CH 02

Chapter 2
Elements, Compounds, and

the Periodic Table
Chemistry, 7th Edition

International Student Version
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Chapter in Context
Explore the distribution of metals, nonmetals, and
metalloids in the periodic table
Interpret chemical formulas
Understand balanced chemical equations and how
they relate to atomic theory
Use the periodic table and ion charges to write
formulas for ionic compounds
Name ionic formulas and write formulas from
chemical names
Understand the difference between ionic and
molecular compounds
Name molecular compounds
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 2
.
1
Periodic Table
Summarizes periodic properties of elements
Early Versions of Periodic Tables
Arranged by increasing atomic mass
Mendeleev (Russian) and Meyer (German) in 1869
Noted repeating (periodic) properties
Modern Periodic Table
Arranged by increasing atomic number (Z ):
Rows called periods
Columns called groups or families
Identified by numbers
1 – 18 standard international
1A – 8A longer columns and 1B – 8B shorter columns
.
Modern Periodic Table

with group labels and chemical families identified
Note: Placement of elements 58 – 71 and 90 – 103 saves space

.
2
Representative/Main Group Elements
A groups—Longer columns
Alkali Metals
1A = first group
Very reactive
All are metals except for H
Tend to form +1 ions
React with oxygen
Form compounds that dissolve in water
Yield strongly caustic or alkaline solution (Na2O)
.

Alkaline Earth Metals
2A = second group
Reactive
Tend to form +2 ions
Oxygen compounds are strongly alkaline
(MgO)
Many are not water soluble
.
3
Halogens
7A = next to last group on right
Reactive
Form diatomic molecules in elemental state
2 gases – F2, Cl2
1 liquid – Br2
2 solids – I2, At2
Form –1 ions with alkali metals—salts (e.g.
NaF, NaCl, NaBr, and NaI)
.

Noble Gases
8A = last group on right
Inert—very unreactive
Only heavier elements of group react and then
very limited
Don’t form charged ions
Monatomic gases (e.g., He, Ne, Ar)
.
4
Transition Elements
B groups—shorter columns
All are metals
In center of table
Begin in fourth row
Tend to form ions with several different charges
e.g.,
Fe2+ and Fe3+
Cu+ and Cu2+
Mn2+, Mn3+, Mn4+, Mn5+, Mn6+, and Mn7+
Note: Last 3 columns all have 8B designation
.
Inner Transition Elements

At bottom of periodic table
Tend to form +2 and +3 ions
Lanthanide elements
Elements 58 – 71
Actinide elements
Elements 90 – 103
All actinides are radioactive
.
5
Metals, Nonmetals, or Metalloids
Elements break down into three broad
categories
Organized by regions of periodic table
Metals
Left-hand side
Sodium, lead, iron, gold
Nonmetals
Upper right-hand corner
Oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine
Metalloids
Diagonal line between metals and nonmetals
Boron to astatine
.
Metals, Nonmetals, or Metalloids
.
6
Your Turn!
Classify the following three elements as a
metal, non-metal, or metalloid:
silicon (Si), vanadium (V), bromine (Br)
A. nonmetal, metal, nonmetal, respectively
B. metal, metalloid, nonmetal, respectively
C. nonmetal, metal, metalloid, respectively
D. metalloid, metal, metalloid, respectively
E. None of these are correct
.
Your Turn!
Strontium (Sr) is a _______, ruthenium (Ru)
is a ________, and iodine (I) is a_________.
A. alkali metal, transition metal, halogen

B. transition metal, alkaline earth metal, halogen
C. alkaline earth metal, transition metal, halogen
D. transition metal, alkali metal, noble gas
E. alkali metal, actinide, halogen
.
7
Metals
Most elements in periodic table
Properties
Metallic luster
Shine or reflect light
Malleable
Can be hammered or
rolled into thin sheets
Ductile
Can be drawn into wire
Hardness
Some hard – iron and chromium
Some soft – sodium, lead, copper
.
Properties of Metals
Conduct heat and electricity
Solids at room temperature
Melting points (mp) > 25 °C
Hg only liquid metal (mp = –39 °C)
Tungsten (W) (mp = 3400 °C)
Highest mp for a metal
Chemical reactivity
Varies greatly
Au, Pt very unreactive
Na, K very reactive
.
8
Nonmetals
Seventeen elements
Upper right hand corner of periodic table
Exist mostly as compounds rather than as
pure elements
Many are gases
Monatomic (Noble) He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Diatomic H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2
Some are solids: I2, Se8, S8, P4, C∞
Three forms of carbon (graphite, coal, diamond)
One is liquid: Br2
.
Properties of Nonmetals
Brittle
Pulverize when struck
Insulators
Non-conductors of
electricity and heat
Chemical reactivity
Some inert
Noble gases
Some reactive
F2, O2, H2
React with metals to form ionic compounds
.
9
Metalloids
Eight Elements
Located on diagonal line between metals and
nonmetals
B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At
Properties
Between metals and nonmetals
Metallic shine
Brittle like nonmetal
Semiconductors
Conduct electricity
But not as well as metals
Silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge)
.
Your Turn!
Which of the following statements is correct?

A. Cu is a representative transition element
B. Na is an alkaline earth metal
C. Al is a metalloid in group 3A
D. F is a representative halogen
E. None of these are correct
.
10
Your Turn!
All of the following are characteristics of metals
except:
A. Malleable
B. Ductile
C. Lustrous
D. Good conductors of heat
E. Act as semiconductors
.
Your Turn!
Nonmetals such as bromine and oxygen:
A. Conduct heat
B. React with metals
C. Are lustrous
D. Conduct electricity
E. Acts as semiconductors
.
11
Molecules and Chemical Formulas
Atoms combine into
compounds
Useful to visualize atoms,
compounds, and molecules
Atoms represented by spheres
Different atoms have different
colors
Standard scheme is
represented on the right
.
Molecules
Atoms combine to form more complex
substances
Discrete particles
Each composed of two or more atoms
e.g.,
Molecular oxygen, O2
Carbon dioxide, CO2
Ammonia, NH3
Sucrose, C12H22O11
.
12
Chemical Formulas
Specify composition of substance
Chemical symbols
Represent atoms of elements present
Subscripts
Given after chemical symbol
Represents relative numbers of each type of atom
e.g.,
Fe2O3 : iron and oxygen in 2:3 ratio
.
Chemical Formulas
Free Elements
Element not combined with another in compounds
Just use chemical symbol to represent
e.g., Iron Fe Neon Ne
Sodium Na Aluminum Al
Diatomic Molecule
Molecules composed of two atoms each
Many elements found in nature
e.g., Oxygen O2 Nitrogen N2
Hydrogen H2 Chlorine Cl2
.
13
Depicting Molecules
Want to show:
Order in which atoms are attached to each other
3-dimensional shape of molecule
Three ways of visualizing molecules:
1. Structural formula
2. Ball-and-stick model
3. Space filling model
.
1. Structural Formulas
Use to show how atoms are attached
Atoms represented by chemical symbols

Chemical bonds attaching atoms indicated by lines
.
14
3-D Representations of Molecules
Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Chlorine

molecule, molecule, molecule molecule,
H2 O2 N2 Cl2
Use fused spheres to indicate molecules
Different colors indicate different elements
Relative size of spheres reflects differing sizes
of atoms
.
2. “Ball-and-Stick”
” Model
Spheres = atoms
Sticks = bonds
Methane Chloroform
CH4 CHCl3
.
15
3. “Space-Filling”
” Model
Shows relative sizes of atoms
Shows how atoms take up space in molecule
Water Methane
H2O CH4
Chloroform, CHCl3
.
More Complicated Molecules

Sometimes formulas contain parentheses
How do we translate into a structure?
e.g., Urea, CO(NH2)2
Expands to CON2H4
Atoms in parentheses appear twice
Ball-and-stick
model Space-
filling
model
.
16
Hydrates
Crystals that contain water molecules
e.g., Plaster: CaSO4·2H2O calcium sulfate dihydrate
Water is not tightly held
Dehydration
Removal of water by heating
Remaining solid is anhydrous (without water)
Blue = White = CuSO4

CuSO4 •5H2O
.
Counting Atoms
1. Subscript following chemical symbol
indicates how many of that element are part
of the formula
No subscript implies a subscript of 1
2. Quantity in parentheses is repeated a
number of times equal to the subscript that
follows
3. Raised dot in formula indicates that the
substance is a hydrate
Number preceding H2O specifies how
many water molecules are present
.
17
Counting Atoms
Example: 1 (CH3)3COH
Subscript 3 means 3 CH3 groups
So from (CH3)3 we get
3×1C=3C
3×3H=9H
Number of C = 3 C + 1 C = 4 C
Number of H = 9 H + 1 H = 10 H
Number of O = 1 O
Total number of atoms = 15 atoms
.
Counting Atoms
Example: 2 CoCl2·6H2O
The dot 6H2O means you multiple both H2
and O by 6
So there are:
Number of H 6 × 2 = 12 H
Number of O 6×1= 6O
Number of Co 1 × 1 = 1 Co
Number of Cl 2 × 1 = 2 Cl
Total Number of atoms = 21 atoms
.
18
Your Turn!
Count the number of each type of atom in the
chemical formula given below
a. Na2CO3 a. ___Na,
2 ___
1 C, ___
3 O
b. (NH4)2SO4 b. ___N,
2 ___H,
8 ___S,
1 ___O
4
c. Mg3(PO4)2 c. ___Mg,
3 ___P,
2 ___O
8
d. CuSO4·5H2O d. ___Cu,
1 ___S,
1 ___O,
9 ___H
10
e. (C2H5)2N2H2 e. ___C,
4 ___H,
12 ___N
2
.
Your Turn!
What are the formulas of the
compounds shown?
A. C3H8, CH3NH2, C3H6O2

B. C3H7, CH5Cl, CH6O2
C. C3H8, CH3NH2, C3H6Br2
D. C3H8, CH3SiH2, C3H6O2
E. N3H8, CH3BH2, C3H6O2
.
19
Dalton’
’s Atomic Theory
We now have the tools to explain this theory
and its consequences
All molecules of compound are alike and
contain atoms in same numerical ratio.
Example: Water, H2O
Ratio of oxygen to hydrogen is 1 : 2
1 O atom : 2 H atoms in each molecule
O weighs 16 times as much as H
1 H = 1 mass unit
1 O = 16 mass units
.
Atoms in Fixed Ratios by Mass
For water in general:

Mass O = 8 times the mass H
Regardless of amount of water present
.
20
Dalton’
’s Atomic Theory
Successes:
Explains Law of Conservation of Mass
Chemical reactions correspond to rearranging
atoms.
Explains Law of Definite Proportions
Given compound always has atoms of same
elements in same ratios.
Predicted Law of Multiple Proportions
Not yet discovered
Some elements combine to give two or
more compounds
e.g., SO2 and SO3
.
Law of Multiple Proportions

When two elements form more than one
compound, different masses of one
element that combine with same mass of
other element are always in ratio of small
whole numbers.
Atoms react as complete (whole) particles.
Chemical formulas
Indicate whole numbers of atoms
Not fractions
.
21
Using Law Of Multiple Proportions
sulfur sulfur
dioxide trioxide
Mass S 32.06 g 32.06 g
Mass O 32.00 g 48.00 g
Use this data to prove law of

multiple proportions
.
Law of Multiple Proportions

Compound Sample Mass of Mass of
Size Sulfur Oxygen
Sulfur 64.06 g 32.06 g 32.00 g
dioxide
Sulfur 80.06 g 32.06 g 48.00 g
trioxide
This image cannot currently be display ed.
Ratio of
.
22
Molecules Small and Large
So far we’ve only discussed small molecules
Some are very large, especially those found in
nature
Same principles apply to all
e.g., DNA - short segment
.
How Do We Know Formulas?

Hardly “out of the blue”
Don’t know formula when compound first
isolated
Formulas and structures backed by extensive
experimentation
Use results of experiments to determine
Formula
Chemical reactivity
Molecular shape
Can speculate once formula is known
Determine from more experiments
.
23
Visualizing Mixtures
Look at mixtures at atomic/molecular level
Different color spheres stand for two
substances
a. Homogeneous mixture/solution – uniform mixing
b. Heterogeneous mixture – two phases
a. b.
.
Chemical Reactions
When one or more
substances react to form one
or more new substances
e.g., Reaction of methane,
CH4, with oxygen, O2, to
form carbon dioxide, CO2,
and water, H2O.
Reactants = CH4 and O2
Products = CO2 and H2O
How to depict?
Words too long
Pictures too awkward
.
24
Chemical Equations
Use chemical symbols and formulas to
represent reactants and products.
Reactants on left hand side
Products on right hand side
Arrow (→) means “reacts to yield”
e.g., CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
Coefficients
Numbers in front of formulas
Indicate how many of each type of molecule
reacted or formed
Equation reads “methane and oxygen react to yield
carbon dioxide and water”
.
Conservation of Mass in Reactions

Mass can neither be created nor destroyed
This means that there are the same number of each
type of atom in reactants and in products of reaction
If number of atoms same, then mass also same
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

4H + 4O + C = 4H + 4O + C
.
25
Balanced Chemical Equation
Ex. 2C4H10 + 13O2 → 8CO2 + 10H2O
4 C and 10 H 2 H and 1 O
per molecule 2 O per 1 C and 2
per molecule
molecule O per
molecule
Subscripts
Define identity of substances
Must not change when equation is balanced
.
Balanced Chemical Equation

Ex. 2C4H10 + 13O2 → 8CO2 + 10H2O
2 molecules 10 molecules
of C4H10 13 molecules 8 molecules of C4H10
of O2 of CO2
Coefficients
Number in front of formulas
Indicate number of molecules of each type
Adjusted so number of each type of atom is
same on both sides of arrow
Can change
.
26
Balanced Chemical Equations
How do you determine if an equation is balanced?
Count atoms
Same number of each type on both sides of equation?
If yes, then balanced
If no, then unbalanced
Ex. 2C4H10 + 13O2 → 8CO2 + 10H2O
Reactants Products
2×4 = 8 C 8×1 = 8 C
2×10 = 20 H 10×2 = 20 H
13×2 = 26 O (8×2)+(10×1)= 26 O
.
Learning Check
Fe(OH)3 + 2 HNO3 → Fe(NO3)3 + 2 H2O
Reactants Products
Fe 1 1
O 3 + (2×3) = 9 (3×3) + 2 = 11
H 3+2=5 (2×2) = 4
N 2 3
Not balanced
Only Fe has same number of atoms
on either side of arrow.
.
27
Your Turn!
How many atoms of each element appear on
each side of the arrow in the following
equation?
4NH3 + 3O2 → 2N2 + 6H2O
Reactants Products
N (4 × 1) = 4 (2 × 2) = 4
O (3 × 2) = 6 (6 × 1) = 6
H (4 × 3) = 12 (6 × 2) = 12
.
Your Turn!
Count the number of atoms of each element on
both sides of the arrow to determine whether
the following equation is balanced.
2(NH4)3PO4 + 3Ba(C2H3O2)2 → Ba3(PO4)2 + 6NH4C2H3O2
Reactants Products
N (2 × 3) = 6 (6 × 1) = 6
H (2×3×4)+(3×3×2) = 42 (6×4) + (6×3) = 42
O (2×4) + (3×2×2) = 20 (2×4) + (6×2) = 20
P (2 × 1) = 2 (2 × 1) = 2
Ba (3 × 1) = 3 (3 × 1) = 3
.
28
Ions and Ionic Compounds
Ions
Transfer of one or more electrons from one atom
to another
Form electrically charged particles
Ionic compound
Compound composed of ions
Formed from metal and nonmetal
Infinite array of alternating Na+ and Cl– ions
Formula unit
Smallest neutral unit of ionic compound
Smallest whole-number ratio of ions
.
Formation of Ionic Compounds

Metal + Non-metal → ionic compound
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)
Na + Cl Na+ + Cl− NaCl(s)
e−
.
29
Ionic Compounds
Cations
Positively charged ions
Formed from metals
Atoms lose electrons
e.g., Na has 11 e– and 11 p
Anions Na+ has 10 e– and 11 p
Negatively charged ions
Formed from non-metals
Atoms gain electrons
e.g., Cl has 17 e– and 17 p
Cl– has 18 e– and 17 p
.
Experimental Evidence for Ions
Electrical conductivity requires charge

movement
Ionic compounds:
Do not conduct electricity in solid state
Do conduct electricity in liquid and aqueous states
where ions are free to move
Molecular compounds:
Do not conduct electricity in any state
Molecules are comprised of uncharged particles
.
30
Ions of Representative Elements
Can use periodic table to predict ion charges
When we use North American numbering of

groups: Cation positive charge = group number
.
Ions of Representative Elements

Noble gases are especially stable
Nonmetals
Negative (–) charge on anion = number of
spaces you have to move to right to get to
noble gas
Expected charge on O
N O F Ne
Move two spaces to right
O2–
What is expected charge on N?
Move three spaces to right
N3 –
.
31
Rules For Writing Ionic Formulas
1. Cation given first in formula
2. Subscripts in formula must produce
electrically neutral formula unit
3. Subscripts must be smallest whole
numbers possible
Divide by 2 if all subscripts are even
May have to repeat several times
4. Charges on ions not included in finished
formula unit of substance
If no subscript, then 1 implied
.
Determining Ionic Formulas

Example: Formula of ionic compound
formed when magnesium reacts with
oxygen
Mg is group 2A
Forms +2 ion or Mg2+
O is group 6A
Forms –2 ion or O2–
To get electrically neutral particle need
1:1 ratio of Mg2+ and O2–
Formula: MgO
.
32
Determining Ionic Formulas
“Criss-cross”
” rule
Make magnitude of charge on one ion into
subscript for other
When doing this, make sure that subscripts are
reduced to lowest whole number.
Example: What is the formula of ionic

compound formed between aluminum
and oxygen ions?
Al3+ O2– Al2O3
.
Your Turn!
Which of the following is the correct formula
for the formula unit composed of potassium
and oxygen ions?
A. KO
B. KO2
C. K2O
D. P2O3
E. K2O2
.
33
Your Turn!
for the formula unit composed of Fe3+ and
sulfide ions?
A. FeS
B. Fe3S2
C. FeS3
D. Fe2S3
E. Fe4S6
.
Your Turn!
for the formula unit composed of ions of
magnesium and nitrogen?
A. MgN
B. Mg3N2
C. Mn3N2
D. N3Mg2
E. Mn2N3
.
34
Cations of Transition Metals
Transition metals
Center (shorter) region of periodic table
Much less reactive than group 1A and 2A
Still transfer electrons to nonmetals to form ionic
compounds
number of electrons transferred less clear
Form more than one positive ion
Can form more than one
compound with same non-metal
e.g., Fe + Cl
FeCl2 and FeCl3
.
Cations of Post-transition Metals

Post-transition metals
Nine metals Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Uut, Uuq, Uub
After transition metals and before metalloids
Two very important ones – tin (Sn) and lead (Pb)
Both have two possible oxidation states
Both form two compounds with same nonmetal
e.g., Ionic compounds of tin and oxygen are
SnO and SnO2
Bismuth
Only has +3 charge
Bi3+
.
35
Ions of Some Transition Metals and
Post-transition Metals
.
Compounds with Polyatomic Ions

Binary compounds
Compounds formed from two different elements
Polyatomic ions
Ions composed of two or more atoms linked by
molecular bonds
If ions are negative, they have too many electrons
If ions are positive, they have too few electrons
Formulas for ionic compounds containing
polyatomic ions
Follow same rules as ionic compounds
Polyatomic ions are expressed in parentheses
.
36
Polyatomic Ions
.
Learning Check
Ex. What is the formula of the ionic compound
formed between ammonium and phosphate
ions?
Ammonium = NH4+
Phosphate = PO43–
(NH4)+ (PO4)3– (NH4)3PO4
Ex. Between strontium ion and nitrate ion?
Strontium = Sr2+
Nitrate = NO32–
Sr2+ (NO3)– Sr(NO3)2
.
37
Nomenclature (Naming)
IUPAC system to standardize name of
chemical compounds
One system so that anyone can reconstruct
formula from name
We will look at naming ionic compounds of
Representative metals
Transition metals
Monatomic ions
Polyatomic ions
Hydrates
.
Naming Ionic Compounds

Cations:
Metal that forms only one positive ion
Cation name = English name for metal
Na+ sodium
Ca2+ calcium
Metal that forms more than one positive ion
Use Stock System
Cation name = English name followed by numerical
value of charge written as Roman numeral in
parentheses (no spaces)
Transition metal
Cr2+ chromium(II) Cr3+ chromium(III)
.
38
Naming Ionic Compounds
Anions:
Monatomic anions named by adding
“–ide” suffix to stem name for element
Polyatomic ions use names in Table 2.4
.
Learning Check: Name The

Following
K2O potassium oxide
NH4ClO3 ammonium chlorate
Mg(C2H3O2)2 magnesium acetate
Cr2O3 chromium(III) oxide
ZnBr2 zinc bromide
.
39
Learning Check: Determine The
Formula
Calcium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2
Manganese(II) bromide
MnBr2
Ammonium phosphate
(NH4)3PO4
Mercury(I) nitride
(Hg2)3N2
.
Your Turn!
Which is the correct name for Cu2S?
A. copper sulfide
B. copper(II) sulfide
C. copper(II) sulfate
D. copper(I) sulfide
E. copper(I) sulfite
.
40
Your Turn!
Which is the correct formula for ammonium
sulfite?
A. NH4SO3
B. (NH4)2SO3
C. (NH4)2SO4
D. NH4S
E. (NH4)2S
.
Naming Hydrates
Ionic compounds
Crystals contain water molecules
Fixed proportions relative to ionic substance
Naming
Name ionic compound
Give number of water molecules in formula using
Greek prefixes
mono- = 1 hexa- = 6
di- = 2 hepta- = 7
tri- = 3 octa- = 8
tetra- = 4 nona- = 9
penta- = 5 deca- = 10
.
41
Learning Check: Naming Hydrates
CaSO4·2H2O
calcium sulfate dihydrate
CoCl2·6H2O
cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate
FeI3·3H2O
iron(III) iodide trihydrate
.
Your Turn!
What is the correct formula for copper(II)
sulfate pentahydrate?
A. CuSO4 · 6H2O
B. CuSO3 · 5H2O
C. CoSO4 · 4H2O
D. CoSO3 · 5H2O
E. CuSO4 · 5H2O
.
42
Your Turn!
What is the correct name for Fe(NO3)3·9H2O
A. iron nitrate nonahydrate

B. iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate
C. Ferium (III) nitrate decahydrate
D. iron(III) nitrite nonahydrate
E. iron(III) nitrate heptahydrate
.
Molecular Compounds
Molecules
Electrically neutral particle
Consists of two or more atoms
Chemical bonds
Attractions that hold atoms together in molecules
Arise from sharing electrons between two atoms
Group of atoms that make up molecule behave as
single particle
Molecular formulas
Describe composition of molecule
Specify number of each type of atom present
.
43
Molecules vs. Ionic Compounds
Molecules
Discrete unit
Water = two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen
atom
Ionic Compounds
Ions packed as close as
possible to each other
Sodium chloride:
Six anions surround each
cation; six cations
surround each anion
No one ion “belongs” to another
.
Molecular Compounds
Formed when nonmetals combine
C + O2 → CO2 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
Millions of compounds can form from a few
non-metals
Organic chemistry and biochemistry
Deal with chemistry of carbon + hydrogen,
nitrogen, and oxygen
A few compounds have only two atoms
Diatomics: HCl, CO, HF, NO
Most molecules are far more complex
Sucrose (C12H22O11) urea (CON2H4)
.
44
Hydrogen-containing Compounds
Nonmetal hydrides
Molecule containing nonmetal + hydrogen
Number of hydrogens that combine with nonmetal
= number of spaces from nonmetal to noble gas
in periodic table
N O F Ne
.
3-D Shapes of Molecules

Space filling models
Used to give shapes of simple nonmetal hydrides
Blue = nitrogen
Red = oxygen
Yellow = fluorine
White = hydrogen
.
45
Organic Compounds
Carbon compounds
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Originally thought these compounds only
came from living organisms
Now more general
Hydrocarbons
Simplest organic compounds
Contain only C and H
.
Hydrocarbons Belonging to the

Alkane Series
.
46
Alkanes
Boiling point increases as
number of carbon atoms
increases
Space filling models of
alkanes
Black = carbon
White = hydrogen
.
Your Turn!
What is the correct name for C4H10?
A. methane
B. ethane
C. propane
D. butane
A. pentane
.
47
Other Hydrocarbons
Alkenes
Hydrocarbons with two less H’s than alkanes
CnH2n
e.g., C2H4 = ethene (ethylene)
Replace –ane ending of alkanes with –ene for
alkenes
Alkynes
Hydrocarbons with four fewer H’s than alkanes
CnH2n – 2
e.g., C2H2 = ethyne (acetylene)
Replace –ane ending of alkanes with –yne for
alkynes
.
Other Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons are basic building
blocks of organic chemistry
Many other classes of
compounds derived from
them
Alcohols
Replace H in alkane with –OH group
e.g., CH3OH = methanol (methyl alcohol)
C2H5OH = ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
Replace –e in an alkane name with –ol
.
48
Your Turn!
What is the name of C4H9OH?
A. hexanol
B. propanol
C. pentanol
D. tetranol
E. butanol
.
Your Turn!
What is the name of CH3CH2CH2CH2CCH
(i.e., C6H10)?
A. hexene
B. heptacarbon decahydrogen
C. hexane
D. hexyne
E. heptene
.
49
Writing Formulas for Organic Compounds
Molecular formula
Indicates number of each type of atom in
molecule
e.g., C2H6 for ethane or C3H8 for propane
Order of atoms
Carbon Hydrogen Other atoms alphabetically
e.g., sucrose is C12H22O11
Emphasize alcohol – write OH group last
C2H5OH
Structural formula
Indicate how carbon atoms are connected
Ethane = CH3CH3
Propane = CH3CH2CH3
.
Your Turn!
Octane is a hydrocarbon with eight C atoms
that is the major component of gasoline. What
is the correct molecular formula for octane?
A. C8H14
B. C8H16
C. C8H18
D. C8H17OH
E. C8H15OH
.
50
Your Turn!
What is the correct structural formula for
octane?
A. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
B. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
C. C8H18
D. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
E. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
.
Nomenclature of Molecular Compounds

Goal is a name that translates clearly into
molecular formula
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
Which two elements present?
How many of each?
Format:
First element in formula
Use English name
Second element
Use stem and append suffix –ide
Use Greek number prefixes to specify how many
atoms of each element
.
51
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
1. hydrogen chloride
1H 1 Cl HCl
2. phosphorous pentachloride
1P 5Cl PCl5
3. triselenium dinitride
3 Se 2N Se3N2
Mono always omitted on first element
Often omitted on second element unless more
than one combination of same two elements
e.g., Carbon monoxide CO
Carbon dioxide CO2
When prefix ends in vowel similar to start of
element name, drop prefix vowel
.
Learning Check: Name Each

Format:
Number prefix + first element name
Number prefix + stem + –ide for second
element
AsF3 = arsenic trifluoride
HBr = hydrogen bromide
N2O4 = dinitrogen tetroxide
N2O5 = dinitrogen pentoxide
CO = carbon monoxide
CO2 = carbon dioxide
.
52
Your Turn!
Which is the correct formula for nitrogen
triiodide?
A. N3I
B. NI3
C. NIO3
D. N(IO3)3
E. none of the above
.
Your Turn!
Which is the correct name for P4O10?
A. phosphorus oxide
B. phosphorous decoxide
C. tetraphosphorus decoxide
D. tetraphosphorus oxide
E. decoxygen tetraphosphide
.
53
Your Turn!
Which is the correct formula for disulfur
decafluoride?
A. Su2F10
B. SF5
C. S2F10
D. S3F10
E. S2F4
.
Exceptions to Naming Binary Molecules

Binary compounds of nonmetals +
hydrogen
No prefixes to be used
Get number of hydrogens for each nonmetal from
periodic table
Hydrogen sulfide = H2S
Hydrogen telluride = H2Te
Molecules with Common Names
Some molecules have names that predate IUPAC
systematic names
Water H2O ▪ Sucrose C12H22O11
Ammonia NH3 ▪ Phosphine PH3
.
54
Summary of Naming
.
55

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Chapter 2

Elements, Compounds, and

Chemistry, 7th Edition

Modern Periodic Table

Note: Placement of elements 58 – 71 and 90 – 103 saves space

Representative/Main Group Elements

Representative/Main Group Elements

Inner Transition Elements

Metals, Nonmetals, or Metalloids

A. alkali metal, transition metal, halogen

Which of the following statements is correct?

Atoms represented by chemical symbols

Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Chlorine

More Complicated Molecules

Blue = White = CuSO4

A. C3H8, CH3NH2, C3H6O2

Atoms in Fixed Ratios by Mass

For water in general:

Law of Multiple Proportions

Use this data to prove law of

Law of Multiple Proportions

How Do We Know Formulas?

Conservation of Mass in Reactions

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

Ex. 2C4H10 + 13O2 → 8CO2 + 10H2O

Balanced Chemical Equation

Formation of Ionic Compounds

Na + Cl Na+ + Cl− NaCl(s)

Experimental Evidence for Ions

Electrical conductivity requires charge

When we use North American numbering of

Ions of Representative Elements

Determining Ionic Formulas

Example: What is the formula of ionic

Cations of Post-transition Metals

Compounds with Polyatomic Ions

Naming Ionic Compounds

Polyatomic ions use names in Table 2.4

Learning Check: Name The

ZnBr2 zinc bromide

A. iron nitrate nonahydrate

3-D Shapes of Molecules

Hydrocarbons Belonging to the

Other Organic Compounds

Nomenclature of Molecular Compounds

Learning Check: Name Each

Exceptions to Naming Binary Molecules

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