Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Order Number 922396068
Order Number 922396068
Order Number 922396068
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The Ugandan culture is very diverse and consisting of various ethnic group. The
country has about 40 distinct languages divided among the Nilotic and Bantu tribes
living in the country, however, the national language of the country are Swahili and
English (Hoekema, 2019). Notably, English is not often spoken among the illiterate and
poor people of Uganda. Swahili is the lingua franca of the east African region and a
major language for trade. Uganda made Swahili the official language in 2005.
Concerning religion, about 85% of the country’s population are Christians, Muslims
make up 12% of the country’s population the other percentage are represented by the
Traditionally, the gomesi is a unique dress won by the women in Uganda during
events and ceremonies while the men wear kanzu. The attires represent formality and
decency as all the attires are long and cover up to the toes (Hoekema, 2019). Etiquette
forms part of the unique Ugandan custom, the practice of etiquette is mostly common
during meal times whereby the where everyone is required to sit on mats and after
washing their hands (Hoekema, 2019). The sitting position is also important because it
is disrespectful to sit while leaning, to sit while stretching the legs or to leave the dining
In the historical and political context of the country Uganda underwent 4 major
events in the last century the part of the paper will discuss significant historical events.
The colonization of Uganda was the first major event .Uganda was a protectorate of the
British Empire in 1894, the governor who was a British appointee (Sejjaaka, 2004). The
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first coup d’état was the second major event in the country. Milton Obote under the
support of Iddi Amin would overthrow the government of King Mutesa and suspend the
constitution thus declared himself the self-executive president (Sejjaaka, 2004). Obote
used soldiers from his own ethnic background to solidify his stance on power. Iddi Amin
coup d’état and economic war A significant event in the political history of Uganda was
Iddi Amin came to power in 1972 after he orchestrated a coup d’état against the
government of Milton obote. Consequently, Amin created the conditions for economic
decay for example he declared economic war against the imperialist and the large Asian
community in Uganda who held a lot of business (Sejjaaka, 2004). Lastly the economic
recovery under Yoweri Museveni was the last significant event. When the government
of Museveni came to power in 1986 the government rejected IMF programs and favored
revaluing the Ugandan shilling and distributing commodities equitably. The current
president Yoweri Museveni initiated a presidential republic in which the president is the
head of state and the head of government (Sejjaaka, 2004). Although there is a
Uganda has abundant natural resources such as copper, cobalt, limestone and
salt. Moreover the country has several deposits of lucrative minerals such as gold
nickel platinum and marble, however the resources remains untapped (Trading
Economics, 2018). In the last decade the mineral and metal sector was a large
contributor of the country’s economy. Recently the country has started prospecting in
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the oil and gas sector. Most of the countries are situated in the countries agricultural
sector, which is subsistence farming. Private corporations hold control over all of the
countries mineral wealth. Moreover, the country has underdeveloped, only 16 % of the
population has access to the internet which they access through the mobile phone
subscriptions.
Agriculture: 71%
Industry: 7%
Services: 22%
With a GDP of about 29 billion dollars Uganda is one of the poorest countries in
the world. The majority of the Ugandan people are small scale farmers, farming on
small plots of land. However most of the land is owned by government officials. The
disparity in the ownership of land reflects on the inequality of wealth and distribution of
income (Trading Economics, 2018). The poorest 20 % of the population have a limited
control to 7 % of the country’s wealth while the richest 20 % have control over 46% of
the country’s wealth. The situation of income inequality is aggravated by the fact that
in 3 overreaching indicators that are income per capita, income poverty line and income
Under the umbrella indicator of income per capita the measurement of economy
looks at the country’s GDP, real wages and unemployment rates (Sumner, 2006). In
2019 the GDP of Uganda was worth 28.50 billion dollars according to the official data
from the World Bank. The GDP of Uganda is a representation of 0.002 of the economy
of the world (World Bank, 2016). The GDP of Uganda is 30% larger than it was ten
years ago and the increase in the GDP is largely driven by the growth of the
of the GDP. While the services sector was affected and it share of the GDP reduced to
46% from 58% of the GDP and the agricultural sector rose by 2 percent to represent
24% of the GDP (World Bank, 2016). The GDP per capita which is the GDP divided by
midyear population of the country to give a measurement of the standard of living in the
country. The last recorded GDP per capita for Uganda was 709 us dollars which is
Unemployment rates
actively looking for a job. Based on the definition the unemployment rate in Uganda
stands at 1.8% (World Bank, 2016). While the rates show low levels of unemployment
the key indices are those who are actively searching for form al employment as the
majority of the population are self-employed in small scale business or working in the
agricultural sector. About 70% of Ugandans are employed in the agricultural sector. The
living wage per family which is the cost of living for a standard food basket in Uganda
Within the income poverty lines the focus is on the percentage of people living in
less than dollar, the percentage of people living under the national poverty lines and the
people living on less than a dollar a day significantly reduced from 53.2% of the
population in 2006 to 34% of the population in 2014 and the number is expected to
reduce. According to the latest data on the country’s poverty assessment the
percentage of Ugandan population living below the national poverty line is 19.6% in
2014. This is improvement form the 31% of the population who lived below the national
poverty lines in 2006 (World Bank, 2016). However, the vulnerability to poverty
remains high with statistics stating that for every five people who are lifted from poverty
Income inequality
Concerning income inequality the focus is on the poverty gap, expenditure of the
bottom quintile and the Gini coefficient. The gini index measures the level at which the
distribution of income among individuals or household in the economy changes from the
the poverty status report in 2015 the country registered a decline in overall inequality
which stood at 0.395 in 2014 as opposed to 0.426 in 2009. The registered changes in
inequality might have been driven by changes in the consumption pattern within the
areas. Also grounded by the relative mean measure of inequality the, the welfare of the
indicators include education, health and nutrition, environment and empowerment and
participation.
Education
enrolment rates, the literacy rates and survival to the final grade completion stage in
school (Sumner, 2006). According to the World Bank data on the Uganda the countries
enrolment rate have increased substantially and currently stands above 85%. This is a
positive change from the 67% in 1995. However the enrollment rates for children
especially girls is susceptible to external shocks that have negative impact on schooling.
For example a decrease in rainfall is associated with the reduction of enrolment among
girls in grade 7 (World Bank, 2016). Moreover, the countries adult literacy rates are high
compared to countries with similar GNI level. The literacy rates among adults in the
country stands at 68%, however the adult literacy rates are higher among male than
female (World Bank, 2016). The government of Uganda has achieved much success in
enrolling children in schools but the completion rates are lower, a trend showing the
deteriorating level of education. Uganda’s gross primary completion rate was 54% in
2012 and this can be factored to the high primary school dropout rates which stand at
Health
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countries health apparatus especially infant and maternal mortality. Infant mortality rates
are the measure of probability of infants dying before their first birthday per 1000 live
births. The infant mortality rates stands at 54 per 1000 births an improvement form 76
per 1000 births (World Bank, 2016). In Uganda the under-five infant mortality rates was
90. It can be objectively stated that the infant mortality rates in Uganda have
significantly reduced from ten years ago due to improvement in the neonatal and
compared to other low income countries. Poverty and malnutrition in Uganda has
declined in the recent decades with the current number of 19.5% which is an
improvement for a country with such income per capita (World Bank, 2016). The level of
percentage of children who are underweight in Uganda stands at 14%, the country’s
progress in addressing nutrition can be due to the action plan the country adopted in
2011.
Environment
The aspect of the environment will focus on the housing condition as an indicator
of wellbeing. For example the share of household in Uganda using improved roofing
systems have gradually improved within the last decade. The share has gone up by 7 %
currently at about 69% of the population (World Bank, 2016). Moreover, the access to
clean and healthy water has improved in the last ten years. In the capital city Kampala
about 85% of the residents have access to improved water sources. The access to
water in urban areas greatly contrast the access to water in the rural areas which stands
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at about 64% of the population able to access water in the rural areas(World Bank,
2016). The inequality highlights the structural poverty in the urban rural divide.
Analysis of data
The statistics from the economic indices show that within the last decade Uganda
sector which as key area of industrial growth. Moreover poor households were able to
have above average consumption of growth and the poverty reduction efforts did not
reduce (USAID, 2016). A key factor for the economic growth is the rise in agricultural
income governed by improved regional markets for Ugandan agricultural products. The
gains the country has had in education has also contributed to the economic growth as
the literacy levels rise meaning that the growing manufacturing sector will in future have
a labor force (USAID, 2016). Consequently, the average Ugandan urban household has
performed much better than the average Ugandan household by 1.9 times in 2014. The
narrowing inequality in Uganda suggest that the observable income growth in Uganda
was pro poor with individuals from the bottom of the income distribution registering a
About 80% of the population and 90% of the population live in rural areas; one in
four people in the rural areas in Uganda are more likely to live in poverty compared to 1
in ten people living in urban areas. Moreover there is a regional aspect to poverty in
Uganda, the most poor people in Uganda live in northern and eastern Uganda which
represent about 68% of the poor (World Bank, 2016). The poverty in the regions
represents the social and political instability rife in the northern and eastern Uganda.
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Additionally, concerning gender, the households in Uganda which lie in the bottom 405
are more likely to be headed by women. While female headed households are no less
poor compared to household with male widowers who are 11% more likely to be poor.
world poverty through conducting randomized controlled trial research. The organization
aims to establish local body of evidence on poverty reduction mechanism through cash
transfer programs (Dietrich et al., 2019). Moreover in 2011 the government of Uganda
launched the cash transfer program named the social assistance grants for
empowerment which had two components that is a social pension program for Ugandan
citizen above the age of 65 and a poverty targeted transfer. Lastly, the organization
Give directly is one of the largest nonprofit organizations in Uganda that that works on
their effort on cash transfer programs. The aid programs founded on unconditional cash
transfer focuses on creating resilience by giving the individual power to asses and
address their own poverty (Dietrich et al., 2019). However, there has been research that
the cash transfer programs have been ineffective on the young male population.
Therefore, most of the cash transfer programs in Uganda target individual’s especially
female house hold heads that are believed to be more focused on alleviating poverty
within the family (Dietrich et al., 2019. The cash transfer programs are a top down
approach, given that the money comes directly from the government and donors.
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However the solution to poverty is more individualized some of the organizations only
train recipient of the money on basic business skills otherwise the power of how to use
states within the U.S. The program provides assistance to families with children when
other members of the family are unable to meet the family’s basic needs (U.S
Department of health and Human services, 2018). The goal of the program is to
provide assistance to families in need so that the children may receive care in their own
homes and not in welfare homes The second program that the U.S government applies
the state that pays individuals who meet the set criteria’s money when they lose their
The Uganda cash transfer programs and the programs discussed in the USA
have some similarities given that they are both cash based. And the focus is on the
individual who receives the money with the hope that the money will significantly
contribute to poverty alleviation (Dietrich et al., 2019). However, the difference of the
cash transfer programs is that in the U.S the programs are temporary based and not
long term. Moreover, the programs in the U.s are more conditional such as the
comparably low the impact of the direct cash transfer is more impactful in Uganda with
individuals using the money to set up small scale business and step out of the poverty.
While the poverty reduction efforts in the US seem to reduce the individual to a constant
state of dependence on federal funds. The U.S can provide unconditional loans and
business lessons to marginalized communities to enable them escape the poverty trap.
References
(2019). Human capital returns to cash transfers in Uganda: Does it matter in the
73. https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2019.1691626
Hoekema, D. A. (2019). Religion and culture in Uganda. We Are The Voice of the
Grass, 99-118. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923150.003.0004
Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/unemployment-
insurance.asp
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110. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230522503_6
ACF. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/ofa/programs/tanf
UGANDA (27).
World Bank. (2016). The Uganda Poverty Assessment Report 2016. world Bank.
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