1 )
h1 − h4 h1 − h3
h = = URRXj9V
h2 − h1 h2 − h1

EQ2}+BD2Mi ;`2DMD

|Q̇odv | |Q̇odv | ṁ(h2 − h3 )

g = = = URRXj8V
Ẇul Ẇkp ṁ(h2 − h1 )
h2 − h3
g = = h + 1 URRXjeV
h2 − h1

Rky
 LX _m/QMD

RRXjXk S`M FQKT`2bQ`bF `b?H/M TQbi`QD2MD b bTQHDȒMDBK TQi@

?HçBpMD2K- /BD#ibFBK T`B;mȒBpMD2K B mbBbpMD2K bmpQ@
xbBÉ2M2 T`2 m FQKT`2bQ`
A/2HMB H2pQF`2iMB _MFBM@EHmxBDmbQp F`mʈMB T`Q+2b b /BD#ibFBK T`B;mȒBpMD2K- bTQHD@
ȒMDBK TQi?HçBpMD2K B mbBbpMD2K bmpQxbBÉ2M2 T`2 T`BFxM D2 M bHB+B RRXRRX

aHBF RRXRR, A/2HMB H2pQF`2iMB _MFBM@EHmxBDmbQp F`mʈMB T`Q+2b b bTQHDȒMDBK TQi?HçBpMD2K- /BD#ibFBK
T`B;mȒBpMD2K B mbBbpMD2K bmpQxbBÉ2M2 T`2 m FQKT`2bQ`

E`mʈMB T`Q+2b b2 bbiQDB Q/ bH2/2ÉB? T`QK2M biMD-

Ç R@k Bx2Mi`QTbF FQKT`2bBD @ FQKT`2bQ`-
Ç k@j BxQ#`bFQ Q/pQç2MD2 iQTHQi2 @ FQM/2MxiQ`-
Ç j@9 BxQ#`bFQ Q/pQç2MD2 iQTHQi2 @ TQi?HçBpÍ-
Ç 9@8 /BD#ibFQ T`B;mȒBpMD2 UM2FpxBbiiBÍF T`QK2M biMDV @ T`B;mȒMB p2MiBH-
Ç 8@R BxQ#`bFQ /QpQç2MD2 iQTHQi2 @ BbT`BpÍX
lT`QȒÉ2M Ȓ2K TQbi`QD2MD /i D2 M bHB+B RRXRkX L bHB+B bm BbT`2FB/MQK HBMBDQK Q#2H2ʈ2M2
FQMi`QHM2 ;`MB+2 bpFQ; Q/ 2H2K2MiX a Q#xB`QK / bm m T`2i?Q/MQD p`BDMiB TQbi`QD2MD
MHBxB`MB bpB 2H2K2MiB Bxmx2p TQi?HçBpÍ- Qp/2 É2 #BiB /i bKQ 2M2`;BDbFB #BHMb TQi?HçBpÍ
i2ÍMQbiBX

1M2`;BDbFB #BHMb TQi?HçBpÍ i2ÍMQbiB

l TQi?HçBpÍm b2 Q/pBD BxQ#`bFQ Q/pQç2MD2 iQTHQi2X aiMD2 `/M2 Ki2`BD2 M mHxm D2
biMD2 j- /QF D2 M BxHxm biMD2 9X L QbMQpm D2/MÍBM2 RRXk3 bH2/B Bx`x x bM;m TQi?HçBpÍ,

Q̇ph = ṁ(h4 − h3 ) [q] URRXjdV

RkR
 h2`KQ/BMKBF "@AxpQ/B b T`2/pMD

aHBF RRXRk, lT`QȒÉ2M Ȓ2K T`M2 FQKT`2bQ`bF2 `b?H/M2 KȒBM2 b bTQHDȒMDBK TQi?HçBpMD2K B /BD#ibFBK
T`B;mȒBpMD2K

EQ2}+BD2Mi ?Hç2MD

Q̇dov Q̇dov ṁ(h1 − h5 )

h = = = URRXj3V
Ẇul Ẇkp ṁ(h2 − h1 )
h1 − h5 h1 − h4
h = = URRXjNV
h2 − h1 h2 − h1

EQ2}+BD2Mi ;`2DMD

|Q̇odv | |Q̇kd | + |Q̇ph | ṁ(h2 − h3 ) + ṁ(h3 − h4 )

g = = = URRX9yV
Ẇul Ẇkp ṁ(h2 − h1 )
h2 − h4
g = = h + 1 URRX9RV
h2 − h1
aTQHDȒMBK TQi?HçBpMD2K FQM/2Mxi TQp2Ép b2 FQHBÍBM iQTHQi2 FQD /QpQ/B m BbT`B@
pÍm- ȒiQ /QpQ/B /Q TQp2ÉMD FQ2}+BD2Mi ?Hç2MD-  bKBK iBK B FQ2}+BD2Mi ;`2DMD /iQ;
TQbi`QD2MDX

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