AP - Ts Vi Math Integrated 2020-21

Sl.No. NAME OF THE CHAPTER Pg.No.
1. NUMBER SYSTEM 02 - 39
2. GEOMETRY 40 - 60
3. STATISTICS 61- 69
4. ALGEBRA 70 - 85
5. MENSURATION 86 - 94
6. COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC 95 - 106
 
VI - CLASS 2 INTEGRATED - MATHS
1. NUMBER SYSTEM
We live with numbers. Is it an exaggeration to say so ? Think how many times

in a day you use numbers. For instance, let us see the below cases like :
India won the match by 60 runs and 3 wickets, Neha stood first by scoring the
maximum marks, I bought this pen for Rs.5 etc.,
 Natural numbers (N) :
Numbers form an essential constituent of Mathematics. The very first stage of learning
Mathematics begins with counting of objects from 1 onwards. As such, the counting
numbers (starting from 1) are called Natural numbers.
We denote the set of natural numbers by N.
Thus, we have N = {1,2,3,4,..................}.
The dots in the end indicate that the process of counting is endless and there are
infinite number of natural numbers.
Note :
(i) The first and least natural number is ‘1’
(ii) Any natural number can be obtained by adding 1 to its previous number.
 Whole numbers (W) :
All natural numbers together with ‘0’ are called whole numbers.
We denote the set of whole numbers by ‘W’ .
Thus, we have W = {0,1,2,3,4,5,................}
Clearly, every natural number is a whole number but the converse is not true since
‘0’ is a whole number but not a natural number.
Also, the smallest natural number is 1, while the smallest whole number is ‘0’.
 Successor and Predecessor :
1. Who is the successor of Saurav Ganguly as captain of Indian Cricket
team ?
Ans : Mahendra Singh Dhoni.
2. Who is the predecessor of Mahendra Singh Dhoni as captain of Indian
Cricket team ?
Ans : Saurav Ganguly.
Eg: The successor of 16 =16 + 1= 17 and 96=96+1= 97
RAVINDRA BHARATHI GROUP OF SCHOOLS

So, the successor of a given number is obtained by adding 1 to the given number.
Similarly, the predecessor of a number is the number obtained by subtracting 1
from it.
Eg: The predecessor of 17 = 17 – 1= 16 and 25= 25 – 1=24
 Important Properties :
(i) Sum or product of any two whole numbers is again a whole number.
(ii) For any whole number a,
a +0 =0 + a = a and a x 1 = 1 x a = a.
So ‘0’ is called Additive Identity in the set of whole numbers and ‘1’ is called
Multiplicative Identity in the set of whole numbers.
(iii) Division by zero is not defined.
INTEGERS
We know that when a smaller whole number is subtracted from a larger whole
number, we get a whole number.
But, what about 2 – 7, 5 – 9, 8 – 11 etc ?
Clearly, none of these represent a whole number. Thus, corresponding to
natural numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, ....... etc,we introduce new numbers denoted by –1, –2,
–3, –4, –5, –6 ........... etc called minus one, minus two, minus three, minus four,
minus five, minus six etc. respectively such that,
1+(–1) = 0; 2+(–2) = 0; 3+(–3) = 0; 4+(–4) = 0 and so on.
–1 and 1 are called the opposite of each other.
–2 and 2 are called the opposite of each other.
Thus, we get a new set of numbers given by Z={..., –4, –3, –2, –1, 0,1, 2, 3,.... }
These numbers are known as Integers. We denote the set of integers by I or Z.
The numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6 ....... etc are known as Positive Integers,
while the numbers –1,–2,–3,–4........... are known as Negative Integers.
‘0’ is an Integer which is neither positive nor negative.
Integers are represented by + or – sign (eg + 4, –6 etc)
So, they are also known as directed numbers. We write,
(i) a decrease of 50 as an increase of –50
(ii) a loss of Rs.200 as a gain of Rs. –200

 Representation of Integers on number line :
Draw a line. Mark a point ‘0’ on it almost in the middle of it. We call it zero. Now, set
off equal distances on the right as well as on the left of ‘0’. On right hand side label
the points of division as +1, +2, +3, ......... etc. while on left hand side these are
labelled as –1,–2,–3,–4 etc., as shown as below:
< >
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
Thus, we can represent every integer on this line. The arrows at the two ends
of the number line indicate that it extends infinitely in both the directions.
 Comparison of Integers :
Rule : If we represent two integers on the number line, then the integer occurring
on the right is greater than that occurring on the left.
Eg : (i) +5 > +3 since +5 is to the right of +3 on the number line.
(ii) –1> –2 since –1 is to the right of –2 on the number line.
(iii) On the number line, 0 lies on the left of every positive integer.
 ‘0’ is less than every positive integer..
(iv) On the number line, 0 lies on the right of every negative integer.
 ‘0’ is greater than every negative integer..
(v) On the number line, every negative integer lies on the left of every positive
integer.
 Every negative integer is less than every positive integer..
(vi) The greater is the integer the lesser is its negative. We know that 5 > 4
but –5 < – 4.
 Absolute value of an integer :
The absolute value of an integer ‘a’ is the numerical value regardless of its sign.
We denote it by |a|.
a  a, if a  0
 a, if a  0
Thus, |–7| = 7; |7| = 7; |0| = 0; |–9| = 9 ;|–5| = 5 ; |5| = 5

 Operations on Integers :
I. Addition of Integers :
Rule 1: The sum of two positive integers is a positive integer obtained by taking
sum of the numerical values of the addends.
Eg : (i) (+5) + (+7) = + (5+7) = 12
(ii) (+132) + (+98) = + (132+98) = 230
Rule 2 : The sum of two negative integers is obtained by giving the negative sign
to the sum of their numerical values.
Eg : (i) (–4) + (–7) = –(4+7) = –11
(ii) (–72) + (–48) = –(72+48) = –120
Rule 3 : To add a positive and a negative integer, we find the difference between
their numerical values and give the sign of the integer with greater numerical
value.
Eg : (i) (–74) + (+49) = –(74 – 49) = – 25
(ii) (–36) + (+81) = + (81– 36) = + 45
PROPERTIES OF ADDITION OF INTEGERS
I. Closure property for addition of Integers :
 a, b  Z , a  b  Z
Eg :
(i) + 3  Z, +7  Z, and (+3) + (+7)= +10  Z
(ii) –1  Z, –6  Z and (–1) + (–6) = –7  Z.
II. Commutative Property for Addition of Integers:
 a, b  Z , a + b = b + a
Eg :(i) (–3) + (+7) = + 4 and (+7) + (–3)= + 4
(ii) (–3) + (+7) = (+7) + (–3)

III. Associative Law for Addition of Integers:
 abc
, ,  Z , a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
Eg : [(+3) + (+9)] + (–2) = + (3+9) + (–2)= + 12 + (–2) = +10.
(+3) + [(+9) + (–2)] = (+3) + [+ (9–2)] = (+3) + (+7) = +10.
 [(+3) + (+9)] + (–2) = (+3) + [(+9 )+ (–2)]

IV. Additive Property of ‘0’ :
For all a  Z, we have a + 0 = 0 + a = a
Eg : (+7)+0= 0 + (+7) = 7
V. Additive Inverse of an Integer :
For every integer a, we have a + (–a) = 0
We call a and –a as the additive inverse to each other.
Eg: Additive inverse of 5 is –5 and –5 is 5.
VI. Subtraction of Integers :
 a, b  Z we define
a–b = a+(–b) = a+ (additive inverse of b)
Eg : (i) (–3)–(+7) = –3+(–7)= –10
(ii) (–6) – (–2) = (–6)+2 = –4
 Properties:
1. The difference of two integers is always an integer.
2. For any two different integers a and b, we have a–b  b–a
3. For any integers a,b,c , (a–b) –c  a–(b–c)
4. If a is an integer then, a–0 = a and 0–a = –a.
5. –(–a) = a i,e additive inverse of –a is a.
Eg : The sum of two integers is –27. If one of them is –9, find the other.
Sol : Let the other integer be ‘x’ then
(–9) + (x) = – 27
x = – 27+9
x = –18

MULTIPLICATION OF INTEGERS
 Rule 1: The product of two integers with the same sign is a positive integer obtained
by multiplying the numerical values of the given integer.
Eg : (+6) x (+3) = +18
(–7) x (–4) = + 28
 Rule 2 : The product of two integers with different signs is the negative of the
integer obtained by multiplying the numerical values of the given integers.
Eg : (i) (–5) x (+3) = – (5x3) = –15
(ii) (+4) x (–8) = –(4x8) = –32
 Properties of Multiplication of Integers :
I. Closure property : The product of any two integers is again an integer.
Eg : –7x –5 = 35 here –7,–5  Z
II. Commutative property :  a, b  Z , we have a x b = b x a
i,e (–3) x (+7) = (–7) x (+3)
III. Associative property:  abc

, ,  Z , we have a x (b x c) = (a x b) x c
i,e [(+3) x (+4)] x (–5)= (+3) x [(+4) x (–5)]
– 60 = – 60
IV. Multiplicative Property of 1: For every integer ‘a’ , we have ax1= 1xa = a
Eg: (i) (+3) x 1 = +3 (ii) (–2)x1 = –(2x1) = –2
V. Multiplicative Property of ‘0’ : For every integer a,we have ax0 = 0xa = 0 .
Thus,
Eg: (i) (+5) x 0 = 0 (ii) (–3) x 0 = 0

VI. Distributive Law of Multiplication Over Addition :
, ,  Z , we have a × (b+c) = (a×b) + (axc)

 abc
For Example, (+3) x [(+4)+(–5)] = (+3) x (–1) = –3
[(+3)x(+4)] + [(+3) x (–5)] = (+12) + (–15) = –3
 DIVISION OF INTEGERS :
Rule 1 : The quotient of two integers with the same sign is a positive integer
obtained by dividing the numerical value of the dividend with the numerical
value of the divisor.
15
Eg : (i) (+15) ÷ (+5)=  = +3
5
20
(ii) (–20) ÷ (–4)=  = +5
4
Rule 2 : The quotient of two integers with different signs is the negative of the
integer obtained by dividing the numerical value of the dividend with the
numerical value of the divisor.
32
Eg : (ii) (+32) ÷ (–8) =  = –4
8
36
(ii) (–36) ÷ (+12) =  = –3
12
PROPERTIES OF DIVISION OF INTEGERS:
1. The quotient of two integers need not be an integer.
4
Eg : + 4  Z and + 5  Z but  Z.
5
2. For every non-zero integer a, we have a ÷ a = 1
3. For every non-zero integer a, we have o ÷ a = 0
4. For unequal non-zero integers a and b, we have a ÷ b  b ÷ a.
5. For unequal non-zero integers a,b,c, we have (a ÷ b) ÷ c  a ÷ (b ÷ c)

ROMAN NUMERALS
In earlier classes we have learnt about Roman numerals. These numerals can still be
found on the faces of clocks, on chapter heading etc. There are seven basic Roman
numerals.
Roman Symbol I V X L C D M
Meaning 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000
There is no symbol for zero in the Roman System and it does not use the
concept of place value.
Rules to be observed while converting Roman numerals into numbers :
1. When a letter is used more than once we add its value each time to get the number.
Eg: (i) III = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
(ii) XXX = 10 + 10 + 10 = 30
(iii) MM = 1000 + 1000 = 2000
Note: 1. The same symbol is not repeated more than 3 times together.
2. The symbols V,L and D are never repeated.
2. When a symbol of smaller value is written to the left side of a symbol of larger value
the smaller value should be subtracted from the larger value.
Eg: (i) IV = 5 – 1 = 4 ; (ii) XL = 50 – 10 = 40
3. When a symbol of smaller value is written to the right side of a symbol of larger
value, the smaller value should be added to the larger value.
Eg: (i) VI = 5 + 1 = 6
(ii) LX = 50 + 10 = 60

Note : 1. V,L and D are never subtracted.
2. I can be subtracted from V and X once only. X can be subtracted from

L and C once only. C can be subtracted from D and M once only.
Thus, I or V is never written to the left of L or C. L is never written to
the left of C.
3. With the help of the symbols I,V,X,L,C we can write numbers upto 399.
4. When a bar is used above the Roman numerals it indicates that Roman
numeral is to be multiplied by 1000.
Eg: V = 5 x 1000 = 5000
Ones
Hindu Arabic S ystem 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Rom an S y stem I II III IV V VI V II V III IX
Tens
Hindu Arabic System 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Roman System X XX XXX XL L LX L XX L XXX XC C
HINDU ARABIC NUMBER SYSTEM
 The number system used today has taken hundreds of years to develop. Originally
developed in India by ancient Hindu Mathematicians about 1500 years ago and carried
later to the West by the Arabs, got the name Hindu-Arabic number system.
 In this system any number can be written with the help of the symbols
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. These symbols are called digits.
 As we already know that number is an idea or concept but the representation of a

number by a group of digits is called a numeral. Expressing a number in numerals is
called numeration.
 Our numeration system uses ten basic symbols 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 (called digits)
and the idea of place value. Each place represents ten times the one which is
immediately to its right. The following table illustrates the pattern of values assigned
to symbols in the various place value positions.

 We use place - value system to represent a number. For a given numeral, we start from
the extreme right as Units, Tens, Hundreds, Thousands, Ten - Thousands, Lakhs, Ten -
Lakhs, Crores, Ten - Crores etc.,
 To write numbers, we use Indian Place Value Chart as shown below.
Periods Crores Lakhs Thousands O nes

Ten T en Ten
Indian Place Crore s Lakhs T housands Hundre ds T e ns O ne s
Crore s Lakhs T housands
Value C hart © (L) (T h) (H ) (T ) (O )
(T -C) (T -L) (T -T h)
(i) 5 4 8 2
(ii) 4 9 3 6 7
(iii) 8 5 3 1 2 0
(iv) 3 2 0 6 5 7 9
(v) 2 7 1 4 2 3 8 6 5
 Clearly the five numbers listed above in the place value chart may be read as under:
(i) If the given number is five thousand four hundred eighty two,
then 5482 = (5 x 1000) + (4 x 100) + (8 x 10) + (2 x 1)
(ii) If the given number is fourty nine thousand three hundred sixty seven,
then 49367 = (4 x 10000) + (9 x 1000) + (3 x 100) + (6 x 10) + (7 x 1)
(iii) If the given number is eight lakhs fifty three thousand one hundred twenty,
then,
853120=(8x100000)+(5x10000)+(3x1000)+(1x100)+(2x10)+(0x1)
(iv) If the given number is thirty two lakhs six thousand five hundred seventy nine,
3206579 = (3x1000000)+(2 x 100000) + (6 x1000)+(5x100)+(7x 10)+(9x1)
(v) If the given number is twenty seven crore fourteen lakhs twenty-three
thousand eight hundred sixty five then,
271423865 = (2 x 100000000) + (7 x 10000000) + (1 x 1000000) +
(4 x 1000000) + (2 x 10000) + (3 x 1000) + (8 x 100) + (6 x 10) + (5 x 1)
Note : Crores, Lakhs,Thousands,Hundreds, etc.,are known as periods.

 Place Value of a digit in a Numeral : Consider the number 46578,
Here the place value of 8 is 8 x 1 = 8
Face Value of a digit in a numeral is the digit itself.
 Place value of a digit = (Its face value) x (Value of the place)
 International System :
There are two commonly used methods to express a number in the Indian System
and the International System. In the International System, starting from the right,
the groups or periods are called ones, thousands, millions, billions, trillions, etc. Here
we will limit our study upto billions only.
The places in different periods are as under:
Ones : Ones, Tens, Hundreds
Thousands : Thousands, Ten thousands, hundred thousands
Millions : Millions, Ten millions, hundred millions.
Billions : Billions, Ten billions, hundred billions.
P e rio d s B illio n M illio n Th o u s a n d s O nes

Thousands
Thousands
Thousands
Ten Million
Ten Billion
Hundreds
Hundred
Hundred
Hundred
Places
Million
Million
Billion
Billion
Tens
ones
Ten
HB TB B . H M TM M. H . Th T. Th Th . H. T. O.
100000000
10000000
1000000
100000
10000
1000
100
10
By comparing the two Systems of Numeration, we can find that
One Hundred Thousands = 1 Lakh
One Million = Ten Lakhs
Ten Million = One Crore
One Billion = 100 Crores
Ten Billion = 1000 Crores

To write a numeral in the International System beginning from the right, commas,
are put after every three digits. Thus the number 28643501974 is written as
28,643,501,974.
So, we read
328, 712 as Three hundred twenty eight thousand seven hundred twelve.
7,632,681 – Seven million six hundred thirty two thousand, six hundred eighty one.
983,566,304 – Nine hundred eighty three million, five hundred sixty six thousand,
three hundred four. We can write,
(i) Thirty five lakh, six thousand two hundred forty using International
Place Value System as 35,06,240
So 3,506,240
Three million five hundred six thousand two hundred and forty.
BINARY SYSTEM
 To describe the number we generally use the following ten digits.
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 .
 We know that the system in which we use these ten digits to describe numbers is
called the decimal system. In the decimal system the ten digits written above are
called the base digits. Hence the decimal system is a base ten system.
 Only two digits 0 and 1 are used for computation in computers. This system is
called the Binary System (or the base - two system) as the base digits are only
two.
 Let us learn how to write numbers using the binary system.
 As analogous to the units place, tens place, hundreds place and so on in the decimal
system, we have in the binary system, the unit’s place, two’s place, four’s place, eight’s
place and so on. The following table gives the place value chart in the binary system:

One hundred
and twenty
Thirty twos
Sixty fours
Sixteens
eights
Eights
Fours
Twos
Units
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
2 7
2 6
2 5
2 4
2 3
2 3
2 1
0,1,10,11,100,101,110,111,....... are so on used few numbers in binary system
They are read as follows :
zero; one; one - zero; one - one; one - zero - zero; one - zero - one; one - one -
zero; one - one - one respectively.
 They are explicitly written as follows :
0(2), 1(2), 10(2), 11(2), 100(2) .........
The following chart shows numerals in the binary system along with their
corresponding numericals in the decimal system.
Binary system Decimal System

0 0
1 1
10 2
11 3
100 4
101 5
110 6
111 7
1000 8
1001 9
 Conversion of base-two numerals into base ten numerals:
We can understand this basing on the following examples :
(i) 1100(2) = 1 x 8 + 1 x 4 + 0 x 2 + 0 x 1 = 8 + 4 + 0 + 0 = 12
Here we used place value chart of Binary system.
(ii) 110011(2) =1 x 32 + 1 x 16 + 0 x 8 + 0 x 4 + 1 x 2 + 1 x 1 = 32+16+2+1= 51
(iii) 100011(2) = 1 x 32 + 0 x 16 + 0 x 8 + 0 x 4 + 1 x 2 + 1 x 1 = 32 + 2 +1= 35

WORKSHEET - I
1. Write the successor of 197 [ ]

(a) 198 (b) 1358 (c) 10889 (d) 79999
2. The sum of two integers is – 17. If one of them is 6 then the other is
[ ]
(a) –23 (b) +23 (c) – 11 (d)none of these
3. The sum 100 + (–60)+ (–30) is [ ]
(a) 10 (b) 190 (c) –160 (d) –130
4. One day on a hill, the temperature at 8 p.m was 2ºC but at midnight that
day it fell down to –3ºC. By how many degrees did the temperature fall ?
[ ]
(a) 5ºC (b) 1ºC (c) –1ºC (d)none of these
5. The value of 1 – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 – 6 + .............. + 19 – 20 is [ ]
(a) – 10 (b) 10 (c) 20 (d) –20
6. If p and q are two integers such that p is the predecessor of q, then the
value of p – q is [ ]
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) –2 (d) 2
7. DCLXVII represents [ ]
(a) 667 (b) 657 (c) 677 (d)none of these
8. The difference between the place value and the face value of 9 in the numerical
5798432 is [ ]
(a) 89991 (b) 8991 (c) 891 (d) 1
9. The number of four digit numbers is [ ]
(a) 9000 (b) 8999 (c) 8998 (d)none of these
10. The sum of first 5 natural numbers is [ ]
(a) 1110 (2) (b) 1111 (2) (c) 1001 (2) (d) 1000 (2)
11. 11100(2) + 10010(2) + 1100100(2) = [ ]
(a) 144 (b) 146 (c) 142 (d) 148
KEY
1. a 2. a 3. a 4. a
5. 4 6 a 7. a 8. a
9. a 10.b 11. b

FACTORS (DIVISORS)
 FACTORS:-
Each one of the natural number that divides a given number exactly (or with remainder
zero) is called a factor of the given number. A factor is also called a divisor.
Eg: We know that each of the numbers 1,3,5,15 divides 15 exactly. Therefore
1,3,5,15 are divisors of 15.
We know that each of the numbers 1,2,3,6,9,18 divide 18 exactly. Hence 1,2,3,6,9,18
are the factors of 18.
 Multiples:
The product we get when a number is multiplied by the numbers 1,2,3 ......... are
called the multiples of the given number.
Eg : (i) The numbers 6,12,18,24,30 ........... are the multiples of 6.
(ii) 5,10,15,20, .................. are the multiples of 5.
 Prime Numbers :
The natural number which have only one and itself as factors are called prime numbers
(or simply primes). The natural numbers which have factors other than 1 and itself
are called composite numbers.
Note:1 is neither prime nor composite.
Eg : (i) The numbers 2,3,5,7, ........... are first few primes since each of these numbers
has exactly two factors ‘1’ and the number itself.
(ii) 9, 10,12,15 are composite, since each of these numbers have factors other
than ‘1’ and the number itself.
 Common Factor :
When two or more numbers have the same number as factor, it is called a common
factor of those numbers.
Eg: Consider the numbers 18 and 24
Factors of 18 = 1,2,3,6,9,18
Factors of 24 = 1,2,3,4,6,8,12,24
Common Factors of 18 and 24 = 1,2,3 and 6.

 Highest Common Factor (HCF) :
The greatest number which is a common factor of two or more numbers is called
the highest common factor or H.C.F i.e., it is the greatest number that divides each
of the numbers exactly.
From the above example,
The greatest among the common factors is 6.
So HCF (18,24) = 6.
There are two methods which are commonly used to find the H.C.F of two or more
numbers.
(i) Prime Factorisation Method and
(ii) Continued Division Method
(i) H.C.F. by Prime Factorisation Method :
Step1: Write down the prime factorisation of each of the numbers.
Step 2: Select the common factors.
Step 3: Write the product of these common factors.
Eg: Find the H.C.F of 84 and 90.
2 84 2 90
2 42 5 45
3 21 3 9
7 7 3 3
1 1
84 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 7
90 = 2 x 3 x 3 x 5
The common factors are 2 and 3.
 HCF = 2 x 3 = 6

(ii) H.C.F by Continued Division Method :
This method of division was invented by the famous Greek Mathematician Euclid.
Divide the larger number by the smaller and then divide the previous divisor by the
remainder until the remainder is ‘0’. The last divisor is the H.C.F of the two numbers.
Eg : Find the H.C.F of 1044 and 1512.
1044)1512 (1
1044
468) 1044( 2
936
108) 468(4
432
36) 108 (3
108 H.C.F
0
Since 36 is the last divisor it is the H.C.F of 1044 and 1512.

 H.C.F of more than two numbers :
To find the H.C.F of more than two numbers we find the HCF of two, then the HCF
of the result and the third number, and so on. The final HCF is the required HCF.
Eg : Find the HCF of 2261, 3059 and 3325.
Step : 1 Step : 2
2261) 3059 ( 1 133) 3325 ( 25

2261 HCF 3325
798) 2261(2 0
1596
 H.C.F of 2261, 3059
665 ) 798 (1 and 3325 is 133
665
133) 665 ( 5
665
0
 Least Common Multiple (LCM): The Least Common Multiple of two or more
natural numbers is the least natural number that is a multiple of the given numbers.
Eg :
Multiples of 2 = 0,2,4,6,8,10,12, ..............
Multiples of 3 = 0,3,6,9,12,15,18 ............
Common multiples of 2 and 3 are 0, 6, 12, .......... The least common multiple
other than ‘0’ is 6. Since ‘0’ is multiple of all numbers we cannot use it as the LCM.
These are two methods, which are usually employed to find the LCM of given
numbers.

1. Prime Factorisation Method :
Eg : Find the LCM of 8, 12 and 18
8=2x2x2 2 appears for three times
12 = 2 x 2 x 3 3 appears for two times
18 = 2 x 3 x 3
LCM = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 = 72
 Procedure :
Step–1 : Express each number as a product of prime factors.
Step–2 : The product of the prime factors appear for the maximum number of
times is the LCM of the given numbers.
Eg: Find the LCM of 36,75 and 80.
Solution: 36 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 3 appears for two times
75 = 3 x 5 x 5 5 appears for two times
80 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 5 2 appears for four times
LCM = 3 x 3 x 5 x 5 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 3600
2. Division Method :
When there are several numbers we arrange the given numbers in a row in any
order. Then we divide by a number which divides exactly at least two of the given
numbers and carry forward the numbers which are not divisible. We repeat this
process till no two numbers have a common factor other than 1. The product of the
divisors and the remaining numbers is the LCM of the given numbers.
Eg : Find the LCM of 18, 24, 36, 45

2 18, 24, 36, 45
3 9 12 18 45
3 3 4 6 15
2 1 4 2 5
2 1 2 1 5
5 1 1 1 5
1 1 1 1
LCM = 2 x 3 x 3 x 2 x 2 x 5 = 360
Note:The divisors in all the lines should be prime numbers and the process of division is
continued till the line of quotients consists entirely of numbers prime to each other.

 Properties of H.C.F and L.C.M :
1. The H.C.F of given numbers is smaller than or equal to the smallest number.
Eg : HCF 8, 12, 16 is 4 and that of 3, 6 and 12 is 3.
2. The LCM of given numbers is greater than or equal to the largest of the numbers.
Eg : LCM 8, 12, 16 is 48 and that of 6, 9, 18 is 18
3. The HCF of two numbers a and b is a factor of the LCM of a and b. Likewise,LCM of
a and b is a multiple of HCF of a and b.
Eg : HCF of 12 and 15 is 3, and their LCM is 60. Clearly, 3 is a factor of 60. Also 60
is 20 times 3 ie., LCM 60 is a multiple of HCF 3.
4. If the HCF of two numbers is one of the numbers then the LCM of the numbers is
the other number.
Eg : HCF of 18 and 54 is 18 and their LCM is 54.
5. The LCM of two coprimes is equal to the product of the numbers.
Eg : HCF of 8 and 15 is 120 which is equal to their product 8 x 15.
6. The product of the HCF and LCM of two numbers a and b is equal to their product a x b.
i.e., LCM x HCF = Product of two numbers
Eg : HCF of 35 and 60 is 5 and their LCM is 420.
HCF × LCM = 5 x 420 = 2100
Also 35 x 60 = 2100
 Product of numbers = LCM × HCF

FRACTIONS
 Introduction :
1
Fractions indicate equal parts of a whole thing. means that one whole thing is
2
divided into 2 equal parts and one part out of these two parts is taken. Suppose,
1
when we share 1 apple between 2 children, each child would get of the apple.
2
The numbers such as one half, two thirds, one quarter, three fifths and four sevenths
1 2 1 3 4
etc are called fractional numbers and their symbols , , , , etc. are called
2 3 4 5 7
fractions.
 Fractions :
a
The numbers of the form , where a and b are whole numbers and b  0, are called
b
fractions. Here ‘a’ is called the numerator and b is called the denominator of the
a
fraction .
b
5
Eg: is a fraction with numerator = 5 and denominator = 7
7
 Types of Fractions:
1. Proper fraction:
A fraction in which numerator is less than the denominator is called a proper

fraction.
2 3
Eg: , etc.
5 7
2. Improper fraction:
A fraction in which numerator is greater than or equal to its denominator is called an

improper fraction.
In a fraction, if its numerator and denominator are equal then the value of the
fraction is unity.
5 16
Eg: , etc.
4 9

3. Mixed fraction :
A mixed fraction consists of two parts. They are:
(i) an Integer and (ii) a Proper Fraction
2 2
Eg: 4 is a Mixed Fraction, consisting of an Integer (4) and Proper Fraction   .
3 3
4. Like and Unlike Fractions:
Fractions having the same denominator but different numerators are called like
fractions. If denominators of the given fractions are not same, the fractions are
called unlike fractions.
3 1 7 3 2 3
Eg : , , etc.are like fractions; , , etc. are unlike fractions.
5 5 5 5 7 11
If the denominator of the fraction is other than 10 then such fractions are called
vulgar fractions.
3 3 5
Eg : , , etc.
5 11 9
5. Equivalent Fractions :If two or more fractions have the same value they are called
equivalent or equal fractions.
1 3 6 9
Eg : Fractions , , and
3 9 18 27
Note : The value of a fraction does not change if its numerator and the denominator
both are multipied or divided by the same non zero number.
4 4x2 8 4 8
Eg : (i) and   , are equivalent fractions.
7 7x2 14 7 14
15 15  5 3 15 3
(ii) and   & are equivalent fractions.
20 20  5 4 20 4
 Converting a Mixed Fraction into an Improper Fraction :
Multiply the integral part by the denominator and to this product, add the numerator.
The result so obtained is the numerator of the required fractions.
The denominator of the required fraction will be the same as the denominator of the given
mixed fraction.
Int egral Part  Denominator  Numerator

Improper Fraction =
Denominator
7
Convert mixed fraction 3 into improper fraction.
15
3  15  7 52
= 
15 15
 Converting the Improper Fraction into Mixed Fraction :
Divide the numerator by denominator.The quotient of this division is the integral

part and the remainder obtained is numerator of the required mixed fraction
and the denominator will remain the same.
23 Remainder 3
Eg : = Quotient 5
4 Denominator 4
 Converting Unlike Fractions into like Fractions:
Steps :1.Find L.C.M of the denominators of the given fractions.
2. Multiply numerator and denominator of each fraction by the same suitable

number so that the denominator of each fraction becomes equal to the LCM
obtained in step 1.
1 2
Eg : , L.C.M of 2, 3 = 6
2 3
1 3 2  2 3 4
,  , .
23 32 6 6
 Reducing a Fraction to its lowest terms :
Step 1. Find the H.C.F of its numerator and denominator.
Step 2. Divide each term (numerator and denominator both) by the HCF obtained in
step 1.

48
Eg: Consider the fraction
60
As the HCF of 48 and 60 is 12, divide both numerator and denominator by 12.
48 48  12 4
Thus  
60 60  12 5
 Comparing Fractions :
Comparing fractions means comparing their values i.e., to find out, which of the
given fractions has greater value and which has lesser value.
Step 1. Reduce the given fractions to like fractions.
Step 2. The fraction with greater numerator is greater.
3 4
Eg : Compare the fractions and
8 13
3 4
Cross multiply, as shown :
8 13
Here 3 x 13 = 39 and 8 x 4 = 32, And 39 > 32
 8  13
3 4
 OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS
I. Addition of Fractions :
a. Addition of like Fractions :
Sum of the numerators

Sum of like fractions =
Common deno min ator
5 2 52 7
Eg :   
9 9 9 9

b. Addition of Unlike Fractions :
Step 1 : Find the LCM of denominators of given fractions.
Step 2 : Convert the given fractions into equivalent like fractions with their
LCM as common denominator.
Step 3 : Add the like fractions so obtained.
Step 4 : Reduce the fraction obtained in step 3 to its lowest terms and convert
it into mixed numeral(if required).
II. Subtraction of Fractions :
a) Subtraction of like Fractions :
Difference of numerators
Difference of like fractions =
Common denominator
9 4 94 5
Eg : – = =
13 13 13 13
b) Subtraction of Unlike Fractions :
Step 1 : Find the LCM of denominators of given fractions.
Step 2 : Convert the given fractions into equivalent like fractions with their LCM
as common denominator.
Step 3 : Find the difference between the like fractions so obtained.
5 3 10  9 1 12  6  2;2  5  10 
Eg : 1. Find the difference :  = =  
6 4 12 12  12  4  3;3  3  9 
5 1
Eg : 2. Subtract 2 from 5
9 6
1 5 31 23 93  46 47 11
5 – 2 = – = = = 2
6 9 6 9 18 18 18

III. Multiplication of Fractions :
Product of the numerators

Product of Fractions =
Product of the denominators
a c ac
Thus, x =
b d bd
1 2 3
Note : Every natural number is a fraction. We may write 1 = ; 2 = ; 3 = etc.
1 1 1
Eg : Find the product
8 8 16 1
(i)  10   10  5
15 15 3 3
9 4 9 4 1 1 1
(ii)     
6 27 16 27 4  3 12
2 3 1 14 24 13 14  24  13 104 2
(iii) 4 3 2       34
3 7 6 3 7 6 376 3 3
 Reciprocal (or) Multiplicative Inverse of a fraction :
If two fractions are such that their product is 1, then each is called the reciprocal of
the other.
a b ab a b
Since,    1 , so, the reciprocal of is .
b a ba b a
Thus, to write the reciprocal of a fraction, we interchange its numerator and

denominator.
5 6
Eg : Reciprocal of is .
6 5
 DIVISION OF FRACTIONS
 Rule : In order to divide a fraction by another fraction, we multiply the dividend by
the reciprocal of the divisor.
5 2 5 7 5 1 5 1 2 7
Eg : 1.  =     1 (reciprocal of is )
14 7 14 2 2  2 4 4 7 2
3 11 98 56 98 15 98  15 21 1
2. 19 ÷ 3 =   x =  5 .
5 15 5 15 5 56 5  56 4 4

 Use of the operation ‘of’ :
1 1
We define of 4 = 4  = 2
2 2
5 5
Eg : of 49   49 = 35
7 7
 SIMPLIFICATION :
Numerical Expression :
 A combination of numbers connected by one or more of the symbols

+, –, x, ÷ and ‘of’ is called a numerical expression.
 On performing the operations involved in an expression, we obtain a value of

the expression and getting this value is known as simplication of the expression.
 For simplication of an expression, we must perform these operations strictly in

the following order :
(i) Bracket (ii) Of (iii) Division
(iv) Multiplication (v) Addition (vi) Subtraction
Be careful, we cannot change the order of these operations.
Remember the word ’BODMAS’ where,
B stands for ‘Bracket’
O stands for ‘Of’ (orders i.e, powers and square roots, cube roots, etc.,)
D stands for ‘Division’
M stands for ‘Multiplication’
A stands for ‘Addition’
S stands for ‘Subtraction’
Formula for GCD & LCM of fractions :
GCD of the numerators

1. GCD (HCF) of fractions =
LCM of the denominators
LCM of the numerators

2. LCM of fractions =
GCD of the denominators

WORKSHEET - II
1. Three big drums contain 36 litres, 45 litres and 72 litres of oil. What biggest
measure can measure all the different quantities exactly ? [ ]
a) 8 litres b) 9 litres c) 7 litres d) none of these
2. Prime factorisation of 252 is [ ]
a) 2x2x2x3x7 b) 3x3x3x3x7
c) 2x2x3x3x7 d) 2x3x3x3x7
3. H.C.F of 72, 120 and 192 is [ ]
a) 22 b) 20 c) 24 d) 26
4. The largest number which divides 245 and 1029 leaving remainder 5 in each case
[ ]
a) 12 b) 13 c) 15 d) 16
5. LCM of 21,28, 36, 45 is [ ]
a) 1250 b) 1260 c) 1270 d) 1280
6. The least number which when divided by 35,45 and 55 leaves the remainders
18, 28 and 38 respectively is [ ]
a) 3444 b) 3446 c) 3448 d) 3450
1
7. The sum of two numbers is 45. Their difference is of their sum. Their L.C.M is
9
[ ]
a) 100 b) 150 c) 200 d) 250
3 x
8. If is equivalent to then the value of x is [ ]
4 20
a) 15 b) 18 c) 12 d) none of these
3 2 5 7
9. The smallest of the fractions , , , is [ ]
5 3 6 10
2 7 3 5
a) b) c) d)
3 10 5 6

4 3 1
10. The sum of 2 ,1 and 3 is [ ]
5 10 5
3 3 3
10 10 10
2 3 1
11. 4 x 3 x 2 = [ ]
3 7 6
2 104
a) 34 b) c) both (a) and (b)d) none of these
3 3
1 2 3 4 5 6
12. 999 + 999 + 999 + 999 + 999 + 999 = [ ]
7 7 7 7 7 7
a) 2997 b) 5979 c) 5997 d) 5994
   
13. 1  1  1  1  1  1  =

[ ]
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
KEY
1. b 2. c 3. c 4. d
5. b 6. c 7. a 8. a
9. c 10.b 11. c 12. c
13. a
DECIMALS
 Decimal Fractions : The fractions in which the denominators are 10,100,1000 etc
are known as decimal fractions.
2 7 53
For example, , , etc. are all decimal fractions.
10 100 1000
Tenths (Decimal fractions with 10 as denominators)
1 2 3 4 9
Eg: = 0.1 ; = 0.2; = 0.3; = 0.4 .......................... = 0.9.
10 10 10 10 10

Note:
1. Hundredths (decimal fractions with 100 as denominator)
1 2 9 99
Eg : = 0.01; = 0.02; ................ = 0.09 , ................. , = 0.99.
100 100 100 100
2. Thousandths (decimal fractions with 1000 as denominator)
1 2 9 10
Eg : = 0.001; = 0.002 ; ................. = 0.009, = 0.10 etc.
1000 1000 1000 1000
1 1
Let us consider the mixed numeral 3 = 3+ = 3 + 0.1 = 3.1
10 10
 Decimals :
The numbers written in decimal form are called decimal numbers or simply decimals.
Eg:
0.8,0.75, 4.37 and 135. 019 is are some decimals.
A decimal has two parts – whole number part and decimal part.
These parts are seperated by a dot (.) called the decimal point.
The whole number part is to the left of the decimal point and the decimal part is to
its right.
For example, in 47.593, we have whole number part = 47and decimal part = .593.
The absence of any of these parts is shown by 0.
Thus .63 may be written as 0.63 and 89 may be written as 89.0.
 Decimal places :
The number of digits contained in the decimal part of a decimal gives the number of
its decimal places.
Thus 6.73 has two decimal places and 12.085 has three decimal places.
 Like decimals :
Decimals having the same number of decimal places are called like decimals.
Thus 6.73, 12.08, 8.56 are like decimals, each having two decimal places.
 Unlike decimals :
Decimals having different number of decimal places are called unlike decimals.
Thus, 19.56, 8.137 and 0.9 are unlike decimals.

 An Important Result :
We shall show that 0.8 = 0.80 = 0.800 etc.,
8 8  10 80
0.8 =    0.80
10 10  10 100
80 80  10 800
0.80 =    0.800
100 100  10 1000
 0.8 =0.80=0.800
Thus, we find that on putting any number of zeros to the extreme right side of the
decimal part of a decimal does not change the value of the decimal.
We may write 2.75 = 2.750 2.7500 etc.
 CONVERTING DECIMALS INTO FRACTIONS AND VICE-VERSA :
 Converting a Decimal into a Fraction :

Step1 : Write the decimal without the decimal point as the numerator of the fraction.
Step2 : Write 1 followed by as many zeros as there are decimal places in the
given decimal, as the denominator of the fraction.
Step3 : Simplify the fraction, if possible. The following example will make the idea
more clear :
3
i) 0.3 =
10
85 17 1 276 138 3
ii) 8.5 =  8 iii) 27.6 =   27
10 2 2 10 5 5
 To convert a fraction into decimal :
When the denominator of a fraction is 10 or a power of 10, we can easily change it
into a decimal as shown below :
29 9 9
Eg : i) 2 2   2  0.9  2.9
10 10 10
3059 59 59
ii) 3 3   3  0.059 = 3.059
1000 1000 1000
 To convert a fraction into decimal by Division Rule :
Step 1. Divide the numerator by the denominator.
Step 2. Complete the division. Let a non-zero remainder be left.
Step 3. Put a decimal point in the dividend and the quotient.
Step 4. Put a zero on the right of the decimal point in the dividend as well as on
the right of the remainder. Divide again just as whole numbers.
Step 5. Repeat step 4 till the remainder is zero.

 OPERATIONS ON DECIMALS:
1. Addition of Decimals :
Step 1. Convert the given decimals into like decimals.
Step 2. Write the addends one under the other in column form so that the decimal
points of all the addends are in the same column and the digits at the
same place are in the same column.
Step 3. Add as in the case of whole numbers.
Step 4. In the addition, put the decimal point directly under the decimal points in
the addends.
Eg : Add 9.7, 13.85, 126.05 and 8.796.
9.700
13.850
126.050
8.796
158.396 Hence, the sum of the given decimals is 158.396.
2. Subtraction of Decimals :
Step 1. Convert the given decimals into like decimals.
Step 2. Write the smaller number under the larger in column form in such a way
that the decimal points of both the decimals are in the same column.
Step 3. Subtract as in the case of whole numbers.
Step 4. In the difference put the decimal point directly under the decimal points of
the given numbers.
Eg : Subtract 24.67 from 53.1
53.10
24.67
Hence, 53.1 – 24.67 = 28.43

 Multiplication of a Decimal by a whole number :
1. Multiply the decimal without the decimal point by the whole number.
2. Place the decimal point so as to obtain as many decimal places in the product
as there are in the decimal number.
Eg : Multiply 53.67 by 49
First multiply 5367 by 49 = 262983
 53.67 x 49 = 2629.83 (The given decimal number has 2 decimal places).
 Multiplication of a Decimal by 10, 100 and 1000 etc. :
1. When a decimal number is multiplied by 10, the decimal moves to the right by one place.
2. When a decimal number is multiplied by 100, the decimal moves to the right by 2 places.
3. When a decimal number is multiplied by 1000, the decimal point moves to the
right by three places.
Eg : i) 8.46 x 10 = 84.6 (shift decimal point one place to right)
ii) 16.34 x 100 = 1634 (shift decimal point two places to right)
iii) 9.5 x 1000 = 9500 (shift decimal point three places to right)
 Multiplication of two Decimals :
Step 1. Multiply the two decimals without the decimal points just like whole numbers.
Step 2. In the product, place the decimal point so that the number of decimal places
in the product is equal to the sum of the decimal places in the given decimals.
Eg :(i) Multiply 26.9 by 1.83
Multiply 269 x 183 = 49227
Sum of decimal places in the given decimals = 1 + 2 = 3
So, we put the decimal point in the product so as to have 3 decimal places.
26.9 x 1.83 = 49.227
(ii) 6.35 x 0.08 x 1.5 = 635 x 8 x 15 = 76200
6.35 x 0.08 x 1.5 = 0.76200

 DIVISION OF DECIMALS
 Division of a Decimal by a Whole Number :
Procedure:
Step 1. Perform the division by considering the dividend as a whole number.
Step 2. When the division of whole part of the dividend is complete, put the decimal
point in the quotient and proceed with the division as in case of whole numbers.
Eg : Divide 67.984 by 14
14) 67.984 (4.856
56
119
112
78
70

67.984
84  4.856
84 14
0
 Division of a Decimal by 10, 100, 1000 etc :
1) When a decimal is divided by 10, the decimal point moves to the left by one
place.
2) When a decimal is divided by 100, the decimal point moves to the left by two
places.
3) When a decimal is divided by 1000, the decimal point moves to the left by three
places.
 Division of a Decimal by a Decimal :
Procedure:
1. Convert the divisor into a whole number by multiplying the dividend and the
divisor by a suitable power of 10.
2. Now divide the new dividend by the whole number so obtained.
Eg : i) Divide 21.46 by 3.7 we have
21.4610 214.61
21.46  3.7 =   5.8
3.7  10 37
ii) Divide 2.4318 by 0.63
2.4318 2.4318  100 243018

2.4318  0.63 =  =  3086 .
0.63 0.63  100 63

 DIVISIBILITY RULES:
If a number is a divisor of a second number then the second number is divisible

by the first. For example, since 3 is a divisor of 6 ,6 is divisible by 3.
If a number is not prime, then it would be divisible by a number smaller than this.
With out actually dividing the given number we can say whether it is divisible by
certain numbers or not. Below are such divisibility tests.
1. Divisibility by 2 : A number is divisible by 2, if its units digit is 0,2, 4, 6 or 8. A

number ending in 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9 is not divisible by 2.
Eg : The numbers 120, 3172, 234, 81396, 105098 are all divisible by 2 while
numbers like 13, 287, 335, 7091, 28469 are not divisible by 2.
2. Divisibility by 3 : A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
Eg : The number 384 is divisible by 3 and the sum of the digits = 3+8+4 = 15 which
is divisible by 3. Likewise the number 217095 is also divisible by 3 as the sum of its
digits 2 + 1 + 7 + 0 + 9 + 5 = 24. The number 839 is not divisible by 3,as the sum
of the digits being 8 + 3 + 9 = 20, which is not divisible by 3.
3. Divisibility by 5 : A number is divisible by 5, if its units digit is 0 or 5.
Eg : The numbers like 275, 31890, 2000535 are divisible by 5.
4. Divisibility by 9 : A number is divisible by 9, if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
Eg : The number 7326 is divisible by 9, because 7 + 3 + 2 + 6 = 18 and 18 is

divisible by 9. The number 27041 is not divisible by 9, because
the sum of its digits = 2 + 7 + 0 + 4 + 1 = 14, which is not divisible by 9.
5. Divisibility by 10 : A number is divisible by 10 if its units digit is 0.
Eg : Numbers 100, 8390, 9500, 8401000 are divisible by 10. Numbers like 209,
709001, 28597 are not divisible by 10 as their units digit is not 0.
6. Divisibility by 11 : A number is divisible by 11, if the difference of the sum of its

digits in odd places and the sum of its digits in even places (starting from the units
place) is either 0 or divisible by 11.

Number Sum of the digits Sum of the digits Difference

in odd places in even places
3465 5+4=9 6+3=9 0

6457 7 + 4 = 11 5 + 6 = 11 0
95986 6 + 9 + 9 = 24 8 + 5 = 13 11
280929 9 + 9 + 8 = 26 2+0+2=4 22
The numbers 3465, 6457, 95986 and 280929 are all divisible by 11.
Below are the rules to test the divisibility of a number by composite numbers like 4, 6,
8, 12 and 25.
7. Divisibility by 4 : A number is divisible by 4, if the number formed by its digits in

ten’s and unit’s place is divisible by 4.
Eg : In the number 80372, the number 72 is formed by the ten’s digit 7 and unit’s
digit 2 & is divisible by 4.
8. Divisibility by 6 : A number is divisible by 6, if it is divisible by both 2 and 3

i.e., it should be an even number and the sum of its digits should be divisible by 3.
Eg : The number 68370 is divisible by 6. It is even and 6 + 8 + 3 + 7 + 0 = 24,

which is divisible by 3.
9. Divisiblity by 8 : A number is divisible by 8, if the number formed by the digits at

hundreds, tens and units place is divisible by 8.
Eg : Consider the number 207608. This number is divisible by 8,since the number
formed by the digits at the hundreds, tens and units place ie., 608 is divisible by 8.
ii)8705 is not divisible by 8 since the number formed by last three digits i.e.,705 is
not divisible by 8.
10. Divisibility by 25 : A number is divisible by 25, if the number formed by the digits at
the tens place and units place is divisible by 25.
Eg: In the numbers 8750, 23275, 8926825, we observe that in 50, 75 and 25- the
numbers formed by the digits at the tens and units places are divisible by 25, so all
these numbers are divisible by 25.

 SOME GENERAL PROPERTIES OF DIVISIBILITY
 Property 1 : If a number is divisible by another number, then it is divisible by each of
the factors of that number. (OR)
If a, b, c are three natural numbers such that a is divisible by b and b is divisible by c,
then a is divisible by c also.
Eg : We know that 114 is divisible by 6 and 6 is divisible by both 2 and 3, so by
above property 114 is divisible by both 2 and 3.
 Property 2: If a number is divisible by each of the two or more coprime numbers,
then it is divisible by their product. (OR)
If a and b are two coprime numbers such that a number c is divisible by
both a and b then it is also divisible by a×b.
Eg : Consider the number 89034. The units digit is 4, so it is divisible by 2. The
sum of the digits 8 + 9 + 0 + 3 + 4 is 24, which is divisible by 3. So the given
number is divisible by 3. Since 2 and 3 are coprimes, therefore 89034 must
be divisible by 2 x 3 i.e., 6 also.
 Property 3: If a number is a factor of each of the two given numbers, then it is a factor
of their sum.
Eg : 35 is divisible by 5 and 85 is also divisible by 5 so 35 + 85 = 120 is also
divisible by 5.
 Property 4: If a number is a factor of each of the two given numbers, then it is a
factor of their difference.
Eg (i): 819 and 405 are divisible by 3. The difference 819-405 = 414 is also
divisible by 3.

 Divisibilty Solved Examples
(i): Using divisibility tests, find whether 86020 is divisible by 2 ; 3 ; 5 ; 9 ; 4
Sol: a) Digit at the unit’s place being 0, the number is divisible by 2 for the same
reason, it is divisible by 5 also.
b) Sum of the digits 8 + 6 + 0 + 2 + 0= 16 is not divisible by 3 and also by
9. So it is not divisible by both 3 and 9.
c) Since the number formed by the digits at the tens place and units
places is 20, 20 is divisible by 4, so the number 86020 is divisible by 4.
(ii) : Check whether the number 9020814 is divisible by 11 or not.
Solution : Sum of the digits in the odd places = 4 + 8 + 2 + 9 = 23.
Sum of the digits in the even places = 1 + 0 + 0 = 1. Difference= 23 – 1
= 22, which is divisible by 11, so, 9020814 is divisible by 11.
(iii) : Find the star * in 394*7 so that it may be divisible by 9.
Solution : The given number will be divisible by 9 if 3 + 9 + 4 + * + 7 is divisible by
9 i.e., if 23+* is divisible by 9. The least number which will make this sum
divisible by 9 is 4, because in that case the sum will become 27, which is
divisible by 9. So, the number which should replace the star is 4.

WORKSHEET - III
1. 0.4 + 0.004 + 4.4 = [ ]
a) 4.444 b) 5.2 c) 4.804 d) 5.404
2. A number when divided by 6 is diminished by 40. The number is [ ]
a) 48 b) 60 c) 72 d) 84
3. 1.07 x 65 + 1.07 x 26 + 1.07 x 9 = [ ]
a) 10.73 b) 10.7 c) 107 d) 1.07
4. If 52416  312 = 168 then 52.416  0.0168 = [ ]
a) 3.12 b) 312 c) 3120 d) none of these
5. Which of the following number is divisible by 9? [ ]
6. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 11 ? [ ]
7. If 481 * 673 is exactly divisible by 9, then the digit in place of * is [ ]
a) 2 b) 5 c) 6 d) 7
8. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 2, 3, 5, 9 and 10? [ ]
a) 390 b) 126 c) 7530 d) 715230
9. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 25? [ ]
a) 6125 b) 50105 c) 32950 d) both (a) & (c)
KEY
1. c 2. a 3. c 4. c
5. a 6. c 7. d 8. d
9. d

2. GEOMETRY
 Basic Geometrical Concepts :

 Introduction :
The word “Geometry” means measurement of earth. It is the English
equipment of the Greek word ‘Geometron’. ‘Geo’ means Earth and ‘metron’ means
Measurement.
Geometry began when men felt the need to measure their lands while buying and
selling. Various shapes which we deal in Geometry are called “Geometrical figures”.
Why study plane Geometry ?
Knowledge of Plane Geometry develops logical thinking, improves power of reasoning
and thus, enables intellectual growth.
The Egyptians and Babylonians used Geometry for Practical purposes. “Euclid”
the father of Geometry, introduced the method of providing a geometrical result by
deductive reasoning basing on previously proved results and some self evident specific
assumptions called “axioms”. Geometry is the basic inspiration for the Indian
Mathematics.
BASIC CONCEPTS
Three Geometrical terms, namely point, line and plane, form the foundation of
Geometry. These terms cannot be precisely defined. However, we give examples to
illustrate the meaning of these terms.
PLANE
A solid has a surface which may be flat or curved. For example, the surface of
a wall is flat and the surface of a ball is curved.
Flat surfaces are known as plane surfaces.
 Definition : A smooth flat surface which extends
endlessly in all the directions is called a plane.

Note: A plane has no boundary.
Note: The surface of smooth wall.
The surface of the top of a table.
The surface of a smooth black board.
The surface of a sheet of paper.
The surface of calm water in a pool are all examples of a “Portion of a Plane”.
We draw figures such as a triangle, a rectangle, a circle etc. in a plane called plane
figures.

POINT
Point is a mark of position.
A small dot made by a sharp pencil on a plane paper represents a point.
We name a point by a Capital letter of the English alphabet.
Note : A point has no length, breadth or thickness.
The following are some models for a point.
The tip of a compass The sharp The pointed end

end of a pencil of a needle
Line segment : Let A and B be two points on a plane. Then the straight path from A
to B is called the line segment AB. This is denoted by AB .
A line segment B
Thus, a line segment has a definite length, which can be measured. The line segment
AB is the same thing as the line segment BA .
Measuring line segments :
To measure a line segment, we need a ruler. One edge of a ruler is marked in
centimetres (cm). Each cm is divided into 10 equal small divisions, called millimetres
(mm).
 How to measure a line segment ?

Ex : To measure the length of a given line segment AB .
Method : Let AB be the given line segment. Place the ruler with its edge along the
segment AB such that the zero mark of the ruler coincides with the point. Now, we
read the mark on the ruler which is against the point B.
A B

We see that the mark on the ruler against B indicates 5 big divisions (cm) and 4
small divisions (mm).
Hence, the length of AB is 5cm 4mm. That is 5.4cm.
 How to construct a line segment ?
Ex : Draw a line segment of length 6.8cm.
Method : Place the ruler on the plane of the paper and hold it firmly.
Mark a point with a fine pencil against the zero of the ruler. Name it point A.
By sliding the pencil gently along the edge of the ruler, draw a line segment
upto 6cm 8mm on the ruler. Name the point against this mark as B. Then
AB  6.8cm
The following are some models or Physical examples for a line segment.
Ray : A line segment extended endlessly in one direction is called a ray. Thus, a line
segment AB extended endlessly in the direction from A to B, is a ray, denoted by
y

AB .  B
A
Ray AB

The arrow indicates that the ray AB is endless in the direction from A to B.

The ray AB has one end point namely A, called its initial point. Clearly a ray has
no definite length.

BA is a ray with initial point B and extending endlessly in the direction from B to A
which is shown below.
 
Clearly AB and BA are two different rays.
A  B
Ray BA

An unlimited number of rays can be drawn in different directions through a given
point ‘O’ as its initial point as shown in the figure given below.
B
C A
O
D E
The following are some physical examples for a ray.
Line : A line segment extended endlessly on both sides is called a line.
Thus, a line segment AB extended on both sides is marked by arrows at the two
ends respectively. A line is denoted by AB or BA .
 
A Line AB B

These arrows indicate that the line is endless in both directions.We represent a line
by small letters l,m,n etc.
A line has no end points.
Result : An unlimited number of lines can be drawn passing through a given point, as
shown below.

m
s O
n
r
p
q
In the above figure lines l,m,n,p all pass through given point ‘O’.
Intersecting lines : If there is a point ‘P’ common to two lines l and m we say that the
two lines are intersected at the point ‘P’ and this point is called the
point of intersection of the given lines.

p

The following are some physical examples of intersecting lines.
 English alphabet ‘X’
Parallel lines : If two or more lines do not intersect at any point in the given plane,they
are called parallel lines.
 
Some examples of parallel lines. 
 m
 n
i) The rails of a railway line.
ii) Opposite edges of a ruler.
iii) Opposite sides of a rectangle in the above figure  || m || n
UNDERSTANDING 3D AND 2D SHAPES
Plane figures : Any figure that can be drawn on a plane is called a plane figure.
Observe the following figures.

D C
A  Re c tan gle
 Triangle
B
B C A fig  ii 
fig  i 
D C  Sphere
square 
fig  iv 
A fig  iii  B
All these figures spread in two directions only,hence called two-dimensional shapes.

Solid figures : An object having a fixed shape and size is called solid figure. A Solid figure
occupies a fixed amount of space.
Given below are the some pictures of solid figures.
All the above solid objects have length,breadth, height or depth.They are thus called
three dimensional 3D-shapes. Now we will learn about various 3 dimensional or
3D - shapes.
H G
Cuboid :
E F
C
A B
Here A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H are called vertices of a cuboid.
Here, AB,BC,CD,AD,EF,FG,GH,HE ; AE,DH,BF,CG are called edges.
and, ABFE, DCGH, BFGC, ADHE, ABCD, EFGH are called faces of cuboid.
 A cuboid has 6 - faces;12-edges;8 - vertices
Objects like Match Box, Eraser etc., are in the shape of a cuboid.
Cube : A dice is an example of a Cube.
Cube has also 6 - faces;12 - edges;8 - vertices
In cube the length, breadth and height of a cube are all same.
But in cuboid the length, breadth and height are different.

Cylinder : Objects like a wooden log, a wooden log,piece of pipe, h
e
i
a candle, tube light etc. are in the g
h
t
shape of a Cylinder.

The surface on which the candle rolls is called its curved surface. diameter

Cone : Here is the figure of a cone. A O B
OA is the radius of the circular part
and OC is the height of the Cone.
Sphere : Balls, laddus, etc., are all in the shape of a sphere.
They roll freely on all sides.
You may have seen lemon in your daily life.
When we cut it horizontally it looks like
the shape of a hemisphere.
Prism : Here is the diagram of a Prism.
Have you seen it in the laboratory ?
Two of its faces are in the shape of triangle
other faces are either in the shape of
rectangle or parallelogram. It is a triangular Prism.
If the prism has a rectangular base, it is a rectangular Prism.
Pyramid: A Pyramid is any 3D solid where the upper faces are triangular and converge
at one point. It has one base (usually a polygon). A pyramid is named
according to the shape of its base.
Here is a Square Pyramid. Its base is a square.

WORKSHEET-I
1. Which of the following has no end points ? [ ]
1) line segment 2) ray 3) line 4) none of these
2. Which of the following has one end point? [ ]
1) line 2) ray 3) line segment 4) none of these
3. Which of the following has two end points? [ ]
1) line segment 2) ray 3) line 4) plane
4. Which of the following has definite length? [ ]
1) line 2) line segment 3) ray 4) plane
5. Which of the following can be drawn on a piece of paper? [ ]
1) line segment 2) line 3) ray 4) plane
6. How many lines can be drawn passing through a given point? [ ]
1) only one 2) two 3) three 4) infinite
7. How many lines can be drawn passing through two given points? [ ]
1) one 2) two 3) three 4) infinite
8. A flat surface extending indefinitely in all the directions is called [ ]
1) plane 2) line 3) ray 4) none of these
9. Which of the following is an example for parallel lines ? [ ]
1) Railway track 2) Opposite edges of a black board
3) Opposite edges of a rectangle 4) All the above
10. Which of the following is a plane figure? [ ]
1) Sphere 2) Circle 3) Cone 4) none of these
11. Match box is an example for [ ]
1) Sphere 2) Prism 3) Cylinder 4) Cuboid
12. Dice is an example for [ ]
1) Cube 2) Cuboid 3) Cylinder 4) Cone
13. A cuboid has ....... faces. [ ]
1) 6 2) 4 3) 3 4) 5
14. A cube has ................ edges. [ ]
1) 12 2) 8 3) 6 4) 4

15. Objects like erasers, match boxes, bricks are in the shape of [ ]
1) Cone 2) Sphere 3) Cuboid 4) Cylinder
16. A dice is an example for [ ]
1) Cuboid 2) Cube 3) Prism 4) Pyramid
17. Objects like a piece of pipe, a candle, tube light are in the shape of a [ ]
1) Prism 2) Cone 3) Cylinder 4) Cuboid
18. A cuboid has ............ vertices. [ ]
1) 8 2) 6 3) 4 4) 10
19. Balls, laddus are in the shape of a [ ]
1) Cone 2) Cylinder 3) Sphere 4) Prism
20. In the adjoining figure OA and OC are called [ ]
C
1) radius, height
2) diameter, chord
3) sector, altitude
4) none of these A O B
KEY
1. 3 2. 2 3. 1 4. 2 5. 1
6. 4 7. 1 8. 1 9. 4 10. 2
11. 4 12. 1 13. 1 14. 1 15. 3
16. 2 17. 3 18. 1 19. 3 20. 1

ANGLES
* An angle is made up of two rays having a common end point , called vertex and the
two rays are the arms of the angle.
* B Here the two rays OA and OB

 
are two arms or sides of the

O angle and O is the vertex of the angle.
A
* As the angle is formed at ‘O’, we read it as angle AOB or angle BOA and is denoted by
AOB or BOA or simply O .
* P X is the interior of the angle

Z
Y and Z are in the exterior part of
S
X
the angle. P,Q,R,S are on the angle.
Q Y R
* Note : Every angle divides the plane as interior, exterior and boundary of the angle.
Measure of an angle :
The standard unit of measurement of an angle is degree and it is denoted by
a symbol circle ‘o’ written as superscript.
* A right angle is divided into 90 equal parts. Each part is called a degree. One degree
th
 1 
is   part of a right angle.
 90 
Thus 1 right angle = 90º
* 1 straight angle = 2 right angles = 180º, 1 complete angle = 4 right angles = 360º.
* Each degree is divided into 60 equal parts. Each such part is called a “minute”.
* Minutes are denoted by |

, written as superscript.
* Each minute is divided into 60 equal parts. Each part is called a “second”. Seconds
are denoted by ||
, written as superscript.
1º=60 | (60 minutes)
1 1 =60 || (60 seconds)

Congruent angles :
Two angles having same measure are said to be congruent angles.

B
P
30º
)
A C
Q
) 30º
R
PQR and ABC are congruent angles.
Classification of angles :
B
Acute angle: An angle whose measure
is greater than 0º but less than 90º

O
A
is called an acute angle.
AOB is acute if and only if 0º< AOB  90º
Obtuse angle:An angle whose measure is

B
greater than 90º and less than
180º is called an obtuse angle. O A
AOB is obtuse if and only if 90º< AOB <180º.
O A
Reflex angle: An angle whose measure is
V
greater than 180º and
B
less than 360º is called a reflex angle.
AOB is reflex angle if and only if 180º < AOB <360º
Note : Sum of the angles around a point is always 360º. B
O
C A
D
AOB º  BOC  COD  DOA  360º

Complementary Angles :
B
Two angles are said to be complementary if their sum is 90º.
C
x
In the figure x  y  90º
x is complement of y and y is complement of x .

) )y
O A
Supplementary Angles : B
)
Two angles are said to be supplementary, if their sum is 180º.
140º 40º
In the figure AOB  BOC  180º
C O A
AOB is supplement of BOC and BOC is supplement of AOB .
C
Adjacent angles : B
Two angles are said to be adjacent angles if,
1. they have common arm

O A
2. they have common vertex and
3. the other sides of the angles are on opposite sides of common arm.
Here AOB and BOC are adjacent angles.
Linear pair of angles :

C
AOC  BOC  AOB i.e., if sum of two adjacent angles
60º 120º
whose non common arms are opposite is 180º,
A O B
)
then they are said to be linear pair of angles.
Vertically opposite angles :
When two lines intersect, the angles on the opposite D
of the point of intersection are called vertically
opposite angles. A O B
AOC and BOD are vertically opposite angles. C
Similarly BOC and DOA are also vertically opposite angles.
Note : Vertically opposite angles are always equal. i.e., AOC  BOD & BOC  DOA

Perpendicular lines :
D
If two lines intersect each other at right angles
then the lines are perpendicular.

A O B

Here a line '  ' is perpendicular to a line ‘m’..
we write as   m . C
m
If OA=OB and DOB  COB  90º
DC is called perpendicular bisector.

A
TRIANGLES
A plane figure formed by three non parallel line
segments is called a triangle. (OR) A simple closed

B C
figure bounded by three line segments is called a triangle.
The three line segments AB, BC and CA are called sides of triangle ABC. A triangle is
denot ed by gr eek let t er   Delta  .
Vertex :
A vertex of a triangle is a point where any of two sides meet. A,B and C are the
vertices.
Angles of a triangle : Every triangle has three interior angles. In ABC the three
interior angles are BAC, ABC & ACB .
An interior of a triangle can also be denoted by the letter representing the
corresponding vertex ie, ABC can be written as B .
Note : The sum of interior angles of a triangle is always 180º.
Types of triangles according to their angles :
According to the angles, triangles can be classified as
1) Acute angled triangle 2) Right angled triangle
3) Obtuse angled triangle A
1. Acute angled triangle : A triangle in which measure 75º

)
of each angle is less than 90º is called an acute angled triangle

)60º 45º
C
(or) acute triangle. B
)

2. Right angled triangle : A triangle in which one P
of the angles measure 90º is called a right angled
triangle (or) simply right triangle.
The side opposite to 90º is called “Hypotenuse”. In 90º

Q R
the above triangle PQR , PR is the hypotenuse.
L
3. Obtuse angled triangle : A triangle in which one of
measure of angle is between 90º and 180º is called an 135º

M N
)
obtuse angled triangle (or) simply an obtuse triangle.
4. Types of triangles according to their sides :
According to the sides, triangles can be classified as
1. Scalene triangle 2. Isosceles triangle 3. Equilateral triangle
1. Scalene triangle : A
If all the three sides of a triangle have different lengths, 4.2cm 4cm
then the triangle is called a scalene triangle.
B C
4.8cm
2. Isosceles triangle :
A
A triangle with two sides equal is called a Isosceles
triangle. 2 .5cm 2.5cm
B C
3.5cm
Note : In an Isosceles triangle the angles opposite to equal sides are also equal.
ABC , AB  AC A
In  B  C
4cm 4cm
3. Equilateral triangle :
A triangle in which all sides are equal is B C

4cm
called an equilateral triangle.
Note : In an equilateral triangle all angles are equal and each angle is equal to 60º.
In ABC , AB  BC  CA & A  B  C  60º

Equality and Inequality properties of a triangle :
A
1. An exterior angle of a triangle is an
adjacent and supplementary angle to the
x
corresponding interior.
B C D
)
Ex: In the given figure,
the side BC of the ABC is produced to the point D forming an exterior angle ACD.
2. An exterior angle of a triangle is always equal to the sum of two interior opposite
A
angles.
exterior of B  ABD  A  C
D B C
3. Producing the sides of a triangle six exterior angles are formed, two at each vertex.
The adjoining figure shows six exterior angles, formed by producing sides of ABC .
1 2
A
3 B C 6
4 5
4. The sum of lengths of any two sides of a triangle is always greater than third side.
In ABC , AB + BC > AC A
AB + AC > BC
AC + BC > AB B C
5. The difference of lengths of any two sides of a triangle is always less than third side
In ABC ,
A
AB – BC < AC
AB – AC < BC
AC – BC < AB B C
Circle :
A circle is a simple closed figure formed by all the points in a P

plane each of which are at a constant distance from a fixed O 5cm
point ‘O’ .
Q

Q
The fixed point ‘O’ is called centre of circle &

P
the constant distance ‘r’ is called radius of circle. O
OP = OQ = R
* All the radii of circle are equal.
Circular Region :
The set of all points of the plane which lie either on the circle (or) inside the circle
form the circular region.
* From the adjacent figure, CD is called a Chord, which is a line segment foedN
infr
m
formed by joining any two points C and D on the circle.
K
* AB is called Diameter and is the biggest chord. D C
Diameter = 2 x radius A
O B
R

T S
* Line ‘m’ is called Secant, because it intersects the circle at two distinct points.
* We can observe that  OTS=90°.
* The point at which Tangent touches circle is called the point of contact.
* A part of circle DKC is called arc of the circle.
* The end points of diameter of a circle divide the circle into two equal arcs. Each arc is
a semicircle.
* If the length of arc is less than the length of the arc of the semicircle, then it is
called minor arc, remaining is called major arc.
* The total length of circle is called its circumference.

O
* The region of circle bounded by an arc of circle and
A B
its bounding radii is called sector of the circle.

SYMMETRY:
If a line is drawn dividing a figure into two equal halves, then the figure is said to be
symmetrical about that line. The line is called the line of symmetry or axis of symmetry.
We can find examples of objects showing line symmetry in nature. For example, a
butterfly, some leaves and flowers show line of symmetry.
Examples of line of symmetry can also be found in many of our ancient and modern
buildings. Objects that show line of symmetry appear more balanced and beautiful.
A figure may have just one or more than one line of symmetry.
The line of symmetry of a line segment is its perpendicular bisector. The bisector of
an angle is the line of symmetry of the angle.
NOTE:
1) A kite shape has only one line of symmetry along one of the diagonals.
2) A rectangle has two lines of symmetry along the line segments joining the mid-
points of the opposite sides.
3) An equilateral triangle has three lines of symmetry along the line segments joining
a vertex and the mid-point of its opposite side.
4) A square has four lines of symmetry along the diagonals and the line segments
joining the mid-points of the opposite sides.

5) A circle has an infinite number of lines of symmetry all along the diameters of the
circle.
6) A rhombus has two lines of symmetry along the diagonals.
7) A semicircle has one line of symmetry along the perpendicular drawn on the diameter.
8) A scalene triangle has no lines of symmetry.
9) An isosceles triangle has one line of symmetry along the line segment joining the
vertex and the mid-point of the unequal side.
symmetrical about line
non symmetrical about line
10) A paralleogram has no line of symmetry.

11) When completing a given figure against a given line of symmetry, make sure that:
Each part of the constructed figure is equal in measurement to its corresponding
part in the given figure.
Each point on the given figure and its corresponding point on the constructed f ig -
ure are at the same distance from the line of symmetry.

WORKSHEET-II
1. Angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2:3:5. Find the measure of each angle of
the triangle. [ ]
1) 30º,60º,90º 2) 36º,54º,90º 3) 38º,52º,85º 4) 32º,62º,84º
2. In ABC , A  B  84º , B  C  146º . Find the measure of each of the angle of the
triangle. [ ]
1) 34º,50º,96º 2) 32º,52º,96º 3) 34º,56º,90º 4) 36º,48º,96º
3. In a ABC , if 2 A  3 B  6 C find A , B and C . [ ]
1) 60º,70º,50º 2) 90º,60º,30º 3) 70º,80º,30º 4) 60º,60º,80º
4. Each interior angle of an equilateral triangle is [ ]
1) 60º 2) 45º 3) 90º 4) 30º
5. In ABC , DE || BC , if A  65º and B  55º find AED . [ ]

A
1) 60º 2) 55º C 65º E

)
3) 65º 4) 110º
B )55º C
6. In the ABC , A  40º & BO and CO divides the
angles B and C equally. Find measure of BOC . [ ]

A
1) 40º 2) 110º 
40º
O
)xºxº zº yº
3) 80º 4) 20º B ) yº
C
7. The figure is obtained by using two triangles. [ ]

E
Then A  B  C  D  E  F =
F D
1) 180º 2) 360º
A C
3) 120º 4) 300º B

8. Find x in the adjoining figure . A [ ]
1) 30º 2) 50º 40º

E
(
100º F
(
3) 80º 4) 100º x º(
B C D
9. In the figure , x = [ ]
A
1) 40º 2) 60º
2x
3) 80º 4) 20º x  20º ) x
)
P Q R
)
10. Reflex angle measures [ ]
1) more than 90º but less than 180º 2) more than 180º but less than 270º
3) more than 180º but less than 360º 4) none of these
11. Through what angle does the minute hand of a clock turn in 5min ? [ ]
1) 30º 2) 40º 3) 50º 4) none of these
12. Measure of 90º angle is called a [ ]
1) Complete angle 2) Right angle
3) Straight angle 4) Reflex angle

3
13. The number of degrees in right angles is [ ]
2
1) 180º 2) 360º 3) 270º 4) 135º
14. Which of the following figure has only one line of symmetry? [ ]
1) Rectangle 2) Parallelogram
3) Isosceles Trapezium 4) Circle
15. A square and a rectangle have [ ]
1) only one line of symmetry
2) two lines of symmetry
3) four lines of symmetry
4) an unequal number of lines of symmetry

16. A Rhombus has [ ]
1) one line of symmetry 2) two lines of symmetry
3) four lines of symmetry 4) no lines of symmetry
17. A parallelogram has [ ]
1) no lines of symmetry
2) one line of symmetry
3) same number of lines of symmetry as the rhombus
4) four lines of symmetry
18. In the adjacent figure, KLO  Q L K [ ]
A
C O
1) 90º 2) 60º
B
3) 30º 4) none of these
19. AOL  LOC  COB  BOA = (SEE 18th Question diagram) [ ]
1) 180º 2) 360º 3) 270º 4) none of these

20. Line KQ is called as (SEE 18th Question diagram) [ ]
1) Tangent 2) Secant 3) Diameter 4) none of these
KEY
1. 2 2. 1 3. 2 4. 1 5. 1
6. 2 7. 2 8. 1 9. 1 10. 3
11. 1 12. 2 13. 4 14. 3 15. 4
16. 1 17. 1 18. 1 19. 2 20. 1

3. STATISTICS
Introduction :
In various fields, we need information in the form of numerical figures, called data.
The data may be related to various aspects such as the marks obtained by the
students in an examination,the monthly wages earned by workers in a factory,the
profits of a company during the last few years etc.,
Data:
A collection of information in the form of numerical figures, is called data.
Statistics :
It is the science which deals with the Collection, Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Numerical Data.
Observation :
Each numerical figure in a calculation is called an observation.
Raw data :
When some information is collected and presented randomly, then it is called a ‘raw
data’.
E.g: The marks obtained by 10 students in a test 40,32,25,36,10,23,40,25,13,27.
Array :
Arranging the observations of a data in ascending or descending order is called an
array.
E.g:40,32,15,36,10,23,40,25,13,27.
Ascending Order : 10, 13, 15,23,25, 27, 32, 36, 40
Descending Order: 40, 36, 32, 27, 25,23, 15, 13, 10
Range :
The difference between the highest and the lowest values of observations in a given
data is called its range.
E.g:In the above example, lowest marks = 10 ; highest marks = 40
 Range = 40 – 10 = 30

Graphical representation of Statistical data:
The two forms which are generally used to represent data are Tables & Graphs.
Though there are various types of graphs used to represent Statistical data, we
shall confine our study to the following:
1. Bar graphs
2. Pie charts and
3. Line graphs
1. Bar graph :
A bar graph is a pictorial representation of numerical data in the form of rectangles
(bars) of uniform width and different heights, erected horizontally or vertically with
equal spacing between them. The height of a rectangular bar represents the frequency
of the corresponding observations.
Step-1 : On a graph paper, draw a horizontal line OX (called x  axis ) and vertical line
OY (called y-axis)
Step-2 : Mark points at equal intervals along the x  axis
Step-3 : Choose a suitable scale. On the scale determine the heights of the bars for
the given numerical values.
Step-4 : Mark off these heights parallel to the y-axis from the points taken in step-2.
Step-5 : On the x  axis draw bars of equal width for the heights marked in step-4.
These bars represent the given numerical data.
Eg : The percentage of marks obtained by a student in different subjects are
given below. Draw a bar graph.
So cial
Subject Hindi Science English Maths
Studies
% Marks 35 60 15 80 40

Bar Graph :
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 Hindi Science Eng Maths Social
Pie Chart: In a pie chart (also known as circle graph), the values of the various
components are represented by sectors of a circle. The complete angle i.e.,
360º at the centre of a circle is divided according to the values of the various
components by the formula,
Value of the component

Central angle for a component = Total Value
Sometimes, the values of the components are expressed in percentages. In
such cases, we have
 Percentage value of the component 

0
Central angle for a component =  100

 360 
 
Steps of Construction of a Pie Chart for a given Data :

Step-1 : Calculate the central angle for each component using the above formula.
Step-2 : Draw a circle of convenient radius.
Step-3 : Within this circle, draw a horizontal radius.
Step-4 : Starting with the horizontal radius, draw radii making central angles
corresponding to the values of the respective components, till all the
components are exhausted.
These radii divide the whole circle into various sectors.
Step-5 : Shade each sector differently and mark the component it represents.
Ex-1: The following table shows the monthly budget of family.Draw a pie chart.

Item in Rupees Central angle
 4800 
º
Food 4800   360   144º

 12000 
 2400 
º
Clothing 2400   360   72º

 12000  Food
 1800 
º
Rent 1800  360   54º h

 ot
 12000  Cl
 600 
º
Education 600   360   18º
Rent
 12000 
 1600 
º
Music 1600   360   48º

 12000 
 800 
º
Savings 800   360   24º

 12000 
Line Graph :
In a line graph, points are plotted on the graph paper related to two variables.These
points are joined in pairs by lines to obtain a line graph.
Steps of construction of a line Graph for a given Data:

Step-1 : On a graph paper, draw a horizontal line OX(called the x  axis ) and a
vertical line OY (called the y-axis).
Step-2 : Mark points at equal intervals along the x  axis . Below these points
write the names of the data items whose values are to be plotted.
Step-3 : Choose an appropriate scale along the y-axis taking into consideration
the given values.
Step-4 : Mark off points parallel to y-axis from the points taken in steps.
Step-5 : Join each point so obtained with the successive point with a straight
line, using a ruler.
Eg : Draw a line graph to represent the temperature of a patient during
12 hours in a day as per details given below.
Sol : Along x  axis , we take the time [Scale : 10m = 2hrs]
Along y - axis, we take the temperature [Scale :Km = 2ºC]
Time 5 a.m 7 a.m 9 a.m 11 a.m 1 p.m 3 p.m 5 p.m
Temperature 30 34 45 40 37 35 32

Thus, we may draw the line graph as under :

y
46
44
Temperature in 0ºC
42
40
38
36
34
32
x
30
5 7 9 11 1 3 5
Time 
WORKSHEET
The marks obtained by Shourya in his annual examination are shown below :
S u b j e ct H in d i E n g lis h M a t h s S cie n ce S o cia l
M a rk s 65 70 85 55 60
1. In which subject Shourya got highest marks ? [ ]
1) Hindi
2) English
3) Maths
4) Science
2. In which subject Shourya got least marks ? [ ]
1) Hindi
2) Maths
3) Science
4) Social

9000
9000
8600
8000
8000
7500
7000
6500
6000
6000
Height in meters
5000
Kanchana Ganga
Nanga Parbat
Mount Everest
4000
Nanda Devi
Himadri
3000
2000
1000
Mountain Peak
3. Which is the highest peak ? [ ]
1) Annapurna 2) Nanda Devi
3) Mount Everest 4) none of these
4. What is the least height of the mountain ? [ ]
1) Annapurna 2) Himadri
3) Nanda Devi 4) none of these
5. Find the ratio of highest peak and lowest peak. [ ]
1) 15 : 22 2) 22 : 15
3) 3: 2 4) 25 : 15
6. Which peak is second highest ? [ ]
1) Nanda Devi 2) Kanchana Ganga
3) Mount Everest 4) none of these

90
80
80
75
70
60
50
50
40
30
30
20
10
Term I Term II Term III Term IV

The above bar graph shows the marks scored by Anusha in the four terminal exams
7. Which term did Anusha score the highest marks and how much ? [ ]
1) 80, Term IV 2) 75, Term II 3) 55, Term I 4) none of these

8. What is her lowest score and in which term ? [ ]
1) 40, Term II 2) 30, Term III 3) 50, Term I 4) none of these

9. What is the class interval used to draw the graph ? [ ]
1) 10 marks 2) 20 marks 3) 15 marks 4) none of these
10. The horizontal line in the graph is called ? [ ]
1) x  axis 2) y - axis 3) line 4) none of these

y-axis
30 This is a bar graph of the marks secured by Rajesh in the languages in SA-I.
25
20
15
10
5
X-axis
0 English Hindi Telugu

11. The vertical line in the graph is called [ ]
1) y-axis 2) x  axis 3) ray 4) none of these
12. Highest marks scored by Rajesh is in the subject [ ]
1) English 2) Hindi 3) Telugu 4) none of these
The adjoining line graph shows the performance of Naveen in five weekly
tests held during the month of September.
Read the line graph and answer the following questions :
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5
13. In which test did he exhibit high performance ? [ ]

1) 1st test 2) 2nd test 3) 3rd test 4) 4th test
14. In which tests did he improve when compared with the previous test ?
[ ]
1) 2nd test and 4th test 2) 1nd and 3rd test
3) 3rd and 5th test 4) none of these
15. Did he improve from test-3 to test-4 ? [ ]
1) No 2) Yes 3) cannot decide 4) none of these
16. What can you say about his performance in test-2 as compared to test-1 ?
[ ]
1) better 2) not better 3) can’t say 4) none of these

Miss Neha asked the children in her class, what is your favourite colour ? The
results are shown in the bar diagram.
12
10
0
Green Blue Red Yellow Others
17. How many children are there in her class ? [ ]

1) 30 2) 42 3) 28 4) 37
18. What is the highest frequency of the distribution ? [ ]
1) Green 2) Blue 3) Red 4) Yellow
19. Above given information is also to be represented in a pie chart. Calculate
the angle of the sector representing yellow. [ ]
1) 90º 2) 60º 3) 52º 4) 72º
20. A collection of information in the form of numerical figures is called[ ]
1) range 2) array 3) data 4) none of these
KEY
1. 3 2. 3 3. 3 4. 1 5. 3
6. 2 7. 1 8. 2 9. 1 10. 1
11. 1 12. 3 13. 4 14. 1 15. 2
16. 1 17. 1 18. 2 19. 4 20. 3

4. ALGEBRA
c INTRODUCTION :
The branch of Mathematics in which we study the properties of numbers, operations

on numbers is called “Arithmetic”.Like we have also learnt about the properties of
figures in Geometry, now let us introduce another branch of Mathematics which is
called “Algebra”.
 In Algebra, letters are used to represent numbers.
 The letters which are used to represent numbers are called literal numbers or
literals. Symbols like x, y, z, a, b, c .......... etc are literals.
 Use of these letters will allow us to write rules and formulae in a general way.
Eg :The area of rectangle of length 4 units and width 2 units is 4 x 2 = 8 sq. units.
Area of rectangle of length 4 units and width 3 units is 4 x 3 = 12 sq. units.
We observe from the above results that the area of rectangle is obtained by multiplying
its length and breadth (width). So, we can generalise this as
Area of a rectangle = length × breadth
By using letters A for area ,  and b for length and breadth respectively then,
A=  xb
This is true for all values of  and b.
R OPERATIONS ON LITERALS AND NUMBERS :
In Algebra literal symbols are used to represent numbers. Hence the symbols +, –,
x,  , >, < etc, carry same meaning in Algebra as they do in Arithmetic. Similarly the
properties of Commutative, Associative, Distributive, Additive Identity etc., which
are true with numerals also hold good with literal symbols.
Addition of literals and numbers:
i) 10 added to x is written as x + 10.
ii) y added to x is written as x + y.

iii) y + 6 means addition of a number 6 to a literal number y.

R Properties of Addition of numbers :
For any literals x, y, z we have,
x+ y = y + x (Commutative law)
( x+ y) + z =( x+ y) + z (Associative law)
x+ 0 = 0 + x= x (Additive identity)
x + (– x ) = (– x ) + x =0 (Additive inverse)
R Subtraction of literals and numbers :
(i) x decreased by 6 is written as x –6
(ii) x subtracted from 9 is written as 9 – x.
(iii) p – q means subtraction of q from p.
R Multiplication of literals and Numbers :
We know that 4 × 5 means product of 4 and 5, similarly the product of literal

numbers ‘a’ and ‘b’ is denoted by a × b.
a × b is also written as a.b (or) ab
Eg :i) 5 times x is written as 5 × x denoted by 5. x or 5 x .
ii) 1x x is simply written as x and not 1 x .Similarly (–1) x x is written as – x .
R Properties of Multiplication of numbers : For any literals x, y, z we have
(i) xx y = yx x (Commutative law)
(ii) ( x x y) z = x (yx z ) (Associative law)
(iii) x  1  1 x  x (Multiplicative identity)
(iv) x  y  z   xy  xz (Distributive law)

R Division of Literals and Numbers : 8  2 means ‘8 divided by 2’ , this is also
8 a
written as . Similarly ‘a divided by b’ is denoted by a  b or .
2 b
x
Ex. : i) x divided by 4 is written as .
4
R Exponents : When the same literal number is multiplied more than once, instead of
writing the same literal number again and again,a special notation is used.
Product Written as Called
x x x2 x square
x x x x3 x cube
x x x x x4 x raised to the power 4
x x x x x x5 x raised to the power 5
 The number which is written slightly above and to the right of the ‘symbol’ is called
exponent or index.
 In x3 , x is called base , 3 is the exponent or index.
 If x is any literal and n is natural number then x n  x  x  x  .......  n times  .
where x is called base and n is called exponent or Index and x n is called
exponential form.
 We have x1  x and x 0  1

R Laws of Exponents :
If a is a non zero real number and m, n are any two natural numbers then
1. a
m
 a  a  a  .......  a  m times  2. a0  1
am
3. a  a  a
m n m n 4.  a m n if m  n
a n
a 
am 1
 n m if m n  a mn
n
5. 6. m
a n
a
 a 
 
am
m
7. ab
m
 a .bm m
8.   
 b  bm
1 1
9. a  10. a n 
n
a n an
  a
n
11. a a 12. a
1 n
n n
13. If a m  a n  m  n 14. If a m  b  a  b
1
m
a na
15. n  16. n
ab  n a . n b
b nb
17. m n
a  n m
a  mn a
WORKSHEET-I
1. Write ‘3 times x increased by 5 gives 8’ in mathematical form. [ ]
a) 3 x + 5 = 8 b) 3 x + 8 = 5 c) 3 x – 5 = 8 d) 3x – 8 = 5
2. Write ‘6 less than the quotient of x and 3 equals 2’ in mathematical form

x x x x
a) 6 2 b) 6 2 c) 26 d) 6 2 [ ]
3 3 3 3
3. Write 6 x a x a x b x b x b in exponential form. [ ]
a) 6a 2  b 2 b) 6ab c) 6a 2 b3 d) 6a 3 b 2

4. In  2x 3 base is [ ]
a) x b) 2 x c) both a & b d) none of these
5. a x a x a ....... (20) times written in exponential form is [ ]
a) a 1 0 b) a 1 5 c) a 2 0 d) a n
6. The value of  5  is [ ]
4
a) 125 b) 625 c) 25 d) 1025
 3   5 
2
7.     [ ]
2
 12 
25 16 4 4
a) b) c) d) 
16 25 5 3
3 n  3 n 1
8. = [ ]
3 n 1  3 n
a) 2 b) 3 c) 3n d) 3n 1
p 2 6 q 
2 0 3
9. If       then    [ ]
q 3 7 p
3 6 9 729
a) b) c) d)
2 7 4 64
10. If 8  2n 2  32 then n  [ ]
a) 0 b) 2 c) 4 d) 1
KEY
1. a 2. d 3. c 4. b
5. c 6. b 7. a 8. a
9. d 10. a

R VARIABLES AND CONSTANTS :
In Arithmetic, the numbers have definite values. These values do not change. But
the letters used in Algebra have no particular value and may have any value assigned
to them.
Eg :
1. The perimeter ‘P’ of a rectangle of length ‘  ’ and breadth ‘b’ is P = 2 (  + b).

Hence 2 is fixed number. The letters P,  , and b have no fixed value. They can
take any positive value depending on the size of the rectangle.
2. 2x – 1 is an odd number, where x is any natural number..
Here 2 and 1 are fixed values ‘ x ’ has no fixed value and can take any value
from natural numbers.
R Variable :
A letter symbol which can take any value of a certain set is called a variable.
In the above Eg : (i) P,  , b are variables (ii) x is a variable.
R Constant :
Quantities which have only one fixed value are called constants.
In the above example (i) 2 is a constant In (ii) 2 and 1 are constants.
R Numerical factor (and ) literal factor :
Eg.:30 = 2 x 3 x 5
When 2, 3 and 5 are multiplied together,the product is 30. Here 2, 3 and 5 are called
factors of 30.
Let us consider 5ab = 5 x a x b
When a number 5 and literals ‘a’ and ‘b’ are multiplied together , the product is 5ab.
Here 5 is called numerical factor and a, b are literal factors.
Eg.:In –3a2b, numerical factor is –3 and literal factors are a, a 2, b, ab, a2b.

R Coefficients :
In the product 5ab, ‘5’ is called coefficient of ab. Specifically ‘5’ is called numerical
coefficient and a, b are literal coefficients.
Here a is the coefficient of “5b”
b is the coefficient of “5a”
5 is the coefficient of ‘ab’
Eg. :Consider 8a2b.
Numerical coefficient = 8
Literal coefficient = a2 b
Also the coefficient of b = 8a2
Also the coefficient of a2 = 8b
R Term :
Numerical numbers alone or literal numbers alone or their combination by algebraic

operations are called terms.
Eg. :2, x , 5a, 2x+5, etc.,,
Here 2 is a number, x is a variable and 5a is the product of a number and a variable.
n
Also 2, –5, , 5a2b, 5n, bc ..... etc, are examples of terms.
6
R Constant term :
A term with out any variable is called as constant term.
1 2
Eg.: 6, –8, 2, , ...... etc.
1 5
R Like terms :
Terms which contain the same variable or literal factor are called like terms.
3 5
Eg.: 4 x , 5 x , –7 x , x , x ....etc.
4 3
R Unlike terms :
Terms which are not having the same literal factors are called unlike terms.
3 3
Eg.: 5 x , 4 x 2, x .... etc.
4

R ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION :
The terms when operated by fundamental operations like ‘+’ and ‘–’ is called an
“Algebraic Expression”.
So, a combination of terms obtained by the operations of ‘+’ or ‘–’ (or) both is
called an ‘Algebraic Expression’.
Eg. : i) 2 x  3 y  5 z is an expression having 3 terms.
ii) x 2  2 y 2 x  3 zx  9 is an expression having 4 terms.
iii) 1  x is an expression having 2 terms.
R Types of Algebraic Expressions :

1. Monomial : An algebraic expression having only one term is called a monomial.
3x
Eg. : 5a,  4b, 6ab,  a, 7 xy 2 z , etc.
y2
2. Binomial : An algebraic expression having two terms is called a binomial.

Eg. : i) 5 x  3 is a binomial having 2 terms, namely 5x and –3.
ii) a 2b  8ab 2c
5
iii) 4x 
y
3. Trinomial : An algebraic expression having three terms is called a trinomial.

Eg . : i) 6 p  3q  2r is trinomial having 3 terms, namely 6p, –3p, 2r..
ii) 3xy  8 yz  zx
2 4
iii) 3a  
b c2
4. Multinomials :
An algebraic expression having more than 3 terms is called a multinomial.
Eg. : a 2  b2  2ab  8 is a multinomial having 4 terms, namely a , b  2ab,8 .
2 2
R Value of an Algebraic Expression :

The variables in an algebraic expression can take any value allotted to them. Thus,
by putting allotted numerical values in place of literal values, the value of an algebraic
expression can be found.
The method of putting numerical numbers in place of literal numbers is called
substitution.

Eg. : Consider the expression 4 x  2 . Find the value of expression when x  2 .
Substitute x  2 in 4 x  2
=4x2+2
= 8 + 2 = 10
 10 is the value of the expression 4 x  2 at x  2
R Solved Examples :
1. Write the numerical and literal coefficients of the term - 4a2b.
Sol.: 4a 2b  4  a 2b
Numerical coefficient = - 4
Literal coefficient = a 2b
2. Find the coefficient of a2b3 in 3a 2b 3cd .
Sol.: 3a 2b 3cd  a 2b 3  3cd
C o e f f ic ie n t o f a 2b 3 is 3 c d
3. The number of terms in the expansion of  x  y  z  b  c  d are.
Sol.:  x  y  z b  c  d
 bx  by  bz  c  d
 Number of terms = 5
WORKSHEET-II
1. Numerical coefficient of the term  xyz 2 is [ ]
a) 1 b) –1 c) xyz d) both a & b
2. Find the value of expression 2 x  y when x  3 and y  4 [ ]
a) 11 b) 12 c) 10 d) 14
3. If x  8, y  9 and z  7 then the value of 3x  4 x  7 y  8 z  is [ ]
a) 938 b) 934 c) 932 d) 936

4. If m = 2, n = 3, r = 5 then the algebraic expression of the form 3 x m  4 y n  5 z r is
[ ]
a) 3 x 5  4 xy 5  5 z 3 b) 3x3  4 y5  5 z 4 c) 3x5  4 y 4  5 z 3 d) 3x 2  4 y 3  5 z 5
5. Find the sum of 8  2m  5n ;  6  7m  4n and    4 m  8n [ ]

a)   m  n b)   m  n c) mn d) mn
6. Find the sum of 2 x 2  2 x  3 ; 2 x 2  5 x  4 and x 2  2 x  6 [ ]
a) x2  x  1 b) x2  x  1 c) x2  x  1 d) x2  x  1
7. Find the sum of 3ab  7cd  5qr and 2cd  3qr  ab [ ]
a) 2ab  9cd  8qr b) 2ab  9cd  8qr c) 2ab  9cd  8qr d) 2ab  9cd  8qr
8. Subtract a  2b  c from 2a  3b  c [ ]
a) a  b  2c b) a  b  2c c) a  b  2c d) a  b  2c
9. Subtract 3ab  6cd  3ac  5bd from 3ab  5cd  4ac  6bd [ ]
a) cd  ac  bd b)  cd  ac  bd c) ab  cd  ac  bd d)  ab  cd  ac
10. From x3  3x 2  x subtract  x3  3x 2  x [ ]
a) 2 x 3  6 x 2  2 x b) 2 x3  3 x 2  x c) 2 x3  6 x 2  x d) 2 x3  6 x 2  2 x
KEY
1. b 2. c 3. d 4. d 5. c
6. c 7. b 8. a 9. b 10. d
R ADDITION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS :

In the addition of algebraic expressions only like terms can be added.
We know that 3 pens + 2 pens = 5 pens
Similarly 3x  2 x   3  2  x  5 x
Eg.: Add 6 xy 2 ,  4 xy 2 , xy 2 , 5 xy 2
 6 xy 2  ( 4 xy 2 )  xy 2  5 xy 2
 xy 2 (6  4  1  5)
 8xy 2
The sum of like terms is another like term whose coefficient is the sum of the
coefficients of the given like terms. This is known as ‘Rule of addition’.

R Process of Addition :
(i) We write the like terms with a ‘+’ sign between them.
(ii) Separate the coefficients of each like terms and add them.
(iii) Write the sum along with the literal coefficients.
Eg.:Add 4 x 2  2 xy  3 y 2  6 and 6 x 2  5 xy  7 y 2  9
 4 x 2  2 xy  3 y 2  6  6 x 2  5 xy  7 y 2  9
 4 x 2  6 x 2  2 xy  5 xy  3 y 2  7 y 2  6  9 (collecting the like terms)
  4  6  x 2   2  5  xy   3  7  y 2   6  9  (adding the like terms)
 10 x 2  3 xy  4 y 2  3
R SUBTRACTION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS :
N Subtraction of like terms : Subtraction of like terms can be performed in a manner
exactly similar to that used in subtraction of integers.
For any two integers a and b we have
a – b = a + (Additive inverse of b)
Eg. :Subtract 6a from 11a
11a – 6a = 11a + (Additive inverse of 6a)
= 11a + (–6a)
= (11+ (–6)) a
= 5a

N Additive inverse of an expression :
The additive inverse of an expression is obtained by replacing each term of the
expression by its additive inverse.
Eg. : Additive inverse of 2 x  3 y  z is 2x  (3 y)  ( z) i.e.,, 2 x  3 y  z
Subtraction of algebraic expressions is done in a similar way as with terms. To
subtract one expression from another, obtain the additive inverse of the expression
to be subtracted and add the expressions.
Eg. : Subtract 6 xy  4 x 2  y 2  2 from x 2  3 xy  7 y 2  5
Sol. : x 2  3 xy  7 y 2  5  (Additive inverse of 6 xy  4 x 2  y 2  2 )
= x 2  3 xy  7 y 2  5  ( 6 xy )  4 x 2  y 2  2
= x 2  3 xy  7 y 2  5  6 xy  4 x 2  y 2  2
= x 2  4 x 2  3 xy  6 xy  7 y 2  y 2  5  2
= 1  4  x 2   3  6  xy   7  1 y 2   5  2 
= 5 x 2  9 xy  8 y 2  7
c EQUATIONS:
W Expressions of the form 7 + 5, 8 – 3, 24 x 6, (3 + 5 – 6), 22  2 etc. are called
‘Numerical Expressions’.
W Two numerical expressions joined or connected by ‘is equal to’ ( = ) or ‘is greater
than’ (>) or ‘is less than’ ( < ) etc. are called ‘mathematical sentences’.
Eg. : 7 + 4 = 11, 5 < 9 + 3, 8 + 12 > 12
A mathematical sentence that can be verified as either true or false but
not both is called a ‘mathematical statement’.
Eg. : 9 –3=7 ; 7 + 4 = 11, 5 < 9 + 3 etc.
W A true mathematical statement containing the sign ‘is equal to’ is called an ‘equality’
Eg . : 7 + 4 = 11, 5 + 3 = 8 etc.

W Sentences which cannot be verified for their truth or falsehood are called ‘open
sentences.
Eg. : x + 5 = 16, y +3>9, 2 z > 10 etc.
W An open sentence containing the sign ‘equal to’ is called an equation.
Eg . : 2+ x =5 ; 5 x + 3 = 20
Note that every equation has two sides, namely ‘left hand side’ (L.H.S) and
‘right hand side’ (R.H.S).
In the equation 2 + x = 5
L.H.S = 2 + x , R.H.S = 5
An equation may contain more than one variable.
Eg . : x  y  11 , x  y  z  15 etc.
The highest exponent or index of the variable in an equation may be more
than one.
Eg . : m3 = 64, x2  x  6 , p + 12 = 15
An equation in which the highest index of the variable present is one is
called a ‘linear equation’
Eg . : z – 3 = 5, x+2=4, y-6=12 etc.
W Solution of a linear equation :
The value which is substituted for the variable in an equation making L.H.S = R.H.S is
called a ‘solution’ or ‘root’ of the equation.
Eg . : Consider 2 x  4  10 we substitute x  3
 L.H.S = 2  3  4  6  4  10
R.H.S = 10
 L.H.S = R.H.S
Thus x = 3 is a solution of the equation.

W Trial and Error Method to solve the Equations :
The solution of an equation is a replacement for the variable that makes the resulting
statement true.
Eg . : Solve x + 5 = 9
Replacement Number for ‘ x ’ L.H.S R.H.S
1 1+5=6 9
2 2+5=7 9
3 3+5=8 9
4 4+5=9 9
5 5 + 5 = 10 9
When the value of the variable is 4, L.H.S and R.H.S are equal. Hence 4 is a solution
(or) root of the equation.
Above method of solving an equation is called the ‘trial and error method’.
W Domain of the variable :
To solve an equation we must specify the replacement set of the variable. The
replacement set of the variable of an equation is called the ‘Domain of the variable’.
W Transposition :
Under this process we can drop a term from one side of an equation and put on the
another side with the sign changed.
Eg . : i) 3x – 1 = 5
3x = 5 + 1 transposing –1 to R. H.S
ii) 5y + 2 = 7
5y = 7 – 2 transposing +2 to R.H.S
iii) 9 x – 4 = 5x + 12
9 x – 5 x = 12 + 4 transposing +5 x to L.H.S –4 to R.H.S.

W SOLVING AN EQUATION (WORD PROBLEMS) :
1. To translate mathematical statements into numerical expressions, we must
have good practice to convert words like sum, product, greater than, less
than, n times, part of, some years ago, some years after etc. into mathematical
symbols.
2. Read the problem carefully and note down the quantity asked for.
3. Select a letter x or y or z etc, to represent the quantity asked for..
4. Write an equation in the letter selected showing the relationship in the problem.
5. Solve the equation obtained.
WORKSHEET - III
1. Solution of the equation x + 6 = 12 is [ ]
a) 4 b) 6 c) 5 d) 7
2. If 2p – 6 = 0 then the value of p is [ ]
a) 4 b) 3 c) 6 d) 5
3. If 7(25 –0a) –2a = 2(3a–25) then the value of ‘a’ is [ ]
a) 18 b) 15 c) 16 d) 17
3x
4. If  8  17 then the value of x is [ ]
4
a) 36 b) 12 c) 24 d) 20
5. If 2  3 y  2   4  2 y  5   9 then the value of y is [ ]
7 14 1
a) b) c) 3 d) all the above
2 4 2

 3x  2    2 x  3  then find value of ‘ x ’

2 4 4
6. If [ ]
3 5 3
a) 6 b) –6 c) 8 d) 10
7. A number diminished by 11 gives 57. Find the number . [ ]
a) 60 b) 68 c) 46 d) 40
8. One number is 8 times the other. If their sum is 540, then smaller number is
a) 540 b) 80 c) 60 d) 480 [ ]
9. The length of side of an equilateral triangular garden whose perimeter is

66cm is [ ]
a) 22 cm b) 33 cm c) 44 cm d) 11 cm
10. If a number is divided by 3 and one is added to quotient,the result is 3. Find

the number. [ ]
1
a) 3 b) c) 6 d) 4
2
11. In a triangle, sum of three angles x º, ( x + 50)º and ( x + 70)º is 180º.

Find the angles. [ ]
a) 20º, 70º, 90º b) 70º, 20º, 90º
c) 0º, 60º, 90º d) none of these
12. The age of a boy is one third of his father. If sum of their ages is 80 years,
find the age of each one of them ? [ ]
a) 60, 20 b) 45, 35 c) 50, 30 d) 65, 15
KEY
1. b 2. b 3. b 4. b
5. d 6. b 7. b 8. c
9. a 10. c 11. a 12. a

5. MENSURATION
c INTRODUCTION
Mensuration is a branch of Mathematics which deals with plane geometric figures,

their dimensions and sizes.
R Types of geometrical figures:
1. The geometrical figure which is bounded by straight lines is called rectilinear figure
and the boundaries of the rectilinear figure are called its sides.
For example, Triangle is a rectilinear figure with 3 sides.
Quadrilateral is a rectilinear figure with 4 sides.
2. The geometrical figure which is bounded by a curve and the distance from a fixed
point to the curve is always constant, is called a circle.
R TRIANGLES:
A triangle is a closed figure bounded by 3 line segments
R AREA OF A PLANE FIGURE :-
The area of a plane figure is the amount of the surface enclosed by its sides.
This is measured in square units i.e., square centimetres(cm²) or square metres (m²)
R Perimeter : -
The perimeter of a plane figure is the length of its boundary. The unit of perimeter
is same as the unit of length.i.e. cm, m etc.
R AREA AND PERIMETER OF TRIANGLES :-
1
i) Area = × base x corresponding height
2
ii) If a, b and c are three sides of a triangle then its perimeter = (a + b + c) units
abc
and Area = s ( s  a )( s  b )( s  c ) sq.units, where s =
=Half of the perimeter
2
or semiperimeter. This formula is called “HERON’S FORMULA”.

R Equilateral triangle : -
3 2
P = 3 a units & A = a sq. units, where a is side of triangle.
4
h2
A where h is altitude of the triangle
3
side 
3
h 
2
R Isosceles triangle :-
a
P = (a + 2b) units & Area = 4b 2  a 2 sq.units
4
where b is equal side
R Right angled triangle : -
1
A= × base × height sq.units.
2
Note :The ratio of the sides of certain right angled triangles are mentioned below:
1) 3:4:5 2) 5:12:13 3) 8:15:17 4) 7:24:25
5) 9:40:41 6) 11:60:61 7) 16:63:65
R AREA & PERIMETER OF QUADRILATERALS :-
Let P be the perimeter & A be Area. C
D
R Parallelogram :-
height (h) b
A M B
1. Opposite sides are parallel and equal.  a 
2. Opposite angles are equal for a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are a and b.
we have,
i) Perimeter = 2 ( a + b ) = 2 x (sum of adjacent sides)
ii) Area = base x height = AB x DM
R Rhombus :-
i) All sides are equal.
ii) Opposite angles are equal.
iii) Diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
If d1, d2 are diagonals of a rhombus, then D. C
1
i) Side = d12  d 22 units d1
2 d2
ii) Perimeter = 4 x side = 2 d12  d 2 2 units A B
1
iii) Area = d1d 2 sq.units
2

R Trapezium :- D  b  C

c h c d

A E B
b (a – b)
a
It is a quadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides are parallel to each other.
For a trapezium, whose parallel sides are a and b and h is distance between them.
1 C
Area = (a + b )h sq.units
2
D
h1
F
R Quadrilateral :- h2
E
Area of quadrilateral B
A
1
= ×one of the diagonal×(sum of the perpendiculars to the diagonal from the
2
opoposite vertices)
1
= d×(h1 +h2) sq. units.
2
WORKSHEET - I
1. The sides of a triangle are 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm. Find its area. [ ]
a) 4 cm² b) 5 cm² c) 6 cm² d) none of these
2. Calculate the area of equilateral triangle whose height is 20 cm. [ ]
1600 2
a) 230.9 cm² b) cm c) 23.09 cm² d) none of these
3
3. The base of an isosceles triangle is 12 cm and its perimeter is 32 cm.Find its

area. [ ]
4. The sides of a triangle are in the ratio of 13 : 14 15 and its perimeter is 84

cm. Find the area of triangle. [ ]

5. Find the area of right angled triangle whose hypotenuse measures 17cm
and one of the other two sides 8cm. [ ]
6. The base of a triangular field is three times its height. If the cost of cultivating
the field at Rs.367.20/hectare is Rs.4957.20, find its height. [ ]
a) 900 m b) 900 cm c) 90 m d) none of these
7. The length of the diagonal of a square is 32cm. Find perimeter of the

square. [ ]
a) 90.496 cm b) 90. 24 cm c) 80.24 cm d) none of these
8. Find the area of Rhombus whose perimeter is 48cm and altitude is 8. 5 cm
[ ]
a) 10.2 cm² b) 100 cm² c) 92 cm² d) none of these
9. Find the area of shaded region in adjoining figure. [ ]

3. 5 m
a) 331 m² b) 3.31 m² G H
3m 
E F 4. 6 m
C 
D

c) 33.1 m² d) none of these 2. 5 m

A 6 B
10. A diagonal of a quadrilateral is 20cm in length and the perpendiculars to it

from the opposite vertices are 8. 5 m and 11m. Find the area of
quadrilateral. [ ]
a) 110 m² b) 210 m² c) 100 m² d) none of these
11. The perimeter of a square is 28 cm. Find its area and length of its diagonal.
a) 49cm²,98.98cm b) 49cm²,9898cm [ ]
c) 59cm², 98cm d) none of these

12. A rectangular grassy plot is 125m long and 74m broad. It has path 2.5 m
wide all round inside of it.Find the cost of levelling the path at Rs.1.80/m².
[ ]
a) Rs.1746 b) Rs.1846 c) Rs.1646 d) none of these
KEY
1. c 2. a 3. b 4. b
5. a 6. a 7. d 8. a
9. c 10. d 11. a 12. a
R CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF CIRCLE :-
The perimeter of a triangle is the “distance around it” (or) total length of its sides.
We extend the same for quadrilaterals, pentagons, etc. In the same way we can
speak of perimeter of a circle as “ the distance around it”. It is also called as its
circumference. The perimeter of a circle is called its circumference.
R Relation between diameter and circumference of a circle :-
1. The ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter is same for all circles,
regardless of their sizes.
2. The number given by circumference / diameter which is same for all circles has the
value 3.14 approximately, and is denoted by  .  is a Greek alphabet. It is read as
c
‘pi’. Thus, we have the relation 
d
The number  is not a rational number i.e. there is no decimal either terminating
or non terminating and repeating, which may exactly represent it. This was proved
as late as in 1766, by German Mathematician Johann Lambert.
 C   d  2 r ( d  2r )
Remark :-The value of ‘c’ or ‘r’ obtained by using above formula is approximate only
since  is an approximate value.
Area of a Circle :- 3 5 9 11 13 15
2 1 16 15 1 7
3 14
4 13
5 12
6 11
7 8
9 10 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
 r cm
(i) (ii)
r cm
(iii)

If we divide a circle into 16 parts and on bisecting them we get 32 parts. If we
arrange those parts so obtained to form a rectangular region we will find that the
upper side has become nearer to a line segment and half of circumference. Also
angles at corners become right angles. We can observe all this for figures i, ii, iii.
Now we have,
Radius of circle = r cm
1
Circumference of circle = 2  r cm and ( circumference of circle ) =  r cm
2
 Area of rectangle = (r ×  r ) cm ²   r 2 cm 2
Hence, Area of circle =  r 2 cm 2
ANNULUS ( RING ) :
The region between two concentric circles is called Annulus or Ring .If R and r are
the radii of bigger circle and smaller circle respectively then, the difference of the
radii is called width of the ring.
W = R – r , Area of Ring = Difference between areas of two circles
A =  R2   r 2   (R2  r 2 )

=  ( R  r )( R  r ) =   R  r  W  sq. units.
WORKSHEET - II
1. The moon is about 3,85, 000 km from the earth and its path around earth
is nearly circular. Find the circumference of the path described by moon
every month. [ ]
a) 2411510 km b) 2411500 km c) 2411520 km d) none of these
2. A piece of wire is bent in shape of an equilateral triangle of each side

6.6 cm & it is rebent to a circular ring. What is diameter of ring ?[ ]
a) 6 cm b) 6. 3 cm c) 63 cm d) none of these
3. A circle has area 100 times the area of another circle. What is ratio of their
circumferences ? [ ]
a) 10 : 1 b) 1: 10 c) 3 : 4 d) none of these

4. Which has the greater area, a square of perimeter 44 cm or a circle of
circumference 44cm and by how much ? [ ]
a) circle by 33 cm² b) square by 33 cm² c) neither a nor b d) none of these
5. If the radius of circular field is 77 m, a path of width 7 m is laid outside

around it. Find its area. [ ]
a) 3442 m² b) 3542 m² c) 4442 m² d) none of these
6. The area of a circular grass field is 2464 m². Find the cost for levelling the
circular path width 1 m laid outside it at cost of Rs.1.85 m². [ ]
a) Rs.313.41 b) Rs.331.41 c) Rs.431.41 d) none of these
7. The area enclosed between the two concentric circles is 770cm². Given
that the radius of outer circle is 21cm,calculate the radius of inner circle.
a) 14 cm b) 15 cm [ ]
c) 16 cm d) none of these
KEY
1. d 2. b 3. a 4. a
5. b 6. b 7. a
R 3D SOLIDS:
R CUBOID:
A solid bounded by six rectangular plane faces is called a cuboid. A match box,
chalk box, a tea packet, a brick, a tile, a book etc., are examples. It has 6 rectangular
faces, 12 edges and 8 vertices. Any face of it may be called as base. The four faces
which meet the base are called lateral faces of cuboid.
CUBE: A cuboid in which length, breadth and height are all equal is called a cube.
Eg :- Sugar cubes, die etc.
Each edge of a cube is called its side.

B B C
C
A A
D D
E
F F
G
E G H
Cuboid H Cube

R Units of Volume :-
The volume of space occupied by a cube each of whose edge is 1cm long is called
1 cubic cm, written as 1 cubic cm or 1cm³.
1000 mm³ = 1cm³
1000 cm³ = 1 dm³
1000 dm³ = 1 m³
109 m³ = 1 km³
Capacity of a vessel is expressed in litres
1 l = 1 dm³ = 1000 cm³
1 ml = (0.001) l = 1cm³
1 kl = (1000 ) l = 1 m³
R Formulae(Cuboid & Cube):
i) Volume of a cuboid,V =length x breadth x height=( l × b × h ) cubic units
ii) Diagonal of a cuboid ,d= l 2  b 2  h 2 units
iii) Lateral surface area of a cuboid, L.S.A= 2 ( l + b ) h. sq units
iv) Total surface area of a cuboid,T.S.A= 2 ( lb + bh + lh ) sq units
v) Total surface area of cube,T.S.A = 6a² sq units
vi) Lateral surface area of cube, L.S.A = 4a² sq units
vii) Diagonal of a Cube, d = 3 a units
viii) Volume of a Cube, V = a³ cubic units
WORKSHEET - III
1. The bottom of a tank measures 25m x 20m. Find its depth if it contains
2000 m³ water. [ ]
a) 4 m b) 4 cm c) 40 m d) none of these
2. If 60 cm³ of a metal weighs 1kg, find the weight of a block of same metal
of size 20 cm by 12 cm by 5 cm. [ ]
a) 200 kg b) 20 kg c) 120 kg d) none of these

3. During a shower, 5 cm of rain falls. Find the volume of water that fell on
2 hectares of land. [ ]
a. 1000 m3 b. 1000 cm 3 c. 1000 dm3 d. none of these
4. How many bricks each of dimensions 25cm x16cm x 10 cm will be needed

to build a wall 24 m long, 6m high and 0.4 m thick ? [ ]
a. 1440 b. 14400 c. 4400 d. none of these
5. Two cubes each of side 15 cm are joined end to end. Find the surface area
of resulting cuboid. [ ]
a. 2250 cm 2 b. 2520 cm 2 c. 2500 cm² d. none of these
6. A metal cube of 9 cm is melted and formed into three smaller cubes.If the
edges of two smaller cubes are 1 cm and 6 cm,find the edge of third smaller
cube. [ ]
a. 8 cm b. 3 64 cm c. 3 512 d. both a & c
7. The total surface area of a cube is 384 cm². Find its volume. [ ]
a. 511 cm³ b. 412 cm³ c. 512 cm³ d. none of these
8. The internal dimensions of a closed box made up of iron of 1 cm thick, are
24 cm by 18 cm by 12 cm. Find the volume of iron box. [ ]
a. 1096 cm³ b. 2096 cm³ c. 3096 cm³ d. none of these
KEY
1. a 2. b 3. a 4. a
5. a 6. c 7. c 8. b

6. COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC
c INTRODUCTION
AVERAGE:
N The term “Average” plays a vital role when it comes to compare the performances
of two or more groups of individuals with respect to certain parameters such as
number of marks secured by the students of two or more classes, number of runs
scored by the players of two or more teams and so on.
Sum of observations
We define Average = Number of observations
From the above formula, it is clear that :
Sum of given observations = (Average) x (Number of observations)
 The Average is also called the Arithmetic Mean.
 The quantities whose average is to be determined should be in the same unit.
N Example :
1. Find the average of first four prime numbers.
Solution : Sum of first four prime numbers = 2 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 17
Sum of observations 17
Average = Number of observations = = 4.25
4
c UNITARY METHOD:
The method in which value of 1 unit is first obtained to find out the value of any
number of units, is called unitary method. The word “Unitary” is derived from the
word “unit”.

From the above definition, it is clear that,
Value of given number of articles

Value of one article = Number of articles
Example : If the cost of 4 note books is Rs. 48 , what will be the cost of 12 note books.
48
Solution : Value of one book = = Rs . 12/-
4
 Cost of 12 note books = 12 x 12 = Rs. 144 / -
WORKSHEET - I
1. Find the average of first four multiples of 3. [ ]
a) 7.5 b) 10 c) 2.5 d) 4.5
2. Find the average of all prime numbers between 10 and 20. [ ]
a) 40 b) 15 c) 20 d) 25
3. Find the average of all odd numbers between 80 and 90. [ ]
a) 95 b) 85 c) 87 d) 83
4. The average of 11 results is 60. If the average of first six results is 58 and
that of the last six is 63, find the sixth result. [ ]
a) 63 b) 58 c) 60 d) 66
5. 30 pens and 75 pencils were purchased for Rs. 510. If the average price of
a pencil was Rs 2.00, find the average price of a pen. [ ]
a) Rs.10 b) Rs.11 c) Rs.12 d) Rs.15
6. The cost of 17 chairs is Rs. 9605. Find the number of chairs that can be
purchased for Rs. 56500. [ ]
a) 100 b) 1000 c) 90 d) 110

7. Fifteen post cards cost Rs 2.25. How many post cards can we buy for Rs. 45 ?
a) 200 b) 300 c) 400 d) 500 [ ]
8. A rail journey of 75 km costs Rs. 225. How much distance can we travel for
Rs. 333 ? [ ]
a) 111 km b) 110 km c) 101 km d) 33 km
9. 25 bags of wheat weigh 40 kg and the cost is Rs. 2,750. Find the cost of 50
bags of wheat, if each bag weighs 50 kg. [ ]
a) Rs. 5000 b) Rs.6875 c) Rs. 8765 d) Rs.1000
10. 11 chairs cost Rs 990. What do 8 chairs cost ? [ ]
a) Rs. 1100 b) Rs. 720 c) Rs. 810 d) Rs. 512
KEY
1. a 2. b 3. b 4. d
5. c 6. a 7. b 8. a
9. b 10.b
c RATIO
c Introduction :
N In our daily life, we often come across many situations where we need to compare
quantities in terms of their magnitudes / measurements.Generally, we compare two
quantities, either by finding the difference of their magnitudes /measurements, when
we want to see how much more(or less) one quantity is more(or less)than the
other.
N On other hand, if we want to compare two quantities in such a way that by how
many times one quantity is more than the other,ratio is used.
Q Ratio :
A ratio is a method to compare two quantities of the same kind with same unit, by
dividing first quantity by the second.
 Symbol of the ratio “:”, read as “is to”.
 It has no units.
 A ratio must be expressed in its lowest terms (in simplest form).
 Ratio of a and b is written as a:b and read as a is to b.
 We can compare more than two quantities also.

Q Remember :
 In the ratio of a and b, “a” is called as antecedent and “b” is called as consequent.
 If each term of a ratio is multiplied or divided by the same number or quantity,
the ratio remains same.
 Before finding the ratio,make sure that the quantities are in the same units.
 The ratio of a : b is a fraction. So all the rules of operations on fractions are also
applied on ratios.
 A ratio p:q is said to be in its lowest terms, if the H.C.F of p and q is 1.
 The ratio of a:b is different from b:a.
Q Examples :
1. Problem : Find the ratio of 1 hour to 45 minutes.
Solution : Required ratio = 60 min : 45 min = 4:3
2. Problem : Find the ratio of 1 mt. to 200cm.
Solution : Required ratio = 100 cm : 200 cm = 1: 2
3. Problem : Find the ratio of 75 gm to 1 kg.
Solution : Required ratio = 75 : 1000 = 3 : 40
c PROPORTION
Equality of two ratios is called a proportion.
 If a : b = c : d then a,b,c,d are said to be in proportion and a,b,c and d are said
to be first, second, third and fourth terms respectively. Here a,d, are said to be
extreme terms (or) extremes and b,c are said to be mean terms (or) means.
 Otherwise, if the product of means is equal to product of extremes, then

the four terms are said to be in proportion. ie., ad = bc
N Continued Proportion :
Three numbers a,b,c are said to be in continued proportion, if a,b,b,c are in proportion
i.e., a : b = b : c  b2 = ac
N Mean Proportional :
If a,b,c are in continued proportion then b is called mean proportional of a and c.
a b
=  b2 = ac  b = ac
b c
Mean Proportional of “a” and “c” is ac .

WORKSHEET - II
1. Find the ratio of 9 decimetres to 18 cm. [ ]
a) 5 : 1 b) 1 : 2 c) 1 : 5 d) 2 : 1
2. Find the greater ratio of 8 : 15 and 24 : 35 . [ ]
a) 8 : 15 b) 24 : 35 c) equal d) none of these
2 3 2 3
3. If x : y = 1 : 1 and y : z = 1 : 1 then find x : y : z. [ ]
5 7 7 7
a) 451 : 450 : 500 b) 451 : 500 : 450
c) 441:450:500 d) 400:500:450
4. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 5:6:7. Find each angle. [ ]
a) 25º,30º,35º b) 100º,30º,50º
c) 50º,60º,70º d) 55º,65º,60º
5. Find the ratio of number of consonants to the number of vowels of the word
“MATHEMATICS”. [ ]
a) 7 : 4 b) 4 : 7 c) 8 : 3 d) 6 : 5
6. If 25,35,x are in continued proportion, find the value of “x”. [ ]
7. If 8 pens cost Rs 144, what will be the cost of 14 pens ? [ ]
a) Rs.225 b) Rs.252 c) Rs. 98 d) none of these
8. 5 books cost Rs. 80. How much do 9 books cost ? [ ]
a) Rs.144 b) Rs.72 c) Rs.160 d) Rs. 112
9. Find the value of x, when 0.4 : x :: 2.4 : 3. [ ]
a) 0.5 b) 0.25 c) 0.75 d) 1

10. Find x if 33 : 132 :: x : 16 [ ]
a) 6 b) 8 c) 4 d) 12
11. Find the value of x if 6,9,x are in continued proportion. [ ]
a) 11.5 b) 12.5 c) 13.5 d) 14.5
12. The ratio of lengths of two rods is 4 : 9. The longer rod length is 72 cm. What
is length of shorter rod? [ ]
a) 30 b) 32 c) 34 d) 36
KEY
1. a 2. b 3. c 4. c
5. a 6. b 7. b 8. a
9. a 10.c 11. c 12. b
c DIRECT VARIATION AND INVERSE VARIATION:
N DIRECT VARIATION :
Two quantities x,y are said to vary directly with increase (or) decrease of quantity in
“x”, there will be a proportionate increase (or) decrease of quantity in y.
i.e, x  y , where  is symbol of variation.
(or)
“Quantities x,y should increase (or) decrease in such a way that the ratio of their
corresponding values should remain constant”
x
Equivalently x and y vary directly, if y = k where ‘k’ is called constant of proportionality..
N Rule :
If two quantities x and y vary directly and y1, y2 are two values of y corresponding
x1 x 2
to the values x1 and x2 of x, then 
y1 y 2

N Indirect variation :
Two quantities x and y are said to vary inversely to each other, if an increase in x
causes a proportionate decrease in y and vice-versa.
1
i.e. x  y where  is symbol of variation.
(or)
Quantities x,y should vary in such a way that xy = k (k is called constant of

proportionality)
N Rule :
If two quantities x and y vary inversely and y1, y2 are two values of y corresponding
x1 y2
to the values x1 and x2 of x, then y1 = x2
c PERCENTAGES :
N Introduction :
The word percent is an abbreviation of the Latin Phrase “Percentum” which means
per hundred (or) hundredths.
N Percent :
Sumanth got 75% marks in English means he scored 75 marks out of hundred. So
percent means “out of hundred”. The symbol % stands for percent.
N Relation between percents and fractions :
75 3
75% means 75 out of 100 or or . Thus a percent can be expressed as a
100 4
fraction with 100 as denominator.
2 2  20 40
Also =  = 40%
5 5  20 100
Thus a fraction can be expressed as a percent.

WORKSHEET- III
1. I can drive to Agra in 4 hours at 60 kmph. How long will it take if my speed
is reduced to 40 kmph ? [ ]
a) 6 hours b) 4 hours c) 8 hours d) 3 hours
2. Thirty-five workers build a house in 160 days. How many days will 28 workers
take to build the same house, working at the same rate? [ ]
a) 150 b) 200 c) 175 d) 125
3. At a scout camp, there is sufficient food to 64 scouts for 7 days. If 8 scouts

leave the camp, how long can be the food last ? [ ]
a) 7 days b) 6 days c) 8 days d) 9 days
4. Four pipes can fill a tank in 70 minutes. How long will it take to fill the tank if
7 pipes are used ? [ ]
a) 20 min b) 30 min c) 40 min d) 50 min
5. If 25 men can weave 120 metres of cloth in a day, how many metres of
cloth can be woven by 35 men in a day ? [ ]
a) 168 m b) 178 m c) 150 m d) 144 m
6. If 8.5 m height iron rod weighs 30.6 kg, what will be the weight of 5 metres of
the same rod ? [ ]
a) 16 kg b) 17 kg c) 18 kg d) 20 kg
7. 56 metres of cloth is required to make 25 shirts. How much cloth will be

required to make 35 shirts of the same size ? [ ]
a) 78.4 m b) 70 m c) 68 m d) 87.4 m
8. If a man walks 16 km in 5 hours, how long would he take to walk 11.2 km ?
[ ]
a) 3.5 hours b) 4.5 hours c) 2.5 hours d) 4.2 hours

8 2
9. If of the cargo worths Rs.600, what is the worth of of the cargo ?
15 3
[ ]
a) Rs. 650 b) Rs.500 c) Rs. 750 d) Rs. 800
10. In a class of 80 students, 80% of students passed. Find number of students

failed. [ ]
a) 64 b) 24 c) 12 d) 16
11. Monthly salary of Chanti is Rs.12,000. If there is a hike in the salary by

20%, then find the new salary per month. [ ]
a) Rs.14,500 b) Rs. 14,400 c) Rs. 14,000 d) Rs. 15,000
12. A team won 6 hockey matches and lost 9 matches. What percent of the
matches did the team win? [ ]
a) 40% b) 50% c) 20% d) 30%
KEY
1. a 2. b 3. c 4. c
5. a 6. b 7. a 8. a
9. c 10.d 11. b 12. a
c PROFIT & LOSS:

 Introduction :
In our day-to-day life, we buy goods from the shop keepers in the market
which they buy either directly from manufacturers or through wholesalers. During
this transaction sometimes the buyer may get profit and sometimes the seller may
get some profit. If the buyers get profit then cost price is more than selling price and
if the seller gets profit then selling price is more than cost price.
 Cost Price :
The price at which an article is purchased is called its cost price, abbreviated as C.P.

 Note :
The overhead expenses like sales tax, labour charges, repair charges etc. are always
included in the cost price.
 Selling Price :
The price at which an article is sold is called it’s selling price, abbreviated as S.P
 Profit or Gain :
If (S.P) > (C.P), then the seller is said to have a profit or gain.
Gain = (S.P) – (C.P)
 Gain percent :
 Gain 
Gain % =   100 
 C.P 
 Loss :
If S.P. < C.P. then the seller incurs a loss given by , Loss = (C.P) – (S.P)
 Loss Percent :
 Loss 
Loss % =   100 
 C.P 
c SIMPLE INTEREST:
 Introduction : Sometimes we need to borrow money.We borrow this money from

a bank or from a money lender. While returning this money at the end of certain
period, we have to pay the money borrowed along with some additional money for
using another man’s money.
 Principal : The money borrowed or lent out for a certain period is called the principal
or sum.
 Interest : The additional money paid by the borrower for having used the lender’s
money is called interest.
 Amount : The total money paid back to the lender is called amount.
 Amount = Principal + Interest

 Rate : Interest on Rs 100 for 1 year is called rate percent per annum.

 Simple interest :
If interest is calculated uniformly on the original principal throughout the loan period,
then the interest is called simple interest (S.I.)
PR T
Simple interest (S.I.) = , here principal = Rs P, Time = T years and
100
Rate = R% per annum.
PTR  TR 
Amount = P + S.I = P + = P 1  
100  100 
WORKSHEET-IV
1. Find the selling price, when C.P. = Rs.45, gain = 20% [ ]
a) Rs. 50 b) Rs.54 c) Rs.56 d) Rs. 52
2. A man bought a table for Rs.800 and sold it for Rs.1000. Find his gain or
loss percent. [ ]
a) 20% loss b) 25% loss
c) 25% gain d) 20% gain
3. A vegetable seller bought 20kg tomatoes at Rs.8 per kg. 2 kg tomatoes

were found rotten. At what rate per kg should he sell them to gain 12½ % ?
[ ]
a) Rs.9 b) Rs.10 c) Rs.12 d) Rs.11
4. Pinky bought a saree and sold it for Rs. 455 at a gain of 30%. Find her cost price
a) Rs.350 b) Rs.400 [ ]
c) Rs.500 d) Rs.600
5. Bunny bought 4 dozen apples at Rs.12 per dozen and 2 dozen apples at Rs.
16 per dozen. He sold all of them to earn 20%. At what price per dozen
should he sell the apples ? [ ]
a) Rs.15 b) Rs.20
c) Rs.16 d) Rs.18

6. If P = Rs.800, T = 3 years, S.I = Rs. 360, then find R. [ ]
a) 10 b) 12
c) 15 d) 21
7. If R = 10%, T = 10 years, I = Rs. 187, find amount. [ ]
a) Rs.187 b) Rs.364
c) Rs.384 d) Rs.374
8. At what rate percent per annum will Rs 1850 amount to Rs.3700 in 3 years ?
1
a) 30% b) 33 % [ ]
3
c) 27½% d) 22½ %
9. Amith deposited Rs.5000 in a bank and got Rs.800 as interest. If the bank
pays 8% per annum as interest, for how long did he deposit the money?
a) 1year b) 3 years [ ]
c) 2 year d) 4 year
10. If a certain sum becomes 5 times itself at 25% per annum, then find T (in years).
a) 16 years b) 12 years [ ]
c) 20 years d) 8 years
KEY
1. b 2. c 3. a 4. a
5. c 6. c 7. d 8. b
9. c 10. a

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Sl.No. NAME OF THE CHAPTER Pg.No.

6. COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC 95 - 106

We live with numbers. Is it an exaggeration to say so ? Think how many times

RAVINDRA BHARATHI GROUP OF SCHOOLS

RAVINDRA BHARATHI GROUP OF SCHOOLS

Eg : (i) +5 > +3 since +5 is to the right of +3 on the number line.

(ii) –1> –2 since –1 is to the right of –2 on the number line.

 ‘0’ is less than every positive integer..

 ‘0’ is greater than every negative integer..

 Every negative integer is less than every positive integer..

 Absolute value of an integer :

Thus, |–7| = 7; |7| = 7; |0| = 0; |–9| = 9 ;|–5| = 5 ; |5| = 5

RAVINDRA BHARATHI GROUP OF SCHOOLS

Eg : (i) (+5) + (+7) = + (5+7) = 12

(ii) (+132) + (+98) = + (132+98) = 230

Eg : (i) (–4) + (–7) = –(4+7) = –11

(ii) (–72) + (–48) = –(72+48) = –120

Eg : (i) (–74) + (+49) = –(74 – 49) = – 25

(ii) (–36) + (+81) = + (81– 36) = + 45

PROPERTIES OF ADDITION OF INTEGERS

I. Closure property for addition of Integers :

(i) + 3  Z, +7  Z, and (+3) + (+7)= +10  Z

(ii) –1  Z, –6  Z and (–1) + (–6) = –7  Z.

II. Commutative Property for Addition of Integers:

Eg :(i) (–3) + (+7) = + 4 and (+7) + (–3)= + 4

(ii) (–3) + (+7) = (+7) + (–3)

RAVINDRA BHARATHI GROUP OF SCHOOLS

Eg : [(+3) + (+9)] + (–2) = + (3+9) + (–2)= + 12 + (–2) = +10.

(+3) + [(+9) + (–2)] = (+3) + [+ (9–2)] = (+3) + (+7) = +10.

 [(+3) + (+9)] + (–2) = (+3) + [(+9 )+ (–2)]

For all a  Z, we have a + 0 = 0 + a = a

V. Additive Inverse of an Integer :

For every integer a, we have a + (–a) = 0

We call a and –a as the additive inverse to each other.

Eg: Additive inverse of 5 is –5 and –5 is 5.

VI. Subtraction of Integers :

a–b = a+(–b) = a+ (additive inverse of b)

Eg : (i) (–3)–(+7) = –3+(–7)= –10

(ii) (–6) – (–2) = (–6)+2 = –4

1. The difference of two integers is always an integer.

2. For any two different integers a and b, we have a–b  b–a

3. For any integers a,b,c , (a–b) –c  a–(b–c)

4. If a is an integer then, a–0 = a and 0–a = –a.

5. –(–a) = a i,e additive inverse of –a is a.

Sol : Let the other integer be ‘x’ then

RAVINDRA BHARATHI GROUP OF SCHOOLS

by multiplying the numerical values of the given integer.

Eg : (+6) x (+3) = +18

integer obtained by multiplying the numerical values of the given integers.

Eg : (i) (–5) x (+3) = – (5x3) = –15

(ii) (+4) x (–8) = –(4x8) = –32

 Properties of Multiplication of Integers :

I. Closure property : The product of any two integers is again an integer.

Eg : –7x –5 = 35 here –7,–5  Z

II. Commutative property :  a, b  Z , we have a x b = b x a

i,e (–3) x (+7) = (–7) x (+3)

III. Associative property:  abc

i,e [(+3) x (+4)] x (–5)= (+3) x [(+4) x (–5)]

Eg: (i) (+3) x 1 = +3 (ii) (–2)x1 = –(2x1) = –2

Eg: (i) (+5) x 0 = 0 (ii) (–3) x 0 = 0

RAVINDRA BHARATHI GROUP OF SCHOOLS

VI. Distributive Law of Multiplication Over Addition :

, ,  Z , we have a × (b+c) = (a×b) + (axc)