9.

Transport in animals
9.1: Circulatory systems
1.Describe the circulatory system?

 It is a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood.

2.Explain double circulatory system with example.

 Double circulatory systems mean that the blood will pass through the heart twice on
one complete circuit of the body.
 The blood vessels that take blood to the lungs and back is called pulmonary system.
And the vessels that takes blood to the rest of the body is called systemic system.
 Double circulatory system is found in all mammals, birds and reptiles.
3.Explain single circulatory system with example.

 Single circulatory system means that blood will pass through the heart in one complete
circuit.
9.2: The heart

1. Describe and tell the function of the heart.

 The function of the heart is to pump blood around the body.

 It is made up of a special muscle called cardiac muscle. The function of this muscles is to
relax and contract regularly.
 It is divided into 4 chambers.
2. Identify the atrioventricular and semilunar valves in the mammalian heart.

 The two atrioventricular (AV) valves, the mitral valve (bicuspid valve) and the tricuspid

valve, which are between the upper chambers (atria) and the lower chambers
(ventricles). The two semilunar (SL) valves, the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve,
which are in the arteries leaving the heart.
3.Describe and state the functions of atria.

 They are the two upper chambers.

 They receive blood returning to heart.
 The function of the atria is to pump blood into ventricles.
 It contains thin walls
4. Describe and state the function of ventricle.

 The two lower chambers.

 They receive blood from atria.
 The function is to pump blood out of the heart.
 Contain thick muscular walls.
5.Explain why ventricles have thick muscular walls and compare it with atria.

 Ventricles have more thicker muscular walls than atria because they have to pump
blood out of the heart.
 Left ventricle has thicker walls because they have to pump blood at higher pressure so
that it reaches to all areas of the body. But the right side have to pump blood only to the
lungs.
5. Why septum is important in separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

 The septum separates the atria and ventricles in such a way that it forms a barrier
between the heart chambers and this prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood.
6. Describe the functioning of the heart in terms of the contraction of muscles of the atria and
ventricles and the action of the valves.
7. Coronary arteries supply heart muscles.

 the coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscles.

8. Why coronary arteries have to supply blood to the heart muscles?

 Because the muscles of heart are so thick that the nutrients and oxygen in blood inside
the heart will not be able to diffuse to all muscles quickly enough.
 Moreover, the heart muscles need a constant supply of nutrients and oxygen, so it
keeps contracting and relaxing.
9. Explanation of Coronary heart disease (CHD)

 If coronary arteries get blocked, the cardiac muscles will run out of oxygen. They cannot
respire nor obtain energy. Therefore, the heart stop beating. This is called as a heart
attack or cardiac arrest.
 Blockage of coronary artery is called as CORONARY HEART DISEASE.
Factors that increase a person getting risk of coronary heart disease

 Smoking ciggirates: several compounds in ciggirate smoke including nicotine, cause

damage to circulatory system.
 Diet: there are evidences that a diet high of salt, saturated fats or high cholesterol
increase the chances of getting coronary heart disease.
 Obesity: being very overweight also increase the chance of getting coronary heart
disease.
 Stress: the unmanageable or long-term stress appears to increase the risk of developing
coronary heart disease.
 Genes: some people will have genes that make it more likely that they will get coronary
heart disease.
 Age: the risk of developing CHD increases as you get older.
 Gender: men are more likely to get CHD than women.
Preventing and treating CHD

 Stop smoking.
 Take care of your diet.
 Regular exercise.
 For the people with CHD will be prescribed by a type of drug called statin. They reduce
cholesterol level. And also, a drug called aspirin which decrease the risk of blood clots
forming inside blood vessels.
 The bypass operation: a blocked or severely damaged coronary artery can be replaced
with a length of blood vessel taken from another part of the body.
 Angioplasty: a tiny balloon is inserted into a collapsed artery, then inflated using water.
This pushes the artery opened. The balloon is that removed.
  Inserting a little mesh tube, called stent, inside the artery to keep it opened.
10. Explain Heart beat and ECG

 Most people heart beat is around 60-75 times a minute when they are resting.
Explain the effect of physical activity on the heart rate!

 During exercise the heart rate increases so that sufficient blood is taken to the working

muscles to provide them with enough nutrients and oxygen. An increase in heart
rate also allows for waste products to be removed.
Why the heart beat is faster when a person is doing exercise?

 Muscles get more oxygen.

 Quick in respiration.
 More supply of energy.
 Faster delivery of blood to the muscles providing oxygen.
Explain ECG

 In the hospital the activity of heart is recorded as an Electrocardiograph (ECG).

11. valves in the heart.

 The heart beats as the cardiac muscles in its wall contracts and relax.
 when they contract the heart become smaller, squeezing blood out. This is called
systole.
 When they relax, the heart become larger, allowing blood to flow into atria and
ventricles. This is called as diastole.
 The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle and the wall between right atrium
and ventricle is called as atrioventricular valves.
  The valve on left-hand side of the heart is made up of two parts and is called as the
bicuspid valve or mitral valve.
 The walls on right side has three parts and is called as tricuspid valve.
 The function of these valves is to stop blood flowing from ventricle back to the atria.
 The heart tendons stabilize valves, helping to maintain the unidirectional flow of blood
through the heart.

9.3: Blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

1. Brief explanation about blood vessels.

 There are 3 main types of blood vessels: they are arteries, capillaries and veins.
 Arteries carries blood away from the heart.
 Capillaries are tiny blood vessels connecting arteries to veins. These blood vessels carry
oxygen and nutrients to individual cells throughout the body.
 Veins carry blood towards the heart.
2. Explanation of arteries.

 When the blood flows away from the heart, it enters the arteries. The blood is than in
very high pressure. Because it has been forced out of the heart by contraction of
muscular ventricles. Therefore, arteries need very strong walls to withstand the high
pressure of the blood flowing through them.
 The arteries have elastic tissues in their walls which can stretch and recoil with the force
of blood.
 The blood pressure of arteries of your arm can be measured using a
sphygmomanometer.
How arteries are adapted to its function

  Arteries have a narrow internal diameter and thick muscular walls. This allows them to
carry blood that is at a high pressure.
 The arteries are tough and flexible to cope with high pressure blood flow.
3. Explanation of capillaries.

 The arteries gradually divide to form smaller and smaller vessels called capillaries.
 The function of capillaries is to take nutrients, oxygen and other materials to all the cells
in the body.
 Another function is to take away their waste materials.
How capillaries are adapted to its function.

  As capillaries are only one cell thick and have very thin permeable walls this means that
substances can diffuse out of them very easily.
 A capillary is microscopically thin to allow gases to exchange.
4. Explanation of veins.
  The capillaries gradually join up again to form veins.
 By the time, the blood gets into vein, it is much lower pressure than it was in arteries
 To help the blood moving easily in through them, the space inside is called as lumen
which is wider than the lumen in arteries.

How veins are adapted to their functions.

 Veins contain valves to prevent the backflow of low-pressure blood.

 Their walls are considerably thinner and their lumens are correspondingly larger in
diameter, allowing more blood to flow with less vessel resistance.
5. State the function of arterioles, venules and shunt vessels.

 Arterioles distribute blood to capillary beds, the sites of exchange with the body tissues.
 Venules allows deoxygenated blood to return from capillary beds to larger blood vessels
called veins.
 A blood vessel that links an artery directly to a vein, allowing the blood to bypass the
capillaries in certain areas. Shunt vessels can control blood flow by constriction and
dilation.

6. Outline the lymphatic system in terms of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes.

 The primary function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph, a fluid containing

infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body.
  Lymphatic vessels are the network of capillaries and large network of tubes located
throughout the body that transport lymph away from tissues.
7.Describe the function of the lymphatic system in the circulation of body fluids and the
protection of the body from infection.

 The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance in the body.

 It also particulate the matter from tissues and depositing them in bloodstream.
  In addition, it also defends the body against the infection by supplying disease-fighting
cells called lymphocytes.

9.4: Blood
1.Brief explanation about blood.
Components of blood

 Red blood cells

 White blood cells
 Platelets
 Plasma
Function of blood

 Defense
 Transport
 thermoregulation
2. Red blood cells

 It is made in the bone narrow of some bones.

 They are produced at a very fast rate.
 Function of red blood cells is to carry oxygen from our lungs to the rest of the body.
 Their shape is like a disc.
The hemoglobin

 Red blood cells contain a red pigment called hemoglobin.

 It carries oxygen.
 It is a protein and contains iron.

Why red blood cells have large surface area?

 To allow diffusion to happen efficiently.

How red blood cells are adapted to its function?

 They contain hemoglobin that contains oxygen.

 They are small and flexible so they can fit through narrow blood vessels.
 They have biconcave shape to maximize the surface area for oxygen absorption.
3. White blood cells

 They have nucleus unlike red blood cells.

  Their function is to fight pathogens and clear up any dead body cells.
 The function does not allow them to have a set of shape.
 There are different types of white blood cells.
The Phagocytes

 It is the cell which moves around the body.

 They engulf and destroy pathogens and also destroy any of your own cells that are
damaged or worn out.
 They often have lobed nuclei.
The lymphocytes

 They are made in bone marrow and found in blood and lymph tissue.
 They produce antibodies that are used to attack invading bacteria, virus and toxins.
How white blood cell is adapted to its function?

 They have irregular shape to squeeze out of blood and gets to the site of infection.
 They have cytoplasm which can flow making it possible for cell to change shape,
surround and engulf bacteria.
4. Platelets

 They are small fragment of cells with no nucleus.

 They are made in red bone narrow.
 Function of platelets is to form clots to stop bleeding.
 Another function is to maintain hemostasis.
The role of blood clotting

 Preventing blood loss.

 Preventing the entry of pathogen.

How platelets are adapted to its function?

 They contain proteins on their surface that allow them to stick to breaks in the blood
vessel wall and also to stick to each other.
 They contain granules that can secrete other proteins required for creating a firm plug
to seal blood vessel breaks.
5. Plasma

 The liquid part of the blood is called as plasma.

  Plasma is the main component of blood and consists mostly of water, with proteins,
ions, nutrients, and wastes mixed in.
 In blood plasma, there is a soluble protein called as fibrinogen.
 The chemical released by platelets and damaged tissues set off a chain of reaction,
which cause the fibrinogen to change into fibrin.
Phagocytosis

 Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large
particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome.
6.Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid

 Capillaries are where fluids, gasses, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged between the
blood and body tissues by diffusion.
 Carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into the tissue fluid, then across the capillary walls
into the blood plasma.
7. Transport in blood
Transport of oxygen

 In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood.
 In the lungs, oxygen diffuses into red blood cell, where it combines with hemoglobin and
oxyhemoglobin.
 Oxyhemoglobin is bright red, whereas hemoglobin is purplish red.
 Blood in your veins has very little oxygen and is a dark red color that looks almost blue
when covered by your skin. Your arteries have bright red blood because it has a lot of
oxygen in it that is being carried throughout your body to be used by tissues.
Transport of carbon dioxide

 The carbon dioxide diffuses through the walls of capillaries into the blood.
 Most carbon dioxide is carried to blood plasma in the form of hydrogencarbonate ions, a
small amount is carried by hemoglobin in red cells.
 The carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood, and is passed out of the body by
expiration.

Transport of food materials

 Digested food is absorbed to ilium.

 That all dissolve in the blood capillaries in villi.
  These capillaries join up to form hepatic portal vein. This vein takes dissolved nutrients
to the liver. The liver processes each nutrient and return some of it into blood.
 The nutrients are than carried, dissolve in blood, to all parts of the body.
 The portal or hepatic vein transport digested food to liver.
Transport of urea

 It is a waste substance made in liver.

 It dissolves in blood plasma, and is carried to the kidneys.
 The kidney excretes it in urine.
Transport of hormones

 They are made in endocrine glands.

 The hormones also dissolve in plasma and then transported to all parts of the body.
Transport of heat

 The blood transports heat to all parts of the body.

 This helps to keep the body warm.
Transport of plasma proteins

 Several types of proteins dissolve in plasma.

 They are called as plasma proteins.
 Fibrinogen is an example of plasma protein.
lymph circulation
 Lymphatic vessels are connected to the subclavian veins, which are part of the blood
circulatory system and connect to the heart. Their key function is to transport excessive
tissue fluid from interstitial spaces throughout the body back to the blood stream.