Michelangelo Ed.

02 - 2016
HDPE PIPES
High Pressure – Big Diameters

1. Dredging
2. Sinking line ( sea – ports ) for dredging pressure
3. Sewage of the treatment plan (sea)
Dewatering water (shore)
4. Fall pipe for vessels
5. Electric dams

KIASMA® Group
DREDGING

HDPE PIPE
HIGH PRESSURE

BIG DIAMETERS FOR DREDGING

KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING

INTRODUCTION

To reduce the cost per cubic meter of dredged material, the Ship builders, in the last years
are turning their interests in building CSD (Cutter Suction Dredger) and TSHD (Trailing
Suction Hopper Dredgers) of large dimension.
The evolution in the '60s saw installed diesel power of 10,000 kW to reach 13,000 KW of
power in the 70s, to then continue in the 80s with 15,600 KW of power to 20,500 KW
power in the 90s, growing to 22,400 KW of power in the 2000, to eventually reach a power
of 27,000 KW in the year 2015.
In the near future dredging work will be characterized by the production requirements
(large volumes at low cost) and by the geographical peculiarity and the climatology in the
sites that has to be dredged ( temperature, climate, storms, waves, escape ways, etc.).
Only the large CSD & TSHD will be able to meet these types of job requirements.
Currently the dredging fleet in the world includes about 40 large CSD-TSHD.
To meet the increasing worldwide demand for high pressure and large diameter discharge
pipes KIASMA has developed innovative HDPE piping systems for the dredging industry
to resist to pressures much higher than 10 bar.

PE100 Ø1200mm PN16 pipe wall thickness 109,1mm

RAW MATERIAL
The raw material used for the production of polyethylene pipes are classified in MRS (
Minimum Required Strength ).
MRS is the strength value of the material against the inner pressure along 50 years of
work at 20°.
The Safety Coefficient is determined according to the class of the raw material and the
conditions of the network. Networks and all calculations are made according to this
coefficient.
Safety Coefficient is C=1,25 for potable water distribution lines.

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KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING

CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYETHYLENE

CALCULATION OF WALL THICKNESS

Calculation of wall thickness required for PE pipe (Nominal

Pressure) is performed using the pipe calculation formula in
ISO 161-1.

PN : Nominal pressure (bar),1 bar = 0,1 N/mmq

s : Wall thickness (mm)
σs : Hoop stress (N/mmq)
SDR : Stabdard dimension Ratio SDR= da/s = 2S+1
da : Pipe Outer diameter (mm)

According to this, minimum wall thickness is as

follows.

It is dependent to hoop stress safety coefficient

and safety coefficient shall be taken into account
for calculation.

MRS: Minimum Required Strenght

Safety coefficient, safety factor is expressed as total operation coefficient in ISO 12162
and has numerous functions. Primarily, safety shall be ensured in case of accuracy of
pipe calculations ( measurements ) and increase of nominal pressure inside the pipe.

For wall pipe = cmin = 1,25

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KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DREDGING

CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYETHYLENE
ABRASION HDPE PIPE FOR
DREDGING
Hydrophilic HDPE, which Reduces
interaction between the transported
material and the pipe wall, ensures
high abrasion resistance, thus allowing
the pumping of abrasive materials like
sands, gravels and mud.
In the test case performed in
Darmstadt, samples of sands and
gravel (60% concentration), with
thickness of 2.0 – 8.4 mm and water
(40% concentration) were used; the
dredged material tested by the U.S.
Army Engineers varied (fine sand,
pebbles and coarse sand).
In the presence of linear motion, it has
been verified that most abrasion occurs
in the sliding surface of the HDPE pipe
through which most of the material
passes. With turbulent motion,
abrasion occurs in a completely
different way.
THERMAL EXTENSION
( ELONGATION IN LENGTH DUE TO
TEMPERATURE VARIATION)
Elongation in length due to temperature
variation shall be taken into consideration
while laying HDPE (PE80, PE100) pipes. In
the case that the temperature is increased
elongation will occur in length and
contraction will occur in case of decrease in
temperature.
At 1 m of PE pipe, for temperature variation
for each «K» number (1K=1°C), 0,18mm
elongation or contraction will occur.
∆L = α x L x ∆T (∆L =m. k. mm/m.K-1 )
For instance, in case of elongation or
contraction dependent to temperature, in
length in a line built with PE piping, pipe will
move from the turning point instead of the
fixed point. Assume that for a 12 m pipe
normal operating temperature Tv= 20°C,
maximum pressure T2=10°C. According to
this, variations in length dependent to
temperature are calculated as follows.

Roughness Value for Varius Pipe Lines Elongation dependent to temperature

increase:
Lyne Tipe Roughness k (mm)
+ ∆L = Lx ∆T1xd= 12,45x0,18=97,2mm
Steel, new 0,01.0,1 Calculation dependent to temperature
Ductile pipe, new 0,0001.1 decrease:
Ductile pipe, old 0,03.0,2
-∆L = Lx ∆T2xd= 12,10x0,18=21,60mm
Plastic pipe (general) 0,01.0,1
Ls= Fixing distance (mm)
HDPE 0,007...0,1 d = Pipe outer diameter (mm)
k = factor 26 for HDPE,
Concrete pipe, new 1,0...2,0
30 for PP,
Ceramic pipe 0,11,0 33,5 for PVC

Old pipe,operated with 2,0

If it is ∆L=97,2mm for a PE pipe with
aggressive fluid diameter of Ø63mm, factor is 26 and clamp
distance is as follows.

Coefficients of Elongation in length for varius Plastic Materials

HDPE PP PVDF PB PVC GFK

α Coefficient 0,18 0,15 0,14 0,12 0,07 0,02

mm/m.K

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KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DREDGING
CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYETHYLENE
WATER HAMMER
Water hammer occurs when valve or
pump is turned on/off. For this following
formula is used theoretically.
a : propagation speed of pressure ware (m/sec)
V : flow speed of the fluid (m/sec)
ρ : fluid density (Kg/mc)
In practice Ps value can be negative or
positive:
Positive: taps can occur when turning off
the pump or while turning it on;
Negative: when turning off the pump or in
presence of a sudden change of
hydraulic property ( ex. sudden reduction
of flow speed )
Propagation speed of pressure wave is
calculated according to the following
formula:
Short term elasticity module shall be used in this
formula(Er=800_1200N/mm2)
Short term pressure changes and water
hammer effect does not cause damage in
HDPE pipes. Following example table
indicates the rate of increase of new
pressure value which is generated by
short term water hammer under 20°C
temperature for the varius safety factor
according to the nominal pressure.
Pressure increase occurring within
values does not damage the pipe.
Safety Factor – Water Hammer Relation in PE Pipes
Total Operatin Coefficient C (safety factor)
1,25
1,6
STEEL PIPE = FOR 1 MILLION CM (SOLID) = abrasion 0,9mm
HDPE PIPE = FOR 1 MILLION CM (SOLID) = abrasion 0,7mm
HDPE PIPE + SYSTEM KFC = FOR 1 MILLION CM (SOLID) = abrasion 0,4mm
KIASMA® Group
BENEFIT OF “KFC” SYSTEM
FLOW MOTION CHANGE
"KFC" Flow Motion Change (patent)
can be used to reduce the problem of
water hammer by creating a turbulent
flow sufficient to propel the fluid in a
uniform manner along the entire
circumference of the tube.
In this way, it reduces the accumulation
of sediment that often causes the
water hammer. Also the entire
thickness of the piping is subject to a
uniform abrasion with benefits in terms
of longevity of of the same pipes.
When suitably positioned inside the
pipe, the "KFC" motion changer, varies
the motion of mixtures from linear into
turbulent motion.
Abrasion decrease
Allows the flow to return to a situation
similar to that of pseudo-homogeneous
Newtonian fluid motion in which the
suspended particles flow inside the
pipes.
Increase in pressure along the
discharge line with a consequent
decrease in the consumption of diesel
fuel for the pump.
As shown in the graph below, the KFC
turbulent motion line is represented as
using less energy than the turbulent
motion line and permits a greater
discharge distance to be reached at
equivalent upstream loads.
Rate of Pressure Increase to Norminal Pressure Under Effect of Short
Term Water Hammer
50%
100%
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 DREDGING
DREDGING

DIMENSION - HDPE PIPES FOR DREDGING

PE 100 Pipes

ISO 4427-2
EN 12201-2

SDR 41 SDR 33 SDR 26 SDR 21 SDR 17

PN 4 PN 5 PN 6 PN 8 PN 10
OD INC Th Kg Th Kg Th Kg Th Kg Th Kg
mm OD mm m mm m mm m mm m mm m

500 20 12,30 19,00 15,30 23,40 19,10 28,90 23,90 35,70 29,70 43,80

560 22 13,70 23,60 17,20 29,40 21,40 36,20 26,70 44,70 33,20 54,80

630 24 15,40 29,90 19,30 37,10 24,10 45,90 30,00 56,50 37,40 69,40

710 28 17,40 38,00 21,80 47,20 27,20 58,40 33,90 72,00 42,10 88,00

800 32 19,60 48,10 24,50 59,70 30,60 79,90 38,10 91,20 47,40 112,0

900 36 22,00 60,90 27,60 75,60 34,40 93,40 42,90 115,0 53,30 141,0

1000 40 24,50 75,20 30,60 93,10 38,20 115,0 47,70 143,0 59,30 175,0

1200 48 29,40 108,0 36,70 134,0 45,90 166,0 57,20 205,0 71,10 250,0

1400 56 34,40 147,0 42,90 183,0 53,50 226,0 66,70 279,0 83,00 341,0

1600 64 39,20 192,0 49,00 238,0 61,20 295,0 76,20 365,0 94,80 453,0

1800 72 44,00 246,0 55,10 306,0 68,80 379,0 85,80 467,0 106,6 573,0

2000 80 48,90 303,0 61,20 378,0 76,40 467,0 95,30 577,0 118,4 707,0

2250 90 55,00 385,0 68,90 478,0 86,00 592,0 107,2 724,0

2500 100 61,20 475,0 76,50 584,0 95,60 730,0 119,1 900,0

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KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DREDGING

DIMENSION - HDPE PIPES FOR DREDGING

PE 100 Pipes

ISO 4427-2
EN 12201-2

SDR 13,6 SDR 11 SDR 9 SDR 7,4

PN 12,5 PN 16 PN 20 PN 25
OD INC Th Kg Th Kg Th Kg Th Kg
mm OD mm m mm m mm m mm m

500 20 36,80 53,30 45,40 64,50 55,80 77,30 68,30 91,80

560 22 41,20 66,90 50,80 80,80 62,50 97,00

630 24 46,30 84,60 57,20 102,0 70,30 125,0

710 28 52,20 107,0 64,50 130,0 79,30 160,0

800 32 58,80 136,0 72,60 166,0 89,30 202,0

900 36 66,10 173,0 81,70 210,0

1000 40 73,50 211,0 90,80 259,0

1200 48 88,20 304,0 109,1 375,0

1400 56 102,8 423,0

1600 64 117,5 552,0

1800 72

2000 80

2250 90

2500 100

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KIASMA® Group
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DREDGING

KFC SYSTEM – TURBULENT MOTION INSIDE THE PIPES

The conveying of the fluids in the discharge networks under pressure takes place in a way
defined as "linear motion".

When the fluid is flowing within the network, the slope of the line energy decreases more
steeply due to the deposit of the transported material on the bottom of the pipe.

Consequently the liquid section reduces because of the sedimentation and the flow
dissipates most energy to carry the same scope.

The linear motion is characterized by the formation of a bed that causes abrasion on the
bottom of the pipe with a problems of durability of the pipeline (this fact is proved by the
abrasion test conducted in accordance with EN 295-3,

With Kiasma KFC System the problem is limited as it gives the mixture a radial and an
axial motion (Pseudo-homogeneous motion for Newtonian fluids).

The radial motion forces the mixture to rotate in the whole circumference of the pipe, the
axial motion carries in suspension all mixture of small particle size (sand-clay-mud-gravel,
rock, coral).

Here is that the entire inner surface of the pipe is subjected to a uniform abrasion, with
benefit in terms of life of the pipe.

The load loss that the KFC System Kiasma generates inside the pipe is of an order of
0.0017 Pascal, lower than the one generated by a normal pipe which dissipates the
energy while pushing the mixture that continually tends to deposit in the sliding surface of
the pipe.

uniform abrasion inside the pipe KFC system inside the HDPE pipes

Pseudo-omogeneous flow for newtonian fluids

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KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DREDGING

WELDING HDPE STUB END ON THE HDPE PIPE

WELDING HEAD TO HEAD STUB END /PIPE

WELDING COLLAR ELECTROFUSION STUB END /PIPE

SELF - CERTIFICATION

NORM UNI 10520:2009 – Welding Head To Head

The norm is applied for the welding process done by contact, related to thermal elements
for the realization of junctures head-head of pipe and/or polyethylene joints needed for the
transportation under pressure of fuel gas, water and other fluids. The norm also
defines the methods for the welding preparation and execution, the essential
requirements of the equipment in use and also the various inspections that have to be
carried out in order to verify the final quality.

SELF - CERTIFICATION

NORM UNI 9737 – Operator

The welding head to head is executed by an operator in possession of a certificate of
attendance as per Norm UNI 9737

SELF - CERTIFICATION

NORM UNI 10521 –Electrofusion Collar

The norm UNI 10521 is related to the welding of plastics done by electrical fusion of pipes
and joints needed for the transport under pressure of fuel, gas and water.
Control of the weld is reposted in the form.

Big welding machine T/T for Big

diameters HDPE pipes

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KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DREDGING

FLOATS FOR HDPE PIPES

CERTIFICATE
1. Rotationally Polyethylene R 210 Yellow – Linear polyethylene high density
2. Safety Form for R 210 Yellow ( production )

TEST METHOD 1 Substances identification

Breaking load ISO 527 2 Dangers identification

Yield strength ISO 527 3 Ingredients information

Falling weight – 20°C ISO 6603/2 4 First aid intervention

5 Fire – fighting measures

6 Storage

7 Exposure check of raw materials

CERTIFICATE
8 Ecological information
M.F.I. (190 °C / 2.16 Kg ) UNI 1133
9 Disposal

3. Polyurethane CR 761 – CR 775

Polyol
4. Safety Form

TEST METHOD

Density ISO 845 Kg/dm3

1 Substances identification

2 Ingredient Polyurethane injection

3 Dangers identification

4 First aid intervention

5 Fire – fighting measures

6 Handling – storage

7 Exposure check

8 Physical and chemical properties

9 Ecological information

10 Disposal

Floating stock

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KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DREDGING

PLACEMENT AND BLOCKING FLOATS IN THE HDPE PIPE

Dime blocking float

Collars HDPE - electrofusion

Assembly and welding of collar by electrofusion

Float blocked
Float blocked

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KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DREDGING

HDPE PIPE FOR HIGH PRESSURES

FOR DREGDING APPLICATION
KIASMA for the dredging sector, offers a range of discharge pipes in HDPE for pressure
up to 25 Bar ( 360 PSI), with diameters up to OD1200mm (40’’), for floating and shore
lines.

Photo from prodution

Container flat rack

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KIASMA® Group
SELF SINKING ( SEA – PORT )

HDPE PIPE HIGH PRESSURE

BIG DIAMETERS FOR DREDGING

KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
SELF SINKING ( SEA – PORT )

INTRODUCTION

KIASMA SRL is specialized in the marine sector of Dredging as a worldwide leader in

HDPE discharge shore and floating pipeline.
Thanks to a Joint Venture with a worldwide leader in manufacturing of HDPE with a deep
knowledge in the production of underwater pipeline, Kiasma is able to offer suitable
HDPE self sinking pipes even for dredging sector.
Kiasma R & D department knows how to work with the line and project designers.
The R & D laboratory with product tests and experts in subsea pipe laying, coordinate the
production of suitable HDPE pipes up to a diameter of 1200 mm (40 ") and working
pressure up to 25 Bar.

CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYETHYLENE : EN12201 and ISO 4427

Advantages of Polyethylene Piping

* They have high flexibility, accept bending radius down to 20 x OD .
Thus them are reliable during of installation. Elongation at break is minimum 350%.
* They are not affected from underground movements, they do not break.
* They have high resistance and crack propagation resistance.
* Since they have low interior surface roughness, they ensure significant advantages
while selecting diameter during project design.
* They are suitable for installation on sea , they are not affected from sea water and sea
movements.
* Black colored pipes are resistant to UV rays.
* They are not affected from harmful substances which are contained in the structure of
soil that cause abrasive effects. Therefore, cathode protection is not required.
* They are resistant to chemical substances.
* They do not change odor and taste of water, therefore, fit for health.
* It is not possible for plant and tree roots to penetrate inside the pipes.
* Buoyancy in sea water
* Almost unlimited lifetime underwater
* Weldable by butt fusion

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KIASMA® Group
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DREDGING

INSTALLATION HDPE PIPES IN LONG LENGHTS

METHODOLOGY

Before sinking there has to be worked out a sinking procedure taking into account all
relevant conditions that can occur during installation.

A submarine pipeline is built by welding individual 11,8 m to 35,4 m lengths of pipe into a
string or "section" or by continuous extension of long lengths at the factory.
A string or section should be as long as possible, but its overall length depends on the
space available at the site. In general, lengths practically possible to handle are 500 m
depending on pipe diameter and the towing conditions (open sea, weather conditions).
The pipes should be weighted with concrete weights. The weights can be attached before
the pipe is launched into the sea, or on a barge if it is delivered in long lengths. Pipes
towed to a job site should be stored in a floating position, at a location protected from wind
and waves, and the sections should be securely anchored.
Pipeline systems are sunk in the direction from shore to the outer end.
Normally the whole pipe is sunk in one operation.
After one section is sunk, its sealed flange end rests on the sea bed. In a period with calm
weather, the pipe is filled with air to lift its end to the surface, and the sinking proceeds, as
soon as the next section in connected to the flange. During connection there must be
applied a pulling force to avoid buckling.
The sinking speed shall be checked and recorded during sinking.
A tug boat or other vessel should be available to supply the necessary pulling force.

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KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
SELF SINKING ( SEA – PORT )

BENDING RADIUS

MAXIMUM BENDING RADIUS PE PIPES

R: Bending radius (mm) Dm: Average pipe diameter (mm)

E: Pipe elasticity module (N/mm2) σ : Stress (N/mm2)

Admissible small bending radius shall not

drop under the value indicated in the
below table.

Bending radius for PE Pipes:

Admissible small
bending radius

Pipe Installation SDR SDR

rawmaterial temperature 17 11
PE80 and 20°C 30 x da 20 x da
PE100
10°C 50 x da 35 x da

0°C 75 x da 50 x da

Breaking possibility constitutes the critical

point in calculation of bending radius for
thin walled pipes. In thick walled pipes,
stresswarping limit constitutes the critical
point while calculation the diameter for
dending process. The following formula is
applied while calculating the admissible
radius of bending for thin walled pipes:

rm: Average pipe radius (mm)

s : Wall thickness (mm)

Following formula is applied for Bending radius for PE Pipes according to

calculation (by considering stress- SDR : 20°C
warping) of the admissible radius of Pipe SDR Admissible Bending Radius R
bending for thick walled pipes: series s=Pipe Outer Diameter

20 41 50 d

16 33 40 d
ra: Pipe outer radius (mm)
e : Stress-Warping (%) 12,5 26 30 d

8 17 30 d
Stress-Warping rate shall not
exceed 2,5% 5 11 20 d

3,2 7,4 20 d

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KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DREDGING

PHOTO GALLERY

Sea transport of «cigars» of HDPE pipes

OD1400mm – 3000 meters

Installation of concrete blocks

Submerging HDPE pipes

Ancor blocks in cement

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KIASMA® Group
 SEWAGE OF THE TREATMENT PLANTS

HDPE PIPE BIG DIAMETERS

FOR

- SELF SINKING SEWAGE OF TREATMENT PLANT (SEA)

- DEWATERING WATER (SHORE)

KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
SEWAGE
DREDGING
OF THE TREATMENT PLANTS
SELF SINKING
INTRODUCTION
KIASMA SRL is specialized in the marine sector of Dredging as a worldwide leader in
HDPE discharge shore and floating pipeline.
Thanks to a Joint Venture with a worldwide leader in manufacturing of HDPE with a deep
knowledge in the production of underwater pipeline, Kiasma is able to offer suitable HDPE
self sinking pipes even for sewage of treatment plant (sea) and dewatering water ( shore ).
Kiasma R & D department knows how to work with the line and project designers.
The R & D laboratory with product tests and experts in subsea pipe laying and experts in
laying excavation in trenches, coordinate the production of suitable HDPE pipes up to a
diameter of ID 2500 - 2700 - 3600 mm (144 ").

HDPE PIPES APPLICATION SELF-SINKING - SEWAGE

Sea Discharge application with HDPE pipes

Waste water sewage lines are discharged to the sea in coastal settlements. since the
seas are being polluted more every other day and aqueous life being threatened, these
settlements shall subject waste to treatment process and they shall be discharged to seas
upon being rendered harmless for the aqueous life.

In some projects, sewage lines are

required to pass through water in
areas such as river, lake, sea and
swamps.
HDPE pipes are the most economical
solution with their convenience and
permanent durability for such critical
area applications. The most ideal
pipe for the delivery of waste waters
which will be discharged to the sea is
HDPE pipe which is not affected by
sea water, water movements and
ensuring definite leak-proof.

In sea discharge applications, pipes are extended from the final manhole on the shore to
the streaming open sea, treated waste water is discharged to the deep stream of the sea.
HDPE pipes are submersed on the sea bottom and fixed with concrete blocks since their
density is lower than water. pipes in long discharge lines are jointed on the shore in 250 to
500 meters sections and their ends are covered with blind flanges, concrete connections
are made they are conveyed to the application field by floating. At the application field,
floating segments are jointed together at their flanged points from the land. Air inside the
floating pipes are displaced with sea water from land to sea in a controlled manner and
pipes are submersed on the sea bottom. In sea discharge lines, end section of the pipe is
closed to prevent sedimentation of waste on the mouth of the pipe, diffuser application
shall be ensured at the point where the waste is discharged to water to ensure a
homogenous distribution. Diffuser outputs shall be realized in an oppositely crosswise
fashion on the top 120° circumference of the pipe. Filtered special diffuser application
shall be realized in critical project.

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KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
SEWAGE
DREDGING
OF THE TREATMENT PLANTS
SELF SINKING
INSTALLATION

Each time a chain ( sinking section of

pipeline ) is concluded, it’s transported to
the storage zone, waiting to be sinked in its
definitive location.

Once the pipe is placed in the sinking area

where the globes placement starts.

The globes control the pulling force to the

chain of the sea outfall during the sinking.
They increase the structural resistance of
the pipeline and they make easier the
jointing of two different chains because the
radius of curvature during the sinking is
much higher thanks to the globes.

When the chain is in the right position with

the globes placed it’s necessary to open the
valve for water entry in one end of the chain
and one for air exit on the opposite side.
While the water gets inside the chain the
HDPE line starts sinking.

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KIASMA® Group
DREDGING
DREDGING
SELF SINKING

The pipeline section is sunk up to an

approximate level of – 4 meters depth and
remains in balance in that depth, full of
water and supported by the sinking globes.

In this position the provisional blind

flanges can be recovered.
Finally the air of the globes it’s taken off
following a well calculated sequence which
allow the pipeline to successfully sink up
to its definitive depth

The two pipelines come close also thanks

to the globes and the connection of two
chains starts by using pneumatic tools.

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KIASMA® Group
DREDGING
SEWAGE
DREDGING
OF THE TREATMENT PLANTS
SELF SINKING

After the connection of two chains the

emptying of the rest of the globes starts in a
controlled way

ACCESSORIES

Concrete ballast calculated and designed in

one piece to proceed to its placement and
fixation to the pipeline

Valves of water
entry and air exit

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KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DREDGING
SELF SINKING
INSTALLATION SUBMARINE TRENCH
A submarine pipeline will normally be installed as a combination of trench installation and
directly laying on the seabed installation.
Whenever the water tables is higher than the center of a PE pipe, the pipe may be
subjected to buoyancy forces when it is partly filled with water.
The buoyancy forces must be overcame by the backfilling and the concrete weights.
The backfill materials on top of pipe combined with
the concrete weights provide the weight that
counterbalances the uplift due to buoyancy,
preferable with a safety factor not less than 2,0.
Note that the specific gravity of soil is diminished
when it is submerged in water.

Compaction under water is not possible.

Is required using gravel of compaction.

When in position, the pipe is filled with water and

will sink to bottom of trench. The backfilling can now
start.

If the water is deep and the trench can not be seen

from surface position, the route has to be marked
with buoys.

Trenching in soft soil under water may be done

using air or water jets to remove material, which is
then sucked up while the trench is flushed.
The trench depth depends on pipe diameter.

Sea bed material (deposits) or gravel should be

used for backfilling. After the pipe is laid, bed above
it should be restored to its original condition.
Otherwise, waves and ocean currents will erode the
changed profile. In areas where the seabed is
exposed to erosion, gabions filled with gravel should
be used for protection.

To protect the pipe, it is recommended that the top of a trench shall be covered with a
layer of concrete cast under water. The layer of concrete should be reinforced and
anchored. Otherwise the lifting forces generated by wave action might remove the
concrete.

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 DREDGING
SEWAGE
DREDGING
OF THE TREATMENT PLANTS
SELF SINKING
WALL STRUCTURE AND EXTERIOR PROFILE TYPES HDPE PIPES

Wall section and technical

structure corrugate

Wall section and technical

structure single
Layer profile supported

HDPE pipe ID2700mm

Wall section and technical
structure double
Layer profile support

Wall section and technical

Wall section and technical structure single
structure triple Compact layer profile
Layer profile supported supported

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KIASMA® Group
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DREDGING
SELF SINKING
SYSTEM OF CONNECTION BETWEEN PIPES HDPE

System welding electrofusion System welding T/T fusion

System Flanged

BUOYANCY AND CONCRETE SUPPORT CALCULATION

Pipes must be anchored with concrete clamps for underwater application such as sea
discharge or extremely high groundwater for underground application in order to project
pipes from buoyancy of water.
In calculation of the assembly intervals of said concrete clamps, is should be ensured that
pipes will not be bent due to buoyancy of water.

Stability calculation for pipes:

Filled pipe calculation formula

Empty pipe calculation formula

Fv: Lifting force (N)
da: pipe external diameter (mm)
DN: pipe internal diameter (mm)
yd: Specific density of lining (Kg/dm3)
LR: support interval (m)

Maximum support (concrete clamp) distance:

LA: maximum support dis. (mm)
fLA: bending factor (0,80) (-)
Ec: Elasticity modulus (N/mm2)
JR: moment of inertia of the pipe (mm4)
q: Lifting load (N/mm)

22
KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DEWATERING
DREDGING WATER (SHORE)

Innovative solutions for the disposal of larger quantities of water.

These pipelines are resistant up to a pressure of 1.5 bar.
Fast coupling system through male/female joints

- HDPE inside

- Galvanized steel

- HDPE outer

- Norm UNI 11434

ID mm Thickness mm OD mm joint
400 2,5 474

500 3,0 588

600 3,5 700

700 4,0 810

800 4,5 940

900 4,8 1045

1000 5,0 1160

1100 5,0 1270

1200 5,0 1400

1300 5,0 1524

1400 5,0 1661

1500 5,0 1773

1640 5,5 1880

1800 6,0 2111

2000 7,0 2344

2200 7,0 2582

2400 7,0 2813

23
KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DREDGING

Different types of fittings available:

For large quantities, the pipeline can be produced directly on site

24
KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DEWATERING
DREDGING WATER (SHORE)

The pipes are obtained thanks to a process of spiral winding of polyethylene and an omega
– shaped steel profile. Therefore, pipes consist of an inner layer in polyethylene, an outer
structured wall in polyethylene and a core of galvanized steel completely covered by a
polyethylene-based primer, which ensures a perfect blending with the two walls.
The combination of the two materials, along with the use of an omega-shaped profile,
ensures a performance that is by far better than other structured pipes in fiber glass,
concrete, cast iron or clay available on the market.

The presence of the steel has several advantages:

- higher resistance to pressure (up to 20 kN/m2), unequalled by other pipes in
thermoplastic material
- a better long-term performance, with particular reference to deformation under
constant load and a creep ratio lower than other pipes made exclusively in
polyethylene

Ring stiffness classes according to EN ISO 9969:2008:

Class A (= 8 kN/m2) corresponding to SN 8
Class B (= 12 kN/m2) corresponding to SN12
Class C (= 16 kN/m2) corresponding to SN16

25
KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DREDGING

CREEP test
The blend of different types of material - HDPE and steel - determines a reinforcing effect
of polymeric materials and alters the mechanical characteristics and working conditions.
Steel, in particular, reduces the CREEP effect

The pipe, therefore, in spite of its deformable structure, which means less rigid than the
surrounding soil, is extremely more resistant to ovalisation in comparison with an ordinary
structured thermoplastic pipe.

JUNCTION SYSTEM

Junction is made thanks to a male-female connection consisting of a female weld socket

and a male component equipped with an EPDM seal (complying with UNI EN 681
standard), housed in a preset slot, assuring the water-tightness of the junction system
(up to 1,2 bar pressure/0.3 bar in vacuum) according to UNI EN 1277 standard.

“Male” and “female” components feature a structured spiral wall profile, smooth inside and
corrugated outside, reinforced with an omega-like profile in galvanized steel (DX51D +
ZF/Z class) complying with UNI EN 10346 requirements and entirely embedded into the
pipe wall.
These manufacturing properties ensure a higher ring stiffness and increase product
resistance in the most critical sections of the pipeline - connections - thus reducing the
deformation of the inside diameter as much as possible.

26
KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DEWATERING
DREDGING WATER (SHORE)

PHYSICAL/MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF MATERIALS

The pipes combine the typical properties of polyethylene - resistance to abrasion, light
weight, minimum frictional resistance, resistance to chemical agents, versatility and ease of
installation – with the properties of steel, featuring an elastic modulus 200 times higher
than the polyethylene

ABRASION
The pipe inner surface is made of polyethylene and this ensures a high resistance to
abrasion.
As a result, pipelines may be also used for high flow speed and slope (max speed up to
10 m/s) without producing relevant abrasion effects on the inner surface.
The diagram shows how polyethylene pipes are more resistant to abrasion than other
pipes manufactured with other materials (concrete, coated concrete, fiber glass, clay, PVC
etc.)

27
KIASMA® Group
DREDGING
DREDGING

28
KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DEWATERING
DREDGING WATER (SHORE)

Thanks to the smooth surface of their polyethylene inner walls, PALADEX pipes have an
excellent water conductivity if compared to all other drainage pipes on the market
(concrete, cast iron, steel, clay, fiber glass).

The excellent surface smoothness allows the design of draining lines that reach high flow
rates at very low longitudinal slopes.
The low hydraulic resistance prevents the presence of debris inside the pipelines, thus
avoiding periodical cleaning.

TRANSPORT AND HANDLING

Loading, transport, downloading and all related operations must be carried out with great
care, by using means and devices appropriate to the type of pipes and taking all the safety
measures in order to avoid breaks, cracks, or damages

29
KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DREDGING

Pipes will be stored in a flat and safe area.

The first row of pipes that is placed on the ground must be arranged so as to avoid
possible damages to the outer surface, bending and deformation.
Stacked pipes must be protected with appropriate wedges in order to prevent sudden falls.

LAYING
European standards UNI EN 1610 legislation specifies that trenches designed to house
sewers must comply with precise requirements.

As far as dimensions are concerned, UNI EN 1610 standard states that the minimum width
should be no less than the upper value among those specified in the tables below, where
OD represents the outer diameter of the pipe (in meters).

30
KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DEWATERING
DREDGING WATER (SHORE)

LAYING BED
It is recommended to use sand and avoid the use of materials with sharp edges that can
damage pipes. The laying surface, in any case, will work as a permanent and stable
support to the pipeline.

The UNI EN 1610 prescribes that the thickness of the laying bed is not below:
1100 mm in normal soil conditions;
150 mm in hard ground conditions (rocks/stones).

Junctions will be carried out by testing pipe alignment, the correct position of seals and
examining the inside of the pipe for extraneous materials/debris

Backfilling and soil compaction are operations to

accomplish in an accurate way, since they can
affect the duration and the whole performance of the
pipeline

The table that follows, included in UNI EN 1046

standard, summarizes the recommended thickness
for every soil layer and the number of steps required
to obtain the different classes of compaction,
depending on the type of equipment and the filling
materials.

31
KIASMA® Group
DREDGING
DREDGING

32
KIASMA® Group
 FALL PIPE FOR VESSELS

SOLUTION A : HDPE PIPES BIG DIAMETERS

SOLUTION B : HDPE PIPES BIG DIAMETERS WITH GRP

outer layer

KIASMA® Group
DREDGING
FALL
DREDGING
PIPE FOR VESSELS

33
KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
FALL
DREDGING
PIPE FOR VESSELS

DIMENSION OF HDPE PIPES

PE 100 Pipes

ISO 4427-2
EN 12201-2

SDR 41 SDR 33 SDR 26 SDR 21 SDR 17

PN 4 PN 5 PN 6 PN 8 PN 10
OD INC Th Kg Th Kg Th Kg Th Kg Th Kg
mm OD mm m mm m mm m mm m mm m

500 20 12,30 19,00 15,30 23,40 19,10 28,90 23,90 35,70 29,70 43,80

560 22 13,70 23,60 17,20 29,40 21,40 36,20 26,70 44,70 33,20 54,80

630 24 15,40 29,90 19,30 37,10 24,10 45,90 30,00 56,50 37,40 69,40

710 28 17,40 38,00 21,80 47,20 27,20 58,40 33,90 72,00 42,10 88,00

800 32 19,60 48,10 24,50 59,70 30,60 79,90 38,10 91,20 47,40 112,0

900 36 22,00 60,90 27,60 75,60 34,40 93,40 42,90 115,0 53,30 141,0

1000 40 24,50 75,20 30,60 93,10 38,20 115,0 47,70 143,0 59,30 175,0

1200 48 29,40 108,0 36,70 134,0 45,90 166,0 57,20 205,0 71,10 250,0

1400 56 34,40 147,0 42,90 183,0 53,50 226,0 66,70 279,0 83,00 341,0

1600 64 39,20 192,0 49,00 238,0 61,20 295,0 76,20 365,0 94,80 453,0

1800 72 44,00 246,0 55,10 306,0 68,80 379,0 85,80 467,0 106,6 573,0

2000 80 48,90 303,0 61,20 378,0 76,40 467,0 95,30 577,0 118,4 707,0

2250 90 55,00 385,0 68,90 478,0 86,00 592,0 107,2 724,0

2500 100 61,20 475,0 76,50 584,0 95,60 730,0 119,1 900,0

34
KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DREDGING

DIMENSION OF HDPE PIPES

PE 100 Pipes

ISO 4427-2
EN 12201-2

SDR 13,6 SDR 11 SDR 9 SDR 7,4

PN 12,5 PN 16 PN 20 PN 25
OD INC Th Kg Th Kg Th Kg Th Kg
mm OD mm m mm m mm m mm m

500 20 36,80 53,30 45,40 64,50 55,80 77,30 68,30 91,80

560 22 41,20 66,90 50,80 80,80 62,50 97,00

630 24 46,30 84,60 57,20 102,0 70,30 125,0

710 28 52,20 107,0 64,50 130,0 79,30 160,0

800 32 58,80 136,0 72,60 166,0 89,30 202,0

900 36 66,10 173,0 81,70 210,0

1000 40 73,50 211,0 90,80 259,0

1200 48 88,20 304,0 109,1 375,0

1400 56 102,8 423,0

1600 64 117,5 552,0

1800 72

2000 80

2250 90

2500 100

35
KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
FALL
DREDGING
PIPE FOR VESSELS

Solution A : HDPE pipe with steel cone

The particular nature of the material that will be discharged inside the pipes ( rock
dumping, ex rock Eclogite ) forced us to be very uncompromising with the type of polymer
that we would have to use for the production of these pipes.

Our offer proposes pipe made of virgin HDPE PE 100, EN12201 – ASTM4710 PLUS
ISO4427-2 –Type BL, very resistant to crack test which also prevents the propagation of
the fractures.

description Quantity Price EXW Amount

No. euro EXW Euro

HDPE PE100 Type BL according to EN12201

international standard

OD1200mm thickness 43,4 mm ID 1113,20

ex:
mm working pressure 6 Bar SDR26

flanged on only one side with galvanized steel No E Euro

Euro/pipe
flange DN1200 PN10 UNI 1092 Pipes
..
E..

including:
1. Gasket

36
KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DREDGING

description Quantity Price Amount

No. EXW EXW Euro
euro

ex: Galvanized steel cone, thickness 8 mm ,

flanged DN1200 PN10 UNI 1092 No E Euro/cone Euro
E.. EE
Color yellow

Lenght EEE.

Solution B: HDPE pipe with GRP and steel cone

The pipeline in HDPE – Type BL ( crack resistant ) is externally coated with a layer of GPR (
Glass Reinforced Plastic ) processed by Filament winding.

- INNER LAYER IN HDPE PE100 Type BL = resistant to cracks propagation and

abrasion
- OUTER LAYER IN GRP = Filament winding

The fall pipe is constantly full of water. This fact help to counteract the negative hydrostatic
pressure acting externally on the circumference of the pipe.

It’s therefore suggested to always execute the Buckling Test Verification and obtain a safety
coefficient > 1 ( see enclosed file ).

With the characteristic of the HDPE pipe you required we obtain a safety coefficient of 0,3.
To obtain a coefficient >1 we have to coat the HDPE pipes with an external layer of GRP
also obtaining a reduced bending of the pipe.

OUTER LAYER IN GRP= Resistant to high pressures , resistant to shocks and

compensate for the intrinsic flexibility of the polyethylene pipeline.

The GRP outer layer Filament Winding, not subject to the attack of salt water, provides high
pressures and shocks resistance to conduct.
GRP thickness which is wrapped the HDPE pipe is designed according to the needs of the
yard work and responding to regulations ISO,EN,ASTM,ANSI, AWWA.
The possibility to vary the angle of wrapping of the glass (main component that ensures the
mechanical resistance of the product) allows pipes which have a modulus of axial elasticity
or circumferential the most appropriate to the application request

37
KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
FALL
DREDGING
PIPE FOR VESSELS

Average values for the principal physical-mechanical properties of laminated in Filament

Winding:
breaking load traction circumferential : 2000 ÷ 4000 Kg/cm2
breaking load axial tensile : 400 ÷ 1200 Kg/cm2
elastic modulus traction circumferential : 100000 ÷ 300000 Kg/cm2
elastic modulus axial tensile: 50000 ÷ 125000 Kg/cm2
breaking load cut : 600 Kg/cm2
breaking load of compression : 2200 Kg/cm2
specific weight: 1,9
coefficient of linear expansion: 20,10 m/m °C
resilience : 220 Kg/ cm/cm2
electrical resistivity: 10 ohm cm
thermal conductivity: 0,2 Kca l/ (m2 h °C)

Pipeline “HDPE +GRP SYSTEM”

38
KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DREDGING

JUNCTION SYSTEM
The junction is carried out by flanging.
The flat base of the stub flange is the location for the seal, o-ring
The joint between tube and tube, occurs between in polyethylene surfaces in order to
maintain the continuity of the line.
The layer of GRP cover the pipe and the welding between the pipe and stub end, and gets
to the flange.

description Quantity Price EXW Amount

No. euro EXW Euro

HDPE PE100 Type BL according to EN12201

international standard +GRP
EX:
OD1200mm thickness 43,4 mm ID 1113,20
mm working pressure 6 Bar SDR26
With external unlayer GRP thickness 22 mm
No E. Euro/pipe Euro
flanged on only one side with galvanized steel Pipes EE.. EE.
flange DN1200 PN10 UNI 1092

including:
1. Gasket

description Quantity Price EXW Amount

No. euro EXW Euro

Galvanized steel cone, thickness 8 mm ,

EX: flanged DN1200 PN10 UNI 1092

Color yellow No E. Euro/cone Euro

EE EE
Lenght EE

39
KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
FALL
DREDGING
PIPE FOR VESSELS

JOINT SYSTEM BETWEEN THE PIPES

To help the joint of the pipes they have a cone on top of them

For the joint of the pipes in HDPE + GRP system the joint is the same.
A flanged cone from one side joins the flange of the pipe and the other side is conical with an
angle dimension able to fit the upper pipe and allow the inclination of it of 15 – 20° avoiding
the upper pipe to get out of its position.

40
KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DREDGING

BUCKLING TEST

41
KIASMA® Group
ELECTRIC DAMS

HDPE PRESSURE PIPES

LARGE DIAMETER FOR ELECTRICAL DAMS

KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
ELECTRIC
DREDGINGDAMS

INTRODUCTION
KIASMA SRL is specialized in the marine sector of Dredging as a worldwide leader in
HDPE discharge shore and floating pipeline.
Thanks to a Joint Venture with a worldwide leader in manufacturing of HDPE with a deep
knowledge in the production of underwater pipeline, Kiasma is able to offer suitable HDPE
pipe for transmission lines which portable water. KIASMA R & D department knows how
to work with the line and project designers.
The R & D laboratory with product tests and experts in subsea pipe laying, coordinates the
production of suitable HDPE pipes up to a diameter of 4000 mm (160 ") and working
pressure up to 25 Bar.

The response to the growing demand of high pressure pipes for big diameters was the
development of an innovative pipe system able to resist to a working pressure up to 25
Bar with a diameters range from 800 mm to 4000 mm.
These pipes are mostly characterized by their low weight, a quick and easy installation,
besides their unique joining system, the electro fused socket.
Moreover the system provides a high resistance to chemical agents, UV, rays, rodents,
micro organisms and termites and also features good hydraulic properties.

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KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
ELECTRIC
DREDGINGDAMS

PIPE DIMENSION NORMS ISO/CD 29561-2 ASTM F2720

PN6 bar SIDR47 PN8 bar SIDR35 PN10 bar SDR27 PN12.5 bar SDR21
SN 2.0 kN/m2 SN 4.5 kN/m2 SN 10 kN/m2 SN 18 kN/m2
Nominal Wall thick Weight Wall thick Weight Wall thick Weight Wall thick Weight
inside Dia s(mm) (kg/m) s(mm) (kg/m) s(mm) (kg/m) s(mm) (kg/m)
ID(mm)

800 17,3 52,5 23,1 68,3 29,4 85,8 37,3 112,0

1000 21,7 78,8 28,9 105,0 36,7 133,0 46,6 173,3

1200 26,0 112,0 34,7 150,5 44,0 194,3 56,0 250,3

1400 30,3 150,5 40,5 206,5 51,4 264,3 65,3 341,3

1600 34,7 201,3 46,3 269,5 58,7 344,8 74,6 446,3

1800 39,0 253,8 52,1 341,3 66,1 441,0 84,0 565,3

2000 43,3 311,7 57,9 421,8 73,4 542,5 93,3 703,3

2200 47,7 375,0 63,6 514,5 80,7 656,3 102,6 850,5

2400 52,0 451,7 69,4 612,5 88,1 778,8 111,9 1012

2600 56,3 526,7 75,2 717,5 95,4 911,8 121,3 1197

2800 60,7 607,5 81,0 833,0 102,7 1055 130,6 1390

3000 65,0 700,0 86,8 955,5 110,1 1208 139,9 1607

3200 69,3 805,0 92,6 1096 117,4 1397 149,3 1829

3400 73,7 903,3 98,4 1237 124,8 1573 158,6 2065

3600 78,0 1010 104,1 1386 132,1 1759 167,9 2319

3800 82,3 1120 109,9 1545 139,4 1974 177,2 2602

4000 86,7 1253 115,7 1726 146,8 2184 186,6 2884

Large diameter pipe behind the dam wall

43
KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DREDGING

PIPE DIMENSION NORMS ISO/CD 29561-2 ASTM F2720

PN16 bar SIDR17 PN20 bar SIDR13 PN25 bar SDR10,5

SN 36 kN/m2 SN 73 kN/m2 SN 137 kN/m2
Nominal Wall thick Weight Wall thick Weight Wall thick Weight
inside Dia s(mm) (kg/m) s(mm) (kg/m) s(mm) (kg/m)
ID(mm)

800 47,5 143,5 60,8 187,3 77,0 243,0

1000 59,4 224,0 76,0 294,0 96,0 382,0

1200 71,3 323,8 91,2 425,3 115,0 553,0

1400 83,2 441,0 106,4 579,3 134,0 758,0

1600 95,1 581,0 121,6 763,0 153,0 969,0

1800 107,0 736,8 136,8 974,8 172,0 1264,0

2000 118,9 917,0 152,0 1202 191,0 1566,0

2200 130,8 1110 167,2 1468

2400 142,6 1330 197,6 1899

2600 154,5 1561

2800 166,4 1829

3000 178,3 2098

3200 190,2 2394

3400

3600

3800

4000

Large diameter pipe that brings

Water to the turbines

44
KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
ELECTRIC
DREDGINGDAMS

RAW MATERIAL

The Pipe is made up from of HDPE; Glass Fibre and compound materials.
The pipes inner and outer surface is made up from HDPE, while the middle layer is made
up from a composite structure.

Installation

Production of pipes
Besides joining by the electrofusion
method, this pipe system can also be
joined by using normal flange connections.

This time saving joining method makes it

possible to connect several pipes
simultaneously and to install the pipes in
very narrow tranches in very short time.

This pipes don't break or crak, even under

30% deformation.
This means that, even if the pipes deform
up to 30%, the there will be no decrease in
the performance the system
Joining with electrofusion system

45
KIASMA® Group
 QUICK COUPLING

Type A : Bayonet connection

Type B : Female ring connection

Type C : Release system to the discharge pipeline

KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
QUICK
DREDGING
COUPLING

Type A : Bayonet connection

Bayonet connection (6 claws)

The female part with claws will be a cast part with a 10 mm thickness

The male part is provided with a bayonet ring, which can be rotated separately.

The seal is provided by a sturdy lip seal, similar to what is used in the bayonet ball joints.
This seal has been used for over 60 years in the dredging industry and provides optimal
sealing, even in wearing and corrosive circumstances.

46
KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
DREDGING

Type B : Female ring connection

Two shares male flanged

A female ring connecting the two male parts

The seal is provided by a sturdy lip seal. This seal provides optimal sealing, even in
wearing and corrosive circumstances

47
KIASMA® Group
 DREDGING
QUICK
DREDGING
COUPLING

Type B : Release system to the discharge pipeline

Quick coupling and release system to the discharge pipeline

Hydraulic control with a lever ( connectable to the control unit of the pump )

48
KIASMA® Group
 KIASMA® Group

KIASMA SRL Via Monte Adamello,31/H 31059 Zero Branco (TV) ITALY
Tel. 0039 0422 97620 Fax 0039 0422 487447
www.kiasmasrl.it export@kiasmasrl.it