E233 – Thermofluid

P09

Otto and Diesel Cycles

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Motivation ….. piston engines

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Engine Major Parts

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Nomenclature & Definitions 
IV SP EV IV Inlet valve, through which fuel-air mixture is inducted
into the engine.
TDC EV Exhaust valve, through which burnt products are
expelled.
P S SP Spark plug to ignite fuel-air mixture.
TDC Top dead centre, top-most position of piston.
BDC BDC Bottom dead centre, lowest position of piston.
D S Stroke is the distance travelled by the piston in
Reciprocating C moving from TDC to BDC or vice versa.
motion of piston D Bore is the diameter of the cylinder.
P Piston.
C Cylinder.
CS Crankshaft.
Clearance volume is the volume when the piston is
CS Rotary motion at TDC..
of crankshaft Swept volume (or displacement) is the volume
swept when the piston moves from BDC to TDC
or vice versa.

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Engine Configurations

Horizontal Engine

2 -cylinder
Vertical or In-line ‘V’ Engine
Engine

Vertically 4 –cylinder, direct drive, air cooled

Opposing
Engine
Go to this link to view the animation
of in-line, ‘v’ and opposing engines
9-cylinder http://auto.howstuffworks.com/engine2.htm
Radial Engine

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 More Engine Configurations

4-cylinder “Horizontally-Opposed”
engines

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Engine Cycle – The 4 Strokes

Intake or Compression Power or Exhaust

Induction Stroke Expansion Stroke
Stroke Stroke
http://www.cs.sbcc.net/~physics/flash/heatengines/4stroke.html (cycle animation)
E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering
 Intake or Induction Stroke
1. Intake valve
open.
4 2. Exhaust valve
2 1 closed.
3 1 2 3. Piston descends.
4
3
4. Fuel-air mixture
is drawn into
cylinder until the
piston reaches
the BDC
E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering
 Compression Stroke

3 1 1
1. Both intake and
1
exhaust valves closed.
1
3 2. Piston ascends.
2
3. Air is compressed until
2
the piston reaches the
TDC.

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Power or Expansion Stroke
Spark plug
1

3 2 3
1
2
4

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Exhaust Stroke

1. Intake valve closed.

2. Exhaust valve open. 1
4
2
3. Piston ascends. 1
3
4
4. Burnt products 3
2

are expelled
through the
exhaust valve.

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 The Otto Cycle
p p T The Otto cycle is the
ideal cycle for spark-
p
o
ignition (SI) engines.
o
q
Four non-flow
q n reversible processes
Clearance comprising a complete
volume n
v s cycle are shown. They
v2=v3 v1=v4 s1=s2 s4=s3
may be imagined to
Swept volume
occur in a cylinder fitted with a
reciprocating piston having a swept
BDC
TDC

volume equal to m(v1 – v2) where m is

the mass of fluid in the cylinder.

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 The Otto Cycle ‐ Processes
1→2 Air is compressed isentropically according to pvγ =c
from v1 to v2. The ratio v1/v2 is the compression ratio
rv.

2→3 A quantity of heat Q23 is added at constant volume,

until the air is at state 3, v2=v3.

3→4 The air is expanded isentropically according to pvγ =c

to the original volume.

4→1 Heat Q41 is rejected at constant volume until the

cycle is completed, v4=v1.

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Process 1-2: Isentropic Compression
p p γ -1
T
T2 ⎛ v1 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = rv γ -1
p T1 ⎝ v2 ⎠
o
o γ -1
q
q n T2 ⎛ p2 ⎞ γ

Clearance = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
volume n
v s
T1 ⎝ p1 ⎠
v2=v3 v1=v4 s1=s2 s4=s3

v1 swept volume + clearance volume

where rv = =
v2 clearance volume
q12 = 0; w 12 =u2 -u1 = c v ( T2 - T1 )

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Swept and Clearance Volumes

v1
rv =
v2
swept vol + clearance vol
=
clearance vol

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Process 2-3: Constant-Volume Heat Addition

p p T
v3 = v2
p
o
o T3 p3
n
q
=
Clearance
q
T2 p2
volume n
v s
v2=v3 v1=v4 s1=s2 s4=s3

Heat addition,
q23 = u3 - u2 = c v ( T3 - T2 ) ; w 23 = 0

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Process 3-4: Isentropic Expansion
p p T γ -1
T4 ⎛ v3 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
p T3 ⎝ v 4 ⎠
o
o γ -1
q ⎛ v2 ⎞ 1
n = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =
Clearance
q
⎝ v1 ⎠ rv γ -1
volume n
v s γ -1
s1=s2
v2=v3 v1=v4 s4=s3
T3 ⎛ p3 ⎞ γ
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
v 4 v1 T4 ⎝ p 4 ⎠
where rv = =
v3 v2
q34 = 0; w 34 =u3 -u4 = cv ( T3 - T4 )

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Process 4-1: Constant-Volume Heat Rejection

p p T
v 4 = v1
p
o
o T4 p4
q =
Clearance
q n T1 p1
volume n
v s
v2=v3 v1=v4 s1=s2 s4=s3

Heat rejection,
q41 = u4 - u1 = c v ( T4 - T1 ) ; w 41 = 0

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Otto Cycle Thermal Efficiency
Thermal efficiency, η th , is

Wnet Q23 - Q 41 Q 41 c v ( T4 - T1 )
ηth = = = 1- = 1-
Q23 Q23 Q23 c v ( T3 - T2 )

= 1-
( T4 - T1 )
= 1-
( T4 - T1 ) 1
= 1- γ -1
( T3 - T2 ) ( T4 - T1 )rv γ -1
rv

The thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle depends only

on the compression ratio
E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering
 Mean Effective Pressure
p p The mean effective pressure (MEP) is a useful
parameter to compare the power of similar
engines of equal size. The engine with a larger
value of MEP delivers more net work per cycle. It
o
is a fictitious pressure that, if acted on the piston
during the entire power stroke, would produce the
q same amount of net work as that produced during
MEP

n the actual cycle. Net work of the cycle is

(v1 – v2)
represented by area 1234. If the shaded rectangle
also have an area equals to area 1234, then
Wnet
Wnet = Area 1234 = MEP ( v1 - v 2 ) ⇒ MEP =
( v1 - v 2 )
MEP is defined as the height of a rectangle having the same length and
area as the cycle plotted on a p-v diagram.

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Otto and Actual Cycles Compared

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Otto and Actual Cycles Compared (cont’d)

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Otto Cycle – Worked Example
p p The conditions at the start of the
compression of an engine operating on the
Otto cycle are 100 kPa and 27oC. The heat
o added is 1840 kJ/kg. The compression
ratio is 8. Calculate the temperature and
q pressure at each point in the cycle, the
MEP

n thermal efficiency and mean effective

(v1 – v2) pressure. γ=1.4 and cv=0.7176 kJ/kgK.
γ -1
T2 ⎛ V1 ⎞
⇒ T2 = 300 ( 8 )
0.4
Process 1- 2, =⎜ ⎟ = 698.2 K
T1 ⎝ V2 ⎠
γ γ
p2 ⎛ V1 ⎞ ⎛ V1 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ p2 = p1 ⎜ ⎟ = 100 ( 8 ) = 1837.9 kPa
1.4

p1 ⎝ V2 ⎠ ⎝ V2 ⎠
E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering
 Otto Cycle – Worked Example (cont’d/1)
2 → 3, q = u3 - u2 = c v ( T3 - T2 )
⇒ 1840 = ( 0.7176 )( T3 - 689.2 ) ⇒ T3 = 3253.5 K
p3 T3 ⎛ 3253.5 ⎞
= ⇒ p3 = 1837.9 ⎜ ⎟ = 8676.1 kPa
p2 T2 ⎝ 689.2 ⎠
γ -1 0.4
T4 ⎛ V3 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
3 → 4, =⎜ ⎟ ⇒ T4 = 3253.5 ⎜ ⎟ = 1416.2 K
T3 ⎝ V4 ⎠ ⎝8⎠
γ 1.4
p 4 ⎛ V3 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ p 4 = 8676.1⎜ ⎟ = 472.1 kPa
p3 ⎝ V4 ⎠ ⎝8⎠

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Otto Cycle – Worked Example (cont’d/2)
1 1
ηth = 1- γ -1
= 1- 0.4 = 0.565 (56.5%)
rv 8
w net
= η th ⇒ w net = 0.565 (1840 ) = 1039.6 kJ/kg
q23
RT1 0.287 ( 300 )
v1 = = = 0.861 m3 /kg
p1 100
v1 0.861
v2 = = = 0.1076 m3kg
rv 8
w net 1039.6
MEP = = = 1379.9 kPa
( v1 - v 2 ) ( 0.861- 0.1076 )
E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering
 The Diesel Cycle
p
o T The Diesel cycle
p p
o q forms the basis of
compression-ignition
(CI) engines. The four
q non-flow processes
comprising a complete
n n cycle are shown in the
v s
v2 v3 v1=v4 s1=s2 s4=s3 figures on the left.
Swept volume
Heat addition occurs at constant
pressure instead of constant volume.
The heat is rejected at constant
volume as in the Otto cycle.

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 The Diesel Cycle (cont’d)
1→2 Air is compressed isentropically according to pvγ =c
from v1 to v2. The ratio v1/v2 is the compression ratio
rv.

2→3 Heat Q23 is added while the air expands at constant

pressure to a volume v3, p2=p3. At state 3 the heat is
cut off. The volume ratio v3/v2 is the cut-off ratio rc.

3→4 The air is expanded isentropically according to pvγ =c

to the original volume.

4→1 Heat Q41 is rejected at constant volume until the

cycle is completed, v4=v1.

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Process 1-2: Isentropic Compression
p γ -1
p
o
p
T
T2 ⎛ v1 ⎞ γ -1
o q = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = rv
T1 ⎝ v2 ⎠
γ -1
q T2 ⎛ p2 ⎞ γ
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
n n T1 ⎝ p1 ⎠
v s
v2 v3 v1=v4 s1=s2 s4=s3

v1 swept volume + clearance volume

where rv = =
v2 clearance volume
q12 = 0; w 12 =u2 -u1 = cv ( T2 - T1 )
E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering
 Process 2-3: Constant-Pressure Heat Addition
p
p
o
p
T p2 = p3
o q
T3 ⎛ v3 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = rc
T2 v
⎝ 2⎠
q

n n
rc = cut - off ratio
v s
v2 v3 v1=v4 s1=s2 s4=s3

w 23 = p2 ( v3 - v2 )
q23 = w 23 +u23 = p2 ( v3 - v2 ) + c v ( T3 - T2 )
= h2 - h1 = cp ( T3 - T2 )
E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering
 Process 3-4: Isentropic Expansion
p
p
o
p
T q34 = 0
o q w 34 =u3 -u4
= cv ( T3 - T4 )
q
γ -1
n n T4 ⎛p ⎞ γ

v2 v3
v
v1=v4 s1=s2 s4=s3
s = ⎜⎜ 4 ⎟⎟
T3 ⎝ p3 ⎠
γ -1 γ -1 γ -1 γ -1
T4 ⎛ v3 ⎞ ⎛ v3 v2 ⎞ ⎛ v3 v2 ⎞ ⎛ rc ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
= ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
T3 ⎝ v 4 ⎠ v v
⎝ 2 4⎠ v v
⎝ 2 1⎠ ⎝ rv ⎠
E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering
 Process 4-1: Constant-Volume Heat Rejection
p
o T
p p
o q v 4 = v1
p4 T4
=
q p1 T1
n n
v s
v2 v3 v1=v4 s1=s2 s4=s3

Heat rejection,
q41 = u4 - u1 = c v ( T4 - T1 ) ; w 41 = 0

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Diesel Cycle Thermal Efficiency
Thermal efficiency, η th , is

Wnet Q 41 c v ( T4 - T1 ) ( T4 - T1 )
ηth = = 1- = 1- = 1-
Q23 Q23 cp ( T3 - T2 ) γ ( T3 - T2 )

Substituting for T1, T3 and T4 in the efficiency equation,

1 ⎡ rc - 1 ⎤
γ
ηth =1- γ -1 ⎢ ⎥
rv ⎣ γ (rc - 1) ⎦

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Diesel Cycle – Worked Example
1 kg of air is taken through a Diesel cycle. Initially the
air is at 288oK and 1 atm. The compression ratio v1/v2
is 15 and the heat added is 1850 kJ. Calculate the
ideal efficiency and mean effective pressure.
RT1 0.287 ( 288 )
Initial volume of air is, v1 = = = 0.816 m3
p1 101.325
γ -1
⎛v ⎞
= 288 (15 )
1.4-1
After compression, T2 = T1 ⎜ 1 ⎟ = 851K
⎝ v2 ⎠
⎛v ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
and v 2 = ⎜ 2 ⎟ v1 = ⎜ ⎟ 0.816 = 0.054 m3
⎝ v1 ⎠ ⎝ 15 ⎠
Q23 1850
During heat addition, Q23 = c p ( T3 - T2 ) & hence T3 = T2 + = 851+ = 2692K
cp 1.005
p3 v 3 p 2 v 2 v T ⎛ v ⎞ ⎛ v v ⎞ ⎛ v T ⎞ ⎛ 1 2692 ⎞
= ⇒ 3 = 3 ; ⎜ 3 ⎟=⎜ 2 3 ⎟=⎜ 2 3 ⎟=⎜ ⎟ = 0.2109
T3 T2 v 2 T2 ⎝ v 4 ⎠ ⎝ v 4 v 2 ⎠ ⎝ v 4 T2 ⎠ ⎝ 15 851 ⎠

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Diesel Cycle – Worked Example (cont’d)
γ-1
T4 ⎛ v 3 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ T4 = 2692 ( 0.2109 )
1.4-1
= 1444.5K
T3 ⎝ v 4 ⎠
The heat rejected, Q 41 = c v ( T4 - T1 ) = 0.718 (1444.5 - 288 ) = 830.4 kJ/kg
The net work, Wnet = Q23 - Q 41 = 1850 - 830.4 = 1019.6 kJ/kg
Wnet 1019.6
The efficiency, η th = = = 0.551 or 55.1%
Q23 1850
Wnet 1019.6x103
The mean effective pressure, MEP = = = 13.38x105 N/m2
v1 - v 2 ( 0.816 - 0.054 )

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 The Dual or Mixed Cycle
p p q p3=p4 The behaviour of many reciprocating
engines is more adequately
o represented by the dual or mixed
cycle. In this cycle, part of the heat
r addition occurs during the constant
volume process 2→3 and the
n
v remainder during the constant
v2=v3 v4 v1=v5 pressure process 3→4. Defining
Swept volume rv=v1/v2, rc=v4/v3 and rp=p3/p2, the
thermal efficiency of the cycle is,
1 ⎡ r
γ
p c -1
r ⎤
ηth =1- γ -1 ⎢ ⎥
rv ⎢⎣ (rp - 1) + γ rp (rc - 1) ⎥⎦

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 The Dual or Mixed Cycle – Worked Example
p p
A dual cycle is used to model a piston
q p3=p4
engine. The engine intake conditions are
100 kPa and 20o C. The air is
o
compressed it to 10 MPa, and then
combustion increases the pressure to 20
r MPa. For a cut-off ratio of 2, calculate
the thermal efficiency, heat input and the
n
v power output for an airflow of 0.1 kg/s.
v2=v3 v4 v1=v5 γ -1
Swept volume T2 ⎛ p2 ⎞ γ
=⎜ ⎟
T1 ⎝ p1 ⎠
1.4-1
⎛ 10000 ⎞ 1.4
⇒ T2 = 293 ⎜ ⎟ = 1092 K
⎝ 100 ⎠
E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering
 The Dual Cycle – Worked Example (cont’d/1)
Specific volumes are,
RT1 0.287 ( 293 )
υ1 = = = 0.8409 m3 /kg
p1 100
RT2 0.287 (1092 )
υ2 = = 3
= 0.03134 m /kg
p2 10000
υ1 0.8409 p3 20
For rυ = = = 26.83; rp = = = 2 & rc = 2,
υ2 0.03134 p2 10

⎡ 2 ( 2 ) -1 ⎤
1.4
1
ηth = 1- ⎢ ⎥ = 0.698
26.830.4 ⎢⎣ ( 2 -1) +1.4 ( 2 )( 2 -1) ⎥⎦
E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering
 The Dual Cycle – Worked Example (cont’d/2)
To find the heat input, T3 and T4 have to be found.
T3 p3 ⎛ p3 ⎞
= ⇒ T3 = T2 ⎜ ⎟ = 1092 ( 2 ) = 2184 K
T2 p2 ⎝ p2 ⎠
T4 v 4 ⎛ v4 ⎞
= ⇒ T4 = T3 ⎜ ⎟ = 2184 ( 2 ) = 4368 K
T3 v 3 ⎝ v3 ⎠
& ⎡c v ( T3 - T2 ) + c p ( T4 - T3 ) ⎤
Qin = m ⎣ ⎦
= 0.1⎡⎣0.718 ( 2184 -1092 ) +1.00 ( 4368 - 2184 ) ⎤⎦
= 296.8 kW
Power output, W = η thQin = 0.698 ( 296.8 ) = 207.17 kW
E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering
 What have you learned?
1. Construction features of piston engines
2. Engine configurations
3. The 4-Stroke Engine Cycle
4. Ideal Cycles for Piston Engines:
• Otto Cycle for Petrol Engines
• Diesel Cycle for Diesel Engines
5. Analysis of Cycle Performance

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering