History of Speech Pathology in the World and in the

Philippines Communication disorders

 
History of the Ancient (3000BC to 1500 AD)
Mesopotamia (3500 BC to 539 BC)
Demon- causes diseases
Liver- Source of blood, Seat of life
Diagnosis:
o Divination- Interpret the signs
o Hepatoscopy- Will of the Gods, Course of
disease
Treatment:
o Amulets
o Exorcism
o Medicine from plants and minerals
o Fecal ingredients- drive away demons
Communication- vital in passing down cultural
stories/tales
o Communication Disorders
- Head trauma causes “speechlessness”
- Focused on treating wound, not rehabilitating speech
Persons with Disability - respected
Dwarves - were given high regard
Schools - mostly informal
- subjects were more elaborate
Speech therapy- no record yet
Greece (500BC to 100AD)
Gods have the power to
- create disease
- restore health
Diseases- balance of Humors and Elements

King Mursillis - thunderstorm struck him

 He was afraid
 His speech faded away
 Words rose up with difficulty
 Those with less severe disabilities were given
decent jobs at the temple.
 Those with severe disabilities were considered
dangerous and were put to death.

Schools - were just being put up during this period Brain- seat of sensation, thought, and emotion
Speech Therapy- no record yet
Diagnosis:
- Examine body fluid characteristics/humor balance
- Pulse taking
Egypt (3500BC to 100BC) - Asking questions about symptoms
Human Body - made up of tubes Treatment:
Environment - Caused diseases o Temples - to appeal to the Gods
Heart - Seat of the Soul o Sleep and dream
- to determine will of Gods
Diagnosis: - Course of disease
o Careful observation - cure/treatment
o Touching  Communication
o Seeing - God-given
o Smelling - Effective speaking is highly valued
o Taking pulses
Treatment: Aristotle said
o Prayed*  cold weather = communication disorders
o Made offerings to the Gods*  Persons with disabilities (PWDS)
(also done to ward off the demons) - senseless
- Incapable of reason
o Medicines made from plants, animals, and - death(?)
minerals
Communication Speech therapy- from demontheses
- innate - Pebbles in mouth
- teachable - Breathless
- developed conversational rules and canons
of rhetoric
Rome (500BC to 500AD)
Saints- associated to different diseases and complaints
Diagnosis:
- valued pulse taking
Treatment:
- medicines made from plants and animals
Communication
- key to governance
- entry to public office
Communication disorders
- stuttering: extreme moisture/dryness of tongue
PWDs - Mainstreamed in community
- Some still considered ugly/loathsome
Speech Therapy
stuttering treatment:
- heat tongue
- wrapping it in cloth soaked in lettuce juice
Caelius Aurelianus
- recommended tongue paralysis exercises and speech
sound exercises
Greek East (400 to 1500 AD)
Illnesses were God’s punishment
Treatment- appealed to gods
St. Blaise- patron saint of throat diseases (Bishop of
Sebastea)
Communication- rhetoric was focused on in most schools
Communication disorders-
Paul of Aegina, physician and medical scholar
- among his patients were those who had speech
problems
- deaf: swelling under the tongue
- suggest surgical procedures for different kinds of
surgeries, including a tracheotomy
PWDs - those under Constantine’s rule were killed(?)
- Justinian created The Institutes
Education- almost everyone was literate
Latin West (400 to 1500 AD)
- Medicine was practiced in hospitals and monasteries
Diagnosis- based on astrology
Treatment- based on astrology
Communication- important in resolving issues between
religion and science
Communication Disorders- excess moisture in tongue
PWDs- believed to be resulting from Adam and Eve’s
original sin
Speech Therapy-
Jean de Saint-Amand, 13th century physician
- treated a patient who was unable to talk by administering
a drug that attracted phlegm from the head, thereby
drying moisture from her tongue.
Bishop John Beverly
- Made the sign of the cross across the tongue
- Gave tongue exercises
- Combined a religious ritual with a bit of speech therapy
Arabic MidEast (400 to 1500 AD)
Al Razi, Persian Muslim physician, philosopher,
pharmacist, and scholar
- described the anatomy and physiology behind voice
problems
- recommended respiratory exercises and vocal training
- sound drills, phonetic placement, and repetition was
also widely used during his time
History in Europe (1500 to 1800)
Renaissance
- Humanism “because all we have is each other”
- Move from Latin to vernacular languages
Theoretical foundations
- Ideas from Arab scholars who preserved Greek text
- New insights on adult communication disorders
Hieronymus Mercurialis, an Italian physician and Greek
and Latin scholar.
- Book on speech disorders
- In his book on the diseases of
children he devoted three chapters
to various aspects of speech and
voice problems.
 Speech and voice
 Mutism 
 Articulation and fluency
Francis Bacon: learning through sensation
- Interest on people with hearing impairments
Key people (worked on people with hearing
impairment/stuttering):
 Juan Pablo Bonet (1579-1633)
 William Holder (1616-1698)
 George Dalgarno (1628-1687)
 Pablo Ponce de Leon (1520-
1584)
 Ramirez de Carrion, Spain
 Jerome Cardan (1501-1576)
 John Bulwer, England
 John Conrad Amman (1669-1724)
18th Century
- Political revolutions, new ideas, progress
- Move to English language
- “crusade against ignorance”
- Rhetoric & public speaking: for EVERYONE
- Fields related to SLP were investigated and refined
- Better treatment towards PWDs
- SLP forefathers considered themselves medical
researchers & practitioners, rhetoricians, educators
Theoretical foundations:
François Boissier de Sauvages
- wrote a book on speech disorders
- 18th century botanist and professor of medicine at the
University of Montpellier, in France.
His book Nosologie Methodique (Systematic nosology)
was released in 1771.
There he described psellisum or speech disorders in terms
of its subtypes. Some of which were:
 psellismus ischnophonia, or stuttering: difficulty of
moving the velum, the uvula and the root of the
tongue.
 psellismus rhotacismus: problem with the r sound
 psellismus lambdacismus: problem with l sound
 psellismus traulotes: indistinctness, (lisping?)
 psellismus balbuties: problem with labials,
 psellismus mogilalia: problem with labials (another
kind?)
 psellismus metallicus: a speech problem caused
by metallic poisons
 psellismus iotacismus: a problem with guttural
sounds
 psellismus nastas: nasality
 psellismus lagostomatum: cleft lip and palate
 psellismus a ranula: a speech problem caused by
tumors
Jean Marc Gaspard Itard
- French physician noted for his work with the deaf and
with Victor the “Wild boy of Aveyron”
 Itard was one of the first to attempt the instruction
of mentally retarded children on a scientific basis.
 trying to train and educate an unsocialized 11-
year-old boy who had been found in a forest in
Aveyron, south of Paris.
KEY PEOPLE:
Jean Marc Gaspar Itard (1775-1838)
- Published a treatise on stuttering and recommended
techniques to remediate it
John Thelwall (1764-1834), Britain
- Said to be the first speech-therapist in Britain
- Was an elocutionist specializing in remediation of
speech disorders
Erasmus Darwin
- Wrote positive things about his stuttering
- recommended practicing saying problematic words
and developing a “carelessness about the opinion of
others”
History in America (19th Century)
3 trends for the development of SLP profession:
o Elocution Movement
o Scientific Movement
o Professionalism Movement
Early 1900s
- Self-proclaimed speech correctionists (originally school
teachers) formed special interest groups
- National Education Association (NEA)
National Association of Teachers of Speech
- Walter Babcock Swift, a laryngologist and neurologist
specializing in speech defects.
- National Society for the Study and Correction of Speech
Disorders, estimated to be in existence from (eventually;
1918 to 1931)
1910 - mid 1920
- SLP related publications appeared
- College-level courses were offered at Boston, New York,
and San Francisco.
 
1925
- Group of 25 physicians, scholars, public school
administrators congregated
- Presented papers at specialized panels;
called themselves the American Academy of Speech
Correction (AASC)
- Committed to maintain high educational standards,
setting minimal criteria for membership to those with
degree or publication records only
1978
- AASC became American Speech-Language-Hearing
Association after several name changes
- Clinicians also evolved from “speech correctionist” to
“speech-language pathologists”
Theoretical foundations
Samuel Potter
- earliest American book on speech disorders
Margaret Gray Blanton and Smiley Blanton
- published a book that emphasized parents’ roles in
developing their child’s communicative potentials.
The book had a double focus:
 It outlined ways parents and teachers of speech
should encourage good speech in normal children
 Then it outlined the incidence, nature, and therapy
methods for treating children who stutter, and
children with monotonous voices, with letter
substitutions (articulation disorders), idioglossia,
and a lack of speech.
Edward Lee Travis
- published a book on neurophysiological bases and
clinical subtypes for several communication difficulties.
 stuttering, articulation problems, phonation
problems, and aphasia
 His book was titled Speech Pathology
 Articulation therapy is covered in one paragraph
with an accompanying appendix containing word
lists organized by sounds in the initial, medial, and
 final position. The lists were intended to be used  To assist in the growth and development of the
to practice drills on particular speech sounds.  profession
 This book appeared in several later versions and  To guide and guard the practice 
was to become a classic in the field and referred
to as "the Travis handbook."
1993
KEY PEOPLE: Senate Bill No. 1494
- authored(??) by Senator Orlando Mercado
Smiley Blanton - an Act regulating the practice of speech pathology in the
- Opened the first speech clinic at the University of Philippines
Wisconsin in 1914  
Sara Stinchfield-Hawk
- Received a Ph.D in Speech Pathology in 1928 at the
1994
University of Wisconsin.
- 6 faculty
- She was the first American to have one
- 77 graduates
- 30 practicing
History in the Philippines (1500 to 1800)
 
1970
Ella Goma-Silva 1995
- US Graduate - 82 graduates
- First SLP to Practice in the country - 52.3% practicing

1978  
Dr. Guillermo Damian
- First dean of UP School of Medical Professions 1997
(SAMP) - 124 graduates
- Proposed BS SP - Master in Rehabilitation Science (MRS)
(Approved at the 897th BOR meeting) - Master in Rehabilitation Science-Speech Pathology
(MRS-SP)
First Faculty Members:  
 Professor Rozella de Jesus-Sutradisastra
- 1st chair (1st Filipino to be official member of 1998
American Speech and Hearing Association in Congresswoman Bellaflor Angara-Castillo
1969, Speech and Drama) - Sponsored SP Bill in the Lower House
 Professor Ella Gomba-Silva
- Degree in Speech Correction from University of 1999
Arizona - Master in Clinical Audiology offered by UP College of
 Ms. Kathleen Mary Boehigheimer Medical Professions and UP College of Medicine
- Masters in SP from Hunter College of New York
University System and University of Rhode 2002
Island - 224 graduates
 Ms. Kathleen A Quigley - Massive brain drain
- Graduate with Masters in Preschool Deaf - Senator Loren Legarda-Leviste sponsors SP Bill
Education from Gallaudet University Meliza Dalisay Cruz
- 1st SP Audiologist
Lea Labrador and Rachel Reyes
1982
- Certified Auditory-Verbal Therapists
Ma. Teresa Castillo
Professor Joanne Rabang-Mata
- 1st SP Graduate
- First graduate
Rowena Arao-Ynion
  - Masters in Reading

1985 to 1989 2006

- 3 faculty - PASP moves for self-regulation
- 20 graduates - Professionals took on different roles

 
1991
- Formation of Philippine Association of Speech
Pathologists (PASP) 2009
- UST SLP 
2012
- CDU SLP

2013

- 568 graduates
- A portion are practicing abroad
- A portion are not practicing at all 

2014
- DLSU-HSI 

2018
SLP Bill approval at the House of Representatives

March 2019
- RA 11249 Speech LAnguage Pathology Act
- Signed and approved into a law