Submitted by: SUBIA, JESTER V.

CPE-03-302P 10/14/20
Summitted to: PROF. CORLETO BRAVO

ANALOG AND DIGITAL

VOLTMETER, OHMMETER, MILLIAMMETER
MULTIMETER
(VOM)/ MULTIMETER
 WHAT IS VOM
ANALOG AND MULTIMETER

DIGITAL MULTIMETER A multimeter or a multitester

also known as a VOM (volt-
Let’s start with voltmeter. A voltmeter, also known as a voltage meter, is
ohm-milliammeter), is an
an instrument used for measuring the potential difference, or voltage,
between two points in an electrical or electronic circuit. Some voltmeters electronic measuring
are intended for use in direct current (DC) circuits; others are designed instrument that combines
for alternating current (AC) circuits. Specialized voltmeters can measure several measurement
radio frequency (RF) voltage.
functions in one unit. A
typical multimeter can
measure voltage, current, and
resistance.
Analog multimeters use a
microammeter with a moving
pointer to display readings.
A basic analog voltmeter consists of a sensitive galvanometer
(current meter) in series with a high resistance. The internal resistance Digital Multimeter
of a voltmeter must be high. Otherwise it will draw significant current, and (DMM, DVOM) have a
thereby disturb the operation of the circuit under test. The sensitivity of numeric display, and may
the galvanometer and the value of the series resistance determine the
also show a graphical bar
range of voltages that the meter can display.
representing the measured
What are the different parts of an old analog voltmeter?
value.
Your most very basic voltmeter is going to have a display of some type
to indicate the voltage and a pair of polarized terminals to make the
measurement connection.

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 More advanced models may have some range selector, various types of display, and some simple
circuitry to enhance the measurement. A voltmeter is basically a galvanometer with a high series
resistance also known as shunt resistors. The voltmeter is connected in parallel to the circuit to measure
the voltage.

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 A digital voltmeter shows voltage directly as numerals. Some of these meters can determine voltage
values to several significant figures. Practical laboratory voltmeters have maximum ranges of 1000 to
3000 volts (V). Most commercially manufactured voltmeters have several scales, increasing in powers of
10; for example, 0-1 V, 0-10 V, 0-100 V, and 0-1000 V.

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What are the main parts of Multimeter?
A multimeter has three parts:

• Selection knob
• Display
• Ports

The selection knob allows the user to set the multimeter to read different things such as milliamps
(mA) of current, voltage (V) and resistance (Ω).

There’s a lot going on when you look at the selection knob on a multimeter, but if you’re only going to be
doing some basic stuff, you won’t even use half of all the settings. In any case, here’s a rundown of what
each symbol means on my multimeter:

• Direct Current Voltage (DCV): Sometimes it will be denoted with a V– instead. This setting
is used to measure direct current (DC) voltage in things like batteries.

• Alternating Current Voltage (ACV): Sometimes it will be denoted with a V~ instead. This
setting is used to measure the voltage from alternating current sources, which is pretty much
anything that plugs into an outlet, as well as the power coming from the outlet itself.

• Resistance (Ω): Thismeasures how much resistance there is in the circuit. The lower the
number, the easier it is for the current to flow through, and vice versa.

• Continuity: Usually denoted by a wave or diode symbol. This simply tests whether or not a
circuit is complete by sending a very small amount of current through the circuit and seeing if
it makes it out the other end. If not, then there’s something along the circuit that’s causing a
problem—find it!
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 • Direct Current Amperage (DCA): Similar to DCV, but instead of giving you a voltage reading,
it will tell you the amperage.

• Direct Current Gain (hFE): This setting is to test transistors and their DC gain, but it’s mostly
useless, since most electricians and hobbyists will use the continuity check instead.

The display usually has four digits and the ability to display a negative sign. A few multimeters have
illuminated displays for better viewing in low light situations. Also, in analog type multimeter uses a
moving needle on a scale to show and help in measuring the statistics. But a needle moving on a scale
can also give no accurate readings because of fluctuating needle making readings in-consistent and
sometimes if the needle gets loose it can also show absolute wrong reading.

Two probes are plugged into two of the ports on the

front of the unit. COM stands for common and is almost always
connected to Ground or ‘-’ of a circuit. The COM probe is conventionally black but there is no difference
between the red probe and black probe other than color. 10A is the special port used when measuring
large currents (greater than 200mA). mAVΩ is the port that the red probe is conventionally plugged in to.
This port allows the measurement of current (up to 200mA), voltage (V), and resistance (Ω). The probes
have a banana type connector on the end that plugs into the multimeter. Any probe with a banana plug
will work with this meter. This allows for different types of probes to be used.

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 USE A DIGITAL MULTIMETER AS VOLTMETER
1.) Set your device to measure voltage. Most voltage-measuring devices are actually multimeters,
which can test several aspects of electrical circuits. If your device has a knob with several settings,
set it to one of the following:

• To test the voltage of an AC circuit, set the knob to V~, ACV, or VAC. Household circuits are
almost always Alternating Current.

• To test voltage of a DC circuit, choose V–, V---, DCV, or VDC. Batteries and portable electronics
are typically Direct Current.

2.) Choose a range above the max expected voltage. Most voltmeters have several options marked
for voltage, so you can change your meter's sensitivity to get a good measurement and avoid
damaging the device. If your digital device has no range option, it is "autoranging" and should detect
the correct range itself. Otherwise, follow these guidelines:
• Choose a setting higher than the maximum expected voltage. If you have no idea what to
expect, choose the highest setting to avoid damaging the device.

• Household batteries are usually labeled with the voltage, typically 9V or below.

• Car batteries should be at approximately 12.6V when fully charged with the engine off.

• Household outlets are typically 240 volts in most of the world, and 120 volts in the US and some
other countries.
• mV stands for millivolt (1/1000 V), sometimes used to indicate the lowest setting
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3.) Insert the test leads. Your voltmeter should come with one black and one red test leads. Each has
a metal probe on one end, and a metal jack on the other that slots into the holes in your voltmeter.
Plug in the jacks as follows:

• The black jack always plugs into the hole labeled "COM."

• When measuring voltage, plug the red jack into the hole labeled V (among other symbols). If
there is no V, choose the hole with the lowest number, or mA.

4.) Hold the probes safely. Do not touch the metal probes while connecting them to a circuit. If the
insulation looks worn or torn, wear electrically insulated gloves or purchase replacement leads.

• The two metal probes should never touch each other while they are connected to a circuit, or
severe sparking could result.
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5.) Touch the black test lead to one part of the circuit. Test circuits for voltage by attaching the leads
in parallel. In other words, you'll touch the probes to two points an already-closed circuit, with current
running through it.

• On a battery, touch the black lead to the negative terminal.

• In a wall outlet, touch the black lead into the neutral hole, which in the US is the larger vertical
hole, or the vertical hole on the left.

• Whenever possible, let go of the black test lead before moving on. Many black probes have a
small plastic bump that can stick into an outlet.

6.) Touch the red test lead to another point on the circuit. This will complete the parallel circuit and
cause the meter to display the voltage.

• On a battery, touch the red lead to the positive terminal.

• In a wall outlet, fit the red lead into the "hot" hole – in the US, this is the smaller, vertical hole,
which is usually on the right.
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7.) Raise the range if you get an overload reading. Immediately raise the range to a higher voltage
setting if you get one of the following results, before your device is damaged:

• Your digital display reads "OL," "overload," or "1." Note that "1V" is a real reading, and nothing
to worry about.

• Your analog needle shoots to the other side of the scale.

8.) Adjust the voltmeter if necessary. You may need to make adjustments if a digital voltmeter display
reads 0V or nothing at all, or if an analog voltmeter's needle has barely moved. If there is still no
reading, try the following in order:

• Make sure the test probes are both connected to the circuit.

• If you are measuring a DC circuit and get no result, look for a small knob or switch on your
device labeled DC+ and DC- and move it to the other position. If your device does not have this
option, reverse the positions of the black and red probes.

• Reduce the range by one setting. Repeat if necessary until you get a real reading.
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9.) Read the voltmeter. A digital voltmeter will clearly display the voltage on its electronic screen. An
analog voltmeter is a little more complicated, but not too tough once you learn the ropes. Continue
reading for instructions.

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USE ANALOG MULTIMETER AS VOLTMETER, AND READ
ANALOG VOLTMETER
1. Find a voltage scale on the needle's dial. Choose one that matches the setting you chose
on your voltmeter's knob. If there is no exact match, read from a scale that's an easy multiple of
the setting.

• For example, if your voltmeter is set to DC 10V, look for a DC scale with a max reading
of 10. If this isn't available, find one with a max of 50.

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 2. Estimate the needle's position based on nearby numbers. This is a linear scale just like
a ruler.

For instance, a needle pointing halfway between 30 and 40 indicates a reading of 35V.

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3. Divide your answer if using a different scale. Skip this step if you are reading from a scale that
exactly matches your voltmeter's setting. Otherwise, correct for the difference by dividing the printed
scale's max value by your knob setting. Divide the number the needle points to by your answer to get the
actual voltage.

• For example, if your voltmeter is set to 10V but you are reading off a 50V scale, calculate 50 ÷
10 = 5. If the needle is pointing at 35V, your actual result is 35 ÷ 5 = 7V.

ANALOG AND DIGITAL

OHMMETER
An ohmmeter is an electronic device that measures resistance in an electronic component or circuit. It
works by using 2 probes to send a current through the circuit and measuring how much resistance, in
ohms, that current encounters. The first step in using an ohmmeter is setting it up. Once you’ve done
that, you can use it to measure the resistance of any circuit simply by holding the probes on opposite
sides of it.
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 Ohmmeter is an electronic instrument which is widely used to check a complete circuit or to measure
the resistance of a circuit element. Micro Ohmmeter, Mega Ohmmeter and Milli- Ohmmeters are used to
measure resistance in different applications of electrical testing. A Micro Ohmmeter is used to measure
extremely low resistances with high accuracy at particular test currents and is used for bonding contact
applications. Micro Ohmmeter fluke is a small portable device, which is used to measure voltage, current
and test diodes. This meter has multi selectors to select the desired function, and it automatically ranges
to select most measurements. Mega Ohmmeter is used to measure large resistance values. Milli
Ohmmeter is used to measure low resistance at high accuracy confirming the value of any electrical
circuit.

ANALOG
OHMMTER
MULTIMETER

DIGITAL
OHMMTER
MULTIMETER
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 USE DIGITAL MULTIMETER AS OHMMETER

Setting up Multimeter
1. Make sure your meter has a battery installed or is plugged in. If you just bought an
ohmmeter, the battery may have come pre-installed in your unit, or packaged separately with
instructions for installing it. You’ll need to do this whether your ohmmeter is digital or analog.

• Analog ohmmeters are very basic and inexpensive and usually range from 0-10 to 0-
10,000 ohms. Digital ohmmeters may have similar ranges or “auto-range,” where the
device will read a circuit’s resistance and automatically select the best measuring range.

2. Plug your test leads into the sockets on your meter. For multi-functional meters, you will see a
"common," or negative plug, and a "positive" plug. These may also be color-coded, with the black lead
going into the negative plug and the red lead going into the positive plug.

• Ohmmeters are typically sold along with these test leads. If your meter was recently purchased,
you should not have to buy your leads separately.

• Be sure to plug the short ends of the leads into the sockets. The longer ends, with the grips and
probes, are the ends you’ll use to actually test a circuit’s resistance.
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3. Touch the 2 ends of the leads together to make sure the meter is zeroed. When you touch the
probes together, the needle on an analog ohmmeter should point all the way to the right. If the needle
doesn’t do this, turn the adjustment knob on your ohmmeter until the needle reads 0 ohms when the
probes are touching each other.

• Note that the scale reads in the reverse direction of most conventional measuring scales: that is,
less resistance is to the right and more resistance is to the left.

• If yours is a digital ohmmeter, the screen should read “0” when you touch the 2 probes together.

4. Test your ohmmeter on a store-bought resistor, if you can. Get a resistor (or several resistors)
whose resistance is already known. Then, use your ohmmeter to measure the resistor’s resistance and
see if you get the reading that you expect to.

• You can technically use anything that conducts electricity, from a piece of aluminum foil to a pencil
mark on a sheet of paper, to test your ohmmeter, as long as you know that object’s resistance
value ahead of time. Place the meter’s probes on opposite ends of the conductor and look to see
if the correct resistance reading shows up on the meter’s screen.

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Measuring resistance using Digital Ohmmeter
1. Use the resistance setting to measure resistors after disconnecting them. To measure
resistance, the multimeter sends a small amount of current to the object you’re testing and gives you its
resistance in ohms. Make sure you disconnect the thing you’re measuring so it’s not linked to a power
source.

• If you don’t turn off the power, you could damage your multimeter.

• Measure the resistance in things like switches or a motor.

2. Insert the black test lead in COM and the red test lead in the Ω terminal. Stick the black test lead’s
plug into the COM terminal. The red test lead’s plug goes into the terminal labeled Ω, which is the symbol
for ohms, the unit that resistance is measured in.

• The Ω sign is likely linked with the V sign, meaning the terminal to measure ohms and voltage is
the same.
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3. Locate the area represented by the resistance sign. Look for the Ω symbol on your multimeter’s
dial area, which will show the numbers for resistance. Twist the dial until it’s in this section.

4. Set the dial to a number above the resistance that’s expected. To do this, it helps to know the
rough amount of resistance of the thing you’re testing. For example, if you’re testing a wire, the number
will be closer to zero because wires don’t have much resistance, while a piece of wood is much more
resistant. Twist the dial to a number more than the expected resistance.

• For example, if you’re measuring the resistance of something you think will have 1,000 ohms, you
would set the dial to 2,000.

• The Ω values will range from 200 to 2 million ohms, depending on the specific type of multimeter.

• If you're not sure what the expected resistance will be, set the dial to a high number and keep
twisting it down until you get a precise reading.

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5/ Place the probes on the resistor to test the amount of resistance. Touch the tips of the probes
onto each end of the resistor. Look at the multimeter’s digital screen to see the reading, which will tell
you the amount of resistance in ohms.

• If your multimeter is just reading “1,” you might need to increase the value of ohms measured by
turning the dial so your reading can be more specific.

• Write down the reading if needed, noting the correct unit.

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Measuring Resistance Using Analog Ohmmeter

1. Set the knob to ohm (Ω).

2. Check the pointer of the multi tester if it is set to infinite.

3. Set the multi-tester to the desired range. You can set the pointer initially at zero Ω by connecting the
two leads of the instrument and adjusting the knob to be exactly zero.

4. Measure the resistance of the component being measured. The reading is equivalent to the scale
reading multiplied by the number indicated at the set range. Ranges are Ωx1, Ωx10, Ωx100, Ωx10k and
Ωx1k
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ANALOG AND DIGITAL
MILLIAMMETER
An ammeter (from ampere meter) is a measuring instrument used to measure the current in a circuit.
Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. Instruments used to measure smaller
currents, in the milliampere or microampere range, are designated
as milliammeters or microammeters.

USE DIGITAL MULTIMETER AS MILLIAMMETER

1. Find the current of circuits by measuring in amps. Amps, short for ampere, is the unit of electrical
current. This will tell you how much electricity is flowing through a certain circuit.

• Measuring the amperage of something is useful because it can tell you whether that object is
pulling too much energy, draining your electricity.

2. Place the black test lead in COM and the red test lead in the correct Amps option. The black plug
goes into the COM terminal. Your multimeter likely has two terminals for amps: one for currents up to 10
amps (10A) and one that measures up to roughly 300 milliamps (300mA). If you’re not sure of the range
of amperage you’re measuring, place your red plug in amps instead of milliamps.

• You can switch to milliamps for a more precise reading if necessary.

• As long as you’re measuring something under the max amperage (10A), then your
multimeter will work.
• The red plug will either go in amps or milliamps, labeled with A or mA.
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3. Locate the Amps setting and turn the multimeter's dial to it. Look for the A that stands for Amps.
Twist the dial on the multimeter until it's on this setting to measure the current.

• Some multimeters have two A's, one for alternating current (used for residential power and is
represented by the wave sign) and one for direct current (used in batteries and wires and is
represented by a horizontal line with a dotted line under it). Direct current is the one that's most
used for this reading.

• Turn the dial to 10A for the best reading.

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4. Cut the wires using a wire cutter. This is called breaking the circuit, and it turns your multimeter into
an ammeter, which measures current. Use wire cutters to cut the wire you’re testing in half. If your wire
has insulation on it, strip off roughly 0.5 in (1.3 cm) of insulation towards the end of each cut using the
wire cutters.

• If you don’t break the circuit by splicing the wires, you could blow a fuse and won’t get an accurate
reading.

• In some instances, avoid cutting the wire by disconnecting one wire and touching the ammeter to
the bare wire end as well as the pole of the circuit.

5. Splice in the multimeter to give you an accurate reading. Hold one probe to one split end of wire,
and the other probe to the other split end. Use alligator clips to hold the probes and wires together so
your hands are free. Read the number on the multimeter to tell you the amps or milliamps. When
the wires are properly touching the red and black probes, the multimeter should come up with an
amperage reading. Write this number down so you don’t forget it, if desired.

• "Splicing in the multimeter" means that you're connecting the multimeter to the current going
directly through the wires.

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 USE ANALOG MULTIMETER AS MILLIAMMETER

To measure actual current on an analog multimeter, build another circuit that is passing through 4, 10M
ohm resisters, that close the circuit on your power source. Place your meter connections on the positive
end of the circuit between the last resister and the power source. This will give you a reading of the
current moving through the circuit flowing from negative to positive. To compare, check each resister
from pole to pole and record your readings. You will notice, as you move from one circuit to another, the
actual current increases the higher up the circuit you travel. As resistance increases, so does the
movement of the current. One resister reading is going to be less current, than reading the poles from a
second consecutive resister. These applications can be applied to any circuit board to test for failed
components.

Your multimeter will also have two or three ports for plugging in the probes (pictured above):

• The COM port stands for “Common”, and the black probe will always plug into this port.

• The VΩmA port (sometimes denoted as mAVΩ) is simply an acronym for voltage, resistance, and
current (in milliamps). This is where the red probe will plug into if you’re measuring voltage,
resistance, continuity, and current less than 200mA.

• The 10ADC port (sometimes denoted as just 10A) is used whenever you’re measuring current
that’s more than 200mA. If you’re not sure of the current draw, start with this port. On the other
hand, you would not use this port at all if you’re measuring anything other than current.
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