GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

L.E COLLEGE, MORBI

Project Report
On

VOLTAGE PROTECTION SYSTEM

Under subject of
B.E-IV, Semester -VII

Academic year :(2020-2021)

(Electrical engineering)
Submitted by:
Group Team Id: 97916

Sr. Name of student Enrolment No.

1. Rathod Akshay B. 180313109023

2. Dasalaniya Nirav j. 170310109025
3. Timba Balu K. 170310109116

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project of “VOLTAGE PROTECTION SYSTEM”
has been carried out by Rathod Akshay, Dasalaniya Nirav,Timba Balu.
My guidance in the fulfilment of the degree of bachelor of engineering in
electrical department of B.E fourth year of Gujarat Technological
University, Ahmadabad during academic year 2020-2021. ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING Branch and 7th Semester Subject Voltage protection
system Subject co Have satisfactory completed their work in

PMMS - 2170001

TEAM ID: - 97916

For Year 2020-2021 Within for walls of

LUKHDHIRJI ENGINEERING COLLEGE FACULTY

OF DEGREE ENGINEERING, MORBI.

Date:-

Place:
-

Prof. M.H. Pandya Prof. S.K. Vyas

Head of Departmen Assistance professor

Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Engineering Department

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 Acknowledgment

We as a group today find pleasure to present the project report

on
“VOLTAGE PROTECTION SYSTEM”. Which we conceived during the
SEMESTER 7 of BE in electrical engineering department of LUKHDHIRJI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE, MORBI which is affiliated with Gujarat
Technological University.

First of all we would like to express our deepest appreciation,

thanks and gratitude for our project guide prof. S.K.Vyas sir & Head of
Department, Prof. M.H. PANDYA whose valuable advices, contribution in
stimulating suggestions and encouragement, helped us to coordinate
our project especially in design thinking framework, ideation canvas
framework and prototype work.

We are also thankful to our respected Principal whose help and

shared knowledge was the main support to complete this Project.
Furthermore we would also like to express thanks and gratitude for the
staff and the students of electrical engineering department for their
useful discussions and timely suggestions which helped us to complete
“smart home appliances”.

Last but not least, many thanks go to the internet giants Google,
Yahoo who provided us the magical knowledge and insights of the smart
home technology and an honourable mention of Microsoft for creating
windows and document publishing toolkit WinWord.

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 Abstract

Our academic year 2020-2021- BE electrical final year project compulsory

subjected work for we decided voltage protection system project.

This project before we survey many electrical technology project like

1. Industrial machinery
2. House hold items like TV,AC,etc..
3. Water pump

are up listing all topic too much expensive , majority components are available in
market and technical information is not available in our collage and industry also.

so finally we decide voltage protection system because this project affordable

project coasting all component available in local market and huge technology
available in books & guide sir also.

So finally this project decide with permission of our internal guide Prof.S.K.Vyas sir.

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 Table of content

SR. No Content PG.NO

1 Cover page I

2 Certificate Ii

3 Acknowledgment Iii

4 Abstract Iv

5 Table of content V

6 Index V

7 List of figure Vi

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 Index
CHAPTER 1: Introduction

Introduction ....................................... 8
Objectives .......................... 9
Theme................................. 9
Components ............................ 9

CHAPTER 2: Block Diagram and Components

List of Component ...................... 10

1. microcontroller ........................ 10
2. 12 volt relay .................................. 11
3. zener diode ............................ 12
4. Resistor .............................. 13
5. Transistor ............................. 14
6. LED .................................15
7. Diode ................................ 16
8. Battery .................................. 17
9. Block diagram ...................... 18

CHAPTER 3: Hardware and Implementation

Circuit Diagram ..................... 19

working of the System ................. 19

CHAPTER 4: Summary of the Results

Advantages ......................... 20
Disadvantages........................ 20
Limitations .......................... 21
Conclusion ........................................ 21
Reference........................... 21

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 List of Figure

SR. No Figure PG.NO

1 Microcontroller 10
2 12 voltage relay 11
3 Zener diode 12
4 Resistor 13
5 Transistor 14
6 LED 15
7 Diode 16
8 Battery 17
9 Block diagram 18
12 Circuit Diagram 19

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 Chapter-1
Introduction
Introduction

Actually sudden fluctuation in voltage is very big and serious problem in industries
and home appliances and it causes losses in electrical circuits. These losses causes low
power factor in the supply and by much amount of power is going to be wasted. These
fluctuations may significantly impact the power quality as well as the reliability of other
voltage controlling devices. Therefore due to this fluctuation various costly and precious
equipments may get damaged.

When RMS voltage or current drops between 0.1 and 0.9 pu at the power frequency
for durations of 0.5 cycles to 1 minute then it is said to be sag condition. The swell
condition will occur when RMS voltage or current rise between 1.1 and 1.8 pu at the power
frequency for durations of 0.5 to 1 minute. And above the 1.8pu and below 0.9pu is called
over voltage and under voltage respectively. Voltage sags and under voltage conditions are
caused by abrupt increases in loads such as short circuits and faults or it is caused by
abrupt increase in source impendence, abruptly caused by loose connection.

Voltage swells and over voltage conditions are almost always caused by an abrupt
decrease in load on a circuit with a poor or damaged voltage regulator, although they can
also be caused by a damaged or loose neutral connection. So, the problems occurred due to
sag, swell, over and under voltage condition should be removed and it will be detected and
protected by this system. In this paper we implement a circuit which helps to detect the
voltage below 198 volt which is 0.9 of rated voltage which is 220 volt and it is sag and
under voltage condition and in this condition our circuit will remain in open condition so
there will on any passage of current. In this condition lower relay of our circuit will remain
open.

When the voltage rises above 242 voltages which is 1.1 of our rated voltage and it is
swell and over voltage condition, in this situation the circuit will remain open because in
that time upper relay in the circuit will remain open. Thus we can protect the costly
equipment’s by passing the supply through this circuit.

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Objectives:
The objective of this system is to provide protection to the equipment’s and avoid
their failure due to abnormal conditions. This system provides protection for industrial,
commercial and residential equipment’s.

Theme
The process of this system is whenever there an overvoltage or under voltage the
relay sense the input from operational amplifier and gets trip and the load is off. Thus it
protects the electrical appliance.

Purpose:

The main aim of this project is provide a safety to the human's and
equipment which used in industry when some fault occur in the industries.

Component

 LM393 IC

 BC547 TRANSISTOR

 BC557 TRANSISTOR

 5K VARIABLE RESISTORS

 1N4007 DIODES

 3V ZENER DIODE

 LED (RED, YELLOW AND GREEN)

 1K RESISTORS

 12V RELAY

 2 PIN TERMINAL BLOCK

 3 PIN TERMINAL BLOCK

 4.7K RESISTORS

 10K RESISTORS

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 Chapter-2
List of Component and Block Diagram
1. Microcontroller

Fig. 1 Microcontroller

The high-performance Microchip picoPower 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines

32KB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1024B EEPROM, 2KB SRAM, 23
general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible timer/counters
with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable USART, a byte-
oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, a 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in
TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and
five software selectable power saving modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts.

By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the device achieves throughputs
approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, balancing power consumption and processing speed.
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 2. 12Voltage Relay

Fig.2. 12 Voltage Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a
single or multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may
have any number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break
contacts, or combinations thereof.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent low-power
signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays were first used in
long-distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the signal coming in from one
circuit by transmitting it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
The traditional form of a relay uses an electromagnet to close or open the contacts, but
other operating principles have been invented, such as in solid-state relays which
use semiconductor properties for control without relying on moving parts. Relays with
calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect
electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are
performed by digital instruments still called protective relays.
Latching relays require only a single pulse of control power to operate the switch
persistently. Another pulse applied to a second set of control terminals, or a pulse with
opposite polarity, resets the switch, while repeated pulses of the same kind have no effects.
Magnetic latching relays are useful in applications when interrupted power should not affect
the circuits that the relay is controlling.

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 3. Zener Diode

Fig. 3. Zener diode

A Zener diode is a special type of diode designed to reliably allow current to flow
"backwards" when a certain set reverse voltage, known as the Zener voltage, is reached.
Zener diodes are manufactured with a great variety of Zener voltages and some are
even variable. Some Zener diodes have a sharp, highly doped p–n junction with a low Zener
voltage, in which case the reverse conduction occurs due to electron quantum tunnelling in
the short space between p and n regions − this is known as the Zener effect, after Clarence
Zener. Diodes with a higher Zener voltage have a more gradual junction and their mode of
operation also involves avalanche breakdown. Both breakdown types are present in Zener
diodes with the Zener effect predominating at lower voltages and avalanche breakdown at
higher voltages.
Zener diodes are widely used in electronic equipment of all kinds and are one of the
basic building blocks of electronic circuits. They are used to generate low-power stabilized
supply rails from a higher voltage and to provide reference voltages for circuits, especially
stabilized power supplies. They are also used to protect circuits from overvoltage,
especially electrostatic discharge (ESD).

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 4. Resistor:

Fig. 4. Resistor

A resistor is passive two-terminal electrical component that implements

electrical resistance as a circuit element, In electronic circuit, resistors are used
to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active
elements, And terminate transmission lines, among other uses.

High-power resistance that can dissipate many watts of electrical

power as heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems,
or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistance that only changes
slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used
to adjust circuit elements or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or
chemical activity.

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 5. Transistor

Fig. 5. Transistor

Transistors can also work as switches. A tiny electric current flowing through one part of a
transistor can make a much bigger current flow through another part of it. In other words, the
small current switches on the larger one. This is essentially how all computer chips work. For
example, a memory chip contains hundreds of millions or even billions of transistors, each of
which can be switched on or off individually. Since each transistor can be in two distinct
states, it can store two different numbers, zero and one. With billions of transistors, a chip can
store billions of zeros and ones, and almost as many ordinary numbers and letters (or
characters, as we call them). More about this in a moment.

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 6. LED

Fig.6 LED

A l ight - e m it t ing diode ( LED ) is a se mico nd u cto r l ight source that emits l ight
when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes,
releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of
the photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the
semiconductor.[5] White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-
e m i t t i n g p h o s p h o r o n t h e s e m i c o n d u c t o r d e v i c e .

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-
intensity infrared (IR) light. Infrared LEDs are used in remote-control circuits, such as those
used with a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were of low
intensity and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet (UV), and
infrared wavelengths, with high light output.

Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps, replacing small incandescent bulbs, and
in seven-segment displays. Recent developments have produced high-output white light LEDs
suitable for room and outdoor area lighting. LEDs have led to new displays and sensors, while
their high switching rates are useful in advanced communications technology.

LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster
switching. LEDs are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive
headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, lighted
wallpaper, horticultural grow lights, and medical devices
.
Unlike a laser, the light emitted from an LED is neither spectrally coherent nor even
highly monochromatic. However, its spectrum is sufficiently narrow that it appears to
the human eye as a pure (saturated) color.

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 7. Diode

Fig.7 Diode

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one

direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and
high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A diode vacuum tube or thermionic diode is a
vacuum tube with two electrodes, a heated cathode and a plate, in which electrons can flow in
only one direction, from cathode to plate. A semiconductor diode, the most commonly used
type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to
two electrical terminals.[4] Semiconductor diodes were the first semiconductor electronic
devices. The discovery of asymmetric electrical conduction across the contact between a
crystalline mineral and a metal was made by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874.
Today, most diodes are made of silicon, but other materials such as gallium
arsenide and germanium are also used

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 8. Battery

Fig.8 Battery

A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external

connections[1] for powering electrical devices such as flashlights, mobile phones, and electric
cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its
negative terminal is the anode.[2] The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that
will flow through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal.

When a battery is connected to an external electric load, a redox reaction converts

high-energy reactants to lower-energy products, and the free-energy difference is delivered to
the external circuit as electrical energy.[3] Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to
a device composed of multiple cells, however the usage has evolved to include devices
composed of a single cell.[4]

Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded, as

the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge; a common example is
the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic
devices. Secondary (rechargeable) batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times
using an applied electric current; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by
reverse current.

Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries
used for portable electronics such as laptops and mobile phones.

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Block Diagram

Fig. 11. Block diagram

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 Chapter-3

Hardware and Implementation

Circuit Diagram

Fig.12 Circuit Diagram

Working

When We send sms message on mobile number which available on

gsm module of project

Then this sms message is recived by microcontroller and evaluate

the message and compare to internal default message. if message is
similar to default message then microcontroller make on or off motor
based on the message type.

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 Chapter-4

Summary of the Result

Advantages:

1. Highly sensitive
2. Fit and Forget system
3. Low cost and reliable circuit
4. Complete elimination of manpower
5. Can handle heavy loads up to 7A
6. Auto switch OFF in abnormal conditions
7. Auto switch ON in safe conditions

Disadvantages:

1. Low efficiency if input-output difference is large

2. May require a heat sink
3. Capable exclusively of step-down operation

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 Limitation:

1.Inrush Current
2. e-Fuse/overload
3.Power Limit
4. Reverse Voltage
5. Current Monitoring
6.Current-Limiter with Overvoltage
7. Reverse Protection

Conclusion:

The protection circuit can be used to protect the costly electrical appliances from
abnormal conditions like sag, swell, under voltage and overvoltage and avoid appliances
being effected from harmful effects.

Referance:

[1] Manish Paul, Antara Chaudhury, Snigdha Saikia (2015), “Hardware Implementation of
Overvoltage and Under voltage Protection”,IJIREEICE Vol. 3, Issue 6, June 2015, ISSN (Online) 2321-
2004.

[2] Silicon institute of technology, “Power quality problem identification and protection
scheme for low voltage system”, Orissa, November 2010.

[3] G. Yaleinkaya, M. H. J. Bollen and P.A. Crossley (1999), “Characterization of voltage sags
in industrial distribution systems”, IEEE transactions on industry applications, vol.34, no. 4, pp. 682-
688, July/August.

[4] C. H. Vithalani, “Over-Under Voltage Protection of Electrical Appliances”, August 2003,

Electronics for You.

[5] EPRI Project Manager R. Schainker, System Compatibility Research Project, “Effects of
Temporary Overvoltage on Residential Products”, 1008540 Final Report, March 2005

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> KEY PARTNERS
 Project Guide
 Team Members
 Classes

> KEY ACTIVITIES

 Planning
 Study of Microcontroller

> KEY RESOURCES

 C Programming
 Embedded System
 Basic Electronics

> VALUE PROPOSITIONS

 Reliability
 Economic
 Safety Purpose

> CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP

 Better customer Service

> CHANNELS
 Seminar
 Advertisement
 Exhibition

> COSTOMERS SEGMENTS

 Safety Concept Technology
 Continue Communication Between System and Plant
 Domestic User
 Advertisement

THANK YOU

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