SEASONAL VARIATION AND WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF BHAIRAB

RIVER IN KHULNA, BANGLADESH

M. Jabed Iqbal1, M. Abdur Rahim2, Debashis Sarker3 and M. Rafizul Islam4

1
Research Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering &
Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh. E-mail: mdjabediqbal1001096@gmail.com
2
Research Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering &
Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh. E-mail: mrrahim1084@gmail.com
3
Research Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering &
Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh. E-mail: samsarker840@gmail.com
4
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering &
Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh. E-mail: imrafizul@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

The world is facing problems with a wide variety of pollutants both inorganic and organic in nature.
Healthy soil, clean water and air are the soul of life. Often soil, water and air are no longer clean and
pure, but pose human health risks. Bhairab receives huge quantities of untreated sewage, agricultural
runoff, brings lot of pesticides, fertilizer, street washouts bringing oil, asphalt, sediment and many
types of heavy metals. From industrial effluents to domestic discharge, the river becomes more of a
flowing dumping yard. The physicochemical 16 parameter in water of river Bhairab were assessed to
know about the water quality in its catchment area. Water samples were collected from 10 location
during Summer and Rainy 2013. This paper deals with determination of seasonal variation and mean
of the results obtained were compared with Bangladesh (ECR 1997) and WHO (2004) standards for
H
drinking water. The physicochemical parameters such as chloride, p , dissolved oxygen, hardness,
sulphate, chromium, copper, zinc, TKN and lead were in compliance with Bangladesh (ECR 1997)
and WHO (2004) standards. Turbidity was above the standards.

Keywords: Water quality, Physicochemical parameters, Seasonal variation, Bangladesh and WHO
Standard.

INTRODUCTION

Bhairab River is a river in south-western Bangladesh. It passes through Khulna, dividing the city into
two parts. Bhairab River originates from Tengamari border of Meherpur District and passes through
Jessore town (Geology 2010). The evaluation of water quality in developing countries has become a
critical issue in recent years, especially due to the concern that fresh water will be a scarce source in
the future. Water quality is commonly defined by its physical, chemical, biological and aesthetic
characteristics (Abdul, 2010; Arvind et al., 2011; Sukhdev, 2012; Agbaire et al., 2009; Shalom et al.,
2011). A healthy environment is one in which the water quality supports a rich and varied community
of organisms and protects public health (Adekoyeni and Salako, 2012; Afejuwon and Adelakun,
2012). Majority of water pollutants are however in the form of chemicals which remain dissolved or
suspended in water and give an environmental response which is not acceptable (Krishna and
Mohini, 2012; Hagan et al., 2011; Yisa and Jimoh, 2010). Sometimes physical and biological factors
also act as pollutants (Shrivaraju, 2012; Karikari and Ansa-Asare, 2006). Among the physical factors,
heat and radiation are important which have marked effects on organisms (Kousar et al., 2010).
Certain microorganisms present in water especially pathogenic species, cause diseases of man and
animals and can be referred to as bio-pollutants (Chetna et al., 2006; Oladele et al., 2011; Romulus et
al., 2012; Adejuwon and Adelakun, 2012; Ibiene et al., 2012; Prakash and Somashekar, 2006). The
greatest microbial risks are associated with ingestion of water that is contaminated with faeces from
humans and birds (Ivana et al., 2012). Faeces can be a source of pathogenic bacteria, viruses,
protozoa and helminthes which causes water borne diseases (WHO, 2011; Momba et al., 2006).
Changes in normal appearance, taste or odor of a drinking water supply may signal changes in the
quality of the raw water source or deficiencies in the treatment (WHO, 2011; Singth, 2007). Pollution
of rivers is mostly experienced as a result of industrial discharge, municipal waste disposal and
surface run off (Chuima et al., 2009; Taiwo et al., 2012). Indiscriminate and uncontrolled discharges of
wastes into rivers impact negatively on river, ecosystems and human health (Oladele et al., 2011). In
effect, physicochemical and microbiological pollution parameters of the Bhairab River in Khulna
District are lacking. It was therefore, necessary to investigate physicochemical parameters of this river
in order to evaluate how the water supply may influence infection and disease health implications.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Shamsuddin and Alam (1988) examined on significant variation in water properties between the non-
industrial and the industrial sections of the Sitalakhya River and they found significant differences
between the industrial and the non-industrial stretches in both dry and wet seasons and hence,
provide an indication of the extent of pollution in the industrial section. Trivedy (1990) examined on
river water pollution. He revealed that pollution of a river first affects its chemical quality and them
systematically destroys the community the delicate food web Diverse use of the river are seriously
impaired due to pollution and even the polluters like industry suffer due to increased pollution of the
river. Alam, et. al. (1997) investigated the effects of pollutants of Zia Fertilizer Factory discharged into
the river water of the Meghna. They found that the values, however, are well within the allowable
values both in the dry season and rainy season and rainy season. Agrawal (1995) studied on 29
Indian rivers which reveals, all river water is unfit for human from human settlements account for four
times as much as industrial effluents.

OVERVIEW OF STUDY AREA

Ten monitoring Locations were selected between Fultala Bus-stand and Maniktala of the course of
Bhairab river in Khulna, Bangladesh covering a stretch of about 12 km. A brief description of all of the
monitoring Locations (1-10) is presented here. Sampling Location 1 (Fultala Bus-stand) is located 9.5
km upstream of the Fulbarigate (Location 8, one of the most congested points in Bhairab river in
Khulna). Location 2 (Damodar Purpopara) is located 8.5 km upstream of Fulbarigate. Sampling
Location 3(Damodar) is located 7.5km, Location 4 (Amtala Ghat) is located 6.5 km upstream, Location

Figure 1. Location of Different Sampling Sites of River Bhairab in Khulna, Bangladesh.

5(Atra Afil Mills) is located 5 km upstream, Location 6(Munzir Ahmed Road, Maomdanga) is located 4
km upstream, Location7 (Badamtala) is located 2 km upstream, Location 8 is Fulbarigate, Location 9
(Senpara) is located 1km downstream and Location 10 (Maniktala) is located 2 km downstream of the
Location 8 shown in Figure 1. All the sampling Locations are selected on the basis of uses. These are
the busiest points where people use for receiving and sending goods. Local people use the Location
for the departure from one place to another. So there are huge possibilities for the pollution of water
from the Launch, goods carrying troller etc. Sampling Location 7,8 and 10 are significantly polluted
from the solid wastes discharge from the mills located near the bank of the river.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Assessment of Parameters

The water samples were collected during a two-seasons (rainy and summer 2013) simultaneously
from all the 10 locations across the width of the river at a distance of about one-third its width from the
river bank and at a depth of 30–40 cm below the water surface. One sample was collected from every
point at each time. The sample mass collected in each case was about 500 g. The collected samples
were transported to the Environmental Engineering Laboratory of Khulna University of Engineering &
-
Technology (KUET) at Khulna, Bangladesh. The required 16 parameters (BOD 5, Cl , pH, DO, TS,
-2
Alkalinity, Hardness, Turbidity, SO4 , Cr, MPN, Cu, TP, Zn, TKN, Pb ) were analyzed as per the
procedure laid down in Standard Methods (APHA et al.1995).

Testing of water parameters

For laboratory investigations, standards tests were performed on the collected water samples to find
out the concentrations. Chloride by potentiometric titration method using silver nitrate solution,
alkalinity by titration method, hardness by EDTA titrimetric method as per the standard method (APHA
et al.1995). In addition, pH and turbidity were measured by pH meter (HACH, Model No. Sension 156)
0
and turbidity meter, respectively. Moreover, total solid (TS) dried at 103-105 C was determined in the
laboratory as well as Dissolve Oxygen (DO) and BOD 5 were determined by BOD meter (HACH,
Model No. HQ40d) as per the standard method (APHA et al.1995). Total Phosphorus was measured
2-
by using Calibration Curve, Sulfate (SO4 ) by SulfaVer 4 method and Cupper (Cu) using
spectrophotometer (HACH, DR/2500). In contrary, Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr) were measured by
using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) Standard Solution pre-concentration period for
7 days.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The amount of oxygen required by micro-organisms to oxidize organic wastes aerobically is called
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). According to ECR-1997 the acceptable limit is 0.2 mg/L. The
average BOD5 concentration was 1.10 mg/L in Summer and 5.30 mg/L in Rainy(Table 1).This value
exceed the standard limit. The abrupt change of concentration in summer and rainy seasons is shown
in figure 2. Chlorides are leached from various rocks into the soil and water by weathering. The main
source of chloride in surface water is due to atmospheric precipitation, animal feeds, septic tanks, use
of inorganic fertilizers and landfills leachate. The observed range of chloride varied from 25.1 to 200.0
mg/L which was below the accepted WHO limit of 250 mg/L. Chlorides levels might be attributed to
land fill leachate. The low levels of chloride during rainy season might have been caused by dilution
due to the high water levels. The pH of the water samples in the study areas ranged from 6.66 to 7.93
indicating it is within the range of 6.55 to 8.5 set by WHO. Thus, the pH of the river would not
adversely affect its use for domestic and recreational purposes. It was observed that pH values are
higher during summer season and may be due to increased photosynthesis blooms of cyanobacteria
and other algae in River Bhairab resulting into the precipitation of carbonates from bicarbonate. A
slight drop in pH value was observed at the sampling Locations 2 and 10. This may be attributed to
the influx of acidic waste entering the river from an adjacent coffee factory. pH has profound effects
on water quality affecting the solubility of metals, alkalinity and hardness of water. The survival of
aquatic organism is also greatly influenced by the pH of water bodies in which they are found. This is
because most of their metabolic activities are pH dependent. Dissolved oxygen concentration is a
remarkable Indicator of water pollution (Basavaraddi et al., 2012). Fish and other aquatic animals
depend upon DO, which dependent on the water temperature. The maximum DO in water was
 Table 1: Seasonal Variation at Concentration of Water Quality Parameters of Different Sampling Sites of Bhairab River.

Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 Location 6 Location 7 Location 8 Location 9 Location 10
Water Quality
Parameters S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R
BOD5 1.12 5.67 0.81 5.4 0.5 5.13 0.73 3.94 0.91 4.96 1.48 5.7 0.93 6.67 1.18 5.41 0.81 3.99 1.73 8.2
Chloride 150.0 25.1 100.0 26.0 150.0 27.1 150.0 26.45 150.0 27.1 100.0 26.8 100.0 27.11 100.0 26.98 100.0 27.6 200.0 28.18
H
P 7.67 7.71 7.02 7.7 7.72 7.68 7.93 7.59 7.91 7.68 7.68 7.66 7.78 7.71 7.83 7.72 7.93 7.68 6.66 7.71
Dissolved
6.67 6.02 6.48 5.7 6.54 5.72 6.27 3.81 6.49 5.21 6.88 5.75 6.74 7.58 6.65 7.38 6.59 6.99 2.72 9.27
Oxygen
Total Solid 140.0 171.0 60.0 172.0 110.0 175.0 150.0 171.0 50.0 172.0 90.0 173.0 140.0 185.0 120.0 186.0 170.0 191.0 350.0 177.0
Alkalinity 100.0 24.0 80.0 20.0 80.0 19.0 65.0 24.0 75.0 23.0 80.0 21.0 65.0 13.0 75.0 20.0 75.0 24.0 70.0 18.0
Hardness 166.7 18.7 241.0 19.0 203.7 18.9 277.7 19.8 185.2 18.71 259.3 19.1 203.7 19.1 166.7 18.77 222 19.1 203.7 18.12
Turbidity 61.3 76.1 72.6 75.0 234 74.1 181 76.11 125 75.31 195 74.3 182 70.11 226 70.91 151 70.8 117 71.12
Sulfate 8.0 26.0 6.0 27.0 7.0 26.0 5.0 27.0 8.0 27.0 8.0 24.0 7.0 25.0 5.0 25.0 6.0 26.0 12.0 25.0
Chromium 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.035 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.045 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.01
MPN 32.0 23.0 40.0 19.0 59.0 48.0 37.0 27.0 45.0 36.0 56.0 47.0 65.0 53.0 91.0 89.0 82.0 77.0 62.0 48.0
Copper 0.80 0.09 0.85 0.1 0.77 0.1 0.9 0.1 1.0 0.08 0.91 0.1 0.72 0.09 0.82 0.08 0.91 0.07 0.95 0.08
Total
0.28 0.19 0.32 0.25 0.35 0.27 0.26 0.16 0.4 0.29 0.2 0.13 0.16 0.09 0.22 0.12 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.27
Phosphorus
Zinc 0.12 0.04 0.15 0.1 0.22 0.1 0.28 0.12 0.24 0.17 0.21 0.01 0.16 0.08 0.14 0.07 0.25 0.11 0.22 0.17
TKN 1.05 1.02 1.02 1.0 0.95 0.6 0.99 0.88 0.89 0.79 1.02 1.0 1.14 1.11 0.82 0.67 1.08 0.98 1.18 1.06
Lead 0.014 0.011 0.01 0.012 0.019 0.014 0.024 0.012 0.022 0.013 0.025 0.018 0.019 0.011 0.016 0.009 0.03 0.021 0.028 0.022
Note: BOD5= biochemical oxygen demand, TKN= total Kjeldhal nitrogen, MPN= Most Popular Number, S= Summer Season, R= Rainy Season.

All units are in mg/L, except pH (unitless), turbidity (NTU) and MPN/ 100 mL
 Summer Season Rainy Season Summer Season Rainy Season
9 250
8
7 200
Concentration (mg/L)

Concentration (mg/L)
6
150
5
4
100
3
2 50
1
0 0

Station Station

BOD5 Chloride
Summer Season Rainy Season Summer Season Rainy Season
250 400
Concentration (NTU)

350
200
300

Concentration (mg/L)
150 250
200
100
150

50 100
50
0 0

Station Station

Turbidity Total Solid

Summer Season Rainy Season Summer Season Rainy Season
120 300
Concentration (mg/L)as CaCO3

Concentration (mg/L)as CaCO3

100 250

80 200

60 150

40 100

20 50

0 0

Station Station

Alkalinity Hardness
Summer Season Rainy Season Summer Season Rainy Season
0.3 0.03
Concentration (mg/L)
Concentration (mg/L)

0.25 0.025

0.2 0.02

0.15 0.015

0.1 0.01

0.05 0.005

0 0

Station Station

Zinc Lead
Figure 2: Variation in Concentration of Same Water Quality Parameter at Different Location.
 Summer Season Rainy Season Summer Season Rainy Season

1000 1000

100 100
Concentration

Concentration
10 10

1 1

0.1 0.1

0.01 0.01

Water Quality Parameter Water Quality Parameter

Location-1 Location -3
Summer Season Rainy Season Summer Season Rainy Season

1000 1000

100 100

Concentration
Concentration

10 10

1 1

0.1 0.1

0.01 0.01

Water Quality Parameter Water Quality Parameter

Location -4 Location -5
Summer Season Rainy Season Summer Season Rainy Season

1000 1000

100 100
Concentration
Concentration

10 10

1 1

0.1 0.1

0.01 0.01

Water Quality Parameter Water Quality Parameter

Location -6 Location -7
Summer Season Rainy Season Summer Season Rainy Season

1000 1000

100 100
Concentration
Concentration

10 10

1 1

0.1 0.1

0.01 0.01

Water Quality Parameter Water Quality Parameter

Location -9 Location -10

Figure 3: Seasonal Variation of Different Water Quality Parameters at Location 1,3,4,5,6,7,9 and 10
observed at Location-10 i.e.9.27 mg/L and minimum at Location-10 i.e. 2.72.mg/L. No significant
seasonal variation was observed in total solids (130 mg/L in Summer and 170 mg/L in Rainy) and the
values were lower than the drinking water standard level (Table 2). The various ionic species
contribute mainly to alkalinity includes bicarbonates, carbonates, hydroxides, phosphates, borates,
silicates and organic acids. In some cases, ammonia is also accountable to the alkalinity. In the
present study alkalinity ranged from 13.0 to 100.0 mg/L as CaCO3 indicating moderately alkaline
nature of water. The deviation from neutrality to alkalinity could be due to the bicarbonates,
carbonates and silicates which dissolved in water from mineral rich soil. The high values of alkalinity
observed during summer season could possibly result from many alkaline materials being washed
into the different section of the river. Hardness ranged from 18.12 to 277.70 mg/L as calcium
carbonate .The value of hardness indicates that water is hard and is within the acceptable limits of
Bangladesh Standard (ECR 1997). Turbidity is caused by suspended particles or colloidal matter that
obstructs light transmission through the water. Microorganisms (bacteria, viruses and protozoa) are
typically attached to particulates, hence the more turbid the water, the greater the chances of water by
WHO. The high values of turbidity are possibly due to effects of runoff water and discharge from
coffee factories borne disease. From results the turbidity of the water sample ranged between 61.3 to
234.0 NTU. These values exceed the acceptable limits set which carries with them several
compounds (bacteria, suspended solids, hydrocarbons and heavy metals). These compounds can
impede the rays of light entering the River. This effect can influence the dissolved oxygen level in
water bodies. This is possible because suspended particles absorb sunlight and increase the
temperature of the water and this reduces the oxygen level of such water. The inhibited rays of
sunlight by suspended particles can influence the rate of photosynthetic activity and thus reduce the
dissolved oxygen level of water borne diseases.

Table 2: Mean Value Comparison With Bangladesh and WHO standards.

Mean Value Standard Value

Water Quality Summer Season Rainy Season Bangladesh WHO
Parameters (ECR 1997) (2004)
BOD5 1.02 0.551 0.2 -
Chloride 130.0 26.857 150-600 250.0
pH 7.613 7.683 6.5-8.5 -
Dissolved Oxygen 6.203 6.339 6.0 -
Total Solid 138 177.3 - -
Alkalinity 76.5 20.6 - -
Hardness 212.972 18.94 200-500 -
Turbidity 154.49 73.405 10.0 5.0
Sulphate 7.2 25.8 400.0 250.0
Chromium 0.041 0.023 0.05 0.05
MPN 56.9 46.7 - -
Copper 0.863 0.089 1.0 2.0
Total Phosphorus 0.275 0.206 - -
Zinc 0.199 0.093 5.0 3.0
TKN 1.014 0.911 1.0 -
Lead 0.0203 0.0143 0.05 0.01
Note: All units are in mg/L, except pH (unit less), turbidity (NTU) and MPN/ 100 mL

The values were within acceptable range of WHO and Bangladesh Standards. The high values
observed during summer season might be due to surface runoff. In the absence of dissolved oxygen,
nitrate and sulphate serve as a source of oxygen for biochemical oxidation produced by anaerobic
bacteria. Under anaerobic conditions, sulphate ion is reduced to sulphide which establishes
equilibrium with hydrogen ion to form hydrogen sulphide. The presence of hydrogen sulphide leads to
corrosion of pipes. The average Cr concentration was 0.03 mg/L in Summer and 0.02 mg/L in Rainy
(Table 1). The chromium concentration was lower than the standard level for drinking water (0.05
mg/L) proposed through Environment conservation rules (ECR, 1997). The Cu content also does not
exceeded the drinking water standard level. Wastewater is relatively rich in phosphorus compounds.
Phosphorus is a nutrient used by organisms for growth. It occurs in natural water and wastewater
bound to oxygen to form phosphates. Phosphates come from a variety of sources including
agricultural fertilizers, domestic wastewater, detergents, industrial process wastes and geological
formations. The average total phosphorus concentration was 0.3 mg/L in Summer and 0.23 mg/L in
Rainy Season. No significant seasonal variation was observed in Zn content (0.18 mg/L in Summer
and 0.10 mg/Lin Rainy) and the values were lower than the drinking water standard (5 mg/L) level
(Table 2). Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen (TKN) is the sum of organic nitrogen and ammonia in a water body
and is measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L). The observed TKN values ranged from 0.6 to 1.08 mg
/l. The average concentration of Pb was higher in Summer (0.018 mg/L) than that in Rainy season
(0.012 mg/L).

CONCLUSION

This study has provided information about the water quality status of the Bhairab River. The overall
pollution load was significantly higher in Summer than in Rainy season. The Bhairab river near Khulna
consisting heavy water traffic was severely polluted. Cr, Pb, Zn, Phosphorus, TKN, and MPN evolved
as main pollutant for both the seasons, might be linked to their point source of pollution, for instance
cable industry of Badamtala area for Cr and jute industries of Maniktala, as well as leaded urban
runoff for Pb. Untreated industrial discharges and domestic waste water of urban households may
influence the overall pollution load to Bhairab River.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to thank Sayed Ahsan Ali, Assistant Technical Officer and Sarder Shahidul
Alam, Principal Laboratory Assistant of Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil
Engineering, KUET for their direct help.

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