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Conceptual Framework For Financial Reporting: First Level: Basic Objective
Conceptual Framework For Financial Reporting: First Level: Basic Objective
Conceptual Framework For Financial Reporting: First Level: Basic Objective
That is useful to present and future investors, creditors who are making decision about
investment, credit or similar.
That is useful to present and future investors, creditors in assessing the future cash
flows.
About the economic resources of the organization, claims on those resources and
changes in them.
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Second level: Fundamental concepts
Second level of conceptual framework forms a bridge between why of accounting which is
the first level and how of accounting which is third level of accounting. Second level of
conceptual framework is consisting of:
Primary qualities: Relevance and reliability are two types of primary qualities which makes
accounting information more useful for decision- making purpose.
Information is reliable when it is verifiable, faithfully represented and free from error
and bBAS. Verifiability helps user assure that information is faithfully represented.
An Information is faithful when it represents what really existed or happened and an
information is neutral, when it is free from error or bBAS.
Secondary qualities: Comparability and consistency are two types of secondary qualities
which influence the decision-making
Information that has been measured and reported in a similar manner for different
enterprises is considered as comparable. Comparability lets a user identify the real
similarities and differences in economic phenomena.
Consistency means a company should follow a particular method for similar events
from period to period. For example, if a company follows the straight line method to
charging depreciation, then it should always follow it.
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Elements of financial statement:
Asset: Asset is a resource which can obtain the probable future economic benefit.
Liability: Liability is a present obligation arising from past events. In other words,
liability is the claim against the asset.
Revenues: Revenue is the inflow of assets which results an increase of owners’ equity.
Equity: Equity is the right to claim ownership when the company dissolves.
Gain: Gain is an increase in the company asset which is not related to sales.
Loss: Loss is a decrease in the company asset which is not related to sales.
Basic assumption
Economic entity: Economic entity means that the activity of a business enterprise can
be kept separate from its owner and any other business unit. The entity concept does
not necessarily refer to a legal entity.
Going concern: The going concern assumption means that the organization will have a
long life. It will last long enough to fulfill its objectives and commitments.
Monetary Unit: The monetary unit assumption explains money is the common
denominator of an economic activity. The monetary unit is relevant, simple,
universally available, understandable and useful.
Basic principles
Historical cost: Historical cost principle explains that an asset should be recorded at
its cost price (purchase price). It also includes all the cost that was necessary to get the
asset ready for use. Historical cost helps an organization distinguish an asset’s original
cost from its current cost.
Full disclosure: Full disclosure principle holds that organization should provide all the
information that is important enough to make a change in judgment or decision of the
user.
Constraints:
Cost Benefit Relationship: The costs of providing the information must be weighed
against the benefits that can be derived from using the information.
Industry Practices: Follow the general practices in the firm's industry, which
sometimes requires departure from basic theory.
Conservatism: Conservatism means when in doubt, choose the solution that will be
least likely to overstate assets and income.
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on or after 1 January
12 Income Taxes
1999
on or after 1 January
16 Property, Plant & Equipment
2007
on or after 1 January
17 Leases
2007
on or after 1 January
18 Revenue
2007
on or after 1 January
19 Employee Benefits
2013
Accounting of Government Grants and Disclosure of on or after 1 January
20
Government Assistance 1999
on or after 1 January
21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates
2007
on or after 1 January
23 Borrowing Costs
2010
on or after 1 January
24 Related Party Disclosures
2007
on or after 1 January
26 Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans
2007
on or after 1 January
27 Separate Financial Statements
2013
on or after 1 January
28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures
2013
BAS on or after 1 January
Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economics
29 2015
on or after 1 January
31 Interest in Joint Ventures
2007
on or after 1 January
32 Financial Instruments: Presentation
2010
on or after 1 January
33 Earnings per Share
2007
on or after 1 January
34 Interim Financial Reporting
1999
on or after 1st January
36 Impairment of Assets
2005
on or after 1 January
37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets
2007
on or after 1 January
38 Intangible Assets
2005
on or after 1 January
39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement
2010
on or after 1 January
40 Investment Property
2007
on or after 1 January
41 Agriculture
2007
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BFRS /
Title Effective Date on or after
BFRS
First-time adoption of International Financial
BFRS 1 1 January 2009
Reporting Standards
BFRS 2 Share-based Payment 1 January 2007
BFRS 3 Business Combinations 1 January 2010
BFRS 4 Insurance Contracts 1 January 2010
Non-current Assets Held for Sale and
BFRS 5 1 January 2007
Discontinued Operations
Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral
BFRS 6 1 January 2007
Resources
BFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures 1 January 2010
BFRS 8 Operating Segments 1 January 2010
NA (Not yet adopted but under review
BFRS 9 Financial Instruments
process)
BFRS
Consolidated Financial Statements 1 January 2013
10
BFRS
Joint Arrangements 1 January 2013
11
BFRS
Disclosure of Interests in other Entities 1 January 2013
12
BFRS
Fair Value Measurement 1 January 2013
13
Objective
1 The objective of this BFRS is to ensure that an entity’s first BFRS financial
statements, and its interim financial reports for part of the period covered by those
financial statements, contain high quality information that:
(a) is transparent for users and comparable over all periods presented;
(b) provides a suitable starting point for accounting in accordance with
Bangladesh Financial Reporting Standards (BFRSs); and
(c) Can be generated at a cost that does not exceed the benefits.
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Scope
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BFRS 2 Share-based Payment
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BFRS 3 Business Combinations
Background
BFRS 3 (2008) seeks to enhance the relevance, reliability and comparability of information
provided about business combinations (e.g. acquisitions and mergers) and their effects. It sets
out the principles on the recognition and measurement of acquired assets and liabilities, the
determination of goodwill and the necessary disclosures.
Scope
BFRS 3 must be applied when accounting for business combinations, but does not apply to:
The formation of a joint venture* [BFRS 3.2(a)]
The acquisition of an asset or group of assets that is not a business, although general
guidance is provided on how such transactions should be accounted for [BFRS 3.2(b)]
Combinations of entities or businesses under common control (the BASB has a
separate agenda project on common control transactions) [BFRS 3.2(c)]
Acquisitions by an investment entity of a subsidiary that is required to be measured at
fair value through profit or loss under BFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements.
[BFRS 3.2A]
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requires a test for the adequacy of recognized insurance liabilities and an impairment
test for reinsurance assets
requires an insurer to keep insurance liabilities in its balance sheet until they are
discharged or cancelled, or expire, and prohibits offsetting insurance liabilities against
related reinsurance assets and income or expense from reinsurance contracts against
the expense or income from the related insurance contract.
Changes in accounting policies
BFRS 4 permits an insurer to change its accounting policies for insurance contracts only if, as
a result, its financial statements present information that is more relevant and no less reliable,
or more reliable and no less relevant. [BFRS 4.22] In particular, an insurer cannot introduce
any of the following practices, although it may continue using accounting policies that
involve them: [BFRS 4.25]
measuring insurance liabilities on an undiscounted basis
measuring contractual rights to future investment management fees at an amount that
exceeds their fair value as implied by a comparison with current market-based fees for
similar services
using non-uniform accounting policies for the insurance liabilities of subsidiaries.
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The assets need to be disposed of through sale. Therefore, operations that are expected to be
wound down or abandoned would not meet the definition (but may be classified as
discontinued once abandoned). [BFRS 5.13]
An entity that is committed to a sale involving loss of control of a subsidiary that qualifies for
held-for-sale classification under BFRS 5 classifies all of the assets and liabilities of that
subsidiary as held for sale, even if the entity will retain a non-controlling interest in its former
subsidiary after the sale. [BFRS 5.8A]
Held for distribution to owner’s classification
The classification, presentation and measurement requirements of BFRS 5 also apply to a
non-current asset (or disposal group) that is classified as held for distribution to owners.
[BFRS 5.5A and IFRIC 17] The entity must be committed to the distribution, the assets must
be available for immediate distribution and the distribution must be highly probable. [BFRS
5.12A]
Disposal group concept
A 'disposal group' is a group of assets, possibly with some associated liabilities, which an
entity intends to dispose of in a single transaction. The measurement basis required for non-
current assets classified as held for sale is applied to the group as a whole, and any resulting
impairment loss reduces the carrying amount of the non-current assets in the disposal group
in the order of allocation required by BAS 36. [BFRS 5.4]
Definitions
Exploration for and evaluation of mineral resources means the search for mineral resources,
including minerals, oil, natural gas and similar non-regenerative resources after the entity has
obtained legal rights to explore in a specific area, as well as the determination of the technical
feasibility and commercial viability of extracting the mineral resource.
Exploration and evaluation expenditures are expenditures incurred in connection with the
exploration and evaluation of mineral resources before the technical feasibility and
commercial viability of extracting a mineral resource is demonstrable.
Accounting policies for exploration and evaluation
BFRS 6 permits an entity to develop an accounting policy for recognition of exploration and
evaluation expenditures as assets without specifically considering the requirements of
paragraphs 11 and 12 of BAS 8Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and
Errors. [BFRS 6.9] Thus, an entity adopting BFRS 6 may continue to use the accounting
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policies applied immediately before adopting the BFRS. This includes continuing to use
recognition and measurement practices that are part of those accounting policies.
Impairment
BFRS 6 effectively modifies the application of BAS 36Impairment of Assets to exploration
and evaluation assets recognized by an entity under its accounting policy. Specifically:
Entities recognizing exploration and evaluation assets are required to perform an
impairment test on those assets when specific facts and circumstances outlined in the
standard indicate an impairment test is required. The facts and circumstances outlined
in BFRS 6 are non-exhaustive, and are applied instead of the 'indicators of
impairment' in BAS 36 [BFRS 6.19-20]
Entities are permitted to determine an accounting policy for allocating exploration and
evaluation assets to cash-generating units or groups of CGUs. [BFRS 6.21] This
accounting policy may result in a different allocation than might otherwise arise on
applying the requirements of BAS 36
If an impairment test is required, any impairment loss is measured, presented and
disclosed in accordance with BAS 36. [BFRS 6.18]
BFRS 7:
adds certain new disclosures about financial instruments to those previously required
by BAS 32mFinancial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation (as it was then cited)
replaces the disclosures previously required by BAS 30 Disclosures in the Financial
Statements of Banks and Similar Financial Institutions
puts all of those financial instruments disclosures together in a new standard on
Financial Instruments: Disclosures. The remaining parts of BAS 32 deal only with
financial instruments presentation matters.
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Disclosure requirements of BFRS 7
BFRS requires certain disclosures to be presented by category of instrument based on the
BAS 39 measurement categories. Certain other disclosures are required by class of financial
instrument. For those disclosures an entity must group its financial instruments into classes of
similar instruments as appropriate to the nature of the information presented. [BFRS 7.6]
The two main categories of disclosures required by BFRS 7 are:
1. information about the significance of financial instruments.
2. information about the nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments
Information about the significance of financial instruments
Statement of financial position
Disclose the significance of financial instruments for an entity's financial position and
performance. [BFRS 7.7] This includes disclosures for each of the following
categories: [BFRS 7.8]
o financial assets measured at fair value through profit and loss, showing
separately those held for trading and those designated at initial recognition
o held-to-maturity investments
o loans and receivables
o available-for-sale assets
o financial liabilities at fair value through profit and loss, showing separately
those held for trading and those designated at initial recognition
o financial liabilities measured at amortized cost
Scope
BFRS 8 applies to the separate or individual financial statements of an entity (and to the
consolidated financial statements of a group with a parent):
whose debt or equity instruments are traded in a public market or
that files, or is in the process of filing, its (consolidated) financial statements with a
securities commission or other regulatory organization for the purpose of issuing any
class of instruments in a public market [BFRS 8.2]
However, when both separate and consolidated financial statements for the parent are
presented in a single financial report, segment information need be presented only on the
basis of the consolidated financial statements [BFRS 8.4]
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Operating segments
BFRS 8 defines an operating segment as follows. An operating segment is a component of an
entity: [BFRS 8.2]
that engages in business activities from which it may earn revenues and incur
expenses (including revenues and expenses relating to transactions with other
components of the same entity)
whose operating results are reviewed regularly by the entity's chief operating decision
maker to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its
performance and
for which discrete financial information is available
Reportable segments
BFRS 8 requires an entity to report financial and descriptive information about its reportable
segments. Reportable segments are operating segments or aggregations of operating segments
that meet specified criteria: [BFRS 8.13]
its reported revenue, from both external customers and intersegment sales or transfers,
is 10 per cent or more of the combined revenue, internal and external, of all operating
segments, or
the absolute measure of its reported profit or loss is 10 per cent or more of the greater,
in absolute amount, of (i) the combined reported profit of all operating segments that
did not report a loss and (ii) the combined reported loss of all operating segments that
reported a loss, or
its assets are 10 per cent or more of the combined assets of all operating segments.
Two or more operating segments may be aggregated into a single operating segment if
aggregation is consistent with the core principles of the the standard, the segments have
similar economic characteristics and are similar in various prescribed respects. [BFRS 8.12]
If the total external revenue reported by operating segments constitutes less than 75 per cent
of the entity's revenue, additional operating segments must be identified as reportable
segments (even if they do not meet the quantitative thresholds set out above) until at least 75
per cent of the entity's revenue is included in reportable segments.
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BFRS 9 Financial Instruments
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BFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements
The objective of BFRS 10 is to establish principles for the presentation and preparation of
consolidated financial statements when an entity controls one or more other entities. [BFRS
10:1]
The Standard: [BFRS 10:1]
requires a parent entity (an entity that controls one or more other entities) to present
consolidated financial statements
defines the principle of control, and establishes control as the basis for consolidation
set out how to apply the principle of control to identify whether an investor controls
an investee and therefore must consolidate the investee
sets out the accounting requirements for the preparation of consolidated financial
statements
defines an investment entity and sets out an exception to consolidating particular
subsidiaries of an investment entity
Joint arrangements
A joint arrangement is an arrangement of which two or more parties have joint control.
[BFRS 11:4]
A joint arrangement has the following characteristics: [BFRS 11:5]
the parties are bound by a contractual arrangement, and
the contractual arrangement gives two or more of those parties joint control of the
arrangement.
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A joint arrangement is either a joint operation or a joint venture. [BFRS 11:6]
Joint control
Joint control is the contractually agreed sharing of control of an arrangement, which exists
only when decisions about the relevant activities require the unanimous consent of the parties
sharing control. [BFRS 11:7]
Before assessing whether an entity has joint control over an arrangement, an entity first
assesses whether the parties, or a group of the parties, control the arrangement (in accordance
with the definition of control in BFRS 10Consolidated Financial Statements). [BFRS 11:B5]
After concluding that all the parties, or a group of the parties, control the arrangement
collectively, an entity shall assess whether it has joint control of the arrangement. Joint
control exists only when decisions about the relevant activities require the unanimous consent
of the parties that collectively control the arrangement. [BFRS 11:B6]
The requirement for unanimous consent means that any party with joint control of the
arrangement can prevent any of the other parties, or a group of the parties, from making
unilateral decisions (about the relevant activities) without its consent. [BFRS 11:B9]
Types of joint arrangements
Joint arrangements are either joint operations or joint ventures:
A joint operation is a joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of
the arrangement have rights to the assets, and obligations for the liabilities, relating to
the arrangement. Those parties are called joint operators. [BFRS 11:15]
A joint venture is a joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of
the arrangement have rights to the net assets of the arrangement. Those parties are
called joint ventures. [BFRS 11:16]
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BFRS 12 is required to be applied by an entity that has an interest in any of the following:
[BFRS 12:5]
subsidiaries
joint arrangements (joint operations or joint ventures)
associates
unconsolidated structured entities
BFRS 12 does not apply to certain employee benefit plans, separate financial statements to
which BAS 27Separate Financial Statements applies (except in relation to unconsolidated
structured entities and investment entities in some cases), certain interests in joint ventures
held by an entity that does not share in joint control, and the majority of interests in another
entity accounted for in accordance with BFRS 9Financial Instruments. [BFRS 12:6]
An investment entity that prepares financial statements in which all of its subsidiaries are
measured at fair value through profit or loss presents the disclosures relating to investment
entities required by BFRS 12.
Objective
BFRS 13: [BFRS 13:1]
defines fair value
sets out in a single BFRS a framework for measuring fair value
requires disclosures about fair value measurements.
BFRS 13 applies when another BFRS requires or permits fair value measurements or
disclosures about fair value measurements (and measurements, such as fair value less costs to
sell, based on fair value or disclosures about those measurements), except for: [BFRS 13:5-7]
share-based payment transactions within the scope of BFRS 2Share-based Payment
leasing transactions within the scope of BAS 17Leases
measurements that have some similarities to fair value but that are not fair value, such
as net realizable value in BAS 2Inventories or value in use in BAS 36Impairment of
Assets.
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Fair value hierarchy
Overview
BFRS 13 seeks to increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements and
related disclosures through a 'fair value hierarchy'. The hierarchy categorizes the inputs used
in valuation techniques into three levels. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to
(unadjusted) quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest
priority to unobservable inputs. [BFRS 13:72]
If the inputs used to measure fair value are categorized into different levels of the fair value
hierarchy, the fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety in the level of the lowest
level input that is significant to the entire measurement (based on the application of
judgment). [BFRS 13:73]
Level 1 inputs
Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the
entity can access at the measurement date. [BFRS 13:76]
A quoted market price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair value
and is used without adjustment to measure fair value whenever available, with limited
exceptions. [BFRS 13:77]
If an entity holds a position in a single asset or liability and the asset or liability is traded in an
active market, the fair value of the asset or liability is measured within Level 1 as the product
of the quoted price for the individual asset or liability and the quantity held by the entity, even
if the market's normal daily trading volume is not sufficient to absorb the quantity held and
placing orders to sell the position in a single transaction might affect the quoted price. [BFRS
13:80]
Level 2 inputs
Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted market prices included within Level 1 that are
observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. [BFRS 13:81]
Level 2 inputs include:
quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets
quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active
inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, for
example
o interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals
o implied volatilities
o credit spreads
inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by
correlation or other means ('market-corroborated inputs').
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5. Annual report Analyze (ACI) 2010-2014
Brief History
ACI was established as the subsidiary of Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) in the then East
Pakistan in 1968. After independence the company has been incorporated in Bangladesh on
the 24th of January 1973 as ICI Bangladesh Manufacturers Limited and also as Public
Limited Company. This Company also obtained listing with Dhaka Stock Exchange on 28
December, 1976 and its first trading of shares took place on 9 March, 1994. Later on 5 May,
1992, ICI plc divested 70% of its shareholding to local management. Subsequently the
company was registered in the name of Advanced Chemical Industries Limited. Listing with
Chittagong Stock Exchange was made on 22 October 1995
Mission
ACI’s mission is to enrich the quality of life of people through responsible application of
knowledge, skills and technology. ACI is committed to the pursuit of excellence through
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world-class products, innovative processes and empowered employees to provide the highest
level of satisfaction to its customers.
Vision
To realize the mission ACI will:
One of our important visions is to provide products and services of high and consistent
quality, ensuring value for money to our customers.
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ACI Group’s five Years Comparative Statistics From 2010-2014
Financial ratios are useful indicators of a firm's performance and financial situation. Most of
the ratios can be calculated from information provided in the financial statements.
5.1.1Methodology
For calculating different types of ratios for the project work, the following formulae were
used:
Liquidity Ratios:
CURRENT ASSETS
1. Current Ratio = CURRE NT LIAB ILIT IES
It’s a measures a company’s ability to meet short term obligations with short term assets, a
useful indicator of cash flow in the near future. A social enterprise needs to ensure that it can
pay its salaries, bills and expenses on time. Failure to pay loans on time may limit your future
access to credit and therefore your ability to leverage operations and growth. The one
problem with the current ratio is that it does not take into account the timing of cash flows.
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QUICK ASSE TS
2. Quick Ratio (Acid-Test Ratio) = CURR EN T LIAB ILITIE S
A more stringent liquidity test that indicates if a firm has enough short-term assets (without
selling inventory) to cover its immediate liabilities. This is often referred to as the “acid test”
because it only looks at the company’s most liquid assets only (excludes inventory) that can
be quickly converted to cash). A ratio of 1:1 means that a company can pay its bills without
having to sell inventory.
Working Capital is a measure of both a company's efficiency and its short-term financial
health.
Activity Ratios:
It is the calculation the number of times inventory is turning over into sales during the year or
how many days it takes to sell inventory. This is a good indication of production and
purchasing efficiency. A high ratio indicates inventory is selling quickly and that little unused
inventory is being stored (or could also mean inventory shortage). If the ratio is low, it
suggests overstocking, obsolete inventory or selling issues.
2. Total Asset Turnover Ratio:- Sales or revenue/ total
asset
Total Asset Turnover Ratio is the company's total revenue, the invoice, cash payments and
other revenues. Total Asset Turnover Ratio represents the value of goods and services
provided to customers during a specified time period - usually one year. How efficiently a
business generates sales on each currency of assets. An increasing ratio indicates a company
is using its assets more productively.
3. Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) = ( Accounts Receivable / total sales ) *No.ofDAYS
It is a measurement of the average number of days that a company takes to collect revenue
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after a sale has been made. A low DSO number means that it takes a company fewer days to
collect its accounts receivable. A high DSO number shows that a company is selling its
product to customers on credit and taking longer to collect money.
The average time period in which a business or company typically takes in paying off its
purchases that have been made by credit. This will not have an effect on the company's
working capital. A shorter payment period indicates prompt payments to creditors.
Leverage Ratios:
TOTAL DEBT
1. Debt Ratio = 100
TOTAL ASSET
It is a financial ratio that measures the extent of a company’s or consumer’s leverage. The
debt ratio is defined as the ratio of total debt to total assets, expressed in percentage, and can
be interpreted as the proportion of a company’s assets that are financed by debt. The higher
this ratio, the more leveraged the company and the greater its financial risk.
Profitability Ratios:
NET PROFIT
1. Net Profit Ratio = SALE S or REVE NUE
A ratio of profitability calculated as net income divided by revenues, or net profits divided by
sales. It measures how much out of every currency of sales a company actually keeps in
earnings.
Profit margin is very useful when comparing companies in similar industries. A higher profit
margin indicates a more profitable company that has better control over its costs compared to
its competitors. This ratio measures your ability to cover all operating costs including indirect
costs
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2. Return on Equity = NET INCOM E AVAILABLE FOR COM M ON STOCKHOLDERS
STOCKHOLDER'S EQUITY
The amount of net income returned as a percentage of shareholders equity. Return on equity
measures a corporation's profitability by revealing how much profit a company generates
with the money shareholders have invested. This is one of the most important ratios to
investors. How does this return compare to less risky investments like bonds.
It’s a measurement of the ability of a company to turn the assets into profit. This is a very
useful measure of comparison within an industry. A low ratio compared to industry may
mean that your competitors have found a way to operate more efficiently. After tax interest
expense can be added back to numerator since ROA measures profitability on all assets
whether or not they are financed by equity or debt.
The portion of a company's profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock.
Earnings per share serve as an indicator of a company's profitability.
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Quick Ratio (Times) 1.00 0.98 0.87 0.85 0.83
1. Current Ratio:
Current ratio is used to gauge the ability of a company to meet its liabilities with its assets.
This ratio gives an idea about the financial health of an organization. The higher ratio reflects
the more capability of a company to pay its liabilities. Current ratio of ACI Limited is 1.19
times in 2014 and was relatively stable in the past five years except in 2011. The ratio was
highest in 2011. Current ratio of 2014 suggests that the company is liquid and in a good
position to meet its current obligations.
2.50%
2.00%
1.50%
Series 1
1.00%
0.50%
0.00%
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
2. Quick Ratio:
It’s also known as Acid-test ratio. This ratio is an indicator of short-term liquidity of a
company. The quick ratio was highest, 1times, in 2010 after that it gradually decreased and in
2014 it was 0.83 times. This ratio is also a sign that the company is in liquid position to meet
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its short-term obligations.
1.20%
1.00%
0.80%
0.60%
Series 1
0.40%
0.20%
0.00%
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
3. Working Capital:
Working capital indicates the operating liquidity of a company. Higher the working capital
higher the ability of the company to pay off its short term obligation and it’s also a signal that
the company can expand its business. In 2014 Working capital was BDT 1568 Million which
was the highest in the year 2011. The working capital were increased from 2010 to 2011 but
in 2012 it reduced to BDT 1233 Million and after that it was increasing in the rest of the year.
In 2014 working capital was BDT 1568 Mio.
Total Asset Turnover Ratio (Times) 0.82 0.77 0.73 0.73 0.79
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Table.2: Results of the Activity Ratio Analysis
Inventory turnover ratio indicates how well the company managed its inventory. High value
of the ratio reflects good management of inventory. In 2014 the ratio was 4.16 times and the
ratio is slightly decreasing from 2010. Inventory turnover ratio was the highest, 4.81 times, in
2011.
It is the calculation of how many BDT of Sales or revenues are generated by a company in
relation to its asset. The higher the ratio, the better the company is performing that is the
company is generating more revenue from each BDT of asset. The ratio was decreasing from
2010 to 2013 but in 2014 it was 0.79 times which was higher than last three years.
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3. Days Sales Outstanding (DSO):
It is a measurement of average number of days that a company takes to collect revenues after
a sale has been made. The trend line of Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) of ACI Limited is
relatively stable. In 2014 Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) was 170 days which means it takes
170 days on an average to collect the revenue after the sales. In 2012 it took 202 days to
collect revenues.
Average payment period means the average time period is taken by a company in making
payments to its debtors. The average time period of ACI Limited is fluctuating year to year.
In 2014 Average Payment Period was 82 days which mean prompt payment is made to the
creditors. In 2013 it took 103 days to make payment to the creditors which were higher in
between 2010 to 2014.
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6.3. Leverage Ratios
1. Debt Ratio:
Debt ratio indicates the percentage of assets financed by all types of debts. It reflects the
financial structure of an organization. Higher percentage of debt ratio means more financial
risk in the organization. The debt ratio trend is more or less stable over the last five years but
in 2014 the debt ratio percentage has increased which is 0.79. The percentage value is highest
in last five years which is alarming for the company.
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6.4. Profitability Ratios
This ratio is an indicator of profitability of an organization. It shows how much money is kept
out of each BDT of sales or revenues by an organization in the form of its earning. Except the
year 2012, the percentage was stable for ACI Limited. In 2014 it was 0.08 which means BDT
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8 was kept as earning of ACI Limited out of each BDT 100 of sales.
ROE measures how much the shareholders earned for their investment in the company. The
higher percentage means higher returns to the investors. In 2012 the value of ROE was
alarming but in the next year ACI Limited recovers from the turmoil and in 2014 it produces
highest value of ROE which is 0.11.
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3. Return on Assets (ROA):
It measures how profitably a firm has utilized its assets. The higher the ROA percentage the
more a company is earning, the more efficiently the company is converting its assets to profit.
In 2014 the ROA percentage was 0.06 with less fluctuation than last five years.
Earnings per share indicate a company’s profitability. In 2011 the EPS was highest but then it
Decreases and in 2014 it was BDT 27.64.
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7. Result and Discussion
Ratio Analysis is a kind of Financial Statement Analysis that is used to gain a quick
suggestion of a firm's financial health in several key areas.
For the project purpose I have analyzed the following Categories of ratios:
Liquidity ratios
Activity ratios
Leverage ratios
Profitability ratios
Liquidity ratios:
Liquidity ratios are used asses firm’s ability to meet its short- term obligations using short-
term assets. The short-term obligations are recorded under current liabilities that come due
within one financial year. Short-term assets are the current assets.
Current ratio indicates the ability of a company to meet its short term obligation. Any value
below 1 indicates the weakness of financial health of a company on the other hand value over
2 suggests that the company is not investing its excess assets. Ratio between 1.1 to 2.0
reflects strong financial condition of a company. Current ratio of ACI limited is 1.19 times in
2014 which means the company is in liquid condition to meet its obligation. In 2011 the ratio
was 2.09 which were above normal but again from 2012 the ratio come down to normal level
and become relatively stable.
Quick ratio also measures the liquidity of an organization but this ratio further narrowed
down to measure the ability of a company to meet its immediate liabilities, without selling its
inventory. This known as the “acid test” because it only looks at the company’s most liquid
assets that can be quickly converted to cash). Quick ratio of ACI Limited was highest in 2010
(1.00 times) but it gradually decreased in the next four years and in 2014 it was 0.83 times.
Quick ratio of ACI Limited also indicates its healthy financial condition.
Working capital reveals a company’s efficiency and its short term financial health. A positive
value of working capital shows the ability of a company to pay back the liabilities to the
creditors in the short term and it also gives an idea of the company’s operational efficiency to
the investors. Continuous declining in the working capital is a red alert for an organization it
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may also led to the bankruptcy. In 2011 the working was BDT 5781 Million which was
sharply declined to BDT 1233 Million in 2012 after that it increases and in 2014 it was BDT
1568 Million. Huge amount of working capital also encourage a company to diversify its
business.
ACI Limited has more opportunity to expand its business with the support of its good
financial condition.
Activity ratios:
Activity ratios are also known as Asset management ratios also indicate the efficiency of the
use of assets in generating sales.
Inventory turnover ratio is the measurement of no. of times the inventory of a company is
turned over in a year. This ratio is an indication of production and purchasing efficiency. The
higher value shows quick selling of the inventory and a little unused amount of the inventory.
In last five years (2010-2014) highest value was 4.81 times in 2011 but it decreases gradually
and in 2014 it was 4.16 times. The result reveals the good management of the inventory and
very high production capacity of ACI Limited.
Total asset turnover ratio is the measurement of the efficiency of use of the total assets in
generating sales. This ratio indicates how efficiently an organization uses its assets. High
value of the ratio means more efficiency in using its assets. Total asset turnover ratio of ACI
Limited was highest, 0.82 times, in 2010 but it was declining up to 2013. In 2014 it was 0.79
times which means ACI Limited is generating BDT 0.79 from single BDT of its assets. The
result reveals the higher efficiency of ACI Limited in using its total assets.
Days sales outstanding reveal the no. of days a business take to collect cash from the market
after credit sales. ACI Limited took 170 days in 2014 for collecting its receivables which was
202 days in 2012. Collection in short period is good sign for ACI Limited because by quickly
turning sales into cash the company has the possibility to put the cash to reinvest and make
more sales.
Average payment period is average time period is taken by a company to making payment to
its creditors. The result of Average payment period of ACI Limited varies every year. In 2014
it was 82 days which indicates ACI Limited took 82 days to make payment to the creditors.
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Leverage ratios:
Companies depend on both owners’ equity and debt for financing in the business operations.
Leverage ratio is a financial measurement that looks at how much capital comes in the form
of debt, or judges the ability of a company to meet its financial obligations. Higher level of
debt can be risky for a company and its investors. On the other hand, low level of debts can
also raise questions to investors. Unwillingness to borrow may be an indication that operating
margins are simply too tight.
Debt ratio measure the ratio of debt to assets. The higher this ratio, the more leveraged the
company and the greater its financial risk. Debt ratio of ACI Limited was increasing from
2010. In 2014 debt ratio is 0.79 (79%), which was the highest value in last five years. Debt
ratio of 2014 suggests that ACI Limited is getting more financial leverage but more financial
risk is associated with the company.
Profitability ratios:
Profitability ratios are used to assess a business's capability to generate earnings as compared
to its expenses and other relevant costs incurred during a specific period of time. Higher
value Profitability ratios from a previous period indicate that the company is doing well.
Net profit ratio actually measures how much from every BDT of revenue a company is
keeping as its earnings. Net profit ratio was relatively stable for ACI Limited from 2010 to
2014. In 2012 the ratio was the lowest, 0.06 (6%) but ACI Limited has regained its ration in
2014 which was 0.08 (8%). The result reveals that ACI Limited is keeping BDT 8 as its
earning from each BDT 100 of revenues. This leads ACI Limited to a very healthy financial
position.
Return on equity is the amount of net income gained as a percentage of shareholders equity.
Return on equity measures a company’s profitability by illuminating how much profit a
company is generating with the money shareholders have invested. Return on equity of ACI
Limited was negative (-7%) in 2012 which means their return was less than their equity and
they incurred loss in 2012. In 2013 the ratio turned to positive and in 2014 they become
stronger and the ratio was 0.11 (11%) which was the highest value in last five years. The ratio
suggests that the shareholders are earning BDT 11 from every BDT 100 of investment.
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Return on asset is the measurement of a company’s ability to turn assets into profit. It is an
indicator of how profitable a company is relative to its total assets. Return on asset of ACI
Limited was steady in last five years. In 2014 it was 0.06 (6%) which means ACI Limited is
generating 6 taka of profit from every 100 taka of its assets. Steady trend line indicates good
financial management of ACI Limited.
An Earnings per share is the portion of a company's profit to be paid to each outstanding
share. Earnings per share is an indicator of determining a share’s price. Higher amount of
EPS is desirable for the share holders and it increases the confidence of the investors. EPS of
ACI Limited was highest in 2011 (BDT 34.55) and lowest in 2012 (BDT 22.93) because of
incurring loss in 2012. But they come back strongly and the EPS was BDT 27.64 in 2014.
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8. Share Performance Analysis
Investing in the stocks gives investors the opportunity to get to know about the company and
feel comfortable about where the investor’s money is going. Individual stocks have a greater
upside potential than most mutual funds.
10. Methodology
For calculating different parameters of share performance of ACI Ltd., the following
formulae were used:
1. Return
The gain or loss of a security in a particular period is the return. The return consists of the
income and the capital gains relative on an investment. It is usually quoted as a percentage.
The general rule is that the more risk you take, the greater the potential for higher return - and
loss.
For project purpose monthly return of ACI Limited’s security was calculated by using
following formula:
Return = (Month End Price – Month beginning Price) / Month beginning Price
The mean return from the security of ACI Limited was calculated by using following
formula.
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X
X
n
Where,
Yearly Mean return was computed by multiplying 12 with the Average monthly return of the
security of ACI Limited.
2. Risk
The risk of financial assets can be measured with an absolute measure of dispersion or
variability of returns, called the variance. An equivalent measure of total risk is the square
root of the variance, the standard deviation, which measure the deviation of each observation
from the arithmetic mean of the observations and is a reliable measure of variability. The
symbol σ 2 is used to denote the variance and σ is used to denote the standard deviation.
Variance is calculated as:
n
X X 2
σ2 = i 1 and σ= 2
n 1
Where
3. Correlation (ρij)
In the world of finance, a statistical measure of how two securities moves in relation to each
other or how a securities moves in relation with the market. Correlation coefficient ranges
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between -1 and +1. Perfect positive correlation (a correlation co-efficient of +1) implies that
as one security moves, either up or down, the other security will move in the same direction.
Alternatively, perfect negative correlation (a correlation co-efficient of -1) means that if one
security moves in either direction the security that is perfectly negatively correlated will
move in the opposite direction. Correlation denoted by ρ ij.
Beta is calculated using regression analysis, and beta is the indicator of a security's returns to
respond to variation in the market. A beta of 1 indicates that the security's price will move
with the market. A beta of less than one means that the security will be less volatile than the
market. A beta of greater than 1 indicates that the security's price will be more volatile than
the market. For example, if a stock's beta is 1.2, it's theoretically 20% more volatile than the
market.
\
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11. Result and Discussion
Return is the main component of an investment which is the ultimate desire of an investor.
Return is the gain or loss of a security in a particular period of time. It consists of the income
and capital gain based on an investment. Usually return is expressed in terms of percentage
(%). The average return per month from the security of ACI Limited is 0.1182 (11.82%), and
yearly return is 1.4179 (141.84%) whereas average return per month from the market is
0.0054 (0.54%) and yearly return is 0.0649 (6.49%). Securities of ACI Limited is providing
high return to the investors. As a public limited company it’s very good for the company and
for the investors to have such high percentage of return. In the bearish market securities of
ACI Limited is providing high return which ultimately increasing the confidence of investors.
Considering the market condition investors can invest more in the securities of ACI Limited.
Risk is the chance that actual return of an investment will be different from expectations.
Risk includes the possibility of losing some or all of the original investment. Risk is
computed by standard deviation and higher value of the standard deviation means higher risk
is associated with the investment. The risk associated with this security is 0.2357, this mean
actual return may deviate 23.57% from the anticipated return. But considering the higher
percentage of return from this stock in the bearish market investors are compensating for
taking on additional risk. All the risk taking investors know high return is associated with
higher percentage of risk. The risk associated with the market is 0.0569 which suggest that
actual return may deviate 5.69% from expected return. Less return is associated with the
market as the return is less. Taking into account, the market situation, securities of ACI
Limited is offering more risk with higher percentage of return.
Correlation is the statistical measure of how two securities moves in relation to each other or
how a securities moves with the market. Correlation of the securities of ACI Limited with the
market is 0.0516. The relation is positive. This relation indicates that all the parameters of
this security moves positively with the market. If the market goes up the parameters of
securities of ACI Limited rise up by 5.16% and same results happen when market goes down.
But considering the value of correlation this security is less sensitive with the market.
Beta (slope) is the measurement of volatility of a stock with the market, which means how
many units of return from a stock, is changed with the unit change in return from the market.
Beta describes an investment's sensitivity to broad market movements. The value of the Slope
(β) for this security is 0.2136. Stocks of ACI Limited moves in the same direction as market,
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but less susceptible to fluctuation of the market.
Alpha is the Y intercept of the regression line. The Intercept [alpha coefficient (α)] is a
parameter in the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). It is the intercept of the security
characteristic line (SCL). Value of the intercept (α) is 0.1170; which implies that if the
standard return is 0% investors would expect their investment to return 11.70% so the
investment in the security of ACI Limited was safe for the return.
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12. Summery
For better understanding of the financial condition of ACI Limited, various ratios have been
computed. All the ratios support good financial condition of ACI Limited.
Liquidity ratios (Current ratio, Quick ratio and Working capital) indicate ACI Limited has very
strong financial ground to expand its business in future and continuously supports its existing
business.
Activity ratio (Inventory turnover ratio, Total asset turnover ratio, Days sales outstanding and
Average payment period) illuminates that the total asset is managing well by ACI limited.
Inventory turnover ratio and Total asset turnover ratio reflects the good management of the
inventory, high production capacity and high efficiency in using total asset. Average payment
period is short (82 days) considering the payables but Days sales outstanding is too long (170
days). They need to concentrate to minimize Days sales outstanding days.
Leverage ratio (Debt ratio) suggests that ACI Limited has a good control on their debt and asset.
They are enjoying more financial leverage but higher financial risk is associated with ACI
Limited.
Profitability ratio (Net profit ratio, ROE, ROA, and EPS) of ACI Limited supports their good
liquid financial standing. ACI Limited is managing their wealth in a very productive manner and
in returns they are providing handsome amount in the form of earnings to the share holders.
With good financial position ACI Limited is providing earnings to the share holders which
ultimately increasing the image of ACI Limited and gaining confidence of the investors.
As an investor analyzing the share performance in the market is very important. Each investor is
very sensitive with the return. With limited invest every investor desire to achieve a minimum
return which compensates the risk associated with the investment.
For the project purpose different parameter of share performance of ACI Limited was analyzed.
Value of all the parameters suggests high performance of the securities of ACI Limited
comparing with the market. In the bearish market they are ensuring 11.82% of average monthly
return with 23.57% of risk.
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13. Recommendations
After analyzing all the ratios and parameters of the share performance following
Recommendations for ACI Limited can be offered:
ACI Limited is maintaining a healthy financial condition they should invest more in new
business with its working capital to obtain more financial liquidity in the future.
They should decrease the no. of days in Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) to collect its
receivables more quickly to convert its sales into cash. So that they can reinvest in the
Business operation and generate more sales.
ACI Limited is enjoying financial leverage but they need
to have a proper management to
minimize the financial risk associated with the company.
the
Though ACI Limited is in profitable situation but they need to concentrate to increase
Net Profit Ratio and Return on Asset Ratio, which will ultimately increase the EPS.
The performance of the securities is very smooth in the market. They should provide risk
premium to compensate the risk offered by the securities. Offering risk premium in the
Bearish market may encourage more investors to invest in the securities of ACI Limited.
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14. Conclusion
ACI Limited is a well reputed corporate in Bangladesh. They are operating their business from
1992 with the stated values and have earned the respect of the stakeholders. The company is
operating in a smooth way in terms of financial activities. They have sustained their business by
good management of the assets and providing wealth to the stockholders.
Financial analysis is necessary to know about a business and the performance of its share. All
analysis reveals the financial strength of ACI Limited. ACI limited have immense opportunity to
expand its business in future and contribute more in the economy of Bangladesh.
15. Reference
References of Books:
Jones, P. Charles (2010). Investments Principles and Concepts (11th ed.). John Wiley & Sons,
Inc, New Delhi
References of Website:
Dhaka Stock Exchange, viewed from 04 August 2015- 05 August 2015,
http://www.dse.com.bd/
ACI Limited, viewed from 02 July 2015- 05 July 2015, http://www.aci-bd.com Investopedia -
Educating the world about finance, viewed from 07 August 2015- 15 August 2015,
http://www.investopedia.com/
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16. Appendix
2014-2013:
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2012-2011:
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2010-2009:
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2. Statement of Profit and Loss:
2014-2013:-
2012-2011:
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2010-2009:
2014-2013:
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2012-2011:
2010-2009:
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4. Consolidated Statement of Financial Position:
2014-2013:
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2012-2011:
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2010-2009:
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5. Consolidated Statement of profi t or Loss:-
2014-2013:-
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2012-2011:
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2010-2009:
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6. Share Capital:
2014-2013:
2012-2011:
2010-2009:
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17. Calculation of the Ratios:
Liquidity ratios
CURRENT ASSETS
1. Current Ratio = CURR EN T LIAB ILITIE S
= 9927161551/8358791057 = 1.19 Times [2014]
= 9461772496/8101494869 = 1.17 Times [2013]
=8334671204/7101682744 = 1.17 Times [2012]
=11096971158/5316055351 = 2.09 Times [2011]
=5801121537/4087163416 = 1.42 Times [2010]
QUIC K ASSE TS
2. Quick Ratio (Acid-Test Ratio) = CURR EN T LIAB ILITIE S
= (9927161551-2961175971)/8358791057 = 0.83 Times [2014]
= (9461772496-2553330342)/8101494869 = 0.85 Times [2013]
= (8334671204-2128984396)/7101682744 = 0.87 Times [2012]
= (6954929184-1770481777)/5316055351 = 0.98 Times [2011]
= (5801121537-1716072609)/4087163416 = 1.0 Times [2010]
Activity ratios
SLAES or REVENUE
1. Inventory Turnover Ratio =
INVENTORY
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SALES or REVENUE
2. Total Asset Turnover Ratio =
TOTAL ASSETS
= 12318723190/15526192783 = 0.79 Times [2014]
= 10683600712/14693912974 = 0.73 Times [2013]
= 9680061562/13206467006 = 0.73 Times [2012]
= 8513841846/11096971158 = 0.77 Times [2011]
= 7915400279/9686269567 = 0.82 Times [2010]
=
ACCOUNTSRECIEVABLS
3. Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) = No.ofDAYS
TOTALSALES
= (5802572938*360)/12318723190 = 169.57 Days [2014]
= (5796239556*360)/10683600712 = 195.31 Days [2013]
= (5433551092*360)/9680061562 = 202.07 Days [2012]
= (4315151216*360)/8513841846 = 182.46 Days [2011]
= (3293307705*360)/7915400279 =149.78 Days [2010]
4. Average Payment Period = (ACCOUNTSPAYABLE NO. OF DAYS)
NET PURCHASES or COGS
Leverage ratios:
TOTAL DEBT
1. Debt Ratio = 100
TOTAL ASSET
Profitability ratios:
NET PROFIT
1. Net Profit Ratio = SALE S or REVE NUE
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= 950713609/12318723190 = 0.08 = 8% [2014]
NET INCOME
4. Earnings per Share (EPS) = TOTAL NO. OF COMMON STOCK OUTSTANDING
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