Biology 1A

Chapter One .

Cells :
Smallest unit of a
living thing .
( x mole due)

*
virus * bacteria . (virus only have one characteristics of life ,
non -
classified)

•
Characteristics of life .
Cl I.
A)

1.) Nutrition (
process take up nutrients )
. .

,
Ez

vital
* not
equal to breathing * chemical reaction → metabolic reaction
→
.

. .

Organisms need food for energy and nutrients -

a functions of life .
2.) Respiration .
( inside a cell )

↳ Plants food ) food molecules (

photosynthesis ( make
Organisms to make nt, repair )
-

use mover
energy
: .
. . . .
.

b Green
Animals eat foods ( cannot
: . make food ) .

3.) Excretion .

Co2 urea ( Break down of proteins )

4) Sensetivity ( irritability ) →
responce to stimuli

p
.
.

Organisms have to produced by Detect changes their environment respond to them

wastes ( chemical reaction in their bodies )
Organisms
-

remove .
-
:
in t .

↳ Plants . (some) : shed leaves 11 resin ↳ Plants : detect light,

water →
grow towards vital resources .

stimuli
to
Et Ata →
Animals exhaled sweat, urine Animals :
sensory organs t muscular systems → detect t
respond to
light sound chemicals
gas
: .
. .
, , ,
Mr

5.) Movement
al
tia'¥¥
→
-

Plants anchored
: into the soil ( some parts of plants show movements 6) Growth .

Animals :
move around for food find mates t from danger
-

Organisms increase in
body size
complexity
t
escape
-

. + .

↳ offspring ( Reproduction) .

7) Reproduction .

Organisms produce offspring

-

↳ ensures of life
the
continuity .
•
Branches of
Biology ( Refer to pill
-

Bk Htt

) 2) Cytology #HARI'S
t
Biochemistry EHMKE
of of cells
study Biological molecules + chemical process within
living organisms .

Study .

3.)
Anatomy 'AiE¥D¥
4.) IEEE
Physiology
'
.

of Study
study body structures organization
-1 of
organisms .
how the bodies of
organisms function .

6.) Taxonomy 'h¥i¥

5.) Genetics '¥dFk¥
pI¥¥L¥'t
Study the
pattern t mechanisms of inheritance .
Study the identification t classification of
organisms .

7.) f)
Ecology HiFi's Evolutionary biology # THE#A
Study the interactions
among
different
organisms with environments .

Study the mechanism of evolution t how new

species form .

9.)
Biotechnology .IE#AI4iE
Use Biological process biological systems 11 organisms
t → useful products .
(medicines .. . )
 The Scientific method ( scientific
•

investigation ) ( Refer to BK lap 1.8 )

. .

1.) Make Observations

seek explanations
→
.

2.) Ask Relevant (

about natural events )
questionsa idea that is testable
.

→
.

3.) Propose a
hypothesis and make a
prediction .

↳ base on the hypothesis .

4.) Design and conduct experiments .

5.)
Analyze data and draw a conclusion .

↳ rather the
hypothesis is valid or
rejected .

•
The Nature of Science ( I Notes l?) )

① Science ?
process of
is
ongoing inquiries
a

② Scientific
investigation not not
necessarily be
doing experiments in labs .

③ Scientific based derived from observations of the natural world

knowledge is on or .

④ Doing Science
requires creativity
t
imagination .

r¥¥i¥ $
⑤ Science knowledge is tentative and
subject to
change .

&
⑥ Interpretation of observation is
guided by our
prior understanding of other theories and
concepts .

⑦ Science is based on evidence ?

↳ experiment .
Chaster 2

atoms -7 molecules cells → water

organisms
→ •
-

¢ I ①
organic inorganic chemical formula H2O
:

②
most abundant
carbohydrates water compound in
organisms ( 65% of human
body mass )
- -

*
⑤ .

proteins .
-
Minerals .
Major component of cells ,
blood t other body fluids .

biomolecules
¥#His
-

lipids ( fats)

-
nucleic acids .

( carbon backbone

Hghg¥¥
* all contain carbon .

What are the importance of water ?

dissolve
1) A good solvent→
urn

As a medium in which chemical reactions take place .

Good transport medium

mm
.

7
✓

In human: blood I mainly .

made up of water)

↳ Carries dissolved substance to circulate around the body .

In plants water t dissolved minerals → transported from roots to leaves .

(Mugar made in leaves → dissolved in water →

transport to other parts of the
plants .

Ifrom photosynthesis .

T t
H2O

2.) A reactant in some metabolic reaction .

minerals .

.com/dexmokdue-wa-er-ssmanermoiedues.#Yme
H2O breakdown .

p p
-

e.
g.) hydrolysis in food in the digestive system
g.) Photosynthesis
coztthc-g.yqs.gg?oodtOxygen.#zq
convert water
e. : Plants use light energy to t Cos →
Carbohydrates t
oxygen
-

. .

3.) A
cooling agent in
organisms .

evaporation of water : absorbs heat from the

surroundings .

Humans evaporation of sweat → takes away some heat from the skin helps cool
: the
body .

pF¥A¥¥k# At
Plants Transpiration in plants → evaporation of water C plant surface) → prevent overheating
: . .
4.) A temperature buffer .

water absorbs a
large amount of heat 14200J 1kg) to raise too .

*
Organisms contain large amount of water → stable
body temperature . (when the environmental
change of temperature is small )
* Lakes and Oceans → very stable C good .
at
aquatic organisms) .

p
the
body against gravity
F) A
.

supporting agent
nun
and aids movement .

hydrostatic skeleton .
k¥7.774 .

A¥1 HE
→
-

Plant cells :
Turgid C contain lots of water)
so
"

p
-

Provides Buoyancy for

aquatic organisms .

a
good lubricant in
organisms .
( movable
joints are filled with
watery solution → reduce friction . )
 •
Minerals .

①
inorganic substances .

① needed
only in small amounts '

,>
dissolved in the
cytoplasm + body fluids .

⑤
mainly occur as
inorganic ions .

④
form
body structures (some )

)
Types of Inorganic
"
2.)
ion functions
Magnesium 44g
-

.
t .

"
if not enough 14g → teats will turn brown
p .

1.) Nitrate (Noi) →

:
an ion
containing nitrogen .

Making chlorophyll in plants .

→ of bones and teeth

Making proteins ,
nucleic acids ,
chlorophyll → minor
component .

3) calcium ka" ) 4.) Iron He

"
)

of bones , teeth , shells →

→
major component .

making chlorophyll in
plants .

for
→ Muscle contraction and blood
dotting .
→
forming haemoglobin ,
a
pigment in red cells
carrying oxygen .

↳ refer to book
p .
2.7
÷÷:÷÷:÷÷::÷
③

*
General

Glucose Cohn Oo
:
formula :

.
Cx ( Holy
....
.
.
..

: : : ÷:.i. . .÷÷÷*
I) Brick -
red precipitate
↳
forms .

copper oxide

ldassifiedaaordingtotheircomplex.it#
^

Types and Functions of

carbohydrates .

1.) Monosaccharides leg glucose )

I
. .

→ moledue ABEBE

I ;:;:÷::S .
.
carbohydrates .

:}:c:÷;÷e .
.IN#ivaiEEtontix-eewaeeii i i :

)jYYr"Herries
all
→ are
reducing sugars .

↳ Reducing It) as blocks to build

agents with
reducing power
.

building larger molecules (starch ,

nucleic acids ,cellulose)

p positive llnegative .

Can be tested
by Benedict 's test
-

2.) Disaccharides .

→ molecule FAGETFAGET O O
^#
→ formed condensation
by .

A
↳ two monosaccharide combine ( with the removal of a .
water molecule)

Examples
N
→ reversible reaction ( hydrolysis)

fate
# It
digestive enzyme .

p%¥¥H .

are needed to It maltose ( maltose -1 water)

→
enzymes catalyse the reactions
glucose glucose
+ →

CE
.

III: :::: 's:c::eY;:÷ !;::÷÷i:÷:::* :# main:S:*::: ::i::

'
.

.. .. .. . .

.. . ..
.

,
.
→ most are
reducing sugars ( x . sucrose )*d '

> withalargenumberofmonosaahardemokcues→ starch .

↳
Polysaccharides .
 berenatgmdeown Disaccharides
betenazkgmdeown Monosaccharides
µ
3.)
Polysaccharides .

→
large molecules

formed by condensation of of monosaccharide moleclue

→ a a
large number .

→
long chains arranged in different patterns .

→ insoluble H slightly soluble in water '

make the cell wall Cplant cells)

p
X taste ( starch cellulose)
glycogen
→ sweet
, ,

Lm ans ptants
" ←
storage

~
Functions .

I ) As
energy reserves 1
storage

be broken down into

→
Readily glucose by hydrolysis when cells need
energy .

e.
g.) Glycogen #fat) storage : from of carbohydrates in humans .
a- liver )

I ) As structural material
.

e.
g) cellulose :
main component of cell walls in
plants .

* Tests for carbohydrates .

1.) Glucose test strip : Glucose

2.) Benedict's test

Reducing sugar CX sucrose)
:

3.) iodine test starch

:

Tests
1.qualitative analysis (Y/N)
2.quantitative analysis
•

Lipids ( fat and oils )

①
substances
organic
① made
up of carbon , hydrogen and
oxygen .

③ *
insoluble in water

④ *
p alcohol
soluble in solvents lethal ether, chloroform)
organic .

of 3 water mole clue

[
removal
Main
.

of lipids It functions)
groups .

1.)
Triglycerides Hats and oils)

① l l
D

↳ may be the same or different .

↳ = I fat H lipid mole clue

itunetions

) It) It) shook absorbers

I
energy source in
organisms
as
insulating layer
-

↳ fats stored in adipose tissue in manuals ↳ adipose tissues found under the skin ( subcutaneous fat )
↳
adipose tissues found around internal
organs .

Oils reduce heat loss for protection

produced by plants and stored in seeds .
.

2.) Phospholipids .

→ similar structure as
triglyceride mole due

↳ one of the
fatty acids replaced by a
phosphate group .

→ main
component of
cdtmembranes.mg
":
④
O

produced by
↳ → liver .

3.) Cholesterol .

→ moledue
complex
↳ consists of carbon
rings

→ essential component of cell membranes .

→ all animals cholesterol

synthesize .

↳ for
making membranes , lipid hormones and vitamin D .
* Functions of
lipids .

→ source → glucose stats > protein

energy

→
energy reserve

↳ store more
energy per unit mass →
minimizing space

→ Protection

↳ insulation against heat loss (

by subcutaneous fat 1 adipose tissue)

cushion shock when stored around essential

against organs .

→ structural component

↳
phospholipids as components of memberane

(cuticle of plants to reduce water lost ) .

→
regulatory substances

↳ cholesterol → used to produce sex hormones .

→ others
lacteal
p small intestine → villi → .

↳transport medium for fat soluble vitamins CA,

-

D . . .
)

Test
i÷
Grease spot test for lipids Cp
-

:
. . 2- Is)
→ t alcohol → → milky emulsion .

penny, on .

↳ Results
cooking oil translucent spot is observed Dipping into solvent : translucent spot disappears after
: →
→ a .

organic drying .

Distilled water → No translucent observed after Dipping solvent : K

spot is
drying .
-7 into
organic

( Reasons to do two tests : proteins Hegg white show positive results in both tests)
. . .

may
 em

Proteins .

ftp.t.am?draIesifo.tho
→ diverse
organic molecules
( Proteins C, H, O N ( s)
,
,

made up of carbon , hydrogen oxygen nitrogen (sometimes sulphur )

→
, ,

→ made
up of small basic units . ( amino acids)

}
D Amino Acids
defines the type of
oahmaiicapd group) a central carbon atom
'

→ side
consists of : a

an ammo
group ( NHI
-

wIa¥Y5m;n
photosynthesis → sugar glucose .

a
carboxyl group t COOH)
-

acid 1 acid 2

→
Join by condensation ( amino group -1
.

Carboxyl group ) peptide bond .

↳
.
.

↳ removal

g.may, .. . , a a,µµµ ,

→
many amino acids join to form a
polypeptide .

1-
→
protein molecule )
possess one or more
polypeptide chains
number ( length

③ ④
sequences / ②

The of amino acids ① → →

20 types →
~

①
→
join in specific sequence to from a
polypeptide chain .

③ I a helix shape ↳ compact structure

→
hydrogen bonds causes the polypeptide chain : coil t fold into different
shapes .

'
L' unstable r

mukai
the coiled polypeptide fold up even more → a
compact structure with a
specific 3D ( 3 dimensional shape .

④
→ Multiple folded polypeptides may combine to a
single protein

iii.
DNA .

different acid
→ amino
sequences Sequence and number of amino acids in
polypeptide

÷:: :*:::::::::*::÷:÷
,

:::::::÷:i:÷::::::::::::::::
. i
"

EMERGE
 Al bustix paper : yellow to green
p
.

* Functions of proteins Tests : Test for test 2- It )

protein using protein strips Cp
-

.
.
.

1) Structural component ↳ Result

Egg white solution intital yellow Final colour : Green
:
.

→ colour : → .

→
components of various cell iii.tar structures ( cell membrane) Distilled Final colour :
.

cytoplasm ,
water → intital colour :
yellow →
yellow .

↳ for the formation of new cells .

for and
repair of body
growth tissues .

It Physical functions .

→
enzymes
↳
speed up chemical reactions in cells .

Y ,
tar pathogen H KEEFFE)
→ antibodies . .

←
antibody
↳ help protect our
body against diseases .
( immunity ) .

→ hormones

↳ involved in
controlling various
processes in the
body .

→ Oz
→
transport ( haemoglobin )
→ Carrier molecules H channel proteins

€
↳ transport

receptor l antigen
of materials

molecules
across membrane (active

on membrane
transport / diffusion )
] * ¥" '

II other functions .

→ as source of
energy

↳ when in short of
carbohydrates t
lipids .

§
→
provide
blood
muscle contraction

dotting .
in muscle cells .

) *tyg ,
 •

Nucleic acids .

→ RNA C Ribonucleic acids )

DNA ( acids)
→
Deoxy ribonucleic
→
organic substances .

made up of carbon, hydrogen, phosphorus

→
oxygen, nitrogen ,
.

physiologic functions C ?)
-protein
→

① ②
→
play important roles in
heredity Protein
synthesis µ, .

→ basic units : nucleotides .

~
Structure of a nucleotide

⑧
Booed
Phosphate group .

tarpan '
: ¥:
"

ie
↳ goaded
Nitrogenous base 3.) Guanine
4.) Cytosine C c)
f) Uracil
CG )

CU )
an .. :*

In RNA :
.

A , U, G, C
..

→ J -
carbon
sugar
:
DNA (
deoxyribose)
RNA ( Ribose)

DNA, RNA
p
.

itor motion of a
polynucleotide .

i:::::: ::::¥:::::*:c::::c
.

. ..

→ the form of nucleic acid

sugar t phosphate a
sugar phosphate backbone
-
the .

RNA :
co sits of a single poly nucleotide chain .

①
✓ hydrogen band keeps the double helix stable
-

: .

②
-
-

DNA :
consists of two
polydeotide chains .

Coiled around each other to form a double helix .

O
↳ hydrogen bond .
'

cells

→
unit of life that shows all of the 7 characteristics of life
smallest
functioning structure of a
light microscope
a

→ unicellular MEEEEHE

→ multicellular :#KEALEY

cell ( Matthias Schleiden t Theodor Schwann)

theory
'

I) All made of cells

organisms are
up
one or more .

↳ unicellular multicellular
organism , organism

It) cells basic unit of life (

is the size of a cell no to
20µm )
:

↳ The smallest unit of out all of the process of life

an
organism that can
carry .

Calculation of the total

magnification of a
compound microscope

E) Cells from pre ↳ of the of the

arise -

existing cells .

magnification eyepiece x
magnification objective
↳ Cell division
Calculating the length of in
photomicrograph
-1
a
specimen a .

tnge
→
Magnification =
Actual size of the specimen

Observe cells

I)
Light microscope

↳ For
examining living or
preserved cells .

Looking at biological processes in

living cells .
( movement, cell division ) . . .

E) Electron microscope

↳ For higher magnification and resolution

Two types ①
Transmission electron microscope ITEM ) -7 Reveal interat structures (
up to 10 million
times)
:
magnification
②
Scanning Electron microscope ( SEM ) → Reveal external structures ( magnification up to 500 thousand times )

practical Lower high

3.)
power magnification vs
power magnification .

1.) Area of
specimen observed Larger Smaller

2) Details of the observed Less More

image
3.) Brightness of the Brighter Dimmer
image
 * highlighted ones .

( under
Basic structure of cell ( under
light microscope) electron )
n
a a a
microscope
①
②

§
③
⑤
⑦
⑥
O ⑤

ee ribosome Esp ended in

cytoplasm .

⑥
¢ O ⑧
used to make ①

⑥
protein
cells ③
⑦
⑤
②
⑤
④

organelles and their functions

~
.

1.) Cell membrane ( refer to above

figure)
*
composed of
many small sub cellular structures
-
:
organelles .

→ thin and flexible

layer
→
differentially permeable C
chapter 4)

→ control the movement of substances into and out of the cell controlling of chemicals between two sides membrane differential permeability )
exchange of
by
→ forms boundary of individual cells 1 organelles and keep cell shape .

→ chapter Hater)
→ site of membrane bound reactions leg membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts )
enzymatic
-
.

→ of stimuli (detect)
recognizing
→ chapter 4
→
phagocytosis

2.) Cytoplasm
*
→
Jelly -

like substance
mainly made out of i
water ,
proteins, fatty acids
,
sugars,
nucleotides .

3.) Nucleus * DNA → cell activities ( metabolism )

proteins enzyme 11 hormone
→ →

→ spherical structure

surrounded double membrane

→
by a :
nuclear membrane .

→ contains the
genetic material of life :
DNA → controls protein synthesis and all activities of the cell .

( cells bacterial virus 11 cell H cells )

without nucleus : mature RBCH
xylem phloem .

→ nuclear pores ( refer to

ppt )
4.) Ribosome
→ the site of protein synthesis preparation of animal cells :p 3-18
.
,
p.3.tl

F)
Endoplasmic reticulum CEN
→ an extensive network of membrane bound interconnected
-

sacs that are .

→ comes from the outer of the nucleus and extends throughout of a cell
memberane the cytoplasm .

→ Two of ER
types Rough , Smooth
:

digestive enzymes !hormone

-

→
A ER ( protein excretion)
Rough Rough ER -7 →

with ribosomes attached on the surface

helps Transport the

proteins produced at the ribosomes

A Smooth ER

no ribosome attached on it

involved and
in the
synthesis transport of lipids within the
cytoplasm .

nucleus t
rough ER t cell membrane
6.) Mitochondrion to
produce ,
secrete hormones
rod
→ -

shaped
→ surrounded by a double memberane .

→ smooth outer membrane

folded form
→
highly inner membrane to
finger -
like projections .

site of aerobic
respiration ( Energy EATPD
→ main

→ the number of mitochondria in

particular cell
depends its need
energy .

the mitochondria ( liver muscle, )

* more
energy equired → more , sperm . . .
7.) Vacate Animal cell vs
plant cell .

cell
shape irregular cell wall)
"

→ enclosed regular
by membrane
size :
smaller larger
→ contains water and dissolved substances cell wall
: X V

A- Plant cell
→ a
large central vacuole

fluid inside cell sap → contains

sugars pigments enzymes
→ : mineral salts , , , ,
etc

→
fully filled →
turgid →
provide support .

b.) Cell wall

→
fully permeable to water and dissolved substances

→
protects and to plant cells CX animal cells)
gives shapes .

↳
provide mechanical strength and support to plant cells .

development of turgidity in
plant cells .

determine the overall shape of the plant cell .

( major of movement of water )

pathway

9.) chloroplast
→ in cells of plants
some
green
→ surrounded double
by membrane .
Screenshot 4061144)
 matter
•

-
atom → molecule
9 molecule

I ,µ
.

water -7 Hao →

polypeptide → a molecule .