Physics 2 Revision booklet

Electricity
Q = Ne
Ohm’s law
V = IR
Kirchoff’s Laws
1. At any node (junction) in an electrical circuit, the sum of currents flowing into that node is equal to
the sum of currents flowing out of that node

2. The algebraic sum of the products of the resistances of the conductors and the currents in them in a
closed loop is equal to the total emf available in that loop.

Power
P = IV
Resistor Networks
Reff = R1 + R2
1/Reff = 1/R1 + 1/R2
Capacitance
C=Q/V
C= ε0 εrA/d
Ceff = C1 + C2
1/Ceff = 1/C1 + 1/C2
Wheatstone Bridge
R1/R2 = R3/R4
Potential Dividers
Vout = VinR2/(R1+R2)
Transformers
Vs = Vp (Ns/Np)
Transistors
Gain = CC/BC
Useful formulae from mechanics
Kinetic Energy
1
K.E. = mv2
2
centripetal force=m v2/r
Fields
Gravitational Field Strength
g = F/m
M
g=G
d2
Newton’s Law of Gravitation
Mm
F=G
d2
Kepler’s Third Law

2 4 π2 R3
T =
G Ms

Electricic Field Strength

E = F/q
E=V/d
Field Strength between plates of a capacitor
E=σ/ ε0
Coloumb’s Law
1 Qq
F=
4 π ε0 d 2

Electric field around a point charge

1 Q
E=
4 π ε0 d 2

Magnetic Force on a Wire

F = BIL (sinθ)
Magnetic force on a moving charge
F = Bqv (sinθ)
Torque on a coil in a magnetic field
T = F*d = BILNd
Velocity Selector Equation
E
v=
B
Thermodynamics and Gases
Laws of Thermodynamics

Universal gas law

P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2
Ideal Gas Equation
PV=NkT=nRT
Specific Heat Capacity

Graph Drawing tips

Graph Commandments

1 Thou shalt always include a title for your graph

2 Thou shalt draw your graph in pencil with a ruler.
3 Thou shalt use all thy graph paper, choosing an appropriate scale.
4 Thou shalt label your axes.
5 Thou shalt always give units.
6 Thou shalt not draw bar graphs, unless asked!
7 Thou shalt not play dot-to-dot with thy data points: draw a line of best fit!
ELECTRICITY AND FIELDS REVISION QUESTIONS

Electricity
1) How many elementary particles are needed to make a total charge of 60 mC?

2) If you have a set of plates with 3.7 x 1015 elementary charges on them what is the total charge on the
plates?

3) Use the diagram and formula for the potential divider in your notes to work out the output voltage (Vout)
when the supply voltage (Vin) = 12 V, R1 = 100 Ω and R2 = 200 Ω.
4) What is the formula for this Wheatstone bridge when it is balance condition? What is the voltage across
the Galvanometer G when balance occurs? When balanced the value of R2 is 30.31 Ohm. Find the value of
Rx if R1 = 100 Ohm and R3 = 80 Ohm.

5) Given that in a Wheatstone bridge circuit that Vout = Vsupply x R2/

(R1+R2) find the value of Vout where Vin = 240 mV, R1 = 50Ω and
R2 = 100Ω.

6) In a Wheatstone bridge designed to measure an unknown resistor balance condition is reached when Rx =
R2 x R3/R1. If R1 = 190kΩ, R2 = 210kΩ and R3kΩ = 200 what is the value of Rx?

7) What is the current gain of an amplifier when the base current 20 μA is and the collector current is 3mA.

8) If the current gain of an amplifier is 200 and the base current is 130 mA what is the collector current?
9) What is a Transformer? In a step down transformer the primary voltage is 240 V and the secondary
voltage is 12 volts, what is the turns ratio?

10) If a transformer has primary voltage 20kv and the number of turns on the primary side is 100 and on the
secondary side is 2000 what is th

11) 1. Use Kirchhoff's Laws to find the internal resistance of the cell.

12) Use Kirchhoff's to find the reading V on the voltmeter and the value of the unknow resistor R.
 A

13) ) The circuit shows four arrangements A, to D of three 1μF capacitors.

(5) What is the total capacitance between the point a and b in this circuit?
Fields
(ε0 = 8.85 × 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 )

1) What is the force between two particles of charge 3.2 x 10 -19 C separated by 100µm ?

2) What is the electric field at a point 1 mm from a point charge of 10 mC?

3) A set of parallel metal plates has a charge of ±0.001 C and an area of 20cm2. What is the electric field
between the plates?

4) A wire of length 20cm carrying a current of 15mA is subjected to a perpendicular magnetic field . If the
wire experiences a force of 2N what is the strength of the magnetic field?
5) The coil in a electric motor has 100 turns and each loop dimensions of 10cm by 5cm. If 100mA flows
through the wire and it is subjected to a magnetic field of 2T what is the maximum torque on the wire?

6) A velocity selector is set with an electric field 3 N/C and a magnetic field of 10mT what is the kinetic
energy in Joules of the emergent particles of mass 9.1 x 10-31? What is the KE in eV?

Gases and Thermodynamics

1. State the 4 laws of thermodynamics.

2. Explain the Assumptions used to define an ideal gas.

3. What is 60oC in K?

o
4. A cylinder contains gas at a pressure of 700atm at a temperature of at 57 C. Assuming volume is
o
constant, what will the pressure be at 80 C.

5. A balloon contains gas a 1atm, 200cm3 and 21oC. It travels upwards and its new volume is 250cm3
and its temperature falls to 17oC. What is the pressure?
There is just one long question in this section and it is worth 20 marks. Make sure you answer all parts of the
question.

You are advised to spend about 20 minutes on this section

The Circuit above was used to collect measurements of the current through and Potential difference across
an unknown piece of material labeled as the ‘Eureka Wire’. The table below shows the results of this
experiment.

Current/A Potential Difference/V

1 3.0

2 6.0

3 8.2

.4 12.0

5 15.1

6 18.1

7 21.9

.8 25.2

(a) Use the table to plot a graph of Potential difference against current, with current on the X-axis. Draw your graph
on the graph paper provided on the next page.
(10 Marks)
(b) Use your graph to estimate the resistance of the ‘eureka wire’ between 1 A and 6A. (2 Mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Are there any anomalies in these results? State which value of current you may consider repeating a
measurement for (2 Mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) Explain the shape of the graph after 6A of current flows through the wire. What has happened to the resistance
and why? (3Mark)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(e) The Eureka wire is now replaced by a new wire made with the same material but with half the cross sectional
area and twice as long. Use your answer to part (b) to estimate the resistance of this wire between 1A and 6A.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(3 Mark)
ELECTRICITY AND FIELDS REVISION Answers

Electricity
1) How many elementary particles are needed to make a total charge of 60 mC?
Q=Ne N=Q/e=3.75*10^17

2) If you have a set of plates with 3.7 x 1015 elementary charges on them what is the total charge on the
plates?

5.92*10^-4C

3) Use the diagram and formula for the potential divider in your notes to work out the output voltage (Vout)
when the supply voltage (Vin) = 12 V, R1 = 100 Ω and R2 = 200 Ω.

Vout = VinR2/(R1+R2) Vout = 12*200/(100+200)=8V

4) What is the formula for this Wheatstone bridge when it is balance condition? What is the voltage across
the Galvanometer G when balance occurs? When balanced the value of R2 is 30.31 Ohm. Find the value of
Rx if R1 = 100 Ohm and R3 = 80 Ohm.

R1/R2 = R3/R4 Rx=30.31*80/100= 24.25ohms

5) Given that in a Wheatstone bridge circuit that Vout = Vsupply x R2/

(R1+R2) find the value of Vout where Vin = 240 mV, R1 = 50Ω and
R2 = 100Ω.

Vout= 240*100/150=160V

6) In a Wheatstone bridge designed to measure an unknown resistor balance condition is reached when Rx =
R2 x R3/R1. If R1 = 190kΩ, R2 = 210kΩ and R3kΩ = 200 what is the value of Rx?

Rx=210*200/190= 221.1ohms

7) What is the current gain of an amplifier when the base current 20 μA is and the collector current is 3mA.

Gain = CC/BC=150

8) If the current gain of an amplifier is 200 and the base current is 130 mA what is the collector current?

26A
9) What is a Transformer? In a step down transformer the primary voltage is 240 V and the secondary
voltage is 12 volts, what is the turns ratio?

240/12= 20:1

10) If a transformer has primary voltage 20kv and the number of turns on the primary side is 100 and on the
secondary side is 2000 what is Vs?

Vs = Vp (Ns/Np)=400kV

11) 1. Use Kirchhoff's Laws to find the internal resistance of the cell.

10=0.3(7+r) r=26.33Ohms
12) Use Kirchhoff's to find the reading V on the voltmeter and the value of the unknow resistor R.

V=7.5V
R=6Ohms
E=22.5V

13) ) The circuit shows four arrangements A, to D of three 1μF capacitors.

A 0.33uF B 3 Uf c 1.5uF d 0.67uF

(5) What is the total capacitance between the point a and b in this circuit?

2.19uF

Fields
(ε0 = 8.85 × 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 )

1) What is the force between two particles of charge 3.2 x 10 -19 C separated by 100µm ?

1 Qq
F= 9.09*10^-20N
4 π ε0 d 2

2) What is the electric field at a point 1 mm from a point charge of 10 mC?

1 Q
E= 8.99*10^13 N/C
4 π ε0 d 2

3) A set of parallel metal plates has a charge of ±0.001 C and an area of 20cm2. What is the electric field
between the plates?
E=σ/ ε0 = (0.001/20*10-4)/ ε0=5.64*10^10N/C
4) A wire of length 20cm carrying a current of 15mA is subjected to a perpendicular magnetic field . If the
wire experiences a force of 2N what is the strength of the magnetic field?

B=F/IL=666.7T

5) The coil in a electric motor has 100 turns and each loop dimensions of 10cm by 5cm. If 100mA flows
through the wire and it is subjected to a magnetic field of 2T what is the maximum torque on the wire?

T=BNILd= 0.1Nm

6) A velocity selector is set with an electric field 3 N/C and a magnetic field of 10mT what is the kinetic
energy in Joules of the emergent particles of mass 9.1 x 10-31? What is the KE in eV?
V=E/B= 300m/s KE=0.5Mv^2= 4.1*10^-26J or 2.56*10^-7eV

Gases and Thermodynamics

1. State the 4 laws of thermodynamics. From notes

2. Explain the Assumptions used to define an ideal gas.

Distance between particles much larger than particles

Elastic collisions with walls of container/other particles
Ignore forces between molecules

3. What is 60oC in K?
333K
o
4. A cylinder contains gas at a pressure of 700atm at a temperature of at 57 C. Assuming volume is
o
constant, what will the pressure be at 80 C.
PV/T=const P1/T1=P2/T2 T2*P1/T1= (80+273)*700/(57+273)= 748.8atm

5. A balloon contains gas a 1atm, 200cm3 and 21oC. It travels upwards and its new volume is 250cm3
and its temperature falls to 17oC. What is the pressure?
P2= P1V1T2/T1V2=0.789atm