ENERGY CONVERSION II

EEE 205
Avijit Saha
Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, UIU

Construction & Operation of AC Machines

DC Machine VS AC Machine
Advantages of Stationary Armature
 It is easier to insulate stationary windings for high
voltages for which the alternators are usually
designed. This is possible because they are not
subjected to centrifugal forces and also extra spaces
are there to do the necessary insulations.
 The stationary 3-phase armature can be directly
connected to load without going through large,
unreliable slip rings and brushes.
 Only two slip rings are required for dc supply to the
field winding on the rotor. Slip rings and brush gear
are of lighter construction.
 Due to simple and robust construction of the rotor, it
can move with higher speed and thus increased
output is obtainable from a machine of given
dimension.
Synchronous Generator
 Synchronous generators or alternators are
synchronous machines used to convert mechanical
power to ac electrical power.
 In a synchronous generator, a dc current is applied
to the rotor winding, which produces a rotor
magnetic field.
 The rotor of the generator is then turned by a prime
mover, producing a rotating magnetic field within the
machine.
 The rotating magnetic field induces a three-phase
set of voltages within the stator windings of the
generator.
Reasons for Need of Synchronous
Generator
 Dual voltages can be obtained from three phase
supply; for example, 380 V three phase line voltage
for heavy power applications and 220 V single phase
voltage for domestic and light current applications
 It is economic to use three phase power, only three
conductors are required to transmit three-phase
currents for balanced three-phase load compared with
six conductors for three single phase loads.
 A rotating magnetic field will be produced when three
phase currents are fed to the stator of a 3-phase
induction motor, thus providing cheap and convenient
mechanical power for industry
 The synchronous generator can generate leading
power factor kVA which can compensate the lagging
power factor of the power transmission system
Generation Scenario
 95% of total generation is obtained from Synchronous
Generator or Alternator.
 The generation voltages range from 10 kV to 20 kV.
 The size of the large generators ranges from 100 MW to
2500 MW.
 In Bangladesh most of generators are gas-turbine and
steam-turbine generators.
 At present, a large number of small generators (in the
order of 10 MW) have been installed to meet the
emergency need.
Construction of Alternator
Stator
Rotor
Salient and Non-salient Pole Rotor

 The rotor of a synchronous generator is essentially

a large electromagnet.
 The magnetic poles on the rotor can be either of
salient or non-salient construction.
 The term salient means “protruding” or “sticking
out”.
 A salient pole is a magnetic pole that sticks out from
the surface of the rotor.
 On the other hand, non-salient pole is a magnetic
pole constructed flush with the surface of the rotor.
Salient Pole
Salient Pole Three Phase
Synchronous Generator

Finish

Phase Winding
N
Start Start

Stator of synchronous
Generator
Finish Finish
S

Start
Non-salient Pole
Cylindrical Rotor Synchronous
Generator

Stator Winding
Finish

Rotor winding
Start Start fed with D.C.
current

Stator of synchronous
Generator
Finish Finish

Start
Rotor
Non-salient poles
are used in high
speed alternators
(1500/3000 rpm). 2
or 4 poles.

Salient poles are

used in low and
medium speed
alternators (120-400
rpm). 4 or higher
poles.
Complete Alternator
 Voltage Induced in a Synchronous
Generator
  m sin(t )
Position of Rotor shaft
minimum rotating
flux a wm
α=wt
b

c
Stator Coil
t=0 Stationary
a
d

Position of
maximum
d
flux
Voltage Induced in a Synchronous
Generator

  m Sin  t
φ
eind  eab  ebc  edc  ead
 2   m Cos t

eind  N c   m Cos t

wt
Voltage Induced in a Synchronous
Generator
Voltage Induced in a Synchronous
Generator
Voltage Induced in a Synchronous
Generator
Voltage Induced in a Synchronous
Generator
Voltage Induced in a Synchronous
Generator
Wave Shape of Induced Voltage
(2 Pole)
Rotation Speed of Synchronous
Generator
 By the definition, synchronous generators produce
electricity whose frequency is synchronized with the
mechanical rotational speed.
nm P
fe 
120
 Steam turbines are most efficient when rotating at high
speed; therefore, to generate 50 Hz, they are usually
rotating at 3000 rpm and turn 2-pole generators.
 Water turbines are most efficient when rotating at low
speeds (200-300 rpm); so, they usually turn generators
with many poles.
How to Increase Frequency
How to Increase Frequency
How to Increase Frequency
Wave Shape of Induced Voltage
(4 Pole)
3 Phase 2 Pole Alternator

N
S

Time : t = 0
Red phase = 0 V
Yellow Phase = -86.6 V
Blue Phase = +86.6 V
3 Phase 2 Pole Alternator

N
S

Time : t = 30 Sec
Red phase = 50 V
Yellow Phase = - 100 V
Blue Phase = + 50 V
3 Phase 2 Pole Alternator

Time : t = 60 sec
S
Red phase = +86.6 V
Yellow Phase = -86.6 V
Blue Phase = 0 V
3 Phase 2 Pole Alternator

Time : t = 90 sec
S Red phase = +100 V
Yellow Phase = - 50 V
Blue Phase = - 50 V
3 Phase 2 Pole Alternator

Time : t = 120 sec

S Red phase = +86.6 V
Yellow Phase = 0 V
Blue Phase = -86.6 V
3 Phase 2 Pole Alternator

S Time : t = 150 sec

Red phase = +50 V
Yellow Phase = +50 V
Blue Phase = -100 V
3 Phase 2 Pole Alternator

S
Time : t = 180 sec
Red phase = 0 V
Yellow Phase = +86.6 V
Blue Phase = -86.6 V
3 Phase 2 Pole Alternator

S
N

Time : t = 210 sec

Red phase = -50 V
Yellow Phase = +100 V
Blue Phase = -50 V
3 Phase 2 Pole Alternator

N Time : t = 240 sec

Red phase = -86.6 V
Yellow Phase = +86.6 V
Blue Phase = 0 V
3 Phase 2 Pole Alternator

Time : t = 270 sec

N
Red phase = -100 V
Yellow Phase = +50 V
Blue Phase = +50 V
3 Phase 2 Pole Alternator

N Time : t = 300 sec

Red phase = -86.6 V
Yellow Phase = 0 V
Blue Phase = +86.6 V
3 Phase 2 Pole Alternator

N Time : t = 330 sec

Red phase = -50 V
Yellow Phase = -50 V
Blue Phase = +100 V
3 Phase 2 Pole Alternator

N
S

Time : t = 360 sec

Red phase = 0 V
Yellow Phase = -86.6 V
Blue Phase = +86.6 V
Four pole Salient Pole
Synchronous Generator
 A four pole synchronous generator is a repetition of the
two pole generator
 For four pole generator, the rotor consists of four
magnetic poles
 Since there is a total of four magnetic pole reversal for
every one revolution of the rotor, the speed of the four
pole machine is only half of that of the two pole machine
for the same voltage output
 There are six winding coils installed in the stator for a
four pole generator, as compared with a set of three
winding coils for a two pole generator
3 Phase 4 Pole Alternator

S
N

S Time : t = 0
N

Red phase = 0 V
Yellow Phase = -86.6 V
Blue Phase = +86.6 V
3 Phase 4 Pole Alternator

S
N

Time : t = 60
S Red phase = +86.6 V
Yellow Phase = -86.6 V
Blue Phase = 0 V
3 Phase 4 Pole Alternator

N
N

Time : t = 120
S Red phase = +86.6 V
Yellow Phase = 0 V
Blue Phase = -86.6 V
3 Phase 4 Pole Alternator

Time : t = 180
N

Red phase = 0 V
Yellow Phase = +86.6 V
Blue Phase = -86.6 V
3 Phase 4 Pole Alternator

N
S

Time : t = 240
N Red phase = -86.6 V
Yellow Phase = +86.6 V
Blue Phase = 0 V
3 Phase 4 Pole Alternator

S
S

Time : t = 300
Red phase = -86.6 V
N
Yellow Phase = 0 V
Blue Phase = +86.6 V
3 Phase 4 Pole Alternator

Time : t = 360
N
S

Red phase = 0 V
Yellow Phase = -86.6 V
Blue Phase = +86.6 V
4 Pole Cylindrical Rotor Alternator

Stator

Winding

Rotor
winding
Voltage Induced in 3-phase Machines

 If three set of coils are placed at 1200 apart,

then the expression for generated voltage is
given by,
ea  Em sin  t
eb  Em sin ( t  1200 )
ec  Em sin ( t  2400 )
Relation between Electrical &
Mechanical Degree (2 Pole)
Relation between Electrical &
Mechanical Degree (4 Pole)