III.

ANALYTIC GEOMETRY PART 1

Cartesian Coordinate System:

x = abscissa ; y = ordinate ; O = origin

Example: Plot the following points.

a. P(3, 5) b. P(-4, 4)
c.P(-5, -2) d. P(6, -3)

Mid-point, Slope and Distance between two points

𝑦1 + 𝑦2 𝑥1 + 𝑥2
a.Mid-point: y = 2
x= 2

b. Distance Between Two Points

D = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
c. Slope of a line, m m=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

d. Division of line segment

𝑥1 𝑟2 + 𝑥2𝑟1 𝑦1 𝑟2 + 𝑦2 𝑟1
x= 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
y= 𝑟1 + 𝑟2

e. Area of triangle by connecting the given 3 points:

𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), 𝑃3 (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
A = 2 |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
f. Area of connecting the given 4 points of square, rectangle and parallelogram.
𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), 𝑃3 (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ), 𝑃4 (𝑥4 , 𝑦4 )
To solve the area, just take only 3 out of 4 points. (points 1, 2, 3 or 2, 3, 4 or 3, 4, 1)
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
A = |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
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STRAIGHT LINE
Line – is a locus of a moving points so that it is always equidistant to two fixed points.

General Equation: Ax + By + C = 0

Standard Equations:
1. Point - slope form 2. Two – point slope form
Given: 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and slope “m” Given:Two points 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) ;𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

𝑦 −𝑦
y - 𝑦1 = m(x - 𝑥1 ) y- 𝑦1 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 (x- 𝑥1 )
2 1

Where: m = slope b = y- intercept a = x- intercept

3. Slope Intercept Form 4. Intercept Form

𝑥 𝑦
y = mx + b + =1
𝑎 𝑏

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PROPERTIES OF LINES

1.Distance Between Point and a Line 2. Distance between two parallel lines
Given: Line: Ax + By + C = 0 Given: Line 1: Ax + By + 𝐶1 = 0
Point: 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) Line 2: Ax + By + 𝐶2 = 0

𝐴𝑥1+ 𝐵𝑦1 +𝐶 𝐶2 − 𝐶1
𝑑= √𝐴2 +𝐵2
𝑑= √𝐴2 +𝐵2

3. Angle between two lines 4. Parallel lines

If two lines are parallel, their slope are equal.
𝑚2 − 𝑚 1
tan 𝜃 = 𝑚2 = 𝑚1
1+ 𝑚1 𝑚2

5. Perpendicular Lines
If two lines are perpendicular, the slope of a line is equal to the negative reciprocal of the other.

1
𝑚2 = − 𝑚
1

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CARTESSIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM
1. Given two points: 𝑃1 (1, 2) and 𝑃2 (5, 6). Compute the following:
A. Mid-point B. Slope C. Distance between two points
2. Find the area of the triangle with vertices P(1, 2), Q(3,6) and R(6,1).
A. 22 B. 11 C. 32 D. 35

LINE EQUATION and PROPERTIES

1. Find the slope of the line defined by y – x = 5
A. 5 + x B. -1⁄2 C. 1⁄4 D. 1
2. Find the equation of a line with slope = 2 and y- intercept = -3
A. y = -3x + 2 B. y = 2x – 3 C. y = 2/3 x + 1 D. y = 2x + 3
3. Find the equation of the line that passes through the points (0, 0) and (2, -2)
A. y = x B. y = -2x + 2 C. y = -2x D. y = -x
4. Find the angles between the lines y = 3x + 1 and y = 5 – 2x.
A. 135° B. 45° C. y = 45° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 225° D. 45° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 135°

CONIC SECTION
A conic section is any one of several curves produced by passing a plane through a cone
General Equation of conic:
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F= 0

CIRCLE
Is locus of points which moves so that it is always equidistant
to a fixed point called center. The constant distance is known
as Radius.

General Equation: Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F= 0

Where A=C
Standard Equations:
1. Equations of circle with center origin
x2 + y2 = r2
2. Equation of circle with equation at (h,k)

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 (x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = r2
where r= radius of circle
Properties:
1. Eccentricity = 0

PARABOLA
Is locus of points which moves so that it is always equidistant to a fixed point called Focus and a
fixed line called Directrix

General Equations:
Ax2 + Dx + Ey + F= 0
Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F= 0

1. Standard equations, vertex at origin

Opening left y2= 4ax Opening right y2= 4ax

Opening upward x2 =4ay Opening downward X2= 4ay

2. Standard Equations with vertex at (h,k)

Opening upward (x-h)2 - 4a(y-k)
Opening downward (x-h)2 - 4a (y-k)
Opening right (y-k)2= 4a (x-h)
Opening left (y-k)2 = -4a(x-h)

Properties of Parabola
a. the eccentricity, e = 1.0 or unity

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b. Length of lactus rectum = 4a
c. Distance from vertex focus =a
e. Distance from focus to ends of lactus rectum =2a
f. Axis of symmetry or parabolic axis equation
A. For horizontal axis: y=k
B. For vertical axis: x=h
g. Ratio and Proportion of Parabola
A. For horizontal axis: Y12 / Y22 = X1 / X2
B. For vertical axis: X12 / X22 = Y1 / Y2
h. Area bounded by lactus rectum and parabola
A= 8/3 a2

Shortcut FORMULA In solving the vertex (h,k) and "a" of the parabola
For Horizontal: Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F= 0
h= (E2 - 4CF ) / 4CD
For Vertical: Ax2 + Dx + Ey + F= 0
h= -D/ 2A k= ( D2- 4AF) / 4AE

CIRCLE
1. What is the radius of the circle defined by x 2+ y2 -4x + 8y = 7
A. √3 B. 2√5 C. 3√3 D. 4√3
2. The circles x2 + y2 = 20 and (x-6)2 + (y-3)2 = 5 are tangent. Determine the equation of the
common tangential line of the two circles.
A. 3x + 2y = 4 B. y= -2x+10 C. 3y= 5x-2 D. -5x + 2y = 5

PARABOLA
1. For a given parabola, x2- 4x -16y-12=0 ,find
A. the vertex
B. the length latus rectum
C. the area bounded by parabola and the latus rectum
D. the equation of axis symmetry
2. Find the equation of the parabola with vertex (0,0) and directrix at x=2.
A. x2= 8y B. x2=-y C. y2=8yD. y2= -8x

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 III.ANALYTIC GEOMETRY PART 2

ELLIPSE
is locus of points which moves so that the sum of its distances from two fixed points
called Foci is equal to the length of major axis 2a.

Standard Equations:
1. Standard Equation with center at origin

x2 y2
With major axis horizontal: + =1
a2 b2
x2 y2
With major axis vertical: 2 + =1
b a2
a = semi-major axis b = semi-minor axis
2. Standard Equation with center at (h,k)

2 2
(x-h) (y-k)
Horizontal axis: + =1
a2 b2

(x-h)2 (y-k)2
Vertical axis: + =1
b2 a2

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Properties of Ellipse
c
a. a is always greater than b b. The eccentricity, e = ; (e <1)
a
a
c. Distance from center to focus = c = ae d. Distance from center to directrix =
e
2b2
e. a= √c2 +b2 f. Length of latus rectum =
a
g. Major axis = 2a h. Minor axis = 2b
i. Distance between foci = 2c j. Distance between vertex = 2a
Shortcut formula in solving the Center (h,k) and a & b of ellipse: Ax2+Cy2+Dx+Ey+F = 0
-D E
h= k=− a = √C b = √A
2A 2C

HYPERBOLA
is locus of points which moves so that the difference of its distances from two fixed point
called the Foci is equal to the length of transverse axis 2a.

General Equations: Ax2 - Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 Cy2 - Ax2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Standard Equations:
A. Standard equation with center at origin
x2 y2
Axis Horizontal: − =1
a2 b2
y2 x2
Axis Vertical: − =1
a2 b2

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B. Standard equation with center at (h,k)

(x-h)2 (y-k)2
Horizontal axis: − 2 =1
a2 b

(y-k)2 (x-h)2
Vertical Axis: − 2 =1
a2 b

Properties of Hyperbola
a. a is not always greater than b b. a2 is always the denominator of the
positive term
c
c. The eccentricity, e = ; (e >1.0) d. Distance from center to focus =
a
c=ae=√a2 +b2
2
a 2b
e. Distance from center to directrix = f. Length of latus rectum =
e a

g. Equation of asymptotes y – k = b/a (x-h) h. Transverse axis = 2a

i. Conjugate axis = 2b j. Distance between foci = 2c
k. Distance between vertex = 2a

INCLINED AXIS
General Equation of inclined axis: Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Testing of equations using DISCRIMINANT:
1. B2 – 4AC = 0, then the equation is PARABOLA.
2. B2 – 4AC = negative, then the equation is ELLIPSE.
3. B2 – 4AC = positive, then the equation is HYPERBOLA.