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Lampiran Jurnal
Lampiran Jurnal
Lampiran Jurnal
CLINICAL ARTICLE
Article history: Objective: To investigate the effect of an exercise program, including specific stabilizing exercises, on pain intensity and
Received 8 June 2010 functional ability in women with pregnancy-related low back pain. Methods: Fifty women between 16 and 24 weeks of
Received in revised form 27 October 2010 pregnancy were recruited at Tygerberg and Paarl Hospitals, Western Cape, South Africa. Twenty-six women were
Accepted 22 February 2011 randomized to a 10-week exercise program and 24 were randomized as controls. Results: Overall, the most frequent type of
back pain experienced was lumbar pain (36 [72.0%]). Pain intensity (P = 0.76) and functional ability (P = 0.29) were
Keywords:
comparable between the groups on study entry. In the study group, there was a signi ficant improvement in pain intensity (P b
Back pain
0.01) and an improvement in functional ability (P = 0.06) at the end of the study. In the control group, there were no
Exercise
Pregnancy significant changes in pain intensity (P = 0.89) or functional ability (P = 0.70) at the end of the study. Conclusion: A speci fic
exercise program decreased back pain intensity and increased functional ability during pregnancy in South African women
with lumbar and pelvic girdle pain.
© 2011 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction posture; the former is assumed to be caused by the hormone relaxin, and
Kristiansson et al. [10] reported a correlation between relaxin levels and
Low back pain is common during pregnancy, with incidence and point pregnancy-related back pain. Lax ligaments within the sacroiliac joints lead to
prevalence ranging from 4% to 76% [1]. Reasons for this include varying decreased stability of the pelvic girdle, and during pregnancy the center of
definitions and study methodologies [1]. Van Dongen et al. [2] observed that gravity changes because of the growing uterus. This causes a postural change
38% of pregnant South African women had subjective complaints of low back involving an increase in pelvic tilt, shortening of the paraspinal muscles, and
pain [2]. Pregnancy-related low back pain often begins before the end of the overstretching of the abdominal muscles— resulting in lumbar lordosis [11].
first trimester and tends to increase as the pregnancy advances [3]. Although it Such changes, together with low muscle endurance, compromise the strength
usually resolves 1–3 months after delivery [4], it may persist in 10%–16% of and stability of the low back and pelvis [8].
women [5,6]. In approximately one-third of pregnant women, back pain can
be severe enough to compromise everyday life, and it is the most common Treatment programs comprising stabilizing exercises significantly
cause of sick leave in Scandinavia [3,7]. decrease pain intensity and increase the quality of life of women with
pregnancy-related low back pain, both during pregnancy [12] and postpartum
Pregnancy-related low back pain occurs between the twelfth rib and the [13]. These exercises strengthen the paraspinal and abdominal muscles
gluteal fold [1]; it can be classified as lumbar pain (LP), pelvic girdle pain controlling lumbopelvic stability. Contraction of the transversus abdominis
(PGP), or combined LP and PGP [4,8]. Pelvic girdle pain is “experienced muscle leads to stabilization of the lumbar spine and significantly reduces
between the posterior iliac crest and the gluteal fold” [1], especially in the laxity of the sacroiliac joints, thereby facilitating the rehabilitation of non-
area of the sacroiliac joints, and may radiate to the posterior thigh—usually pregnant patients experiencing low back pain [13,14]. A Cochrane systematic
becoming more prominent as pregnancy progresses [3,9]. Pain may be due to review [15] on interventions for treating pelvic and back pain during
changes in ligament laxity and pregnancy showed a positive effect of exercise, although the authors advised
caution because of poor methodologic quality resulting in the potential for
bias; furthermore, they could not perform a meta-analysis owing to the
heterogeneity of interventions and study methods.
0020-7292/$ – see front matter © 2011 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.10.030
188 J. Kluge et al. / International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 113 (2011) 187–191
2. Materials and methods and non-pregnant women [13,15,22]. The 10-week intervention was divided
into 3 stages to enable the difficulty of the exercises to increase progressively.
The present study was an unblinded randomized controlled trial conducted Stages 1 and 2 were 4 weeks each, and stage 3 lasted 2 weeks. Exercise
at Tygerberg Hospital (secondary and tertiary referral institution) and Paarl sessions began with stretches, followed by exercises focused on the transverse
Hospital (primary and secondary referral institution), Western Cape, South abdominal and pelvic floor muscles. The goal of stage 1 was to train the
Africa, between June 22, 2007, and December 18, 2008. The study population correct isolation and isometric contraction of the transversus abdominis and
was drawn from women attending prenatal clinics at the study hospitals who the pelvic floor. Stages 2 and 3 involved co-contraction of various other
experienced low back pain that had started in the index pregnancy. The muscle groups (e.g. the gluteus, hip abductors, and quadriceps), in addition to
inclusion criteria were maternal age between 20 and 40 years, any parity, contraction of the transversus abdominis and the pelvic floor. Sessions ended
gestational age between 16 and 24 weeks, low back pain experienced with stretching, relaxation, and breathing techniques. Women in the control
anywhere from T12 to the gluteal fold—with or without radiation to the knee group were not given specific instructions regarding whether they should
—that started during the current pregnancy, and any degree of pain. Exclusion perform any exercise. A self-administered exit questionnaire was completed
criteria were known chronic orthopedic or rheumatologic disorders, by both groups after 10 weeks.
intervertebral disc pathology or radiculopathy, chronic back pain for more
than 3 months, referred pain below the knee, and any uncontrolled medical or The primary outcomes were pain intensity and functional ability.
obstetric condition for which aerobic exercise would be contraindicated Secondary analysis included maternal (labor and delivery) and fetal (birth
according to the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) weight, Apgar score, and perinatal loss) outcome. Data were analyzed, on an
guidelines for exercise during pregnancy [16]. Informed consent was obtained intention-to-treat basis, using SPSS version 16 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).
2
from all participants. The study protocol was approved by the Committee for Categoric data were analyzed using the χ test. For expected cell values less
Human Research at the University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa. than 5, the Fischer exact test was used. For continuous data, t tests were used
for parametric data, and the Mann– Whitney U test was used for non-
parametric data. P b 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Eligible participants
identified
Information provided
about study
Consenting participants
(n=50)
Physical examination
(n=50)
Entrance questionnaire
completed (n=50)
Randomized (n=50)
(15.2%) participants did not complete the diagram and 1 (2.2%) woman In terms of secondary outcomes, there were no significant differences
indicated that her pain had resolved completely. The location of pain changed between the groups with regard to spontaneous or induced labor (P = 0.10).
to PGP for 4 (10.5%) women, whereas it changed to LP for 3 (7.9%). The The numbers of women who had vaginal, breech, assisted, and cesarean
pain intensity and functional ability of the groups at study entry and exit are deliveries were also comparable (P = 0.48). Furthermore, there were no
shown in Table 3. At study entry, the pain intensity and functional ability significant differences in birth weight and 5-minute Apgar score between the
scores were comparable between groups (P = 0.76 and P = 0.29, respectively). groups (P = 0.37 and P = 0.53, respectively). In the study group, there was 1
Following the exercise interven-tion, there was a significant improvement in early neonatal death, which was due to prematurity (22 weeks). In the control
pain intensity (P b 0.01) and a trend toward increased functional ability (P = group, there were 2 perinatal losses: 1 early neonatal death after delivery at 26
0.06) among women in the study group. There were significant differences in weeks and 1 unexplained intrauterine death at 31 weeks, which occurred after
pain intensity and functional ability scores between the groups at the end of the mother had exited the study.
the study (P b 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively). These scores did not change
significantly among women in the control group (P = 0.89 and P = 0.70,
respectively). 4. Discussion
Compliance with the exercise program was not optimal, despite Pain intensity and functional ability scores were comparable between the
motivation by the principal investigator. The median number of times women groups at study entry, with the former similar to that reported in other studies
in the study group exercised at home was 37 (range, 3–74 [there were 70 [23]. Following the exercise intervention, there was significant improvement
exercise days in the program; some women exercised more than once per in pain intensity among women in the study group. The trend toward
day]) and the median number of exercise classes attended was 3 (range, 0–5 increased functional ability within the study group may have achieved
[maximum 5]). significance if there had been
190 J. Kluge et al. / International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 113 (2011) 187–191
Table 1 Table 2
a Subtypes of low back pain according to body diagram, relation to pain elicited on
Baseline characteristics of participants.
sacroiliac joint and erector spinae muscle palpation, and P4 test at study entry.
Characteristic Study group Control group P value
(n = 26) (n = 24) Subtype Body Sacroiliac joint Erector P4 test
diagram (one or both) spinae (one or
Age, y 27 (20–32) 29 (21–39) 0.04
palpation palpation both sides)
Parity 1 (0–2) 2 (0–4) 0.01
Gestation, wk 20 (16–24) 20 (15–24) 0.69 LP 36 (72.0) 0 (0.0) 24 (48.0) 3 (6.0)
b 26.3 (16.4–44.9) 30.4 (18.8–47.9) 0.34 PGP 3 (6.0) 2 (4.0) 1 (2.0) 2 (4.0)
BMI
Primigravida 8 (30.8) 2 (8.3) 0.04 Combined pain 11 (22.0) 5 (10.0) 8 (16.0) 5 (10.0)
African 6 (23.1) 4 (16.7) 0.83 (LP and PGP)
Mixed racial origin 17 (65.4) 18 (75.0) 0.67
Abbreviations: LP, lumbar pain; PGP, pelvic girdle pain; P4, posterior pelvic pain
Caucasian 3 (11.5) 2 (8.3) 0.92
provocation.
Exercised before study entry 9 (34.6) 14 (58.3) 0.09 a
Employed 11 (42.3) 9 (37.5) 0.95 Values are given as number (percentage).
c d
Back pain in previous pregnancy 5 (27.8) 8 (36.4) 0.06
Average gestational age at which e f 0.81 Table 3
3.2 3.3
pain started in index pregnancy
(as stated by participants), mo a,b
Pain intensity and functional ability.
Subtypes of low back pain according to body diagram
Study group Control group P value
LP 19 (73.1) 17 (70.8) 0.89
(n = 26) (n = 24)
PGP 1 (3.8) 2 (8.3) 0.94
Combined pain (LP + PGP) 6 (23.1) 5 (20.8) 0.88 Pain intensity before intervention 30.0 (3–47) 31.0 (9–54) 0.76
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; LP, lumbar pain; PGP, pelvic girdle pain. Pain intensity after intervention 18.5 (0–40) 33.0 (5–50) b0.01
a Values are given as median (range) or number (percentage) unless otherwise P value b0.01 0.89 —
indicated. Functional ability before intervention 71.0 (5–143) 77.5 (16–142) 0.29
b Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. Functional ability after intervention 39.5 (0–135) 77.0 (4–140) 0.03
c n = 18. P value 0.06 0.70 —
d n = 22. a
Values are given as median (range) unless otherwise indicated.
e b
n = 12. Pain intensity according to numerical rating scale scores (maximum possible score of 60);
f n = 11. functional ability according to Likert-modified Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire
scores (maximum possible score of 144, with higher score indicating greater disability).
c
Exit questionnaires completed by 24 women in the study group and 22 women in the
more participants; however, the number of women recruited was control group.
lower than indicated by the power calculation because the study was
time limited, owing to the fact that it formed the basis of a master's
dissertation. There were also significant differences in pain intensity seems to increase with time [9], pain intensity and disability in the
and functional ability scores between the groups at the end of the control group did not worsen as the pregnancies progressed. This may
study. Although the natural course of back pain during pregnancy have been because of the predominance of LP, which is a less intense/
disabling form of pain compared with PGP or a combination of both
[8]. In fact, PGP and combined pain are more likely to persist after
pregnancy [8]. Other studies investigating exercise interventions have
reported that such interventions can ameliorate pain progression
during pregnancy [12,23]; in the present study, women in the control
group also received advice and a pamphlet on back care, which may
have contributed to the absence of worsening pain intensity and
disability as the pregnancies progressed in this group.
Only 23 women could recall the onset of their pain, which occurred
around the transition from first to second trimester. This is similar to
findings by Östgaard et al. [3]—who reported that pain often began
before 12 weeks, with a point prevalence of back pain of 22% at
12 weeks. However, there is currently no single gold-standard test for
diagnosis [1]; the present study used the subclassification of LP, PGP,
and combined pain—as determined via participant-completed body
diagrams. This could be considered a limitation because Vleeming
et al. [1] suggested that a combination of objective pain provocation
tests, including the P4 test, be used to diagnose PGP because the
specificity of pain mapping is low [1]. In the present study, 2 objective
tests (P4 and palpation of the sacroiliac joint) were used for the
confirmation of PGP; however, the positive yield of these tests was
low. Others have reported that it is not always easy to distinguish
between these subtypes [24]. Lumbar pain can be related to activities
in which there is prolonged weight bearing (e.g. standing, sitting, and
repetitive lifting) [20], whereas PGP is related to activities in which
there is asymmetrical loading of the pelvis and prolonged postures.
Pelvic pain may be unilateral or bilateral, and causes problems with
walking, prolonged sitting, climbing stairs, turning in bed, and getting
out of cars, low chairs, and baths [20]. Several studies have
documented more PGP than LP in pregnancy [3,8,9] but the latter
predominated in the present study. One of the reasons might be that
Fig. 2. Subtypes of pregnancy-related low back pain. the participants were overweight or obese (Table 1), although the
J. Kluge et al. / International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 113 (2011) 187–191 191
literature is divided on BMI being a risk factor for developing pregnancy- References
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Conflicts of interest back pain after delivery: short-term results of a randomized clinical trial
[ISRCTN08477490]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2006;7:19.
The authors have no conflicts of interest.
J Rehabil Med 2017; 49: 251–257
ORIGINAL REPORT
From the 1Department of Health Studies, College of Applied Sciences “Lavoslav Ruzicka” in Vukovar, Vukovar, 2School of Medicine,
Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, 3School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 4Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 5Institute for Expert Evaluation, Professional Rehabilitation and Employment of People
with Disabilities, Zagreb, Croatia, 6Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK and 7Science and Research Centre of
Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
Questionnaire (PGQ) were used to measure outcomes. The deconditioning and there is a recognized positive
control group received only standard antenatal care. association between reduced muscle function and the
development of lumbopelvic pain in pregnancy (9).
Results: There were significant differences bet-ween Lumbopelvic pain usually resolves after delivery.
the 2 groups on the numeric rating scale, PGQ and RMDQ However, 51% of women with pain during pregnancy
scores in the 36th week of pregnancy (p = 0.017; p = 0.005; p report experiencing LBPP 1 year postpartum (10), and
< 0.001, respectively) in fa-vour of the experimental group. 20% of women report LBPP 3 years postpartum (11).
Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
retention within connective tissues (2). The main individualized exercises in pregnancy (14). However,
the amount of research into the effects of exercise on
LBPP is relatively small, with only moderate overall
methodological quality. The resulting data is therefore (VAS), in which the respondent selects a whole number between 0
often inconsistent. (no pain) and 10 (worst pain imaginable) that best reflects the
intensity of their pain. The recall period was 1 week (21). The
The objective of this study was to examine the ef- RMDQ is a condition-specific, patient-reported, reliable and valid
fect of a supervised, individualized, structured, thera- health status measure for assessment of physical disability due to
peutic exercise programme, consisting of aerobic and LBP (22). We used a 24-item version of the RMDQ. The PGQ is
resistance exercises along with daily vigorous walks, the first condition-specific, patient-reported outcome measure
Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
developed for people with PGP (23). It has a high reliability and
on the occurrence and severity of pregnancy-related validity in women with PGP during pregnancy.
lumbopelvic pain. Women from the EG participated in an individualized, super-
vised, structured, exercise programme twice per week, along with
standard antenatal care. The duration of the exercise session was
METHODS 50–55 min. They were also instructed to undertake at least 30 min
The study was designed as a pre-planned secondary analysis of the of brisk walking once per day. The exercise programme
data from a randomized controlled trial, the primary purpose of commenced within 1 week following inclusion into the trial and
which was to investigate the effects of an exercise programme on continued throughout the duration of the pregnancy. Attendance
outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus. Ethical approval was was recorded and the women were asked to keep a diary of daily
obtained from the University Hospital Centre Zagreb and the walks. The minimum duration of the intervention was 6 weeks.
University Hospital Merkur, Zagreb, Croatia and the trial was The minimum acceptable attendance rate between the time of
registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 02196571). Parti-cipants inclusion into the trial and the 38 th week of pregnancy was set at
gave their informed consent and the trial was conducted according 70%. Participants in the CG received only standard antenatal care,
to the Declaration of Helsinki. but were not discouraged from exercising on their own.
Subjects were healthy pregnant women or women diagnosed The exercise programme was developed in accordance with
with mild gestational diabetes mellitus treated only by diet and official guidelines for exercise in pregnancy (18). It consisted
lifestyle change, but with no other medical conditions. They of aerobic exercise (20 min), resistance exercises (20–25 min),
were recruited by direct contact at the 2 above-mentioned pelvic floor exercises, stretching and relaxation at the end of
hospitals. Inclusion criteria were: pregnancy, age between 20 the session (10 min). The treadmill (Axos Runner, Heinz
and 40 years, with the ability to read, understand and speak Kettler GmbH, Ense-Parsit, Germany) was used for the aerobic
Croatian. The upper limit for inclusion was set at 30 weeks’ part of the training. The target exercise intensity was within the
gestation to allow a minimum exercise period of 6 weeks, until aerobic zone (65–75% of maximum heart rate), i.e. 13–14 on
at least the 36th week of pregnancy. Exclusion criteria were: a the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion scale (24). Maternal
JRM
medical history of miscarriages, pharmacological treatment heart rate (HR) was monitored (Mio Alpha, Mio Global,
during pregnancy, contraindications for exercise, as set out in Vancouver, BC, Canada) continuously during the exercise and
the criteria published by the American College of Obstetricians the target heart rate (THR) was calculated according to
and Gynecologists (ACOG) (18), smoking, previous trauma to Karvonen’s formula. Maximum HR was calculated according
the lumbopelvic region, or a history of severe lumbopelvic pain the traditional formula 220 – age.
prior to pregnancy. Participants were randomized by block The aerobic part of the exercise programme started with a
randomization using a computerized service into 2 groups: ex- warm-up for the first 5 min, which included walking on the
perimental (EG) and control (CG). The study was not blinded treadmill at normal pace, gradually adjusting velocity and
for participants because of its nature; however, the assessors incline. After that, the women were free to adjust the velocity
Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
were blinded. and incline of the treadmill themselves in order to achieve the
Baseline information, taken at the initial interview, included: desired intensity. Resistance exercises incorporated all major
demographic and occupational data, medical and obstetric muscle groups at each session. They included stabilization ex-
history, lifestyle habits and physical activity levels, height and ercises for the lumbopelvic area, exercises for upper and lower
body mass at the start of the pregnancy, and the existence and limb muscles, back extensors and deep abdominal muscles.
onset of pregnancy-related LBPP. Body mass was measured Exercises were performed using body weight, elastic bands
and recorded by a blinded physiotherapist using a medical (TheraBand, The Hygenic Corporation, Akron, OH, USA) and
grade digital scale measuring to the nearest 0.1 kg (Body hand-held weights of 0.5 and 1 kg (Aerobic Dumbbels, Heinz
Composition Monitor BF511, Omron Healtcare, Kyoto, Japan). Kettler GmbH, Ense-Parsit, Germany). Intensity target values
Body mass index (BMI) was calculated according to the were the same as for the aerobic part of the session. Six dif-
standard equation. Pregnant women randomized to the EG ferent exercises were performed in 3 sets of 10–15 repetitions
were scheduled for their first exercise session. per set. There were 3 standardized resistance exercise protocols
Both groups were seen in the 36th week of pregnancy, when developed and interchanged during the intervention period.
their levels of physical activity were recorded using a Stretching and pelvic floor exercises were performed at the end
Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ) (19). The of every exercise session.
intensity of lumbopelvic pain and level of disability Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 19.0 (IBM,
experienced as a result were also measured on this occasion, Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive statistics were performed for
using a numeric rating scale (NRS), Roland- Morris Disability all variables of interest. This included mean, standard devia-
Questionnaire (RMDQ) and Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire (PGQ) tion and minimum and maximum values, where appropriate.
. Relevant medical documentation was also reviewed to assess Normality of data was checked with the Shapiro–Wilk test.
the course of the pregnancy. Homogeneity of variances was checked with Levene’s test. The
An NRS is a reliable and valid method of measuring pain distribution of data was not normal and we used the 2-tailed
Mann–Whitney U test without Bonferroni correction for com-
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www.medicaljournals.se/jrm
Exercises for low back pain and pelvic pain in pregnancy 253
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PPAQ, NRS, RMDQ and PGQ, and onset of lumbopelvic pain. Table I. Baseline characteristics for the experimental and
The level of significance was set at p-value < 0.05. Cohen’s d control groups
(d) and effect size (r) were calculated for all outcome variables Variable EG (n = 20) CG (n =22)
with a significance level ≤ 0.05. Maternal age, years, mean (SD) 32.8 (3.6) 32.2 (4.9)
The number of exercise sessions, duration of the interven- Body height, m, mean (SD) 1.67 (0.07) 1.68 (0.06)
tion in weeks and number of daily walks were correlated with Pre-pregnancy body mass, kg, mean (SD) 66.6 (13.7) 70.6 (15.1)
NRS, PGQ and RMDQ scores in the 36 th week of pregnancy, 2 23.9 (4.8) 24.9 (4.6)
Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
EG (9.1%) and 1 from the CG (4.4%) (Fig. 1). Both Total activity (MET-h*week–1)
Total activity of light intensity and above
154.4 (72.4) 124.7 (43.8)
exercise were reported. Our primary determinant of Transportation activity 15 (6.5) 17.4 (11.5)
exercise intensity was to achieve values 13–14 on the Inactivity 33.3 (17) 36.6 (24.8)
Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion scale, which EG: experimental group; CG: control group; BMI: body mass index; MET:
metabolic equivalent.
corresponded with mean of 64.5% (SD 4.7) of maxi-
mum heart rate. Participants performed a mean of 84.7
(SD 34.5) brisk walks vs planned 87.9 (SD 33.6). The Whilst there were no differences between the groups
adherence to protocol was 95.8% (SD 4.4%). in baseline levels of physical activity (Table I) we
th
found difference in the 36 week of pregnancy (Table
Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
Score
40
= 2.26, r = 0.75). Furthermore, levels of moderate
physical activity (3.0–5.9 METs) were higher in the EG 30
Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
lumbopelvic pain. The onset of lumbopelvic pain in the week of pregnancy. The EG had lower scores on the
EG negatively correlated with both number of performed PGQ, i.e. a lower level of disability experienced and
exercise sessions (rpbi = –0.470, p = 0.036), and duration fewer symptoms reported (Table IV; Fig. 2). There
of the interven-tion in weeks (rpbi = –0.445, p = 0.049). It was a negative correlation between the duration of
also negatively intervention and PGQ score (rs = –0.380, p = 0.049).
th
Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
Table III. Results of Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ) in the 36 week of pregnancy
–1 –1
EG (n = 18; MET-h*week ) CG (n =20; MET-h*week )
Variable Mean (SD) Mean (SD) p
Total activity 130.3 (61.6) 109.5 (49.6) 0.351
Total activity of light intensity and above (≥1.5 METs) 107.4 (58.4) 75.5 (41.3) 0.027
By intensity of activity
Sedentary (< 1.5 METs) 22.9 (18.1) 37 (24.7) 0.071
Light (1.5–2.9 METs) 77.8 (44.1) 61.3 (30) 0.365
Moderate (3.0–5.9 METs) 29.6 (38.1) 11.3 (15.1) 0.014
Vigorous (≥ 6.0 METs) 0.1 (0.2) 0 (0) 0.133
By type of activity
Household/caregiving 72.9 (50.2) 53.8 (39.1) 0.162
Occupational 6 (16.5) 0 (0) 0.063
Sport/exercise 4.1 (2.1) 0.6 (0.7) <0.001
Transportation activity 17.4 (14.2) 9.2 (5.4) 0.027
Inactivity 30 (23.8) 46 (33.4) 0.118
EG: experimental group; CG: control group; MET: metabolic equivalent; SD: standard deviation.
Table IV. Results of numeric rating scale (NRS), Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire (PGQ) and Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire
(RMDQ) in the 36th week of pregnancy
EG (n = 20) CG (n = 22)
Variable Median IQR Minimum Maximum Median IQR Minimum Maximum p-value
NRS (0–10) 2 4 0 7 4 2.3 0 8 0.017
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Exercises for low back pain and pelvic pain in pregnancy 255
scores on RMDQ and experienced a lower level of et al. (28) found a significant difference in self-reported
disability (Table IV; Fig. 2). lumbopelvic pain in the 36th week of pregnancy,
following a 12-week exercise programme which
combined aerobic and resistance exercises, an
DISCUSSION
intervention similar to ours. Likewise, Miquelutti et al.
Even with an insignificant difference in the (31) and Haakstad & Bö. (29) did not find any signifi-
percentage of women who developed pregnancy- cant differences in symptoms reported by EG and CG.
related lumbo-pelvic pain, those in the EG were less Pain intensity, as assessed by the NRS score, was
affected by it and appeared to cope better with it. lower in the EG with a large effect size (median 2 vs
They reported significantly lower levels of pain, a 4) (p = 0.017, d = –0.80, r = –0.37). A similar interven-
higher quality of life and experienced lower levels of tion, the exercise programme performed from the 2nd
disability. There was a negative correlation between trimester of pregnancy until the 37 th week of
the number of sessions, duration of the intervention pregnancy, 3 times per week with the addition of daily
and the severity of lumbopelvic pain, which might walks also significantly reduced VAS scores in the
implicate a positive dose-response relationship. exercise group (p < 0.001) and increased them in the
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to control group (p = 0.0001) (27). In contrast, Eggen et
evaluate the effects of an individualized, supervised, al. (30) did not find a significant difference in NRS
exercise programme for pregnancy-related lumbopel-vic scores between EG and CG after the implementation
pain. This study is also one of the few (25–29) to of an exercise intervention that consisted of
investigate the effect of combining aerobic and resis- supervised weekly ex-ercise combining aerobic and
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tance exercises. Furthermore, this is the second trial strengthening exercises for local and global muscle
(27) to add daily walking intervention to biweekly groups lasting between 16 and 20 weeks.
exercise sessions. This study found that there was a significant dif-
Levels of adherence to the study protocol were very ference in PGQ score between the 2 groups in the 36 th
high. This is probably due to the individualized nature week of pregnancy, with the EG recording lower
of the programme. Participants were able to choose scores on the PGQ (median 1.3 vs 18.7), with a large
the time and days of the week that best suited them to effect size (p = 0.005, d = –0.85, r = –0.39). The EG
Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
attend exercise sessions. In this way, some of the had better quality of life and they experienced fewer
barriers to exercising in pregnancy were removed. problems carrying out several activities of daily life
Furthermore, none of the participants developed war- often associated with aggravating PGP. Another study
ning signs or experienced adverse effects requiring (33) examined severity of pelvic girdle pain, assessed
termination of the exercise programme. by an independent examiner, before and after im-
This study found that there was no significant dif- plementation of an exercise intervention comparing
ference between the groups in the rate of self-reported stabilization exercises and acupuncture with standard
pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain. However, a antenatal care. Both intervention groups reported sig-
lower percentage of women in the EG developed nificantly superior effects to those receiving standard
lumbopelvic pain in comparison with the CG (55% vs antenatal care alone.
81.8%). Still, pre-pregnancy lumbopelvic pain was Regarding the RMDQ score, there was also a sig-
also different between EG and CG (45 vs 54.5%) and nificant difference in the 36 th week, with a large effect
it represents the major risk factor for the development size (p < 0.001, d = –0.90, r = –0.41). The EG recorded
of lumbopelvic pain during pregnancy. lower scores on the RMDQ (median 0 vs 3), hence a
Mørkved et al. (26) also investigated the effect of a lower level of disability caused by LBP. In contrast to
supervised exercise programme, which combined that, Eggen et al. (30) did not find a significant impro-
aerobic and resistance exercises with similar results. vement in RMDQ scores following implementation of
Following the implementation of their intervention their exercise interventions. Mørkved et al. (26) used a
(36th week of pregnancy) 43.9% women from the EG Disability Rating Index (DRI) for the assessment of
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vs 56.2% women from the CG reported lumbopelvic disability experienced and the results were signifi-
pain (p = 0.03). Beyaz et al. (27) also confirmed a lo- cantly improved in the exercising group following the
resistance exercises on short- and long-term outcomes. 18. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
In conclusion, the data suggest that exercise offers Exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
ACOG Committee Opinion 267. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 99:
significant benefits for pregnant women in reducing 171–173.
LBPP, specifically beneficial effects on severity of 19. Chasan-Taber L, Schmidt MD, Roberts DE, Hosmer D,
Markenson G, Freedson PS. Development and validation of
pain, and thus on the functional abilities and quality of
Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire. Med Sci Sports
life of the women affected. Further prospective studies Exerc 2004; 36: 1750–1760.
are needed to confirm these findings. 20. Downie WW, Leatham PA, Rhind VM, Wright V, Branco JA,
Anderson JA. Studies with pain rating scales. Ann Rheum
The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Dis 1978; 37: 378–381.
21. Bolton JE, Humphreys BK, van Hedel HJ. Validity of weekly
recall ratings of average pain intensity in neck pain pa-
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26. Mørkved S, Salvesen KA, Schei B, Lydersen S, Bø K. Does Med 2015; 47: 229–234.
group training during pregnancy prevent lumbopelvic pain? 30. Eggen MH, Stuge B, Mowinckel P, Jensen KS, Hagen KB.
A randomized clinical trial. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Can supervised group exercises including ergonomic advice
2007; 86: 276–282. reduce the prevalence and severity of low back pain and
27. Beyaz EA, Özcan E, Ketenci A, Beyaz MM. The effectiveness pelvic girdle pain in pregnancy? A randomized controlled
of pregnancy rehabilitation: effects on low back pain and trial. Phys Ther 2012; 92: 781–790.
calf cramps during pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. 31. Miquelutti MA, Cecatti JG, Makuch MY. Evaluation of a birth
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Nobel Med 2011; 7: 67–74. preparation program on lumbopelvic pain, urinary inconti-
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ved S. Does regular exercise during pregnancy influence BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2013; 13: 154.
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Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012; 91: 551–559. Effects of acupuncture and stabilising exercises as adjunct
29. Haakstad LA, Bö K. Effect of a regular exercise programme to standard treatment in pregnant women with pelvic girdle
on pelvic girdle and low back pain in previously inactive pain: randomised single blind controlled trial. BMJ 2005;
pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial. J Rehabil 330: 761.
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ORIGINAL REPORT
effect of a regular exercise programME on Pelvic Girdle and Low Back Pain in
previously inactive pregnant women: A randomized controlled trial
The primary aim of the present study was to examine whether a minimum of 12 weeks. Each session started with 5 min warm up,
participation in a group fitness class for pregnant women twice followed by 35 min endurance training and aerobic dance, including
cool down. This was followed by 15 min strength training with a
a week, in addition to 30 min of moderate self-imposed physi- special focus on the deep abdominal stabilization muscles (internal
cal activity on the remaining week-days, can prevent and treat oblique and the transverse abdominal muscle), pelvic floor and back
PGP and LBP in previously inactive women. muscles. The last 5 min included stretching, relaxation and body
awareness exercises. The aerobic dance routine included low impact
exercises (no jumping or running) and step training. Step length and
METHODS body rotations were reduced to a minimum, and crossings of legs and
sharp and abrupt changes of position were avoided. The exercise
Design programme followed the current American Congress of Obstetricians
The study design was a secondary analysis of an assessor -blinded and Gynecologists (ACOG) exercise prescription (10, 16), and all
RCT, with the primary aim of evaluating the effect of regular exercise aerobic activities were performed at moderate intensity measured by
on maternal weight gain (15). The complete study was conducted in ratings of perceived exertion at 12–14 (somewhat hard) on the 6–20
agreement with the most recent CONSORT statement (http://www. Borg rating scale (17). The exercise programme was choreographed
consort-statement.org) and was registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov and led by certified aerobic instructors.
Protocol Registration System (NCT00617149). In addition to joining the scheduled aerobic classes, all women in the
exercise group were asked to include 30 min of moderate self-imposed
Participants physical activity on the remaining week days. They were also advised
Nulliparous women whose pre-pregnancy exercise levels did not in- to incorporate short bouts of activity into their daily schedules (e.g. to
clude participation in a structured exercise programme (> 60 min once walk instead of drive short distances and to use stairs instead of lifts).
per week), including brisk walking (> 120 min per week) for the past 6 Adherence to the exercise classes was reported by the aerobic
months, were eligible for the trial. Other inclusion criteria were ability instructors, and the self-imposed daily activity was registered in a
to read, understand and speak Norwegian language, and to be within personal training diary.
their first 24 weeks of pregnancy. Exclusion criteria were a history of Control participants were neither encouraged to, nor discouraged
more than 2 miscarriages, severe heart disease (including symptoms of from, exercising, as we considered asking the controls not to exercise
angina, myocardial infarction or arrhythmias), persistent bleeding after to be against current guidelines. In order to treat the 2 groups
12 weeks of gestation, multiple pregnancy, poorly controlled thyroid identically apart from for the intervention, the control group underwent
disease, pregnancy-induced hypertension or pre-eclampsia, diabetes or all tests and completed the same interview as the exercise group.
gestational diabetes, and other diseases that could interfere with Otherwise, the control group received usual prenatal care.
participation (11). In addition, women not able to attend weekly
exercise classes were ineligible. Participants were recruited via arti-cles Outcome measures
and advertisement in newspapers, by health practitioners (family Primary outcome measures were number of women reporting PGP and
physicians, midwives) and websites for pregnant women. LBP at gestation week 36–38 and 6–8 weeks postpartum. Second-ary
In total, 105 women were recruited to the trial from February to May outcomes included severity, defined as limitations in performing
2008. The majority of participants came from the city of Oslo, Norway. activities of daily life and physical activity.
All follow-up procedures were completed by March 2009. An a priori Assessments of PGP and LBP were obtained as part of the questions
power calculation was made for the primary outcome of the trial, which concerning pregnancy complaints and included a yes or no response to one
was gestational weight gain (15). separate question for each condition, asked on 3 occasions: “Have you
In total, the participants were examined with respect to the current experienced PGP this week or in previous weeks? “Have you experienced
outcome measures 3 times during the study period. The first visit was back pain this week or in previous weeks?” If the participants answered yes
between 12 and 24 weeks of gestation (baseline visit), the second at week to PGP and/or back pain, pain localization was investigated: “Where do you
36–38 (after the intervention) and the last 6–8 weeks after deliv-ery experience the pain?” The categorical responses for PGP were: in front
(postpartum visit). Each visit lasted approximately 60–75 min and included, (symphysis), back (1 side), back (2 sides), back and in front (1 side), back
in addition to standardized interviews for assessing health out-comes such and in front (2 sides). For back pain the following 3 alternatives were
as PGP and LBP, measurements of height and body weight, skinfold provided: upper pain, LBP with pain radiating to the legs and LBP not
thickness and a submaximal lactate profile step test (treadmill walk test). radiating to the legs.
There was no financial compensation to the participants. The interview questionnaire also contained 2 yes/no questions con-
All participants gave written consent to participate and the procedures cerning the disability or severity of PGP/LBP (“Does the pain stop you
followed the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. The performing daily activities at work and/or at home? Does the pain stop
project was approved by The National Committee for Medical Research you performing regular physical activity/exercise?”). Furthermore, for
Ethics, Southern Norway, Oslo, Norway (reference number S-05208). The the assessment of PGP, one additional question regarding the use of
Norwegian Social Sciences Data Services (NNT) provided licence to store crutches was asked: “Do you have problems walking to the extent of
and register individual health information (reference number 17804/2/KH). using crutches?” The response options were: “Not at all, Seldom,
Sometimes or Most of the day”. Severe PGP was defined as using
Randomization crutches “Sometimes or Most of the day”.
A secretary, not involved in the assessment or exercise classes, The baseline interview also covered demographic information (e.g.
assigned the participants to either an exercise group or a control group age, pregnancy week, height, maternal weight gain weight, smoking
follow-ing a computerized statistical randomization program with habits, education, occupation, reports of being sick -listed) and assess-
sealed opaque envelopes. The procedure was simple randomization and ment of physical activity and sedentary behaviour (at work, transpor-
no stratification was done. The principal investigator (LAHH) was not tation and household) . The questions on total physical activity have
involved in training the women and was blinded to group allocation been validated with a portable activity monitor (18).
while assessing the outcome measures, plotting and analysing the data.
Data analysis
Intervention All statistical analyses were conducted with SPSS Statistical Soft-ware
Participants randomized to exercise were prescribed to participate in at version 18.0 for Windows. Data are presented as numbers with
least 2 out of 3 possible 1 h aerobic dance classes per week, for percentages or means with standard deviation (SD). The principal
J Rehabil Med 47
Exercise during pregnancy and pregnancy complaints 231
Table I. Background variables in the exercise and control groups (n = 105) Randomized
Exercise Control n=105
Details (n = 52) (n = 53)
Age, years, mean (SD) 31.2 (3.7) 30.3 (4.4) Exercise group: n=52 Control group: n=53
Gestational weeks, mean (SD) 17.3 (4.1) 18.0 (4.3)
Married/living together, n (%) 51 (98.1) 52 (98.1) Lost to visit after the Lost to visit after the n=11
College/university education, n (%) 44 (84.6) 45 (84.9) intervention: n=10 intervention:
Sedentary occupations Excluded: n=1 Excluded: n=1
Pelvic girdle pain: n=2 Pelvic girdle pain: n=1
(> 50% of the working day), n (%) 37 (71.2) 36 (67.9)
Hypertension: n=1 Premature birth: n=2
Daily smokers, n (%) 2 (3.8) 1 (1.9) Premature birth: n=2 Pre-eclampsia: n=1
Height, m, mean (SD) 1.69 (0.1) 1.69 (0.1) Uterine contractions: n=1 Moved: n=1
Pre-preg weight, kg, mean (SD) 67.9 (11.4) 68.4 (14.6) Amniotic-fluid leakage: n=1 Withdrawn: n=1
Weight, kga, mean (SD) 71.8 (11.4) 72.7 (14.3) Asthma: n=1 Unknown reason: n=4
Pre-pregancy BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) 23.8 (3.8) 23.9 (4.7) Unknown reason: n=1
Lost to postpartum visit: n=6
Pre-pregancy BMI ≥ 25, n (%) 13 (25.0) 14 (26.4) Lost to postpartum visit: n=9 Excluded: n=1
Sick-leave, days, mean (SD) 10 (19.2) 13 (24.5) Excluded: n=1 Moved: n=2
Complications baby n=3 Withdrawn: n=1
aAt baseline test, pregnancy weight was measured using a digital beam Unknown reason: n=2
Moved: n=2
scale. Unknown reason: n=3
BMI: body mass index.
Fig. 1. Trial profile showing the flow of participants throughout the
analysis was done on an intention to treat basis (ITT). Missing values study period.
were replaced with values based on existing data (Last-Observation-
Carried-Forward). In addition, we performed per protocol analysis (PGP and LBP), no difference in pain localization was seen
based on adherence to ≥ 80% of the recommended exercise sessions (≥
between exercise and control groups.
19 exercise sessions) and compared women with 100% exercise
adherence (24 exercise sessions) with the control group. The differ- Nineteen percent in the training group and 20.8% in the
ences in the proportion of women reporting PGP and LBP, as well as control group were lost to follow-up. Fig. 1 shows the flow-
numbers reporting reduction in daily activities and physical activity chart and reasons for loss to follow-up reported in the 2 groups.
level in the intervention and control group, were tested by two-sided χ 2- Some women lost to the second visit, re-entered the study at
test. For expected cell values less than 5, Fisher’s exact test was used.
the postpartum examination. Mean adherence to the exercise
Binary logistic regression was used to estimate effect sizes and their
95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A p-value < 0.05 was considered classes was 17.2 (SD 12.5, range 1–55) out of 24 recommended
statistically significant. training sessions. Twenty-one women (40.4%) attended ≥ 80%
of the training sessions.
Sixty-two percent of participants returned their training diaries
RESULTS and reported daily minutes with physical activity and exercise.
Background variables of the women randomized to either Excluding low intensity activity and the scheduled aerobic classes,
exercise or control groups are shown in Table I. There were no the results showed a mean weekly exercise time of 90 min (SD 73)
significant differences in background variables or preva-lence of moderate exercise, with 16 women (30.8%) fol-lowing the
rates of women with PGP or LBP in the exercise and control current pregnancy exercise guidelines of a minimum of 15 min
groups before the intervention (Table II). At baseline, moderately intensity exercise, 3–5 times a week (19).
prevalence rates of PGP and LBP for the whole group (n = 105) The prevalence of PGP and LBP before the intervention,
were 27.6% and 33.3%, respectively. For PGP, the majority of (mean pregnancy week 17.7, SD 4.2), after the intervention
participants (63%) defined pain in the symphysis pubis only. (mean pregnancy week 36.6, SD 0.9) and postpartum (mean
LBP, upper back pain or a combination of both were reported 7.7, SD 1.7) are shown in Table II. There was no statistically
by 77.8%, 17.8% and 4.4%, respectively. For both outcomes significant difference in the number of women reporting any
Table II. Effect sizes with confidence intervals (CI) and numbers of women reporting pelvic girdle pain (PGP) and low back pain (LPB) before the
intervention (gestation week 12–24), after the intervention (gestation week 36–38) and 6–8 weeks postpartum in the exercise and control groups
PGP LBP
n (%) OR (95% CI) p-value n (%) OR (95% CI) p-value
Before the intervention
Exercise (n = 52) 14 (26.9) 0.93 (0.40–2.20) 0.87 15 (28.8) 0.94 (0.42–2.13) 0.89
Control (n = 53) 15 (28.3) 17 (32.1)
After the intervention
Exercise (n = 42) 16 (38.1) 1.34 (0.56–3.20) 0.51 19 (45.2) 1.10 (0.47–2.60) 0.83
Control (n = 42) 19 (45.2) 18 (42.8)
Postpartum
Exercise (n = 43) 6 (14.0) 0.38 (0.13–1.10) 0.07 8 (18.6) 1.45 (0.54–3.94) 0.47
Control (n = 47) 14 (29.8) 5 (10.6)
OR: odds ratio.
J Rehabil Med
47
232 L. A. H. Haakstad and K. Bø
511.(0.33–9.19)0.
pOR(95%CI)-value
511.(0.75–1.79)0.
0.30630.
0.11940.
group after the intervention
group, 14 (26.9%) and 15 (28.8%) women reported PGP and
LBP at the onset of the intervention, respectively. This number
increased to 16 (38.1%) women with PGP and 19 (45.2%)
women with LBP after the intervention. Postpartum the
prevalence was 6 (14.0%) with PGP and 8 (18.6%) with LBP,
with a small tendency towards lower prevalence of PGP
159
74
postpartum in the exercise group compared with the control
group. As shown in Table III, a comparison of the women who
21 (39.6)PGPhaveanegativeeffecton
18 (34.0)LBPhaveanegativeeffecton
140098882LBPhaveanegativeeffectonPA110.010.01
100% exercise adherence
*Some of these numbers are too small for meaningful statistics.OR:oddsratio;EG:experimentalgroup;CG:controlgroup;PA: physical activity.
n EG(= 52)CG(= 53)EG(= 21)CG(= 53)EG(= 14)CG(= 53)nnpnnpnn(%)(%)OR(95%CI)-value(%)(%)OR(95%CI)-value(%)(%)
2 (33.3) 11 (52.4)92515970PGPhaveanegativeeffectonPA13(72.2)14(66.7)0.6(66.7)15(71.4)0.5(83.3)14(66.7)
Effect sizes with confidence intervals (CI) and numbers of women ( (%)), reporting pelvic girdle pain (PGP) and low back pain (LBP) in the exercise and controlTableIII.nperiod,analysedbyintentiontotreat(ITT),perprotocol(≥80%ofexercisesessions)andanalysesof100%exerciseadherence(24exercisesessions)
had 100% exercise adherence or attended at least 80% of the
weekly exercise classes with the non-participants did not
change the results. Moreover, analysing the data according to
whether the participants had PGP or LBP when commencing
into the study did not change the results.
No significant differences were found in the secondary
outcomes regarding disability and severity of the complaints,
and no women with PGP reported serious limitations in daily
life activities, defined as using crutches “Sometimes or Most of
the day”. Furthermore, there was no significant difference
6 (42.9)
7 (50.0)
between the exercise and control groups in reported sick-leave
related to PGP (15.3% vs 17.0%, p = 0.6) and LBP (13.5% vs
13.2%, p = 1.0) after the intervention.
Per protocol
43PGP18(34.6)21(39.6)0.(0.37–1.78)0.9(42.9)21(39.6)1.(0.757–1.92)0.
90LBP19(36.5)18(34.0)2.(0.27–25.99)0.9(42.9)18(34.0)1.(0.16–6.26)0.
DISCUSSION
1
To our knowledge, this is one of few RCTs investigating the
effect of implementing supervised group exercise with
emphasis on cardiovascular endurance training and muscular
strengthening exercise in previously sedentary women on PGP
0.
and LBP. We found no statistically significant difference
between the intervention and control groups in prevalence of
1
the 2 conditions at any assessment points. On the other hand,
ITT
2
The strengths of the present study included the use of an
n
21
00
95
60
J Rehabil Med 47
Exercise during pregnancy and pregnancy complaints 233
of lumbopelvic pain in favour of the intervention group, at 36 (10). In the present study, we emphasized the importance of
weeks of gestation and 3 months postpartum, respectively. This adherence to the exercise protocol. In addition, each participant
study included less aerobic exercise and had pelvic floor muscle in the exercise group was asked to complete a home training
training as their main focus. Stafne et al. (22) showed no effect of diary to record all physical activity on the non-supervised
regular exercise (aerobic activity, body strengthening and bal-ance weekdays. The use of exercise diaries has previously shown to
training) on prevalence of lumbopelvic pain, but a lower prevalence increase adherence to home exercise, as keeping records may
of women on sick-leave due to lumbopelvic pain. A limitation of help individuals to become more aware of what they are do-
both the above- mentioned studies is no differentia-tion between ing, how much, and whether they are meeting weekly exercise
PGP and LBP. According to several studies, PGP is more common, goals (29). Despite this, only 40% attended the recommended
especially from the second trimester, and has greater functional exercise classes at the university, and the somewhat low rate of
impairments than LBP (9, 23). In the present study PGP and LBP handing in the training diaries, reduced the intention to analyse
were separated with different questions, in accordance with the data on adherence to physical activity at home with respect to
study of Bø & Backe-Hansen (24), showing that a standardized study end-points. Moreover, data was also missing in the diary
questionnaire performed in an interview set-ting are able to records, especially after long-term use.
distinguish between these 2 conditions. Neverthe-less, more A fitness class of 60 min prescribed at least twice a week,
detailed questions, including use of body charts and a possibility including endurance training of 35–40 min may be considered
for the participant to give more information about the location, demanding. Thus, the sedentary women being the target group for
nature and extent of pain, may have made it easier to correctly this study may have been less motivated to adhere to this specific
classify the women into the 2 groups (PGP/LBP) and women with programme. In addition, finding time to exercise is vital if an
no PGP/LBP in the present study. To-date guidelines for exercise programme is to be adhered to. Even though the exercise
classification of PGP are well known, yet, no universal agree-ment groups were arranged in the evenings, previously sedentary women
on how to differentiate PGP from LBP is established (1, 25). may have had problems adhering to a weekly exercise routine.
The inclusion or exclusion of women with co-existing PGP/ Analysis of the data for women attending at least 80% of the
LBP and the definitions and classification systems used to meas- recommended exercise classes did not change the results, but this
ure PGP/LBP, have shown greatly to influence the prevalence analysis is unfortunately limited by small numbers. A power
estimates (26), as well as the reported effect size of the different calculation based on the present results, with 80% power and p <
interventions (20–22, 27). To our knowledge, only one previous 0.05, showed that a prevalence reduction from 40% to 20%, would
RCT included measurement of both PGP and LBP, as well as require approximately 90 participants in each group to show
included women with or without the 2 complaints at the baseline statistically significant differences. More studies investigating the
registration (20). This trial found no effect of supervised group effect of a general group fitness class for pregnant women with a
exercise on PGP or LBP compared with the control group (20). similar population -based approach are needed. The results of the
Our results support this conclusion. A recent Cochrane review, present study may serve as a basis for power calculations in future
involving 4,093 women in 26 trials, investigating the effects of research.
exercise (land- or water-based), pelvic belts, acupuncture, manual A group training setting might not be considered ideal for
therapy and education, concluded that the available data were PGP/LBP prevention or treatment. To date, the recommended
insufficient to infer important benefits of any treatment given (4). treatment for pregnancy-related PGP and LBP, includes ad-equate
Loss to follow-up at post-test and low adherence to exer-cise information and reassurance of the patient, as well as
may have reduced the power of the present study and the individualized exercises (1, 4). Even though the participants of the
ability to draw clear conclusions. Imputation techniques can exercise group were limited to a maximum of 20, it can be
never compensate for, or exactly reproduce, missing data (28). questioned whether the training was sufficiently tailored to each
We used the last observation carried forward (LOCF) method individual. Moreover, the exercise programme was not specifically
to achieve a complete data-set and minimize the number of designed for treating or preventing PGP or LBP in pregnant
participants to be eliminated from the analysis. The basic women, and involved weight-bearing exercises, which may
assumption underlying LOCF is that participants who are given increase the forces across the pelvic joints and the lower
treatments (e.g. participate in regular exercise) improve, which extremities, especially in combination with increased maternal
makes treating missing data as if the past had continued weight gain. Accordingly, it has been speculated that engaging in
unchanged, rather conservative. The strength of LOCF and ITT weight-bearing activities might lead to PGP or lumbopelvic pain
analysis is that it promotes balance between intervention (30). In the present study, PGP/LBP was not more frequently
groups for both known and unknown confounders, and thereby reported in the exercise group compared with the control group,
preserves the benefits of randomization (28). and PGP as a cause for drop -out was described by 2 and 1 par-
Adherence is defined as to what degree study populations act ticipants in the exercise and control groups, respectively. From a
in accordance with advice given by their researcher or medical health promotion and prevention point of view, it would have been
doctor (29), and poor adherence is considered to limit the effect advantageous if a general group fitness class for pregnant women
of different interventions (i.e. exercise does not give results if had been successful, as this would have been less time-consuming,
you do not do it). Currently, all healthy pregnant women are more cost-effective and possibly more motivating than one-to-one
advised to participate in regular exercise throughout pregnancy exercise with a healthcare professional.
J Rehabil Med
47
234 L. A. H. Haakstad and K. Bø
The present RCT had a pragmatic preventive approach and in pregnancy: a cohort study of the consequences in terms of health
included participants with and without PGP and LBP by inclu-sion. and functioning. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006; 31: E149–E155.
10. ACOG. Committee opinion. Number 267, January 2002: Exercise
This is in agreement with Eggen et al. (20). It was therefore
during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Obstet Gynecol 2002;
considered important to recruit a heterogeneous population, 99: 171–173.
reflecting the variation between pregnant women that occur in real- 11. Artal R, O’Toole M. Guidelines of the American College of Ob-
life settings to whom the treatment will be applied. Study stetricians and Gynecologists for exercise during pregnancy and the
participants were contacted across a wide range of sites and postpartum period. Br J Sports Med 2003; 37: 6–12.
12. Elden H, Ladfors L, Olsen MF, Ostgaard HC, Hagberg H. Effects
settings, varying from newspapers, flyers, maternity clinics and
of acupuncture and stabilising exercises as adjunct to standard
word of mouth. This is in contrast to most other studies, where the treatment in pregnant women with pelvic girdle pain: randomised
pregnant women have been recruited from 1 or 2 maternity units single blind controlled trial. BMJ 2005; 330: 761.
only (20–22). However, RCTs are time-consuming and involve 13. Elden H, Ostgaard HC, Fagevik-Olsen M, Ladfors L, Hagberg H.
cooperation from the participants. Therefore, pregnant women who Treatments of pelvic girdle pain in pregnant women: adverse ef-
fects of standard treatment, acupuncture and stabilising exercises
volunteer for such a study may have an interest in, and be more on the pregnancy, mother, delivery and the fetus/neonate. BMC
attentive to, exercise than non-participants, thus creating a potential Complement Altern Med 2008; 8: 34.
risk for selection bias. The pregnant women in this study were 14. Wang SM, Dezinno P, Lin EC, Lin H, Yue JJ, Berman MR, et al.
healthy nulliparous with a high educational level, and are therefore Auricular acupuncture as a treatment for pregnant women who
have low back and posterior pelvic pain: a pilot study. Am J Obstet
not representative for all eligible women.
Gynecol 2009; 201: 271–279.
In conclusion, a group fitness class for pregnant women 15. Haakstad LA, Bo K. Effect of regular exercise on prevention of
twice a week with focus on cardiovascular endurance training excessive weight gain in pregnancy: A randomised controlled trial.
and strength training had no effect on the proportion of Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2011; 16: 116–125.
16. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Exercise in
previously inactive women reporting PGP and LBP during
Pregnancy RCOG Statement NO 4. 2006. Available from: http://
pregnancy or at 6–8 weeks postpartum. Further studies on www.rcog.org.uk/index.asp?PageID=1366.
strategies to achieve adherence to exercise protocols among 17. Borg G. Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scand
previously sedentary pregnant women are warranted. J Rehabil Med 1970; 2: 92–98.
18. Haakstad LA, Gundersen I, Bo K. Self-reporting compared to
motion monitor in the measurement of physical activity during
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2010; 89: 749–756.
19. Davies GA, Wolfe LA, Mottola MF, MacKinnon C. Joint SOGC/
Thanks to Professor Ingar Holme for assistance with the statistical analy- CSEP clinical practice guideline: exercise in pregnancy and the
sis. The present study was financed by, and conducted at the Norwegian postpartum period. Can J Appl Physiol 2003; 28: 330–341.
School of Sport Sciences, Department of Sport Medicine, Oslo, Norway. 20. Eggen MH, Stuge B, Mowinckel P, Jensen KS, Hagen KB. Can
There are no competing interests or financial disclosure. supervised group exercises including ergonomic advice reduce the
prevalence and severity of low back pain and pelvic girdle pain in preg-
nancy? A randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther 2012; 92: 781–790.
21. Morkved S, Salvesen KA, Schei B, Lydersen S, Bo K. Does group
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J Rehabil Med 47
Original article
Background: Since back pain is the most common pregnancy-related symptom, this study aimed to
determine the effect of exercise training on disability due to Low Back Pain (LBP) in pregnant women.
Materials and Methods: In this interventional study 120 pregnant women referring to the health
centers in Karaj, were randomly assigned into two intervention (n = 60) and control (n = 60) groups,
respectively. The demographic questions and standardized Quebec questionnaire were used to collect
data. Data were analyzed using SPSS software ver. 21 and appropriate statistical tests.
Results: Totally 120 pregnant women (60 participants in each group) took part in this study. There was
no significant difference between the two groups in terms of disability due to low back pain before the
intervention (P > 05). However, after intervention, the disability score in intervention group was less
than the control group significantly (1.4 ± 0.86 in intervention group compared to 2.23 ± 1.12 in control
group with P < 0.0001).
Conclusion: This study showed that exercise training intervention could reduce disability due to low
back pain in pregnant women in third trimester of their pregnancy.
muscles, experience fewer disturbances in their body The number of childbirths in Iran is increasing due
and less pain intensity in their lumbar compared with to population policies so that the National
the women who do not perform exercise (Sabino & Organization for Civil Registration (NOCR) reported
Grauer 2008; Saccomanni 2011). that a number of 1,570,219 babies were born in 2013
Studies have shown that 90% of the LBP is due (https://www.sabteahval.ir). Therefore, regarding the
to muscle weakness, decrease in muscle flexibility, importance of women’s and pregnant mother’s health
early fatigue of weak muscles, bad habits of daily and its priority in health programs of the ministry of
life, not maintaining the correct posture of the health and community health centers, such researches
body, and not performing exercises and regular would help improve the lifestyle of mothers during
physical activities. Almost, 41% of the women pregnancy with the aim of reducing disability due to
having back pain during their pregnancy period back pain. In this regard, this study aimed to
had also a history of LBP before the pregnancy, investigate the effect of exercise training on disability
which often gets worse during this period. The due to LBP in pregnant women during pregnancy.
pain in pregnant women may become more severe
or last longer than before (Sabino & Grauer 2008;
Saccomanni 2011). Materials and Methods
LBP during pregnancy can lead to disability, This interventional study was conducted in order
reduced quality of life, or disable pregnant women. to determine the effect of a backache preventive
Sabino & Grauer (2008) reported that 11.4% of the behavioral program on reducing disability dur to LBP
pregnant women claimed that they had moderate to among pregnant women referring to the health
severe back pain, and 31% claimed that LBP has centers in the city of Karaj, Iran during years 2015-
made them disable (Sabino & Grauer 2008). 2016. After the approval of the study by the medical
Although the decline in physical activity can ethics committee of Tarbiat Modarres University and
lead to back pain, LBP can also limit a person’s allocating an ID IR.TMU.REC1394. 199 code and
physical activity and so aggravate back pain (Owe, also obtaining permission from the Health
Nystad & Bø 2009). Department of Alborz University of Medical
Performing daily exercises related to the back Sciences, the study was begun.
and lumbar can strengthen abdominal muscles The study population was consisted of all
elasticity while standing, bending, and quick pregnant women who were in the second trimester
jerking to right and left (James 2006). of their pregnancy (from Week 20), referring to
One of the benefits of sports programs for women health centers located in Karaj, Iran.
is in reducing or preventing back pain by improving In this study, in order to calculate the sample
body posture; thus, LBP prevention during pregnancy size in two groups, the Pukak formula was used to
as well as the prevention of LBP to get worse is very determine the number of samples. The sample size
important because a pregnant woman needs to adjust was determined based on a similar study by Yan et
herself with the physiological changes taking place al. (2014) conducted on 90 pregnant women.
during pregnancy, and to prepare herself for her role Therefore, by taking into account the parameter of
as a mother (Pennick & Liddle, (2013). In a study this study and likelihood of loss, 60 samples were
conducted to investigate the effect of exercise on the selected in each group (Yan et al 2014).
back pain severity in pregnant women, it was shown Therefore, multi-stage random sampling method
that in the second half of the pregnancy period, was used so that of all community health centers in
exercise reduced back pain severity and the rate of Karaj, a total of 8 centers were randomly selected as
disability (Garshasbi & Zadeh 2005). But in another follow: from the north of the city 2 centers, south 2
study conducted on the impact of exercise on lumbar centers, east 2 centers, and west 2 centers. Then the
and pelvic pain and disability, it was raised that there pregnant women who referred to these centers and
was no strong evidence about the effects of exercise were in the 20th week of their pregnancy period and
on lumbar and pelvic pain and disability. Regarding were eligible and willing to participate in the study
the type of designed exercises which are different in were enrolled and coded. From each center, 16
different studies, it cannot be judged about their pregnant women who wished to participate in the
effect (Stuge, Hilde & Vøllestad 2003). It seems that study were randomly selected. Due to ethical
further studies are needed to be carried out in order to considerations, the method of intervention was
assess the impact of exercise on disability. described for the participants. At the end using
randomly table, a total of 120 patients were
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Disability due to low back pain in pregnant women IJMPP 2017; V2, N1. P: 223-229
selected, 60 cases for the control group and 60 objects correctly. In these sessions the questions were
cases for the intervention group, respectively. answered. Then practical movements including
Possible loss was considered as 10-15%. several sections of stretch-resistance movements,
Inclusion criteria for the participants were as breathing exercises, relaxation, and massage were
follows: being in the second trimester of the taught in training sessions by trained midwives. The
pregnancy period, medically not having any materials were selected from the book “antenatal
limitation in performing exercise movements, having education and preparation for childbirth” of the
a health certification from their doctor or midwife. ministry of health, according to the American College
Exclusion criteria for the participants to be excluded of Obstetricians and Gynecology (ACOG)
from the study were as follows: having high risk (Emamiafshar et al). Also, the materials were
pregnancy (bleeding, spotting, runny nose, headache, included in a brochure available for the intervention
and blurred vision) identified by asking the pregnant group. Personal abilities were taken into account in
women or observing their medical records, having repetition and intensity of each exercise.
any problem in performing the exercise, lake of Educational films were shown in training classes
regular attendance, and lake of consent to participate in order to better understand how to correctly
in the study. perform exercise movements, sleeping, siting,
After getting informed consent form, the standing, and relaxing.
following steps were taken: -Evaluation: After 8 weeks past intervention and
-Taking history: the history of the pregnant prior to the childbirth, the Quebec questionnaire
women was taken again by a trained midwife at was completed again in both groups in order to
prenatal care centers. The subjects in the study measure the effects of exercise training in the
were revisited in order to ensure about having the intervention group and then compared with the
inclusion criteria. Demographic and Quebec control group.
questionnaires were completed in the first session Data collection method was consisted of a two-part
by all the participants of both groups. questionnaire including demographic questions about
-Research implementation: The classes were begun the pregnant and also Quebec questionnaire
from the second half of the pregnant women’s containing 25 questions with a 5-point rating scale
pregnancy period (twentieth week) just for the measures the degree of disability on each question
intervention group in "Pregnancy Exercise center", rating from 0 to 4. Overall, the questionnaire ranks
and the theoretical materials were taught by the a the participants from 0 to 100. Therefore, 0-25 means
health educator (researcher), and training exercises less disability, 26-50 indicates moderate disability,
practically were taught simply and smoothly in 8 75-51 represents a significant disability, and 76 and
sessions by a trained midwife having a coach above indicates high and acute disability. The validity
certification approved by the Karaj health center. of the questionnaire was confirmed in another study
The sessions from first to eighth were held in the by Schoppink (Schoppink et al 1996). Also, Reneman
pregnancy weeks of 20 -23th, 24-27th, 28-29th, 30- et al. (2002) confirmed the validity of the
31est, 32-33rd, 34-35th, 36th, and 37th week of the questionnaire in order to determine the extent of LBP
pregnancy. Each session lasted for 90 minutes (Reneman et al 2002).
consisting of 15 minutes for each other familiarity, 30
minutes for theoretical training about the importance Results
of the exercise and preparation for a healthy Totally 120 pregnant women (60 participants in
pregnancy and childbirth, 45 minutes for training in each group) took part in this study. Table 1 shows the
breathing techniques and practical training in body demographic characteristics of the participants, As
posture reform, relaxation, and massage along with this table shows there no significant difference
watching educational films about the sports and between two groups in terms of these characteristics
relaxation during pregnancy. It was also reminded P > .05 except for the number of pregnancy and the
that these exercises be repeated at least 2 times per level of participants' education, P < .05 (Table 1).
week by the pregnant women at home. Table 2 shows the compairtions the average amount
Training sessions were consisted of educational of disability before and after the educational
materials suitable for pregnancy age, which were intervention in intervention and control groups.
focused on the cause of back pain in pregnancy and According this table, the disability in intervention
preventive behaviors, including how to sleep, sit, and group was improved after intervention (P < 0.0001).
walk properly in pregnancy, as well as how to lift However, in control group who did not received any
225
Khalednezhad M. et al DOI:
education, disability was worse significantly at the &Grauer 2008; Ozdemir et al 2015). Stafne et al.
follow up time (P < 0.0001). (2012) showed that exercise during pregnancy did
not reduce low back pain but significantly reduced
Discussion the level of disability in pregnant women. These
According to the obtained results, it can be results in the second part are consistent with the
concluded that interventional programs in terms of present study’s findings (Stafne et al 2012). Liddle
performing exercise activities and training- & Pennick (2015) showed with strong evidence
regarding how correctly perform daily activities- that exercise improved functional disability and
could reduce disability rate in pregnant women reduced sick leaves, which is in line with the
who were in the second half of their pregnancy present study’s results (Liddle & Pennick 2015).
period. It means that after holding training courses In Ruhi’s study, it was shown that improving the
for pregnant women, they were able to reduce the mental and physical fitness reduced pain and
degree of disability due to back pain in the second disability and increased the patient's quality of life
half of their pregnancy by performing preventive (Ruhi 2013). In Unsgaard et al.’s study, it was
behaviors such as correct standing, sitting, and shown that the exercises performed with the aim of
sleeping during pregnancy. The women not back pain prevention, strengthening the abdominal
participating in the training courses but increasing muscles did not have any effect on reducing low
their awareness about the problem by experience or back pain and disability (Unsgaard et al 2016).
asking questions from the other people were not This finding is not consistent with the results of the
able to reduce the disability rate. Comparing the present study. Also, in Dumas study, there was no
average scores on disability in daily activities significant difference between the intervention and
indicated that there was a significant difference control groups in term of activity limitation
between the two groups in terms of disability rate (Dumas et al 1995), which is not consistent with
during daily activities due to low back pain in the the results of the present study.
third trimester of the pregnancy. The results of this study showed that educational
The results of this study showed that participation interventions could reduce disability due to low back
in the training courses resulted in reducing disability pain in the third trimester of the pregnancy in the
due to low back pain in pregnant women. Before intervention group. Regarding the diversity of
holding the training courses, pregnant women did not designed educational packages in disability
have sufficient information about how to sit, stand, prevention studies during pregnancy as well as
and walk correctly. Participation in training courses considering the results of this study, it seems that
modified and reformed the behavior of these women, educational package designed as pictorial, showing
leading to a decrease in pain severity and disability film, holding face to face classes, telephone follow-
rate. This finding is in line with the finding of other up, the use of cyberspace to answer the questions of
study conducted by Bandpei et al. (2010). They the participants, providing exercise training
showed that training and performing exercise and pamphlets for repeating exercises at home, following
considering ergonomic recommendations had a the pregnant women by community health providers
significant effect on reducing pain and disability due in order to complete training courses and create
to back pain during pregnancy. confidence in the intervention group under study to
Finally, it was concluded that by participating in repeat exercises were effective approach in reducing
training courses and performing sports activities and disability due to back pain during pregnancy.
preventive behaviors, the degree of disability due to low Despite the relatively adequate samples size in
back pain was reduced, which can be attributed to the each group and providing training courses, the
appropriate exercise activities and the rise of patients’ present study had some limitations. Due to ethical
awareness about the correct performance of daily considerations, the pregnant women were informed
activities. This finding is also consistent with the finding about the participation in the classes in the third stage
of other study conducted by yan et al. (2014). They of sampling. The women who could attend the classes
indicated that balance exercises with the ball were were registered in the intervention group, and the
effective in reducing back pain and improving physical others were placed in the control group. This
functions during pregnancy (yan et al 2014). The results blindness trend in the process of research was
of the current study are also consistent with the other considered as a limitation. The use of self-reporting
studies’ findings indicating the effect of exercise on questionnaires, subjective evaluation, relying on the
improving body postural function (Sabino pregnant' own statements, the lack of objective
226
Disability due to low back pain in pregnant women IJMPP 2017; V2, N1. P: 223-229
criteria for assessing the effect of exercise training generalized to all pregnant women.. Thus, it is
and preventive behaviors, the use the diagram to recommended that further studies be carried out
determine the extent of disability due to low back with more sample size and specialized
pain, and the lack of physical examination of each examinations for determining the degree of
participant can be considered as weak points of this disability and examining the extent of disability in
study. Therefore, the results of this study cannot be longer time even after the childbirth.
Table 1. Frequency distribution of demographic characteristics of the studied participants in intervention
and control groups.
Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency
Variables Age Percent Percent P
V U Mann Whitney test
Intervention groups Control group
N % N %
Between 25 and 15 years 20 33.3 22 36.7 808
Between 26 and 35 years 39 65 36 60.0
Between 36 and 45 years 1 1.7 2 3.3
Weight
Between 40 and 60 kg 5 8.3 4 7.6 276
Between 61 and 80 kg 34 7.56 29 3.48
Between 81 and 100 kg 21 35 27 45
Height
Between 145 to 160 33 55 39 65 304
Between 161 to 175 27 45 20 33.3
176 to the top 0 0 1 1.7
BMI
Less than 18.5 2 3.33 5 8.3 413
18.9-24.9 23 33.38 24 40
25-29.9 13 7.21 12 20
More than 30 22 36.7 19 31.7
Number of pregnancy
First 41 368 26 43.3
Second 16 726 20 33.3 002
Third 2 3.3 8 13.3
Fourth 1 1.7 5 38
Sixth 0 0 1 1.7
Level of Education
Illiterate 5 8.3 1 71
High school diploma 15 25 35 58.3 003
Diploma 21 35 19 31.7
Associate Degree 2 3.3 1 1.7
Masters 15 25 4 3.3
Senior and higher 2 3.3 0 0
Job
housewife 55 91.7 58 96.7 253
Employee 5 7.4 2 3.4
Table 2. Comparing the average amount of disability intervention in studied participants of intervention and
control groups before and after the educational.
Intervention group Control group
Variable (n = 60) Standared (n = 60) Standared P value
Mean Mean
deviation deviation
Before intervention 1.86١ 1.009 1.90 1.900.71 .743
The disability due to low back After intervention 1.40 1.400.86 2.23 1.122.23 0001
pain
The significance level 0001 0001
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in Pregnant Women referred to the Health Centers of Karaj, Iran. IJMPP 2017; V2, N1. P: 223-229.
229
Jurnal Kesehatan Pertiwi
Politeknik Kesehatan Bhakti Pertiwi Husada
Volume 1 Nomor 2 Tahun 2019
1 2 3
Sylvia Meristika Rachman , Maesaroh , Nur Salamah Al Hady
1,2,3
Politeknik Kesehatan Bhakti Pertiwi Husada – Kota Cirebon
Email: merisrahman25@gmail.com1, maesarohnayla77@gmail.com2
ABSTRACT Changes that occur during pregnancy generally cause discomfort in pregnant women, such as
pain in the lower back and aches in the legs. The purpose of this study was to determine the
relationship of pregnancy exercises with lower back pain in trimester III pregnant women. This
type of research is an analytic survey with cross sectional approach. The population of all
trimester III pregnant women in BPM Midwife Siti Marfuah, Japura Kidul Village in the July-
August 2018 period amounted to 46 people, sampling using total sampling techniques. Data
analysis uses univariate and bivariate analysis. The results showed that the description of
pregnancy exercises at BPM Midwife Siti Marfuah, Japura Kidul Village, out of 46 respondents
who were sampled as many as 27 people (58.7%) often did pregnancy exercises and as many
as 9 people (19.6%) always did pregnancy exercises. The results of the description of low back
pain in third trimester pregnant women in BPM Midwife Siti Marfuah as many as 8 people
(17.4%) experienced moderate pain, as many as 30 people (65.2%) experienced mild pain and
as many as 8 people (17.4% ) do not experience pain. The results of this study indicate that
there is a relationship between the implementation of pregnancy exercises with lower back pain
in third trimester pregnant women at BPM Midwife Siti Marfuah, Japura Kidul Village,
Astanajapura District, Cirebon Regency in 2018 with a p value of 0,000.
66
Jurnal Kesehatan Pertiwi – Vol. 1 Nomor 2 2019
Pendahuluan dan lain-lain yang menahan tekanan tambahan dan
Faktor predisposisi nyeri punggung bawah berhubungan dengan persalinan.
pada kehamilan meliputi pertumbuhan uterus yang Penulis telah melakukan studi pendahuluan di
menyebabkan perubahan postur, penambahan berat BPM Bidan Siti Marfuah Desa Japura Kidul
badan, pengaruh hormon relaksin terhadap ligamen, Kecamatan Astanajapura Kabupaten Cirebon pada
riwayat nyeri punggung terdahulu, paritas dan tanggal 01 Agustus 2018, didapatkan 30 orang usia
aktivitas. Pertumbuhan uterus yang sejalan dengan kehamilan 28 minggu sampai dengan usia kehamilan
perkembangan kehamilan mengakibatkan 39 minggu yang mengikuti senam hamil 20 orang
mengeluh nyeri punggung bawah. Dari 20 orang
teregangnya ligamen penopang yang biasanya
usia kehamilan 32 minggu sampai dengan 39
dirasakan ibu sebagai spasme menusuk yang sangat
minggu yang mengeluh nyeri punggung bawah 16
nyeri yang disebut dengan nyeri ligamen.
orang teratur mengikuti senam hamil mengatakan
Ada kecenderungan bagi otot punggung untuk
nyerinya berkurang sedangkan 4 orang tidak teratur
memendek jika otot abdomen meregang sehingga
mengikuti senam hamil mengatakan nyerinya tetap
dapat menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan otot
dan belum berkurang.
disekitar pelvis dan tegangan tambahan dapat
dirasakan diatas ligamen tersebut. Oleh sebab itu Berdasarkan latar belakang yang diuraikan
perlunya latihan otot abdomen yaitu melalui senam tersebut penulis tertarik melakukan penelitian
hamil. Dengan senam hamil terutama pada gerakan mengenai “Hubungan senam hamil dengan nyeri
latihan otot transversus sehingga dapat melatih tonus punggung bawah pada trimester III di BPM Bidan
otot abdomen transversal bagian dalam yang Siti Marfuah Desa Japura Kidul Kecamatan
merupakan penopang postural utama dari tulang Astanajapura Kabupaten Cirebon tahun 2018”
belakang. Begitu juga latihan dasar pelvis, dengan
gerakan ini dapat mempertahankan tonus otot Metode
sehingga dapat tetap berfungsi dengan baik dan
latihan ini akan meningkatkan ketahanan serat otot Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam
postural yang berkedut dengan lambat yang berada penelitian ini adalah survei analitik dengan
di dasar pelvis. Oleh karena itu latihan otot abdomen pendekatan cross sectional, merupakan jenis
perlu diajarkan pada masa antenatal untuk survei yang mengamati sebuah objek penelitian,
memastikan kembalinya bentuk otot ke bentuk baik satu maupun beberapa variabel, dengan cara
normal pascanatal dengan cepat, kemampuan
menghimpun data pada suatu masa yang sama.
mengejan yang efektif saat persalinan dan
mengurangi nyeri punggung selama. Hal inilah yang Setiap objek yang diamati dilakukan sekali saja.
menyebabkan nyeri punggung. Sejalan dengan Pengukuran dilakukan terhadap karakter tertentu
bertambahnya berat badan secara bertahap selama dari satu objek atau kelompok variabel penelitian.
kehamilan mengubah postur tubuh sehingga pusat Selain mendapatkan gambaran (deskriptif), survei
gravitasi tubuh bergeser ke depan.1 ini pun mengamati hubungan antara variabel atau
Nyeri punggung pada ibu hamil di berbagai faktor tertentu dalam waktu yang bersamaan. 3
daerah indonesia mencapai 60-80% orang pada
kehamilannya. Di provinsi jawa barat di Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh ibu
perkirakan sekitar 36,8-69,7% dari 100% ibu hamil trimester III di BPM Bidan Siti Marfuah Desa
hamil masih mengalami back pain (nyeri Japura Kidul Kecamatan Astanajapura Kabupaten
punggung). Dari hasil penelitian Siti Mudayyah Cirebon periode Juli-Agustus tahun 2018 berjumlah
(2010) dari 12 responden ibu hamil ditemukan 10 46 orang. Dan sampel penelitian ini menggunakan
responden (83 %) ibu hamil yang mengalami tekhnik total sampling. Yakni seluruh ibu hamil
nyeri punggung dan 2 responden (17%) ibu hamil trimester III di BPM Bidan Siti Marfuah Desa
yang tidak mengalami nyeri punggung.2 Japura Kidul Kecamatan Astanajapura Kabupaten
Ibu hamil sangat membutuhkan tubuh yang Cirebon periode Juli-Agustus berjumlah 46 orang.
segar dan bugar agar dapat menjalankan rutinitas. Analisis data dilakukan dengan analisa univariat dan
Adapun kondisi tubuh yang demikian dapat analisa bivariate untuk mengetahui apakah ada
diupayakan dengan olah tubuh yang sesuai hubungan variabel independen dengan variabel
dengan ibu hamil yaitu senam hamil. Senam dependen. Analisa data akan dilakukan dengan
hamil berperan untuk memperkuat kontraksi dan menggunakan perangkat lunak dengan program
mempertahankan kelenturan otot-otot dinding SPSS.
perut, ligamen-ligamen, otot otot dasar panggul
1 Kadang- 6 60 2 20 2 20 10 100
kadang
2 Sering 0 0 27 100 0 0 27 100 0,000
3 Selalu 2 22,2 1 11,1 6 66,7 9 100
Total 8 17,4 30 65,2 8 17,4 46 100
Sumber: Data Primer, 2018
Hasil uji statistik dengan menggunakan uji chi squere Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan
menunjukan bahwa nilai p value 0,000 atau p value < kesehatan selama kehamilan adalah dengan
0,05 hal ini berarti Ho ditolak yang artinya ada melakukan olah raga ringan seperti senam hamil.
Hubungan antara Senam hamil dengan Nyeri punggung Senam hamil adalah terapi latihan gerak untuk
bawah pada ibu hamil trimester III di BPM Bidan Siti mempersiapkan ibu hamil, secara fisik, pada
Marfuah Desa Japura Kidul Kecamatan Astanajapura
persalinan cepat, aman dan spontan.
Kabupaten Cirebon Tahun 2018.
Hal ini diperkuat oleh teori yang menyatakan
Pembahasan bahwa senam dapat mengurangi berbagai
gangguan umumnya terjadi selama masa
Gambaran Senam hamil di BPM Bidan Siti kehamilan seperti pemekaran pembuluh darah
Marfuah Desa Japura Kidul Kecamatan (Varises), sakit pinggang serta nyeri otot dan
Astanajapura Kabupaten Cirebon Tahun 2018 persendian: meningkatkan stamina, yang sangat
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diatas diketahui diperlukan selam persalinan, dan menguatkan
bahwa variabel Senam hamil di BPM Bidan Siti serta mengencangkan otot-otot yang paling
Marfuah Desa Japura Kidul Kecamatan banyak dipengaruhi oleh kehamilan: otot pelvis,
Astanajapura menunjukkan bahwa dari 46 otot perut dan otot pinggang. Program senam
responden terdapat 10 orang (21,7%) Kadang- hamil yang baik juga dapat memperbaiki postur
kadang melakukan senam hamil, sebagian besar tubuh, karena pengaruh rahim dan perut yang
27 orang (58,7%) sering melakukan senam hamil mengembang sehingga menyebabkan daerah
hal ini dikarenakan umur ibu hamil di BPM Siti pelvis bergeser kedepan. Gerakan-gerakan senam
marfuah sebagian besar (78,3%) berumur 20-35 untuk mengencangkan otot-otot pantat, punggung,
tahun sehingga masih tergolong usia muda dan bahu dan perut. Hasil penelitian Hanton yang
semangat untuk melakukan kegiatan senam hamil, dimuat dalam American Journal of Obstetrics and
serta ibu hamil yang sering melakukan senam Gynecology yang menunjukkan bahwa ibu-ibu
hamil hampir semuanya nya tidak bekerja yang melakukan kegiatan senam cukup sering dan
sehingga ibu hamil memilki banyak waktu luang teratur selama masa tiga bulan (Trimester
untuk melakukan senam hamil. terakhir). Menurut sebuah studi di
Daftar Pustaka
1. Fraser, Diane M. Buku Ajar Bidan Myles. Jakarta :
EGC; 2009.
2. Mudayyah, Siti. Hubungan Pengetahuan Ibu Hamil
Trimester III Tentang Nyeri Punggung Dengan
Perilaku Ibu Dalam Mengatasi Nyeri Punggung di
BPS Siti Halimah Amd.Keb Ds. Surabayan Sukodadi
Lamongan. Jurnal Surya. Lamongan: STIKES
Muhammadiyah Lamongan; 2010
3. Abdillah, Willy. Metode Penelitian Terpadu
Sistem Informasi. Yogyakarta : ANDI; 2018
4. Neverland, Magno. Olahraga Selama Hamil,
Bisakah Membantu Bayi/Janin. 2009
5. Nirwana, Benih, Ade. Kapita Selekta Kehamilan.
Yogyakarta : Nuha medika; 2011
6. Susaldi, dkk. Keperawatan Medikal Bedah: Sistem
Muskuloskeletal. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga; 2016.
7. Kusmiyati, yuni. Perawatan Ibu Hamil.
Yogyakarta: Fitramaya; 2010.
8. Manuaba, Ida Ayu Chandranita. Ilmu Kebidanan,
Penyakit Kandungan Dan Keluarga Berencana.
Jakarta : EGC; 2010.
9. Kozier, Erb, Berman, Snyder. Buku Ajar
Fundamental keperawatan Konsep, proses &
Praktek. Edisi 5. Alih bahasa : Eny,M., Esti, W.,
Devi, Y. Jakarta: EGC; 2009
10. Tamsuri, Anas. Konsep dan Penatalaksanaan
Nyeri. Jakarta: EGC; 212.
11. Lichayati. Hubungan senam hamil dengan nyeri
pungung pada ibu hamil di polindes desa tlanak
kecamatan kedungpring Kabupaten lamongan.
https://journal.unnes.ac.id; 2013.
Yosefa, Febriana
dkk. (2013).
Efektifitas
Senam Hamil Terhadap Penurunan
Nyeri Punggung
Pada Ibu
Hamil.
Jurnal online keperawatan volume 1.
Diakses dari
http://Jom.umi.ac.id/index.php
OKSITOSIN, KEBIDANAN, VOL. VI, NO. 1, FEBRUARI 2019 : 45-49
Salah satu faktor penyebab nyeri punggung bawah pada wanita hamil adalah tekanan pada
otot punggung atau pergeseran tulang belakang bawah, stres sendi ini dapat ditangani dengan senam
hamil selama 30 menit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mnngetahui pengaruh pengembangan senam hamil
untuk menurunkan lebih rendah nyeri punggung pada wanita hamil. Desain Penelitian Pra-Eksperimental
menggunakan uji sebelum dan sesudah dalam satu kelompok. Metode Sampling yang digunakan
Purposive Sampling. Sampel terdiri dari 14 responden di desa sumberejo kecamatan banyuputih
situbondo pada bulan Mei. Data diambil dari wawancara dan observasi pada ibu hamil. Data dianalisis
menggunakan Wilcoxon Signed Rank test dengan tingkat signifikansi ≤0,05. Hasil penelitian
menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar ibu hamil tidak mengalami nyeri punggung bagian bawah 83,%.
Sedangkan uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa Senam hamil berpengaruh terhadap pengurangan nyeri
punggung bawah dengan p=000 dengan p≤0,05.
ABSTRACT
One of the factors causing low back pain in pregnant women is pressure on the back muscles
or a shift in the lower spine, this joint stress can be treated with pregnancy exercises for 30 minutes. The
aim of this study was to know the effect of the development of pregnant gymnastic to reduce lower back
pain in pregnant women. Pre-Experimental Research Design uses a test before and after in one group.
The sampling method used Purposive Sampling. The sample consisted of 14 respondents in Sumberejo
village, Banyuputih Situbondo sub-district in May. Data were taken from interviews and observations on
pregnant women. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test with a significance level of
50.05. The results showed that most pregnant women did not experience lower back pain 83%. While the
statistical test showed that pregnancy exercise has an effect on reducing low back pain with p = 000 with
p≤0.05.
45
46 OKSITOSIN, KEBIDANAN, VOL. VI, NO. 1, FEBRUARI 2019 : 45-49
mengurangi rasa sakit saat adalah keluhan umum pada wanita hamil.
Angkanya sekitar 50-70% dari wanita hamil bias
persalinan, memperkuat otot-otot
merasakannya. Nyeri pinggang ini bisa
panggul sehingga dapat memperlancar
dirasakan di semua tingkat usia kehamilan.
dan mempercepat proses persalinan,
Tetapi paling banyak dirasakan saat kehamilan
memperkuat dan mempertahankan trimester II dan III (Dr,Didik K,2011). Dari hasil
kelenturan otot-otot dinding perut dan penelitian didapatkan dari 38 ibu hamil, 22
dasar panggul yang penting dalam orang (57,9%) ibu hamil
menggunakan lembar observasi sebelum senam hamil. Nilai mean ranks dengan
uji wilcoxon hasil uji statistik nilai p
dilakukan perlakuan senam hamil.
value 0,000 <0,05 maka terdapat
perbedaan keluhan nyeri pinggang yang
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Depkes RI, 2009. Pedoman
Pelaksanaan Kelas Ibu Hamil.
Jakarta: JICA.
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of pregnancy exercise for reduction back pain during
pregnancy. The method of this research was quasi- experimental and used non- equivalent control group as the research
design. This research was conducted at Puskesmas Karya Wanita Pekanbaru that consist of 30 people, 15 people were
experimental group and 15 people were control group. The total sample are 30 people who were taken by using purposive
sampling techniques by noticing to the inclusion criteria. The analysis that was used in this research were univariate and
bivariate analysis with used wilcoxon test and t-independent test. The results showed there was a significant reduction of back
pain during pregnancy in experimental group has given pregnancy exercise with p value 0,001 (<0,05). It means that
pregnancy exercise is effective for reduction back pain during pregnancy. The result of the research is recommend for public
health center to organize prenatal class especially pregnancy exercise regularly
ABSTRAK
Nyeri punggung bawah adalah salah satu ketidaknyamanan yang dirasakan ibu hamil saat kehamilan.
Nyeri punggung bawah bisa di tangani dengan senam hamil. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian
kuantitatif berjenis eksperimental, dengan desain one group pretest posttest without control design.
Teknik sampling menggunakan total sampling dengan responden sejumlah 30 ibu hamil TM II dan
III. Instrumen penelitian menggunkan lembar observasi NRS dan analisa sata menggnakan uji
statistik Wilcoxon Signed Test. Hasil penelitian berdasarkan uji wilcoxon menunjukan ρ value 0.000
≤ α (0.05) dengan nilai r = -5.031 sehingga Ha diterima. Artinya ada pengaruh melakukan senam
hamil terhadap penurunan intensitas nyeri punggung bawah pada ibu hamil TM II dan III di BPS
Diah Clotina.
ABSTRACT
Low back pain is one of the discomforts that pregnant women experience during pregnancy. Low
back pain can be handled with pregnancy exercise. This research is experimental type quantitative
research, with one group pretest posttest without control design. The sampling technique used total
sampling with the respondents of 30 pregnant women TM II and III. The research instrument used
the NRS observation sheet and sata analysis using the Wilcoxon Signed Test statistic test. Result of
research based on wilcoxon test show ρ value 0.000 ≤ α (0.05) with value r = -5.031 so Ha accepted.
This means that there is influence doing pregnancy exercise to decrease the intensity of lower back
pain in pregnant women TM II and III in BPS Diah Clotina.
1
PENDAHULUAN senam hamil dapat bermanfaat untuk
mengendurkan setiap sendi-sendi yang kaku
Hampir setiap wanita menginginkan adanya dan sakit akibat bertambahnya beban pada ibu
kehamilan pasca menikah karena kehamilan hamil, mengurangi keluhan yang timbul akibat
merupakan impian setiap wanita dan perubahan bentuk tubuh, memperkuat dan
merupakan salah satu cara untuk mencapai mempertahankan elastisitas otot-otot dinding
kesempurnaan seorang ibu (Datta, 2007). perut, sehingga dapat mencegah atau mengatasi
Wanita yang hamil mengalami berbagai keluhan nyeri di punggung bawah (Saminem,
macam ketidaknyamanan selama kehamilan, Hajjah, 2009).
salah satu ketidaknyamanan yang sering timbul
adalah nyeri punggung (Walsh, 2007). Berdasarkan studi pendahuluan yang peneliti
lakukan pada tanggal 9 Desember 2016, hasil
Nyeri punggung bawah (Low Back Pain) wawancara pada ibu hamil: terdapat 3 ibu
adalah suatu sindroma nyeri yang terjadi pada hamil dengan trimester I tidak mengeluh nyeri
region punggung bagian bawah sebagai akibat punggung, 2 ibu hamil dengan trimester II
dari pengaruh gravitasi tubuh yang berpindah mengeluh nyeri punggung ringan dan 2 ibu
ke depan. Gangguan ini ditemukan pada ibu hamil dengan trimester III mengeluh nyeri
hamil (Mc Clammy, 2007). punggung sedang. Pihak bidan terkait selalu
menganjurkan para ibu hamil dengan kriteria
Faktor predisposisi nyeri punggung meliputi trimester II dan III untuk mengikuti senam
pertumbuhan uterus yang menyebabkan hamil melalui program puskesmas. Senam
perubahan postur, penambahan berat badan, untuk ibu hamil diadakan 3 kali setiap
pengaruh hormon relaksin terhadap ligamen, minggunya.
riwayat nyeri punggung terdahulu, paritas dan
aktivitas. Pertumbuhan uterus yang sejalan Tujuan umum dari penelitian ini untuk
dengan perkembangan kehamilan mengetahui pengaruh senam hamil terhadap
mengakibatkan teregangnya ligamen penopang penurunan intensitas nyeri punggung bawah
yang biasanya dirasakan ibu sebagai spasme pada ibu hamil trimester II dan III di BPS Diah
menusuk yang sangat nyeri yang disebut Clotina Desa Mororejo Kecamatan Kaliwungu
dengan nyeri ligamen. Hal inilah yang Kabupaten Kendal. Sedangkan tujuan
menyebabkan nyeri punggung. (Fraser, 2009) khususnya adalah Mendiskripsikan intensitas
nyeri sebelum dilakukan senam hamil,
Melakukan senam hamil secara teratur dapat Mendiskripsikan intensitas nyeri setelah
menurunkan nyeri punggung bawah, salah dilakukan senam hamil, Menganalisa pengaruh
satunya dengan gerakan berlutut memutar senam hamil dengan penurunan intensitas nyeri
tulang panggul, menekuk bokong, menekuk, punggung bawah.
lutut, dada (Tamsuri, 2009). Jika nyeri
punggung tidak segera diatasi, ini bisa METODE PENELITIAN
mengakibatkan nyeri punggung jangka Penelitian ini berjenis quasi eksperiment
panjang, meningkatkan kecenderungan nyeri dengan metode penelitian one group pre-test
punggung pasca partum dan nyeri punggung post-test without control design. Teknik
kronis yang akan lebih sulit untuk diobati atau sampling yang digunakan adalah total
disembuhkan (Eileen, 2007). sampling dengan responden sebanyak 30
responden ibu hamil trimester II dan III.
Senam hamil adalah latihan- latihan atau
olahraga bagi ibu hamil yang bertujuan HASIL PENELITIAN
membuat elastisitas otot dan ligamen yang ada A. Deskripsi Lokasi Penelitian
di panggul, memperbaiki sikap tubuh mengatur Penelitian ini dilakukan di BPS Diah
kontraksi dan relaksasi serta mengatur tehnik Clotina yang terletak di Desa Mororejo
pernafasan. Pentingnya latihan fisik relaksasi Kecamatan Kaliwungu Kabupaten
2
3
Kendal. BPS ini terdiri dari beberapa Berdasarkan tabel 4.2 diperoleh hasil
ruangan yaitu ruang bersalin, ruang bahwa ibu hamil dengan paritas
nifas, ruang pemeriksaan ANC, multigravida sebanyak 16 responden
pemeriksaan umum, ruang pendaftaran, (53,3%) dan ibu hamil dengan paritas
dan ruang pengambilan obat. BPS Diah primigravida sebanyak 14 responden
Clotina melayani pemeriksaan ANC, (46,7%).
pemeriksaan ibu dan bayi, pemeriksaan
umum, KB, persalinan dan pemeriksaan 3. Status
nifas. pekerjaan Tabel 4.3
Batas- batas wilayah BPS Diah Clotina Distribusi Frekuensi Responden
sebelah utara dan timur adalah Desa Berdasarkan Pekerjaan Pada Ibu Hamil
Mororejo, sebelah selatan adalah Desa Trimester II Dan III Di BPS Diah
Kutoharjo, dan sebelah barat adalah Jl. Clotina Desa Mororejo Kecamatan
Kayu Lapis Indonesia Kaliwungu Bulan Juli 2017
n=30
B. Karakteristik Responden Pekerjaan Frekuensi Presentase %
1. Usia kehamilan PRT 12 40,0
Tabel 4.1: Distribusi Frekuensi PNS 3 10,0
Responden Berdasarkan Usia Kehamilan Karyawan 15 50,0
Pada Ibu Hamil Trimester II Dan III Di Swasta
BPS Diah Clotina Desa Mororejo Jumlah 30 100,0
Kecamatan Kaliwungu Bulan Juli 2017
n=30 Berdasarkan tabel 4.3 diperoleh hasil
Usia Frekuensi Presentase % bahwa ibu hamil dengan pekerjaan
Kehamilan sebagai Karyawan Swasta sebanyak 15
Trimester II 11 36,7 responden (50,0%) diikuti dengan ibu
Trimester III 19 63,3 hamil dengan pekerjaan sebagai
Jumlah 30 100,0 Pekerja Rumah Tangga sebanyak 12
responden (40,0%) kemudian ibu
Berdasarkan tabel 4.1 diperoleh hasil hamil dengan pekerjaan sebagai
bahwa ibu hamil dengan usia Pegawai Negeri Sipil sebanyak 3
kehamilan trimester III sebanyak 19 responden (10,0%).
responden (63,3%) dan ibu hamil usia
kehamilan trimester II sebanyak 11 4. Status
responden (36,7%). pendidikan Tabel 4.4
Distribusi Frekuensi Responden
Berdasarkan Pendidikan Pada Ibu Hamil
2. Status Paritas Trimester II Dan III Di BPS Diah
Tabel 4.2 Clotina Desa Mororejo Kecamatan
Distribusi Frekuensi Responden Kaliwungu Bulan Juli 2017
Berdasarkan Status Paritas Pada Ibu n=30
Hamil Trimester II Dan III Di BPS Diah Pendidikan Frekuensi Presentase
Clotina Desa Mororejo Kecamatan %
Kaliwungu Bulan Juli 2017 SMP 6 20,0
n=30 SMA 17 56,7
Status Paritas Frekuensi Presentase Perguruan 7 23,3
% Tinggi
Primigravida 14 46,7 Jumlah 30 100,0
Multigravida 16 53,3
Jumlah 30 100,0
4
Berdasarkan tabel 4.4 diperoleh hasil Berdasarkan tabel 4.7 dapat dilihat
bahwa ibu hamil dengan pendidikan bahwa hasil analisis pengaruh senam hamil
SMA sebanyak 17 responden (56,7%), terhadap penururnan intensitas nyeri yaitu dari
diikuti dengan ibu hamil dengan 30 responden ibu hamil mengalami penurunan
pendidikan Perguruan Tinggi sebanyak intensitas nyeri dengan nilai Z hitung -5,031
7 responden (23,3%), dan ibu hamil dan nilai p-value 0,000 ≤ 0,05 dengan
dengan pendidikan SMP sebanyak 6 demikian maka Ha diterima Ho ditolak yang
responden (20,0%). memiliki arti bahwa ada pengaruh senam hamil
terhadap penurunan intensitas nyeri punggung
3. Analisis bawah pada ibu hamil trimester II dan III di
Univariat Tabel 4.5 BPS Diah Clotina Desa Mororejo Kecamatan
Intensitas Nyeri Sebelum Dan Sesudah Kaliwungu Kabupaten Kendal.
Melakukan Senam Hamil Pada Ibu Hamil
Trimester II Dan III Di BPS Diah Clotina Desa
Mororejo Kecamatan Kaliwungu Bulan Juli PEMBAHASAN
2017 Analisis karakteristik responden
n=30 berdasarkan usia kehamilan pada tabel 4.1
Tingkat Median Std. Min Max menunjukan sebagian besar responden dengan
nyeri deviasi usia kehamilan trimester III (>27minggu)
Pre test 6.00 1.215 4 8 sebanyak 19 responden (63.3%) dan responden
Post test 4.00 1.203 2 6 dengan usia kehamilan trimester II
(>22minggu) sebanyak 11 responden (36.7%).
Berdasarkan tabel 4.5 tingkat nyeri Usia kehamilan merupakan hal yang
sebelum dan sesudah melakukan senam hamil mempengaruhi respon nyeri pada punggung
menunjukkan bahwa ada penurunan tingkat bawah ibu hamil.
nyeri, terbukti dengan semakin rendahnya nilai Kementrian Kesehatan Republik
tengah (median) dari sebelumnya 6.00 menjadi Indonesia (2010), senam hamil dianjurkan
4.00, nilai pada standar deviasi dari untuk dilakukan guna meangurangi keluhan
sebelumnya 1.215 menjadi 1.203, nilai nyeri ibu hamil ketika janin dalam kandungan
terendah (min) dari sebelumnya 4 menjadi 2, telah memasuki usia lebih dari 22 minggu
dan nilai tertinggi (max) dari sebelumnya 8 karena sebelum usia kandungan menginjak 3
menjadi 6. bulan pelekatan janin didalam uterus belum
4. Analisis terlalu kuat sehingga dimaksudkan juga untuk
menghindari resiko abortus. Hal tersebut
Bivariat Tabel 4.7
Pengaruh Senam Hamil Terhadap Penurunan diperkuat oleh Muhimah N Safe’I (2010) yang
menyatakan bahwa syarat untuk mengikuti
Intensitas Nyeri Punggung Bawah Pada Ibu
senam hamil salah satunya adalah saat usia
Hamil Trimester II Dan III Di BPS Diah
kehamilan sudah memasuki 22 minggu.
Clotina Desa Mororejo Kecamatan Kaliwungu
Kabupaten Kendal Bulan Juli 2017 Berdasarkan penelitian yang pernah
n=30 dilakukan oleh Febrina (2013) di wilayah kerja
Intensitas Frekuensi Z p- Puskesmas Rawat Inap Karya Wanita
nyeri hitung value Pekanbaru, usia kehamilan >22minggu sangat
Negative 30 -5,031 0,000 dianjurkan untuk mengikuti senam hamil
rank secara teratur karena usia tersebut tergolong
Positive 0 usia yang aman untuk melakukan senam.
rank Peneliti memberikan perlakuan senam
Ties 0 hamil hanya kepada ibu hamil trimester II
dengan usia kehamilan >22 minggu dan ibu
Jumlah 30 hamil dengan usia kehamilan memasuki
trimester III .
5
Berdasarkan tabel 4.2 menunjukan waktu yang dimiliki antara ibu hamil yang
responden dengan kehamilan multigravida bekerja dan ibu hamil yang tidak bekerja.
sebanyak 16 responden (53.3%). Hal ini sesuai Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, analisis
dengan penelitian Ummah (2012) tentang nyeri dari peneliti adalah bahwa tingkat pekerjaan
punggung pada ibu hamil ditinjau dari body berpengaruh terhadap respon nyeri yang
mekanik dan paritas di Desa Ketanen dirasakan namun tidak berpengaruh terhadap
Kabupaten Gresik, didapatkan ada hubungan partisipasi responden dalam melaksanakan
antara paritas dengan kejadian nyeri punggung senam hamil.
ibu hamil. Paritas yang tinggi akan
meningkatkan resiko kejadian nyeri punggung. Berdasarkan tabel 4.4 menunjukan
Dengan demikian semakin sering seorang sebagian besar responden dengan pendidikan
wanita hamil dan melahirkan maka resiko SMA sebanyak 17 responden (56.7%).
terjadinya nyeri punggung selama kehamilan Berdasarkan Undang- Undang tentang Sistem
semakin meningkat. Pendidikan Nasional (2009), tingkat
Jumlah kehamilan yang dimiliki pendidikan di Indonesia dibagi menjadi tiga
wanita multigravida yang tidak pernah yaitu: pendidikan dasar, pendidikan menengah,
melakukan latihan tiap kali selesai melahirkan dan pendidikan tinggi.
cenderung mengalami kelemahan otot Jenjang pendidikan sebagian besar
abdomen. Sedangkan, wanita primigravida sudah melewati pendidikan dasar. Tingkat
biasanya memiliki otot abdomen yang sangat pendidikan secara umum mempengaruhi
baik karena otot tersebut belum pernah kemampuan seseorang kemampuan dalam
mengalami peregangan sebelumnya. Dengan menerima dan memahami informasi, kondisi,
demikian, keparahan nyeri punggung bawah dan lingkungan sekitar sehingga
biasanya meningkat seiring paritas, sehingga mempengaruhi cara pandang dan pemilihan
wanita yang sudah pernah melahirkan koping dalam penyelesaian masalah
cenderung akan mengalami nyeri punggung (Notoatmodjo, 2012).
saat kehamilan berikutnya. Fraser (2009) Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, peneliti
menyatakan bahwa tingkat pendidikan
Berdasarkan tabel 4.3 menunjukan responden berpengaruh terhadap motivasi,
sebagian besar responden dengan pekerjaan persepsi, dan partisipasi responden dalam
sebagai karyawan swasta sebanyak 15 melaksanakan senam hamil.
responden (50.0%) dan sebagai pekerja rumah
tangga (PRT) sebanyak 12 responden (40.0%). Tingkat Nyeri Punggung Bawah Ibu Hamil
Wahyuni S (2014) menyatakan bahwa tingkat Sebelum Melaksanakan Senam Hamil
pekerjaan bukan merupakan variabel langsung Berdasarkan tabel 4.5 pada tingkat
yang dapat mempengaruhi respon nyeri, nyeri punggung bawah ibu hamil sebelum
namun pekerjaan menimbulkan efek keletihan melaksanakan senam hamil, penelitian yang
yang akan menimbulkan persepsi seseorang dilakukan pada 30 responden menunjukkan
terhadap nyeri yang dialami dan menurunkan bahwa tingkat nyeri punggung responden
kemampuan koping, karena tidak dapat sebelum melakukan senam hamil dengan nilai
memusatkan perhatian terhadap terapi yang tengah (median) berada pada skor 6.00, nilai
diberikan yang diharapkan dapat mengurangi standar deviasi (SD) pada skor 1.215
nyeri. sedangkan nilai terendah yaitu berada pada
Sedangkan menurut penelitian skor 4 dan nilai tertinggi berada pada skor 8.
Ratnawati (2009) tentang hubungan antara Nyeri punggung adalah salah satu rasa tidak
pekerjaan dengan partisipasi ibu hamil dalam nyaman yang paling umum terjadi pada ibu
mengikuti senam hamil didapatkan hasil hamil selama masa kehamilan yang mulai
bahwa pekerjaan sangat mempengaruhi dirasakan pada saat kehamilan memasuki usia
partisipasi ibu hamil dalam melakukan senam trimester kedua dan akan semakin meningkat
hamil karena terdapat perbedaan mengisi
6
didapatkan hasil pada Zhitung -5.031 dan nilai hamil berada skor 4 menjadi skor 2, dan
(ρ value 0.000) ≤ (α 0.05) dengan demikian nilai tertinggi (max) sebelum melakukan
maka Ha diterima dan Ho ditolak yang senam hamil berada skor 8 menjadi skor
memiliki arti bahwa ada pengaruh senam hamil 6.
terhadap penurunan intensitas nyeri punggung 3. Ada pengaruh tingkat nyeri sebelum dan
bawah pada ibu hamil trimester II dan III di sesudah pemberian perlakuan senam
BPS Diah Clotina Desa Mororejo Kecamatan hamil di BPS Diah Clotina dengan ρ
Kaliwungu Kabupaten Kendal. value = 0.000 ≤ α = 0.05
Peneliti memberikan perlakuan senam
hamil 3 kali dalam seminggu. Hal tersebut SARAN
didukung oleh pernyataaan dari Widianti A 1. Bagi peneliti selanjutnya
Proverawati (2010) bahwa senam hamil Peneliti selanjutnya dapat
sebaiknya dilakukan 3 kali dalam seminggu mengembangkan konsep atau melakukan
dan sebaisknya ikut bergabung dengan ibu penelitian tentang pengaruh senam hamil
hamil lain yang ada dirumah sakit atau rumah pada intensitas nyeri pada ibu hamil TM II
bersalin yang akan dipakai untuk bersalin. dan TM III dengan jumlah sampel yang
Berdasarkan penelitian yang sudah lebih banyak, atau dengan metode yang
dilakukan banyak faktor yang berpengaruh lain sehingga didapatkan hasil penelitian
dalam pelaksanaan senam hamil dalam yang lebih lengkap.
penurunan skala nyeri pada penelitian ini, 2. Bagi responden (Ibu Hamil TM II dan TM
antara lain keteraturan dalam melakukan III)
senam hamil, melakukan gerakan- gerakan Adanya senam hamil dapat menambah
senam hamil dengan baik dan benar, dilakukan fungsi kognitif, membuat ibu hamil sadar
dengan pengawasan dari tenaga kesehatan akan manfaat senam hamil, dan bersedia
yang memahami gerakan senam hamil yang melakukan senam hamil secara teratur
baik dan benar, serta dari kesadaran diri akan sebagai upaya pemenuhan kesehatan ibu
manfaat yang didapatkan dari latihan senam dan bayi dalam kandungan
hamil. Berdasarkan semua faktor yang 3. Bagi tempat praktek (BPS Diah Clotina)
disebutkan mempengaruhi pelaksanaan senam Pihak dari BPS atau bidan yang terkait
hamil, pada 30 responden sudah melakukan dapat melaksanakan program senam hamil
senam hamil dengan baik, benar, dan teratur secara teratur sebagai upaya dalam
sehngga responden dapat merasakan manfaat menurunkan intensitas nyeri punggung
dari senam hamil yaitu penurunan skala nyeri yang dirasakan ibu hamil. Selain itu dapat
punggung. digunakan sebagai bahan materi pada
leaflet yang dapat bermanfaat bagi
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN pembaca yang ada di bidan terkait.
KESIMPULAN 4. Bagi institusi (STIKES Widya Husada
1. Tingkat nyeri punggung bawah pada ibu Semarang)
hamil trimester II dan III mengalami Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan
penurunan skala nyeri dari sebelum sebagai salah satu bahan masukan yang
melakukan senam hamil sampai dengan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagia sumber
setelah melakukan senam hamil. referensi dari ilmu pengetahuan tentang
2. Tingkat nyeri punggung ibu hamil keperawatan maternitas, dan dapat
trimester II dan III dengan nilai tengah dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan untuk materi
(median) sebelum melakukan senam perkuliahan.
hamil berada pada skor 6.00 menjadi skor
4.00, nilai standar deviasi (SD) sebelum DAFTAR PUSTAKA
melakukan senam hamil berada skor Datta, M. (2007). Panduan praktis kehamilan
1.215 menjadi skor 1.203, nilai terendah dan persalinan.Jakarta: PT. Bhuana
(min) dari sebelum melakukan senam Ilmu Populer
8
Eileen, Brayshaw. (2007). Senam Hamil dan Hamil di BPS Ny. Widya Suroso
Nifas, Jakarta : EGC Kecamatan Turi Lamongan.
Fraser, Diane M. (2009). Buku Ajar Bidan Tamsuri, Anas. (2009). Konsep &
Myles, Jakarta : EGC Penatalaksanaan Nyeri. Jakarta
Kemenkes RI. (2010). Panduan teknis latihan :EGC
fisik selama kehamilan dan nifas. Ummah, F. (2012). Nyeri punggung pada ibu
Jakarta: Kemenkes RI hamil dari body mekanik dan paritas
Lichayati, I & Kartikasari, R.I. di Desa Ketanen.
(2013).Hubungan senam hamil http://stikesmuhla.ac.id/ diakses pada
dengan nyeri punggung pada ibu Agustus 2017
hamil di Polindes Desa Tlanak Undang- undang Republik Indonesia. (2009).
Kecamatan Kedungpring Kabupaten Sistem pendidikan nasional.
Lamongan. http://archieve.web.dikti.go.id/2009/
Mc Clammy, J. 2007.Kehamilan dan nyeri UUno20th2003Sisdiknas.htm diakses
punggung belakang and pada Agustus 2017
perawatannya. Jakarta: EGC Wahyuni S. (2014). Senam hamil dan senam
Muhimah, Safe’i. 2010. Panduan Lengkap nifas. Jakarta: EGC
Senam Sehat Khusus Ibu Hamil, Walsh, Linda V. (2007).
Yogyakarta: Power Books BukuAjarKebidananKomunitas.Jakar
Myles. (2009). Buku ajar bidan. Jakarta : EGC ta :EGC
Notoatmodjo, S. (2012). Metodologi Widianti.A.T dan Proverawati, A (2010).
Penelitian Kesehatan. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Senam dan Kesehatan . Yogyakarta:
Cipta. Nuha Medika
Ratnawati, S. (2009). Hubungan antara Yosefa, Febrina, dkk. (2013). Efektifitas
pekerjaan dengan partisipasi ibu Senam Hamil Terhadap Penurunan
hamil mengikuti senam hamil. Nyeri Punggung Pada Ibu Hamil.
http://isdj.pdii.lipi.go.id/ .diakses Prodi Ilmu Keperawatan Universitas
pada Agustus 2017 Riau
Saminem, Hajjah. (2009). Seri
Asuhan
Kebidanan Kehamilan Normal.
Jakarta:EGC.
Sulistiana E, Diah E, dkk. (2011). Pengaruh
Senam Hamil Terhadap Penurunan
Nyeri Punggung Bawah pada Ibu
CENDEKIA MEDIKA Vol 3 No 1, April 2018
p-ISSN: 2503-1392
e-ISSN: 2620-5424
Rini Anggeriani
Akademi Kebidanan Abdurrahman Palembang
Jl. Sukajaya No.7 Kol.Burlian KM. 5,5 Palembang
E-Mail: anggeriani_r@ymail.com
ABSTRAK
Kehamilan merupakan keadaan normal atau fisiologi bukan suatu penyakit. Akan tetapi, penyakit atau komplikasi bisa
terjadi pada masa kehamilan terutama pada trimester III seperti nyeri punggung, keluhan tersebut bisa diatasi dengan
melakukan senam hamil. Senam hamil merupakan suatu bentuk latihan untuk memperkuat dan mempertahankan
kelenturan dinding perut, otot-otot dasar panggul yang nantinya akan mempermudah proses persalinan normal. ibu
yang melakukan senam hamil di BPM Lismarini Tahun 2017 sebanyak (83,3%). Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui
pengaruh senam hamil pada ibu hamil trimester III.
Metode analitik dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Dengan pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara sistematik total
sampling.
Hasil bivariat menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh senam hamil terhadap penurunan nyeri punggung (p-value 0,000),
dan ada hubungan yang signifikan antara senam hamil terhadap penurunan rasa nyeri punggung (p-value 0,000).
Terdapatnya hubungan senam hamil terhadap penurunan rasa nyeri punggung pada ibu hamil trimester III.
ABSTRACT
Pregnancy is normal or physiological state and not a disease. However, diseases or complications can occur during
pregnancy, especially in the third semester as complains of lower back pain. The complaint can be overcome by doing
pregnancy exercise gymnastics which is a form of exercise to strengthen and maintain the flexibility og the abdominal
wall muscles pelvic floor muscles that will facilitate normal birth process. There are (83,3%) pregnant mothers who do
gymnastics in BPM Lismarini in 2017. The purpose of research is to know the effect of pregnancy exercise of decline in
back pain in third semester of pregnant.
Analytic method with cross sectional approach will be using through this research. The sampling carried out
systematically total sampling.
The result of the bivariate pregnancy exercise influence on the complaint of back pain (p value = 0,000). And there’s a
significant connection between pregnancy exercise of decline in back pain (p value = 0,000). There are in pregnancy
exercise of decline in back pain in third semester of pregnant.
HASIL
Tabel 1.
Distribusi Frekuensi Senam Hamil Pada Ibu Hamil Trimester III di BPM Lismarini Tahun 2017
Pada Tabel 1. menunjukkan bahwa dari 30 dibandingkan dengan yang tidak melakukan
responden terdapat 25 responden (83,3%) senam hamil yaitu 5 responden (16,7%).
yang melakukan senam hamil, lebih banyak
Tabel 2.
Distribusi Nyeri Punggung Pada Ibu Hamil TM III Sebelum Senam Hamil di BPM Lismarini
35
Total 30 100,0
Pada Tabel 2. diatas menunjukkan bahwa dari sedang dan terdapat 7 responden (23,3%)
30 responden terdapat 1 responden (3,3%) yang mengalami nyeri berat.
yang mengalami nyeri ringan, terdapat 22
responden (73,3%) yang mengalami nyeri
Tabel 3.
Distribusi Nyeri Punggung Pada Ibu Hamil TM III Setelah Senam Hamil di BPM Lismarini
Pada tabel 3. diatas menunjukkan bahwa mengalami nyeri sedang dan tidak ada
setelah mengikuti senam hamil terdapat 22 responden (0 %) yang mengalami nyeri berat.
responden (73,3 %) yang mengalami nyeri
ringan, terdapat 8 responden (26,7 %) yang
Tabel 4.
Pengaruh Senam Hamil Terhadap Penurunan Rasa Nyeri Punggung Pada Ibu Hamil TM III di BPM Lismarini
Pada Tabel 4. diatas dapat dilihat dari 25 hamil, lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan
responden yang melakukan senam hamil responden yang tidak mengikuti senam hamil
terdapat 22 responden (88,0%) yang yaitu 5 responden (16,7%).
mengalami nyeri punggung ringan dan 3
responden (12,0%) yang mengalami nyeri Nyeri Punggung
punggung sedang, dan tidak ada responden
(0,0%) yang mengalami nyeri punggung Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan di BPM
berat. Sedangkan dari 5 responden (100%) Lismarini pada bulan mei sampai juni tahun
yang tidak mengikuti senam hamil secara 2017 menunjukkan bahwa dari 30 responden
teratur semuanya mengalami nyeri punggung 22 responden (73,3%) yang mengalami nyeri
sedang. ringan, 8 responden (26,7%) yang mengalami
nyeri sedang dan tidak ada responden (0 %)
PEMBAHASAN yang mengalami nyeri berat.
Senam Hamil Nyeri punggung merupakan suatu gejala dan
bukan penyakit.Yang termasuk nyeri
Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan di BPM punggung adalah rasa tidak nyaman yang
Lismarini pada bulan Mei sampai Juni tahun 2
2017 menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 25 ringan hingga nyeri menyakitkan .
responden (83,3%) yang mengikuti senam
36
Seiring dengan membesarnya uterus, maka yang mengalami nyeri punggung ringan dan 3
pusat gravitasi pada wanita hamil akan responden (12,0 %) yang mengalami nyeri
berpindah kearah depan. Perpindahan ini akan punggung sedang, dan tidak ada responden
menyebabkan ibu harus menyesuaikan posisi yang mengalami nyeri punggung berat (0,0
berdirinya. Perubahan tubuh seperti ini dapat %). Dari 5 responden (100%) yang tidak
memicu lengkung lumbar (lordosis) dan mengikuti senam hamil secara teratur
lengkung kompensasi spinalis torakik semuanya mengalami nyeri punggung sedang.
(kifosis). Mekanisme semacam ini akan
Berdasarkan uji statistik chi-square diperoleh
terjadi pada bulan keempat dan kesembilan
p value 0,000 ≤ α 0,05 artinya ada pengaruh
pada masa kehamilan, dan akan berlangsung
antara senam hamil terhadap penurunan rasa
sampai 12 minggu setelah melahirkan
nyeri punggung pada ibu hamil trimester III
Faktor predisposisi nyeri punggung pada dan terbukti secara statistik.
masa kehamilan antara lain,penambahan berat
Hasil penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian
badan selama kehamilan, perubahan postur
tentang Pengaruh Senam Hamil Terhadap
tubuh yang berlangsung dengan cepat, nyeri
Penurunan Skala Nyeri Punggung Pada Ibu
punggung terdahulu, peregangan berulang,
Hamil Trimester II dan Trimester III yang
peningkatan kadar hormon relaksin.
menyatakan bahwa adanya pengaruh senam
Dari penelitian ini penulis menganalisis hamil terhadap penurunan skala nyeri
bahwa senam hamil bisa mengurangi rasa punggung pada ibu hamil trimester II dan III.
nyeri punggung pada ibu hamil karena setelah
Hasil penelitian ini juga sejalan dengan
dilakukan wawancara kuesioner pada ibu
penelitian tentang Efektifitas Senam Hamil
didapatkan sebelum ibu melakukan senam Terhadap Penurunan Nyeri Punggung Pada
hamil ibu mengalami nyeri punggung dan Ibu Hamil yang menyatakan bahwa senam
setelah ibu melakukan senam hamil nyeri hamil efektif terhadap penurunan nyeri
punggung yang dialami oleh ibu mengalami 9
penurunan. punggung pada ibu hamil .
Keluhan nyeri punggung yang dialami oleh
Dalam kehamilan bisa menyebabkan banyak ibu hamil tentunya tidak boleh dibiarkan
ketidaknyamanan salah satunya banyak yang begitu saja. Salah satu cara untuk
dialami oleh ibu hamil adalah nyeri meningkatkan kesehatan selama kehamilan
punggung. Seorang tenaga kesehatan harus adalah dengan melakukan olahraga ringan
memberikan konseling atau informasi kepada seperti senam hamil, yang telah terbukti dapat
ibu-ibu hamil yang mengalami nyeri mengurangi ketidaknyamanan ibu hamil
punggung dengan cara menganjurkan ibu trimester III termasuk nyeri punggung. Senam
untuk melakukan olahraga ringan seperti hamil dapat mengurangi nyeri punggung
senam hamil. dikarenakan didalam gerakan senam hamil
terdapat gerakan yang dapat memperkuat otot
Pengaruh Senam Hamil Terhadap abdomen, ketika ligamen disekitar pelvis
Penurunan Rasa Nyeri Punggung menegang dan tidak memberikan topangan
Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan di BPM yang kuat kepada sendi maka otot menjadi
Lismarini pada bulan mei sampai juni tahun garis pertahanan kedua untuk membantu
2017, menunjukkan bahwa setelah dilakukan mencegah tegangan yang berlebihan pada
senam hamil didapatkan dari 25 responden ligamen pelvis.Tegangan yang berlebihan
yang melakukan senam hamil secara teratur pada pelvis dan melemahnya otot abdomen
terdapat sebanyak 22 responden (88,0 %) inilah yang menyebabkan nyeri punggung,
37
untuk itu diperlukan latihan seperti senam DAFTAR PUSTAKA
hamil untuk mempertahankan tonus otot
5 1. Astuti, Maya. 2010. Buku Pintar
abdomen yang baik .
Kehamilan. Jakarta: EGC
Pada saat melakukan senam hamil tubuh akan 2. Maryunani, Anik dan Yetty Sukaryati.
memproduksi endorfin lebih banyak. Endorfin 2011. Senam Hamil, Senam Nifas dan
dikenal sebagai zat yang memiliki prinsip Terapi Musik. Jakarta Timur: CV Trans
kerja seperti morfin yang berfungsi untuk Info Media.
memberikan ketenangan, mengatasi stress
pada saat hamil dan mampu untuk 3. Pravikasari; Analisa, N. 2014. Perbedaan
mengurangi nyeri seperti nyeri pada daerah Senam Hamil dan Teknik Akupresur
6 Terhadap Penurunan Nyeri Punggung
punggung .
Bawah Pada Ibu Hamil Trimester III.
Selain itu, gerakan-gerakan senam hamil
Universitas Diponegoro.
bermanfaat untuk mengencangkan otot-otot
pantat, punggung, bahu dan perut, sehingga 4. Hakiki, I.N. 2015. Efektifitas Terapi Air
ibu hamil yang mengalami nyeri punggung Hangat Terhadap Nyeri Tulang Belakang
setelah mengikuti senam hamil rasa nyeri pada Ibu Hamil di Wilayah Kerja
7
punggung yang dirasakan dapat berkurang . Puskesmas Pisangan. Fakultas
Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan Program
peneliti mendapatkan hasil p value 0,000 ≤ α Studi Ilmu Keperawatan.
0,05 dan peneliti dapat menarik kesimpulan 5. Morgan, Geri. 2009. Obstetri dan
bahwa ada pengaruh senam hamil terhadap Gynekologi. Jakarta: EGC
penurunan rasa nyeri punggung pada ibu
hamil trimester III. Hal ini sesuai dengan teori 6. Emilia, O dan Freitag, H. 2010. Tetap
dan beberapa jurnal yang ada bahwa rasa Bugar dan Energik selama hamil. Jakarta:
nyeri punggung dapat diturunkandengan cara Agromedia Pustaka
melakukan senam hamil.
7. Megasari. 2015. Hubungan Senam Hamil
Nyeri punggung yang dialami oleh ibu hamil Terhadap Nyeri Punggung Pada Ibu
tentunya tidak bisa dibiarkan begitu saja. Oleh Hamil Trimester III di RB Fatmawati.
karena itu, seorang tenaga kesehatan harus Prodi Ilmu Kebidanan STIKes Hang Tua
memberikan konseling atau informasi pada Pekanbaru.
ibu-ibu hamil yang mengalami
ketidaknyamanan seperti nyeri punggung 8. Purwanti, H; Agustina, A. F. 2015.
dapat dianjurkan untuk melakukan olahraga Pengaruh Senam Hamil Terhadap
ringan yaitu senam hamil untuk mengurangi Penurunan Skala Nyeri Punggung Pada
ketidaknyamanan dan menjaga kesehatan Ibu Hamil Trimester II dan III di BPM
selama kehamilan berlangsung. NY. Immatus Sholehah di Desa
Kebonagung Kec. Ujungpangkah
KESIMPULAN Kab.Gresik. Stikes Bina Sehat PPNI
Mojokerto.
Ada pengaruh senam hamil terhadap
penurunan rasa nyeri punggung pada ibu 9. Yosefa, F; Misrawati; Hasneli, Y. 2014.
hamil trimester III dengan uji statistik chi EfektifitasSenam Hamil Terhadap
square didapatkan p-value 0,000 ≤ α (0,05). Penurunan Nyeri Punggung Pada Ibu
Hamil. Universitas Riau.
38
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Publisher: Routledge
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office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
To cite this article: Monika Guszkowska (2014) The effect of exercise and childbirth classes on fear
of childbirth and locus of labor pain control, Anxiety, Stress, & Coping: An International Journal,
27:2, 176-189, DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2013.830107
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2013.830107
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Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 2014
Vol. 27, No. 2, 176 189, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2013.830107
Poland
(Received 17 November 2012; accepted 15 July 2013)
This study sought to track changes in intensity of fear of childbirth and locus of labor
pain control in women attending an exercise program for pregnant women or
traditional childbirth classes and to identify the predictors of these changes. The
study was longitudinal/non-experimental in nature and run on 109 healthy
primigravidae aged from 22 to 37, including 62 women participating in an exercise
program for pregnant women and 47 women attending traditional childbirth classes.
The following assessment tools were used: two scales developed by the present
authors the Fear of Childbirth Scale and the Control of Birth Pain Scale, three
standardized psychological inventories for the big five personality traits (NEO Five
Factors Inventory), trait anxiety (State Trait Anxiety Inven-tory) and dispositional
optimism (Life Oriented Test Revised) and a question-naire concerning
socioeconomic status, health status, activities during pregnancy, relations with
partners and expectations about childbirth. Fear of childbirth significantly decreased
in women participating in the exercise program for pregnant women but not in
women attending traditional childbirth classes. Several significant predictors of post-
intervention fear of childbirth emerged: dispositional optimism and self-rated health
(negative) and strength of the belief that childbirth pain depends on chance (positive).
Introduction
The problem of how to reduce fear of childbirth is a big challenge for medical staffs that
prepare pregnant women for childbirth and care for them during labor. The need to find
effective ways of reducing fear of childbirth is becoming more and more urgent due to
the increasing number of cesarean deliveries on demand, without medical indications
(Bewley & Cockburn, 2002). This operative mean of pregnancy termination has an array
of maternal complications (placenta praevia, placenta accreta, uterine rupture, excessive
blood lose, maternal anemia and infection, hysterectomy) (Blanc, Capelle, Bretelle,
Leclaire, & Bouvenot, 2006; Irion, 2009). It may also have negative psychological
consequences, including post-traumatic stress disorder (Reynolds, 1997; Sawyer, Ayers,
Young, Bradley, & Smith, 2012), difficulties with breastfeeding, and disorders
associated with developing attachment with the child (Ayers, 2004; Green &
*Email: mguszkowska@wp.pl
# 2013 Taylor & Francis
Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 177
Baston, 2003). Despite the risks involved, the number of cesarean sections is increasing
all over the world (Feinmann, 2002; Katz & Fuchs, 2008), including Poland (from
18.2% in 1999 to 28.8% in 2006 Troszyn´ski, Niemiec, & Wilczyn´ska, 2008). An
estimated 6 8% of pregnant women would choose this method of delivery if they could
(Bewley & Cockburn, 2002; Hildingsson, Radestad, Rubertsson, & Waldenstrom, 2002).
From 4% to 11% of cesarean sections in the United States are conducted upon request,
without medical indications (Chestnut, 2006).
Researchers have found that one of the significant reasons for requesting cesarean section
is fear of childbirth (Gamble & Creedy, 2001). Fear of childbirth is associated with
dysfunction of the labor process (Dole et al., 2003; Saisto, Ylikorkala, & Halmesma¨ki,
1999) and psychological problems during confinement. It predicts postpartum depres-sion,
anxiety, and disorder of maternal attachment (Hofberg & Ward, 2003).
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The frequency of fear of childbirth differs from group to group and ranges from 23%
to 64% (Areskog, Uddenberg, & Kjessler, 1981). It is generally thought that clinical fear
of childbirth complicates about 20% of pregnancies in developed countries where it is
most frequently assessed and that it reaches severe levels in 6 10% of pregnant women
(Saisto & Halmesma¨ki, 2003).
One of the most common reasons why women fear childbirth is that they fear pain. It
is quite natural to fear pain to some extent. Nearly three quarters of pregnant women in
Finland express some fear of pain and nearly 90% plan to request some form of
anesthesia during labor (Kangas-Saarela & Kangas-Ka¨rki, 1994). Fear of pain during
childbirth is the main reason for that pregnant women request cesarean section in
Finland (Saisto et al., 1999) and Sweden (Ryding, 1993; Sjo¨gren, 1997).
Labor pain can be reduced by means of more or less invasive interventions. The
majority of feasible strategies are based on the fact that the experience of pain is very
subjective and largely dependent on psychological, including cognitive factors (Turk
& Melzack, 1992). A significant factor that reduces the perception of pain during
childbirth is a women’s belief that she is able to control pain (internal locus of control)
(Nettelbladt, Fagerstrom, & Uddenberg, 1976) and effectively apply such methods of
pain control as breathing exercises (Stockman & Altmaier, 2001).
Because cognitive factors influence the perception of pain during childbirth,
adequate preparation for labor may be an important preventive factor. Childbirth classes
providing information about labor and neonatal care are the most popular form of
preparation for labor. Access to information can help to reduce fear of childbirth and
neonatal distress (Saisto & Halmesma¨ki, 2003). They prepare pregnant women and
their partners for labor not only by providing information but also by developing useful
skills as well. This can help to reduce both partners’ anxiety and help them both to cope
more effectively (Sieber, Germann, Barbir, & Ehlert, 2006).
properly. Some exercises are specifically tailored to reduce back pain, especially low
back pain. The concluding relaxation session is also an important element.
Can exercise classes help to reduce pain of childbirth? At least two arguments can be
made in favor of a positive answer to this question. First, many studies in the field of the
psychology of physical activity suggest that physical exercise reduces both state anxiety
and trait anxiety (compare Biddle & Mutrie, 2008; Guszkowska, 2013) and may
therefore also reduce fear of childbirth. The level of anxiety in an imaginary childbirth
situation was lower in pregnant women who exercised during pregnancy than in
physically inactive pregnant women (Guszkowska, 2011; Guszkowska & Dudziak,
2008). Second, the acquired ability to control one’s muscular tension and breathing
during labor can increase one’s belief in the controllability of labor pain, a significant
protector of fear of childbirth, as already mentioned.
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The purpose of the present study was to compare changes in intensity of fear of
childbirth in women participating in an exercise program for pregnant women and
attending traditional childbirth classes. Additionally, the predictors of these changes
were looked for.
Various possible determinants of fear of childbirth have been scrutinized. These
include such demographic and socioeconomic factors as young maternal age, poor
education, and unemployment (Laursen, Hedegaard, & Johansen, 2008; Saisto &
Halmesma¨ki, 2003). Another significant predictor of fear of childbirth is lack of social
network and partner support (Melender, 2002; Ryding, Persson, Onell, & Kvist, 2003;
Saisto & Halmesma¨ki, 2003; Saisto, Salmela-Aro, Nurmi, & Halmes-ma¨ki, 2001).
Low self-rated health predicted fear of childbirth in Danish national birth cohort
(Laursen, Hedegaard, & Johansen, 2008). Saisto, Salmela-Aro, Nurmi, and Halmesma¨ki
(2001) argue that fear of pregnancy and childbirth is relatively stable and correlates with
personality traits, especially trait anxiety, neuroticism, and vulnerability. We may
presume that the intensity of fear of childbirth will be contingent on those stable
psychological properties which affect the way we appraise current events and our
expectations concerning future events, as dispositional optimism, i.e. a personality
dimension expressed in generalized expectation of positive events and the tendency to
experience positive feelings and satisfaction with life (Scheier & Carver, 1992). Level of
optimism is positively related to internal locus of control, and negatively related to
anxiety (Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994).
Another objective was to check whether participation in the two programs leads to
changes in beliefs concerning locus of control of labor pain, a significant predictor of
fear of childbirth (Guszkowska, 2012). A woman has internal locus of control of pain of
childbirth when she believes that she can control the intensity of her pain experiences
and external locus of control of pain of childbirth when she has no such belief. In the
latter case, she locates her beliefs in the medical staff (i.e. she believes that doctors and
midwives can alleviate her pain) on the one hand and in fate or chance as determinants
of pain of childbirth on the other hand (Skevington, 1990).
Method
Participants
The study was run on 109 women aged from 19 to 37 (M 29.05; SD 3.759) in their 17th
to 32nd week of pregnancy (M 27.58; SD 4.239) at the onset of the
Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 179
study. All participants had higher education, lived in the capital city of Warsaw or the
Warsaw metropolis; 80.7% (n 88) were married and 19.3% (n 21) were in common-law
relationships but were not officially married; 52.3% (n 57) were not working at the onset
of the study and the remainder were working. All participants had been occupationally
active before they became pregnant. Women in multiple pregnancies, women who had
previously miscarried, and women with complications of the present pregnancy were
excluded.
The first group consisted of 62 pregnant women attending 50-minute-long exercise
classes, Nine Active Months, for pregnant women twice a week, conducted by
appropriately qualified fitness instructors. The program included general develop-ment
exercises with elements of Pilates, yoga, and body ball, exercises increasing muscular
strength and elasticity and joint flexibility, and relaxation and breathing exercises. The
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program lasted for 8 weeks. Since the subject of interest in the present research was the
changes in fear of childbirth among pregnant women who exercised regularly, a criterion
for inclusion in the analysis was 75% attendance in the classes of exercise program. The
same criterion was applied to the second group.
The second group consisted of 47 pregnant women attending typical childbirth
classes twice a week. The program focused on education concerning pregnancy,
childbirth, puerperium and infant development, how to behave during labor, and how to
care for the newborn baby. The duration of the classes varied depending on the subject,
and classes ranged from 45 to 60 minutes. Classes were led by midwives in cooperation
with gynecologists, pediatricians, and psychologists and lasted 6 weeks.
The exercise group consisted of pregnant women who wished to take part in the
traditional prenatal classes organized by two obstetrics clinics in Warsaw. Women who
met the preliminary criteria (first, single, normally developing pregnancy; no prior
miscarriages or abortions; no contraindications to physical exercise) were given the
opportunity to participate in exercise classes for pregnant women. Women who did not
accept the offer were allowed to participate in the research project as a core of the
reference group. Exercise classes for subsequent groups began at the start of each month;
classes were conducted in groups of 6 10 participants. In the case of pregnant women,
the requirements for randomization may hardly be met without depriving a number of
subjects of the opportunity to participate in potentially healthy activities. Due to the
limited duration of pregnancy, it is impossible to create a control group that would wait
for an intervention. For this reason, the selection for the groups was based on the
participants’ own decisions.
Participation in the study was offered to 198 pregnant women who fulfilled the
criteria: 100 (50.5%) women agreed to take part in physical activities for pregnant
women, 62 of which (62%) met the criterion of required attendance (75% of the classes
12 classes). More than half of this group (n 34; 54.8%) participated only in physical
activities and during the Nine Active Months program; they resigned from traditional
childbirth classes due to organizational reasons. Of the participants, 28 pregnant women
(45.2%) participated in both physical activities and traditional childbirth classes.
Out of all the pregnant women invited to the study, 70 women (35.3%) agreed to
take part in it, but without participating in physical activities (reference group). The
criterion of required attendance (75% of the classes 10 classes) was met by 47 subjects
(67.1%). In both groups, the pregnant women who did not meet the
180 M. Guszkowska
2 2
1.919; p .166), self-rated health (x 6.117; p .106), self-rated physical fitness (x 3.454; p
2
.178); planning family childbirth (x 2.594; p .273), or planning to be anesthetized
2
during labor (x 1.595;
p .810).
The Fear of Childbirth Scale and The Control of Childbirth Pain Scale were
administered twice, in the first week of classes and two months later, upon termination
of the classes.
Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 181
To assess personality traits, standard psychological scales were used. The NEO-Five
Factor Inventory, by Costa and McCrae (Zawadzki, Strelau, Szczepaniak, &
´
Sliwin´ ska, 1998), enabled the five personality dimensions included in the Big Five
model to be studied: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeable-ness,
and conscientiousness. Its reliability in the Polish population measured by Cronbach’s a
varied between .68 and .82.
The Life Oriented Test Revised, by Scheier, Carver, and Bridges (Juczyn´ ski, 2001),
was designed to examine the optimism meant as personality trait. The reliability in
Polish population was satisfactory (Cronbach’s a .76); the validity was estimated based
on correlations with self-esteem, positive emotionality, and coping style.
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Results
The changes of fear of childbirth
To test the significance of change in level of fear of childbirth and differences in
intensity of fear of childbirth depending on type of intervention (0 childbirth classes; 1
exercise classes), an univariate analysis of variance with repeated measures (time type of
intervention) with trimester as a covariate was conducted (Table 1). Main effect for time
was not significant. Only a significant interaction was found between time and condition
(Figure 1). When the changes in both groups were analyzed separately, a significant
reduction of fear of childbirth was found only in the women attending exercise classes,
2
F(1, 61) 18.449; p B.001; h 0.232. No significant difference was found in the women
attending childbirth classes, F(1,
46) 0.407; p .05.
Main effects for group were statistically insignificant. When the two groups were
compared for level of fear of childbirth by means of one-way analysis of variance, no
significant effects were found either for pretest, F(1, 108) 2.530; p .05 or for posttest,
F(1, 108) 0.027; p .05.
Next, an index of change in fear of childbirth was calculated. The value of the first
assessment in the first week of classes was subtracted from the value of the second
assessment upon termination of the classes preparing for childbirth to obtain an index of
change. The negative values (index of change B0) mean decrease of fear of childbirth.
The positive values (index of change 0) indicate that fear of childbirth increased. The
larger the absolute value of the index the greater the
182 M. Guszkowska
Table 1. Fear of childbirth and locus of labor pain control according to time and condition.
Figure 1. Changes of fear of childbirth in pregnant women attending physical exercise classes or
childbirth classes.
Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 183
F(1, 61) 0.480; p .05. Neither subgroup differed significantly with regard to the index of
change, F(1, 61) 0.121; p .05, which was negative in both subgroups.
employment during pregnancy); (iii) social factors (partner support, planned family
birth); (iv) cognitive factors (beliefs concerning locus of control of labor pain, self-rated
health); (v) personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experi-ence,
agreeableness, and conscientiousness; trait anxiety, and dispositional opti-mism).
When all the factors were introduced into the equation three significant predictors
accounting for 20% of the variance of fear of childbirth in pregnant women upon
termination of the intervention were identified: self-rated health and
dispositional optimism (negative predictors) and chance (external locus of labor pain
control positive predictor) (Table 2). Intense fear of childbirth can be expected in
pregnant women with low health self-ratings, who have pessimistic expectations, and
who believe that labor pain largely depends on factors beyond their control (fate, random
factors, or luck).
Predictor b t p Model
Optimism 0.292 3.22 .002 R2 .210;
Chance 0.264 2.93 .004 F 9.58;
Self-rated health 0.260 2.87 .005 p B.0001
184 M. Guszkowska
No significant difference in belief that labor pain would depend on fate, luck, or
other factors beyond the pregnant woman’s control was found depending on type of
intervention or time. The interaction between these factors was also insignificant.
Discussion
The principal objective of this study was to identify the effects of two types of activities
preparing for childbirth, i.e. traditional childbirth classes and physical exercise classes,
on the intensity of fear of childbirth. The study did not find a significant reduction of
fear of childbirth in the entire sample. However, when the data were analyzed separately
for pregnant women attending childbirth classes and exercise classes, it was found that
fear of childbirth only decreased in the latter group. A significant interaction between
time and condition was also found, lending further support to the conclusion that type of
intervention is important. Still further support was found when the mean change index
was analyzed: the value of this index was negative only in the exercise classes group and
was significantly lower than in the participants of traditional childbirth classes. Type of
intervention was also the only significant predictor of the value of this index. It may be
assumed that exercise classes could be an effective way of reducing fear of childbirth.
The findings for pregnant women participating in exercise classes are consistent with
the results of an earlier comparative study which found that women who were physically
active during pregnancy had lower levels of anxiety when asked to imagine labor
(Guszkowska, 2011; Guszkowska & Dudziak, 2008). The lack of fear reduction in
pregnant women attending traditional childbirth classes has not been confirmed by other
researchers, however, who found a significant reduction in intensity of fear of childbirth
in this group (Stangert, Cendrowska, & Szukiewicz, 2009).
We must therefore ask why the women participating in the Nine Active Months
program experienced a significant reduction in fear of childbirth, whereas no such
change was experienced by women attending childbirth classes. Let us focus on the
former group first. In both the comparative study in general population and the study of
pregnant women, data were obtained confirming the anxiety-reducing effects of physical
exercise, both immediate (acute effect of a single session of physical exercise) and
postponed (effect of participation in a systematic physical exercise program). For
example, physically active pregnant women demonstrated fewer anxiety symptoms
compared with women who refrained from physical exercise
Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 185
during pregnancy (Goodwin, Astbury, & McMeeken, 2000). Pregnant women attending
group physical exercise classes preparing for childbirth had more positive mood as
demonstrated, by example, by lower levels of anxious tension (Guszkowska, 2011).
Koltyn (1994) found that pregnant women demonstrated a significant reduction of
anxiety after a single session of aerobic physical exercise. Lox and Treasure (2000)
found both reduced anxiety in pregnant women directly following a single session of
physical exercise in water and long-term effects following 6 weeks of systematic
exercise. If physical exercise helps to reduce general anxiety and tension, it may also
help to reduce fear of approaching childbirth.
The failure to find the expected changes in women attending childbirth classes may
be due to these women’s level of education higher than in the general population.
Educational interventions, providing information on labor, are an effective way of
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reducing fear but mainly in women who lack such information (Gayathri, Raddi, &
Metgud, 2010).
It should be noted that the study did not meet the requirements of randomiza-tion,
and the selection for the groups was made on the basis of the subjects’ preferences.
Therefore, the option cannot be excluded that the exercise classes group included
pregnant women who had qualities that maximized the benefits of such childbirth
classes. Both groups were compared in terms of sociodemographic and personality
variables that could play the role of predictors of fear of childbirth. The only significant
difference was in the trimester of pregnancy, so a variable, namely a covariate, was
introduced into the analyses. There was no significant difference between the groups
with regard to the initial level of fear of childbirth. However, when more attention is
paid to the arithmetic means (Figure 1), it can be observed that the arithmetic mean
value was slightly higher in the group of women participating in physical activities,
which gave more space for a potential change. At the low output level, it is difficult to
have a significant decrease in intensity, which is usually referred to as the floor effect.
This phenomenon has been described in research on the impact of different forms of
intervention on emotional states (Guszkowska, 2013).
Interpretation of the results can be further hampered by the fact that almost one-half
of the pregnant women who exercised took part in the traditional childbirth classes, too.
Therefore, it may be expected that in this group, the effects of two forms of preparation
for childbirth would accumulate. However, the conducted compar-isons showed that
additional participation in the traditional childbirth classes did not contribute to a greater
decrease in fear of childbirth (the index of change in both subgroups did not differ
significantly).
An important predictor of fear of childbirth is dispositional optimism which indicates
a generalized expectation of positive feelings and satisfaction with life (Scheier &
Carver, 1992). It correlates negatively with depression, helplessness, and anxiety
(Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994). According to cognitive theories of stress and
emotion, the cognitive system contributes significantly to the instigation of emotions.
Dispositional optimism affects people’s appraisal of current events and their
expectations concerning future events and is therefore one of the determinants of
intensity of fear of childbirth.
A second significant (and negative) predictor of fear of childbirth is self-rated health.
A group of Swiss researchers (Sieber et al., 2006) also found that poor health was a
positive predictor of fear of childbirth. Fear of childbirth involves fear of death,
186 M. Guszkowska
pain, and surgical intervention (Neuhaus, Scharkus, Hamm, & Bolte, 1994; Ryding,
1993; Saisto et al., 1999; Sjo¨gren & Thomassen, 1997; Szevere´nyi, Po´ ka, Hetey, &
To¨ro¨k, 1998). Women with poorer self-rated health may fear childbirth more often for
these reasons.
Yet another predictor of the intensity of fear of childbirth is external locus of labor
pain control (attribution to chance factor). Pregnant women who express a strong belief
that the intensity of labor pain will depend on external factors over which they have no
control are more likely to fear childbirth. During labor, these women will presumably be
less willing to engage in various behavioral pain-reducing strategies and their beliefs are
more likely to be confirmed due to self-fulfilling prophecy.
Beliefs concerning factors responsible for the intensity of labor pain may be
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modified with the help of cognitive interventions. Preparation for childbirth should
include efforts to strengthen the expectant mother’s belief that she can control her labor
and the intensity of labor pain. One of the purposes of the present study was to
determine the changes of locus of labor pain control in pregnant women attending
traditional childbirth classes and participating in the Nine Active Months program.
Women who believe that they can control labor pain continue to hold this belief
whatever the intervention. No significant changes were found in the whole sample in the
belief that labor pain will depend on the medical staff (powerful others) and on fate,
luck, or other factors beyond the women’s control (chance). If we consider that latter
factor was a significant positive predictor of fear of childbirth, no change must be
viewed as adverse. Locus of control can be viewed as a stable personality trait which is
less susceptible to situational factors although this hypothesis needs to be tested
empirically, of course.
The present study has a number of important limitations. The first one is the
nonrepresentative sample. Only women with higher education, financially stable, living
in the capital city or metropolis, who had never had children before, and whose
pregnancy was normal were studied. None of the findings established in this study can
be generalized beyond this sample.
The second limitation has to do with lack of complete randomization of the two
studied groups. Participants were pregnant women voluntarily attending childbirth
classes or women voluntarily responding to the invitation to attend physical exercise
classes. These groups were not matched for all the potential variables which could have
affected the outcome, i.e. advancement of pregnancy. We cannot rule out the influence
of differences in health (the women attending physical exercise classes had to provide a
doctor’s certificate certifying the lack of counter-indications for participation; no
certificate was requested from the women attending the childbirth classes). The next
difference is program duration. The Nine Active Months program usually lasted longer
than the childbirth classes. Complete randomization is very difficult to achieve in studies
of pregnant women if only because we cannot create a typical waiting list. However,
future researchers must do their best to match groups as far as possible for potential
intervening and interfering variables.
Conclusions
The present findings suggest that physical exercise classes for pregnant women reduce
fear of childbirth more effectively than traditional childbirth classes in well-
Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 187
Acknowledgments
This research was financed under project number NN 404 017838, ‘‘The influence of pregnant
women’s physical activity on their mental and physical health, the course of pregnancy, and
Downloaded by [University of Southern Queensland] at 23:43 13 March 2015
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ARTIKEL PENELITIAN
Jurnal Kesehatan, Vol. 7 No. 2 (2018). ISSN 2086-9266 e-ISSN 2654-587x
DOI 10.37048/kesehatan.v7i2.27
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang :Senam hamil merupakan suatu gerakan yang disarankan untuk ibu
hamil untuk mempersiapkan fisik, dan mental ibu hamil selama kehamilan dan
meningkatkan kesehatan ibu hamil. Masalah kehamilan yang biasanya terjadi ialah
kecemasan ibu hamil trimester 2 dan 3. Tujuan penelitian : ini untuk mengetahui
efektifitas senam hamil terhadap tingkat kecemasan ibu hamil trimester 2 dan 3 di
Desa Margaluyu Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kasemen.
Metode Penelitian : menggunakan design quasi experiment pre post without
control. Sampel yang digunakan 14 ibu hamil di ambil dengan menggunakan total
sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS).
Hasil uji t dependent diperoleh nilai signifikan p = 0.000.
Kesimpulan : menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh tingkat kecemasan sebelum dan
setelah pemberian senam hamil. Sarannya untuk tenaga kesehatan dapat
meningkatkan motivasi kepada ibu hamil tentang pentingnya senam hamil untuk
kesehatan ibu hamil.
ABSTRACT
Background : Pregnancy exercise is a suggested movement for pregnant women to
prepare physically, and mentally pregnant women during pregnancy and improve the
health of pregnant women. Pregnancy disorder that usually happened is pregnant
women with high level of anxiety of trimester 2 and 3.
Research Objectives : of this study to determine the effect of pregnancy exercise on
the level of anxiety of pregnant women trimester 2 and 3 in the Village Margaluyu
Work Area Puskesmas Kasemen Year 2017.
Research Method : Type of research using quasi experiment pre post without
control design. The sample that used by 14 pregnant women were taken using total
sampling. Instruments that used was Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS).
Result of the t test of dependent obtained significant value is p = 0.000.
Conclusions: show that there is an effect of anxiety levels before and after pregnancy
exercise. The advice for health workers can provide motivation to pregnant women about
the importance of pregnancy exercise for the health of pregnant women.
PENDAHULUAN
dengan berat kurang dari 2500 gram)9, Kondisi psikologis ibu akan membawa dampak
jangka panjang terhadap kondisi anak seperti gangguan kesehatan mental dan
penurunan kognitif (Ryan, J, 2017).
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DOI 10.37048/kesehatan.v7i2.27
Usaha yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah untuk memberikan pelayanan antenatal
dan strategi untuk mempermudah pemberian pelayanan kesehatan kepada ibu hamil,
salah satunya dengan pelaksanaan program kelas ibu hamil. Kelas ibu hamil
merupakan sarana belajar bersama dalam bentuk tatap muka dalam kelompok yang
bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan ibu-ibu mengenai
kehamilan, perawatan kehamilan, persalinan dalam rangka membentuk kesiapan ibu
hamil dalam menghadapi persalinan. Senam hamil merupakan kegiatan atau materi
ekstra di kelas ibu hamil (Depkes, 2011).
Senam hamil merupakan salah satu kegiatan dalam pelayanan selama kehamilan
atau prenatal care yang bertujuan untuk mempersiapkan dan melatih otot sehingga
dapat dimanfaatkan secara optimal dalam persalinan normal. Bila dicermati lebih
lanjut, sebenarnya dalam gerakan senam hamil terkandung efek relaksasi yang
bermanfaat menstabilkan kecemasan dan mengurangi rasa takut dengan cara
relaksasi fisik dan mental, serta mendapatkan informasi yang mempersiapkan mereka
untuk mengalami apa yang akan terjadi selama persalinan dan kelahiran (Larasaty,
2012). Senam hamil biasanya dimulai saat kehamilan memasuki trimester ketiga,
yaitu sekitar 28-30 minggu kehamilan (Anggraeni, P, 2010).
Senam hamil dapat menurunkan kesemasan, hal ini sesuai dengan penelitian
yang dilakukan oleh Suryani, Mose, Tarawan, Husin dan Prasetyo (2015) bahwa
dengan dilakukan senam hamil secara teratur yaitu > 8 kali dalam 6 minggu
berpengaruh terhadap penurunan kecemasan pada ibu hamil (nilai p=0,026). Selain itu
juga senam hamil dapat menurunkan kejadian asfiksia pada bayi, penurunkan pertus
lama dan juga mencegah robekan perineum lebih dari tiga (Prasetyo, D, 2015).
Sehubungan dengan uraian di atas maka penelitian tertarik untuk melakukan
penelitian mengenai efektifikas senam hamil terhadap tingakat kecemasan pada ibu
hamil pada trimester dua dan tiga.
METODE PENELITIAN
Penelitian ini menggunakan desain quasi experiment pre post without control. Hal
pertama yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah memberikan pretest (Q1) pada subjek
untuk mengetahui tingkat kecemasan sebelum perlakuan. Selanjutnya diberikan treatment
(X) berupa senam hamil pada subjek sebanyak 6 kali pertemuan dalam 3 minggu.
Kemudian dilakukan posttest (Q2) pada subjek untuk mengetahui tingkat
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kecemasan setelah perlakuan. Hasil dari Q1 dan Q2 lalu dibandingkan untuk melihat
perbandingan pretest dan posttest pada subjek. Adapun jumlah sampel pada penelitian
ini adalah berjumlah 14 orang ibu hamil. Pengumpulan data menggunakan instrument
Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS). Instrumen sudah di uji validitas dan
reabilitas dengan uji PASS pada penelitian Somerville, dkk. (2014) Hasil uji reabilitas
dari 35 peserta menghasilkan korelasi skor 0,76. Sedangkan validitas memiliki
cronbach’s berkisar antara0.86 sampai 0.90 dan nilai r berkisar 0.4 sampai 0.51
Ketika seseorang dipilih untuk ikut serta dalam penelitian, peneliti harus
memastikan bahwa hak-hak dari responden terlindungi. Prinsip-prinsip etik yang perlu
diperhatikan dalam penelitian diantaranya adalah beneficence, respect for human
dignity dan justice (Polit, D.F & Back, C.T, 2012). Tempat penelitian ini dilakukan di
Desa Margaluyu wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kesemen.
HASIL
Berdasarkan tabel 1 didapatkan rata-rata tingkat kecemasan ibu hamil trimester 2 dan
3 sebelum diberikan senam hamil adalah 32,50 (95% CI 28,61-36,39), dengan
standar deviasi 6,734. Nilai tingkat kecemasan terendah 21 dan tertinggi 49. Dari
hasil estimasi interval dapat diyakini bahwa rata-rata tingkat kecemasan ibu hamil
trimester 2 dan 3 sebelum di berikan senam hamil antara 28,61 sampai dengan 36,39
nilai ini termasuk tingkat kecemasan gejala sedang ringan.
Berdasarkan tabel 1 didapatkan rata-rata tingkat kecemasan ibu hamil trimester 2 dan
3 setelah diberikan senam hamil adalah 25,07 (95% CI 21,48-28,66), dengan standar
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deviasi 6,220. Nilai tingkat kecemasan terendah 14 dan tertinggi 36. Dari hasil
estimasi interval dapat diyakini bahwa rata-rata tingkat kecemasan ibu hamil
trimester 2 dan 3 setelah di berikan senam hamil antara 21,48 sampai dengan 28,66
nilai ini termasuk tingkat kecemasan gejala sedang ringan, namun tampak mengalami
penurunan skoring dari hasil penelitian sebelum dilakukan senam hamil.
Tabel 2: Distribusi selisih rata-rata tingkat kecemasan ibu hamil trimester 2 dan 3
sebelum diberikan senam hamil dan tingkat kecemasan ibu trimester 2 dan 3
sesudah diberikan senam hamil di Desa Margaluyu Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas
Kasemen
Variabel Mean SD SE N P
Value
Tingkat
Kecemasana
Berdasarkan tabel 2 diperoleh hasil selisih rata-rata tingkat kecemasan ibu hamil
dari 14 ibu hamil sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan senam hamil didapatkan nilai rata-
rata adalah 7,429 dengan standar devisiasi 3,180. Hasil uji statistik dengan
menggunakan uji t dependen didapatkan nilai p value 0,000 berarti p α (0.05) maka
dapat disimpulkan bahwa Ho ditolak. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa ada pengaruh yang
signifikan antara pemberian senam hamil terhadap tingkat kecemasan ibu trimester 2
dan 3 di Desa Margaluyu Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kasemen.
Kehamilan merupakan kecemasan yang terjadi pada ibu hamil. Pada penelitian
ini didapatkan hasil nilai rata-rata tingkat kecemasan ibu hamil trimester 2 dan 3
sebelum diberikan senam hamil yaitu 32,50 nilai ini termasuk tingkat kecemasan
gejala sedang ringan. Kecemasan pada ibu hamil dapat di diatasi dengan cara
melakukan senam hamil, dimana salah satu fungsi dari senam hamil yaitu untuk
relaksasi pada ibu hamil.
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DOI 10.37048/kesehatan.v7i2.27
PEMBAHASAN
Kecemasan yang terjadi pada ibu hamil bisa di sebabkan salah satunya yaitu
usia. Usia adalah salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi kecemasan. Individu yang
memiliki selisih usia lebih muda atau lebih tua dapat mempengaruhi dalam hal yang
mengalami kecemasan (Prasetyo, D, 2015). Rentang 20-35 tahun ini kondisi fisik
wanita dalam keadaan prima. Rahim sudah mampu memberi perlindungan, mental
pun siap untuk merawat dan menjaga kehamilannya secara hati–hati. Sedangkan untuk
usia ibu kurang dari 20 tahun dapat menimbulkan masalah karena kondisi fisik belum
siap, sel–sel Rahim masih belum matang, hal ini dapat menyebabkan ancaman
(
terjadinya abortus, prematuritas, bahkan kematian maternal Koniak- Griffin, D,
2011). Pada penelitian Aliyah usia ibu di bawah 20 tahun sebanyak 1 orang (4.5%),
usia ibu 20-35 tahun sebanyak 18 orang (81.8%) dan usia di atas 35 tahun sebanyak 3
orang (13.6%). Sedangkan setelah umur 35 tahun, sebagian wanita digolongkan pada
kehamilan beresiko tinggi terhadap kelainan bawaan dan adanya penyulit pada waktu
persalinan. Di kurun umur ini, angka kematian ibu melahirkan dan bayi meningkat
(Winknjosastro, H. 2007). Sampel dengan usia kehamilan 5 bulan sebanyak 2 orang
(9.1%), usia kehamilan 6 bulan sebayak 6 orang (27.3%), usia kehamilan 7 bulan
sebanyak 8 orang (36.4%) dan usia kehamilan 8 bulan sebanyak 6 orang (27.3%).
Pada trimester ketiga biasanya ibu merasa khawatir, takut akan kehidupan dirinya,
bayinya, kelainan pada bayi, persalinan, nyeri persalinan dan ibu tidak akan pernah
tahu kapan ia akan melahirkan (Indrayani, 2011).
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian usia ibu 20-35 tahun sebanyak 13 orang (92,8%)
dan usia diatas 35 tahun sebanyak 1 orang (7,1%). Sampel dengan usia kehamilaan 4
bulan sebanyak 4 orang (28,6), usia kehamilan 5 bulan sebanyak 4 orang
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(28,6%), usia kehamilan 6 bulan sebanyak 2 orang (14,3), usia kehamilan 7 bulan
sebanyak 2 orang (14,3%), usia kehamilan 7 bulan sebanyak 2 orang (14,3),
usia kehamilan 8 bulan sebanyak 2 orang (14,3%). Responden dengan sampel
multigravinda sebanyak 11 orang (78,6%) dan sampel primigravida sebanyak 3 orang
(21,4%).
Senam hamil dalam penelitian ini dilakukan selama 6 kali pertemuan. Pada
penelitian ini didapatkan hasil nilai rata-rata tingkat kecemasan ibu hamil trimester 2
dan 3 setelah diberikan senam hamil yaitu 25,07 nilai ini termasuk tingkat kecemasan
gejala sedang ringan, dimana terjadi penurunan skoring terhadap kecemasan sebelum
diberikan senam hamil. Sebelum pemberian senam hamil terdapat ibu hamil dengan
tingkat kecemasan berat 1 orang, tingkat kecemasan sedang ringan sebanyak 13
orang, keseluruhan ibu hamil yaitu sebanyak 14 orang. Berdasarkan hal tersebut,
maka dapat dikatakan bahwa terdapat pengaruh pemberian senam hamil terhadap
tingkat kecemasan ibu hamil.
Hal ini dikuatkan pula dengan adanya perbedaan nilai mean tingkat kecemasan
sebelum dan setelah pemberian senam hamil yaitu dengan nilai mean pada pretest
32,50 dan nilai mean pada posttest 25,07. Jelas terlihat adanya penurunan nilai mean
kecemasan yang sangat signifikan. Penurunan tingkat kecemasan juga jelas terlihat
pada nilai minimum dan maximum dimana saat pretest didapatkan nilai minimum
sebesar 21 sedangkan pada posttest didapatkan nilai yang lebih rendah yaitu 14. Sama
halnya dengan maximum dimana pada pretest didapatkan nilai 49 kemudian pada
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DOI 10.37048/kesehatan.v7i2.27
posttest didapatkan nilai yang jauh lebih rendah yaitu 36.
Penelitian ini relevan dengan penelitian oleh Aliyah dengan pengaruh pemberian
senam hamil terhadap tingkat kecemasan Ibu hamil di puskesmas samata yang
menghasilkan nilai signifikansi bermakna antara nilai pretest dengan nilai posttest
pemberian senam hamil. Hasil penelitiannya juga memberikan hasil analisa pada ibu
hamil setelah senam hamil yang menunjukkan bahwa terdapat penurunan kecemasan
mereka merasa lebih nyaman.
Hasil uji statistic dengan uji t-dependen menunjukkan bahwa nilai p=0.000 (p=<0,05)
yang menunjukan bahwa ada pengaruh senam hamil terhadap tingkat kecemasan ibu
hamil trimester 2 dan 3 didesa Margaluyu Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kasemen. Hasil
penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian Aliyah (2016) yang menghasilkan nilai pretest
tingkat kecemasan normal sebesar 19 orang, tingkat kecemasan ringan 2 orang, tingkat
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kecemasan berat 2 orang, sedangkan nilai posttest tingkat kecemasan normal 22 orang,
tingkat kecemsan ringan 0 orang, tingkat kecemasan berat 0 orang. Hasil uji statistic
diperoleh p value 0,000, maka dapat disimpulkan ada perbedaan bermakna tingkat
kecemasan sebelum dan setelah pemberian senam hamil. senam hamil secara teratur
yaitu > 8 kali dalam 6 minggu berpengaruh terhadap penurunan kecemasan pada ibu
hamil (nilai p=0,026)
KESIMPULAN
Kesemasan yang terjadi pada ibu hamil sebelum dan setelah di berikan senam
hamil memiliki penurunan yang signifikan, dan efektifitas senam hamil terhadap
kecemasan sangat signifikan (nilai p=0.000). Sehingga senam hamil di desa
Margaluyu dapat di tingkatkan dan di bentuknya kelas ibu hamil.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Aliyah, J. (2016). Pengaruh Pemberian Senam Hamil Terhadap Tingkat Kecemasan
Dan Kualitas Tidur Ibu Hamil Di Puskesmas Samata Kabupaten Gowa.
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Berat Badan Lahir Bayi. IJEMC, Volume 2 No. 3,
P-ISSN : 2302-3082
E-ISSN : 2657-1978
3. HASIL PENELITIAN
3.1 Distribusi Karakterisstik Responden
Distribusi frekuensi karakteristik ibu hamil meliputi usia, riwayat aktivitas senam hamil dan
lama aktivitas fisik yaang dilakukan setiap hari, dapat dilihat pada tabeel berikut:
Tabel 1.Distribusi Karakteristik Ibu Hamil
Kelompok Perlaakuan
No Karakteristikk
Senam Hamil Kontrol
(n=30) % (n=30) %
Usia
a. <20 tahun 2 6,66 1 3,33
1
b. 20-30 tahuun 12 40,00 17 56,67
c. 31-40 tahun 16 53,34 11 36,67
d. > 40 tahunn 0 0 1 3,33
Riwayat aktivitas senam
hamil
2 a. Tidak pernah 0 0 30 100
b. < 2 kali seminggu 6 20 0 0
c. > 2 kali seminggu 24 80 0 0
Lama aktivitas fisik yang
dilakukan seehari
3
a. Tidak ada atau < 25 menit 0 0 0 0
b. 25 menit 2 6,67 6 20
c. > 25 – 45 menit 16 53,33 14 46,67
d. > 45 menit 12 40 10 33,33
Abstrak
Kecemasan ibu hamil adalah reaksi ibu hamil terhadap perubahan
dirinya dan lingkungan yang membawa perasaan tidak senang atau
tidak nyaman. Kecemasan pada ibu bersalin kala I bisa berdampak
meningkatnya sekresi adrenalin menyebabkan lemahnya kontraksi
rahim dan berakibat memanjangnya proses persalinan lama. Metode
relaksasi yang dapat diterapkan pada ibu hamil yaitu dengan
prenatal yoga dan senam hamil yang dapat menurunkan
Pendahuluan
Kehamilan merupakan salah satu tahap kehidupan yang harus dipersiapkan oleh seorang perempuan,
dalam proses kehamilan terjadi perubahan fisiologis karena adanya peningkatan hormone estrogen dan
progesterone. Proses adaptasi untuk menghadapi perubahan ini harus sudah disiapkan semenjak awal
kehamilan. Persiapan yang matang akan mempunyai peran penting dalam kehamilan (Guyton, 2008).
Kecemasan ibu hamil adalah reaksi ibu hamil terhadap perubahan dirinya dan lingkungan yang
membawa perasaan tidak senang atau tidak nyaman yang disebabkan oleh dugaan akan bahaya atau
frustasi yang mengancam, membahayakan rasa aman, keseimbangan atau kehidupan seseorang
individu atau kelompok biososialnya (Safari, 2012)
Pada masa trimester ketiga ini ibu hamil yang menunggu kelahiran dapat mengalami ketakutan apakah
persalinannya akan berjalan dengan lancar ataukah caesar dan kemungkinan dapat menimbulkan
tekanan yang dapat mengakibatkan dirinya mengalami kecemasan (Kusmiyati, dkk. 2009).
Rasa cemas dapat timbul akibat kekhawatiran akan proses kelahiran yang aman untuk dirinya dan bayinya
serta rasa nyeri pada proses persalinan. Beberapa penelitian telah membuktikan bahwa wanita yang
mengalami kecemasan sewaktu hamil akan lebih mengalami penyulit persalinan. Proses persalinan dimulai
dengan adanya penipisan dan pembukaan serviks. Pada fase ini kontraksi semakin lama, semakin kuat dan
semakin sering yang dapat menimbulkan kecemasan. Kecemasan pada ibu bersalin kala I bisa berdampak
meningkatnya sekresi adrenalin. Salah satu efek adrenalin adalah kontraksi pembuluh darah sehingga suplai
oksigen ke janin menurun. Penurunan aliran darah juga menyebabkan lemahnya kontraksi rahim dan
berakibat memanjangnya proses persalinan lama (Dewi, 2016)
Metode relaksasi dan latihan pada ibu hamil agar siap mental dan jasmani dalam menghadapi persalinan
yaitu dengan prenatal yoga dan senam hamil. Prenatal yoga dapat membantu mengurangi stress yang
berhubungan dengan kelahiran bayi, mempersiapkan ibu secara fisik dan mental, membantu memperkuat
tubuh ibu hamil dan meningkatkan fleksibilitas. Hasil penelitian Field T (2012)
menyatakan bahwa prenatal yogadapat menurunkan depresi dan kecemasan ibu hamil selain itu juga
mengurangi keluhan nyeri punggung dan kaki (Field, 2012)
Selain prenatal yoga, senam hamil juga merupakan salah satu metode relaksasi pada ibu hamil.
Latihan senam hamil ini akan membalikkan efek stress yang melibatkan bagian parasimpatetik dari
system saraf pusat. Akibatnya, terjadi penurunan detak jantung, irama nafas, tekanan darah,
ketegangan otot, tingkat metabolism dan produksi hormon penyebab stress. Ibu hamil akan merasa
rileks seiring dengan menurunnya gejala kecemasan (Dewi, 2016)
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi prenatal yoga dan senam hamil
terhadap tingkat kecemasan dan lama perkalinan kala I pada ibu hamil Trimester III.
Metode
Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian eksperimen semu (Quasi Experimental) dengan rancangan
Non-Equivalen Control Group Desain. Dalam desain ini dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu 15
responden kelompok perlakuan dan 15 responden kelompok kontrol yang mempunyai karakteristik
yang sama. Pada kelompok perlakuan diberikan prenatal yoga dan senam hamil dengan frekuensi 4
kali dengan durasi 30 menit dalam waktu 8 minggu. Setelah tiba saat persalinan diukur tingkat
kecemasan dan lama persalinan Kala I pada kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan.
Selain yoga, senam hamil juga dapat dilakukan oleh ibu hamil TM III. Senam hamil yang diterapkan,
bukan senam yang berorientasi sebatas pada kebugaran tubuh semata. Melainkan untuk memperkuat
otot, melenturkan persendian, dan utamanya melatih konsentrasi agar bisa mengalihkan pikiran
sehingga bisa melupakan rasa sakit saat melahirkan, serta menguatkan napas. Metode ini terbukti
cukup berhasil untuk membantu meringankan proses persalinan. Di samping itu, rasa nyeri saat proses
saat persalinan berlangsung juga dapat diminimalisasi, dengan jalan mengatur pernapasan,
berkonsentrasi, dan mengalihkan pikiran, sehingga dengan sendirinya stres saat melahirkan dikurangi.
Maka persalinan dapat berjalan lebih mulus dan singkat. Hasil penelitian mengenai kecemasan pada
ibu hamil trimester III didapatkan sebanyak 47,1% ibu hamil mengalami kecemasan ringan, sebanyak
3,9% mengalami kecemasan sedang dalam menghadapi persalinanya. Kekhawatiran dan kecemasan
pada ibu hamil apabila tidak ditangani dengan serius akan membawa dampak dan pegaruh terhadap
fisik dan psikis. Jika kondisi fisiknya kurang baik, maka proses berpikir, suasana hati, tindakannya
dalam kehidupan sehari-hari akan terkena imbas negatif (maimunah, 2009).
Hasil analisis Faktor yang berhubungan dengan kecemasan primigravida menghadapi persalinan
menunjukkan ada hubungan antara keikutsertaan senam hamil dengan kecemasan primigravida
75 Indonesian Journal of Midwifery (IJM)
http://jurnal.unw.ac.id/index.php/ijm
Volume 2 Nomor 2, September 2019 ISSN 2615-5095 (Online)
ISSN 2656-1506 (Cetak)
Pengaruh Kombinasi Prenatal Yoga dan Senam Hamil Terhadap Tingkat Kecemasan dan Lama Persalinan Kala I pada Ibu
Hamil Trimester III
menghadapi persalinan Pvalue= 0,001 (p<0,005). Artinya ada perbedaan tingkat kecemasan antara ibu
primigravida yang mengikuti senam hamil dan yang tidak mengikuti senam hamil. Kondisi itu
menunjukkan bahwa senam hamil efektif mengurangi kecemasan menghadapi persalinan. Semakin
sering ibu hamil melakukan senam hamil semakin berkurang tingkat kecemasannya dalam
menghadapi persalinan dan sebaliknya jika tidak pernah melakukan senam hamil maka kecemasan ibu
hamil akan meningkat. Pada latihan senam hamil terdapat teknik relaksasi yang dapat mengurangi
kecemasan,. Maka relaksasi dapat menekan rasa tegang dan cemas (Hartaty, 2016).
Analisa Bivariat
Kombinasi Prenatal Yoga dan Senam Hamil Terhadap Lama Persalinan Kala I
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh kombinasi prenatal yoga dan
senam hamil terhadap lama persalinan Kala I dengan nilai p value yaitu 0,000 lebih kecil dari 0,05.
Beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi proses persalinan antara lain : Faktor power seperti his. Faktor
passanger meliputi : sikap janin, letak janin, bagian bawah, dan posisi janin. Faktor passage meliputi:
bagian keras panggul (tulang–tulang panggul) dan bagian lunak (otot–otot, jaringan, ligament–
ligament). Faktor penolong: keterampilan penolong persalinan. Faktor psikis meliputi : kecemasan,
kelelahan, kehabisan tenaga, dan kekhawatiran (Yanti, 2010).
Adapun salah satu penyebab terjadinya partus lama adalah ketidak seimbangan antara kekuatan dalam
mengejan dan his yang tidak adekuat. Dapat pula disebabkan karena faktor janin dan jalan lahir seperti
malpresentasi atau malposisi janin, dan janin terlalu besar. Jalan lahir akan lentur pada perempuan
yang rajin melakukan olahraga atau rajin bersenggama. (Oxon, 2010). Olah raga yang dapat membantu
melenturkan jalan lahir ibu diantaranya yaitu prenatal yoga dan senam hamil.
Menurut Yuliasari (2010) ibu hamil yang melakukan senam di Indonesia hanya sekitar 41,8%, baik itu
senam hamil maupun yoga. Manfaat prenatal yoga juga dapat dirasakan secara fisik pada
tubuh manusia dimana seringkali rasa ketidaknyamanan gerak tubuh, otot dan sendi. Melakukan
prenatal yoga akan membuat otot-otot tubuh berkembang, diantaranya yaitu fokus dalam kesehatan
tulang belakang, kekuatan dan fleksibilitas. Latihan prenatal yoga pada ibu hamil ini akan
meningkatkan sirkulasi darah dan syaraf meningkat sehingga pasokan nutrisi dan oksigen terpenuhi
(Aprilia, 2011).
Penelitian yang Berjudul Effects Of A Prenatal Yoga Programme On The Discomforts Of Pregnancy
And Maternal Childbirth Self-Efficacy In Taiwan diungkapkan bahwa kelompok ibu hamil yang
melakukan prenatal yoga dilaporkan mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan terhadap penurunan
tingkat ketidaknyamanan ibu selama masa kehamilannya (p=0,01) dibandingkan dengan kelompok
kontrol yaitu ibu hamil yang tidak melakukan latihan prenatal yoga (Sun Y, et al, 2010). Berdasarkan
penelitian Pujianti (2018), didapatkan hasil bahwa dari 15 responden yang mengikuti yoga secara
rutin, terdapat 14 responden yang proses persaliannya cepat dan 1 responden dengan proses persalinan
yang lama. Selain itu, juga dapat melakukan senam hamil yang dapat menguatkan sistem perototan
tubuh dan sendi-sendi di waktu masa kelahiran janin. Seiring dengan kemampuan ibu yang semakin
baik dalam menjalani latihan senam hamil maka kepercayaan diri ibu pun tubuh maka ibu akan siap
untukbersalin. Selain itu, elastisitas otot-otot panggul, ligament, mencegah varises, dan peningkatan
sistem pernafasan dapat diperoleh dari latihan senam hamil sehingga faktor-faktor yang mempersulit
jalanannya persalinan dapat teratasi karena kesiapan ibu yang di dapatkan dari latihan-latihan senam
hamil. (Manuaba, 2010).
Studi meta analisis dengan Judul Influence Of Prenatal Physical On The Course Of Labour And
Delivery According To The New Polish Standard For Perinatal Care juga mengungkapkan bahwa
kegiatan fisik selama masa kehamilan seperti senam hamil mampu meminimalisasi dampak negatif
dari tindakan-tindakan intervensi yang juga akan dikurangi dengan kesiapan diri ibu hamil yang
melakukan senam hamil (Szumilewicz A. et al, 2013)
masa kehamilan merupakan peristiwa yang membahagiakan dalam kehidupanya, namun terkadang ibu
hamil juga mengalami kecemasan, kecemasan tersebut dikarenakan adanya perubahan fisik maupun
psikologis yang membuat ibu hamil merasa ketakutan tentang hal-hal yang terjadi selama kehamilan,
oleh karena itu agar ibu hamil tidak mengalami kecemasan perlu mempersiapkan segala hal yang dapat
membantu selama masa hamil serta saat proses melahirkan dengan melalui senam yoga.
Yoga mengajarkan teknik-teknik penguasaan tubuh dan menekankan bahwa otot yang tegang tak akan
membantu saat persalinan. Saat tubuh tegang, pikiran akan tegang dan anda akan cenderung menahan
napas, dengan senam yoga ibu mampu menguasai teknik pernafasan sehingga sangat membantu
proses persalinan (Shindu, 2009). Analisis pengaruh yoga antenatal dengan tingkat kecemasan pada
ibu hamil TW III dalam menghadapi proses persalinan dalam penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa dari 35
responden didapatkan bahwa dari hasil uji statistik menggunakan
Wilcoxon Match Pairs Test didapatkan nilai p value sebesar 0,000 lebih kecil dari α 0,05 maka H0
ditolak atau hipotesis dalam penelitian ini diterima yaitu ada pengaruh pemberian yoga antenatal
dengan tingkat kecemasan pada ibu hamil TW III dalam menghadapi proses persalinan (Aswitami,
2017).
Faktor psikologi akan mempengaruhi proses persalinan dimana dalam fase persalinan apabila ibu
semakin cemas maka akan semakin meningkatkan intensitas nyeri dan semakin berpengaruh pada
lama persalinan, tetapi sebaliknya bila ibu tenang maka sensasi nyeri akan berkurang dan persalinan
semakin cepat. Senam hamil merupakan salah satu kegiatan dalam pelayanan selama kehamilan atau
prenatal care yang bertujuan untuk mempersiapkan dan melatih otot sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan
secara optimal dalam persalinan normal. Bila dicermati lebih lanjut, sebenarnya dalam gerakan senam
hamil terkandung efek relaksasi yang dapat menstabilkan emosi ibu hamil. Melalui senam hamil ibu
hamil akan diajarkan cara mengurangi kecemasan dan mengurangi rasa takut dengan cara relaksasi
fisik dan mental, serta mendapatkan informasi yang mempersiapkan mereka untuk mengalami apa
yang akan terjadi selama persalinan dan kelahiran.
Hasil penelitian diperoleh responden yang mengikuti senam hamil baik pada kategori jarang (1–5 kali)
maupun kategori sering (> 5 kali) melakukan senam hamil sebagian besar responden tidak mengalami
kecemasan dalam menghadapi persalinan sedangkan responden yang tidak pernah mengikuti senam
hamil selama kehamilan trimester ketiga mengalami cemas sedang dan cemas ringan. Semakin sering
ibu hamil melakukan senam hamil semakin berkurang tingkat kecemasannya dalam menghadapi
persalinan dan sebaliknya jika tidak pernah melakukan senam hamil maka kecemasan ibu hamil akan
meningkat. Pada latihan senam hamil terdapat teknik relaksasi yang dapat mengurangi kecemasan, saat
individu mengalami ketegangan dan kecemasan yang bekerja adalah sistem saraf simpatetis,
sedangkan saat rileks yang bekerja adalah sistem saraf para simpatetis. Jika sistem saraf simpatetis
meningkatkan rangsangan atau memacu organ tubuh, memacu meningkatnya denyut jantung dan
pernafasan, serta menimbulkan penyempitan pembuluh darah tepi (peripheral) dan pembesaran
pembuluh darah pusat, maka sebaliknya sistem saraf parasimpatetis menstimulasi turunnya semua
fungsi yang dinaikkan oleh sistem saraf simpatetis dan menaikkan semua fungsi yang diturunkan oleh
sistem saraf simpatetis. Maka relaksasi dapat menekan rasa tegang dan cemas (Larasati, 2012).
Daftar Pustaka
Aprillia. Prenatal Gentle Yoga. Jakarta : Medika Szumilewicz A. et al.,. Influence of prenatal
physical activity on the course of labour and delivery according to the new Polish
Abstrak
Kecemasan yang dialami ibu hamil adalah seputar kehamilan, masa persalinan, dan perannya menjadi seorang
ibu. Ibu hamil juga akan menularkan efek fisik emosinya kepada janin. Jika kecemasannya meningkat, akan
memengaruhi janinnya. Peningkatan kimiawi dan kadar hormon yang ditimbulkan oleh rasa cemas tersebut akan
bersirkulasi dalam tubuh dan menembus plasenta hingga mencapai janin. Pada trimester III bentuk kecemasan
ibu hamil yaitu keraguan dapat bersalin secara normal, ketakutan tidak mampu menahan rasa sakit saat
persalinan, kesehatan bayi setelah lahir, kelancaran persalinan, keadaan ibu hamil setelah persalinan,
persalinan yang tidak sesuai keinginan, tidak langsung bertemu bayi pasca persalinan, dan perhatian yang
berkurang dari orang lain. Informasi tentang pengalaman persalinan yang menakutkan juga menambah
kecemasan pada ibu hamil. Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi kecemasan pada ibu hamil di antaranya adalah
kurangnya dukungan keluarga, kecukupan keuangan, stres dari lingkungan, kemampuan penguasaan
kehamilan, dan informasi tentang pengalaman persalinan yang menakutkan. Komplikasi dalam kehamilan akibat
beban psikologis dapat dikurangi ataupun dihilangkan dengan memberikan pengobatan dan aktivitas olahraga
selama kehamilan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh senam hamil dalam menurunkan tingkat
kecemasan pada primigravida trimester III di RSIA Sakina Idaman Sleman, DIY. Rancangan penelitian yang
digunakan adalah quasi experiment dengan pretest–post test non equivalent control group design. Sampel
penelitian primigarvida berjumlah 56 orang dengan teknik accidental sampling. Analisis univariat
menggambarkan masing-masing variabel. Analisis bivariat menggunakan t-test dan regresi linier untuk analisis
multivariat. Hasil penelitian bahwa rata-rata tingkat kecemasan pada kelompok yang diberi senam hamil lebih
rendah-4,3±3,8 dibandingkan kelompok kontrol 0,8±1,2. Hasil uji t-test p-value 0,00001<0,05. Variabel luar tidak
ada perbedaan yang bermakna terhadap penurunan tingkat kecemasan dengan nilai p>0,05.
Senam Hamil Berpengaruh terhadap Tingkat Kecemasan pada Primigravida Trimester III di RSIA Sakina Idaman Sleman 129
pregnant women are lack of support family, sufficiency financial, stress of the neighborhood, the ability of
mastery pregnancy, and information about experiences deliveries scary. Complication in pregnancy
resulting from burden psychological can be reduced or eliminated by providing treatment and activity sports
during pregnancy. This study aimed to knows the influence of pregnancy exercise in reducing the anxiety
on primigravida third trimester. Design of research was quasi experiment with pretest–post test non
equivalent control group design. The amount of sample of research was 56 people with accidental
sampling. Analysis of univariabel showed each of variable. Analysis of bivariabel used t-test and linier
regression to analysis of multivariabel. The anxiety of the first group (the group that given the pregnancy
exercise) was lower (-4,3±3,8) than that of another group/ second group (that group that didn’t given the
pregnancy exercise) (0,8±1,2). The result t-test p 0,00001<0,05. Variable of outside that influent toward the
anxiety were education and income with value p>0,05.
Info Artikel:
Artikel dikirim pada
Artikel diterima pada
DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.21927/jnki.2016.4(3).129-134
130 Farida Aryani, Raden Akbar, Ismarwati, 2016. JNKI, Vol. 4, No. 3, Tahun 2016, 129-134
Latifa. 46,4%, S2 7,14%. Orang yang mempunyai pendidikan
Sampel dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu tinggi akan memberikan respon yang lebih rasional
kelompok perlakuan (primigravida trimester III yang dibandingkan orang yang tidak berpendidikan dan
melakukan senam hamil) dan kelompok kontrol latar belakang pendidikan merupakan faktor yang
(primigravida trimester III yang tidak melakukan mempengaruhi pola pikir seseorang (14,15). Latar
senam hamil). Alat pengumpulan data belakang pendidikan akan membentuk cara berpikir
menggunakan kuesioner yang sudah diuji validitas seseorang termasuk membentuk kemampuan untuk
dan reliabilitas di RSU Queen Latifa Sleman pada memahami faktor-faktor yang berkaitan dengan
20 responden. Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji penyakit dan menggunakan pengetahuan tersebut
paired t-test dan independent t-test. untuk menjaga kesehatan.
Pada penelitian ini, semua subjek penelitian
HASIL DAN BAHASAN
memilik i pendapata n tingg i da n di ata s UMR
Pada penelitian ini mengambil subjek masing- (Rp1.200.000,00) dengan rata-rata pendapatan
masing 28 primigravida trimester III yang melakukan adalah Rp2.557.143,00. Pendapatan yang tinggi
senam hamil sebagai kelompok perlakuan dan yang pada seseorang akan menyebabkan orang tersebut
tidak senam hamil sebagai kelompok kontrol. tidak mudah mengalami stres dan kecemasan (16).
Pada Tabel 1 menunjukkan bahwa Pada Tabel 2 menunjukkan bahwa terdapat
perbandingan jumlah subjek penelitian yang perbedaan rara-rata tingkat kecemasan antara pretest
melakukan senam hamil dan yang tidak senam dan posttest pada kelompok senam hamil dan tidak
hamil masing-masing adalah 28 orang, pendidikan senam hamil. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari p-value <0,05
subjek penelitian terbanyak adalah tingkat S1 yaitu (0,00001 dan 0,001). Perbedaan rata-rata tingkat
26 orang. Rata-rata pendapatan subjek penelitian kecemasan pada kelompok senam hamil sebesar -4,3
adalah Rp2.557.143,00 dengan pendapatan yang berarti terdapat penurunan tingkat kecemasan
minimal Rp1.300.000,00 per bulan dan pendapatan pada kelompok senam hamil. Perbedaan rata-rata
maksimal Rp5.000.000,00 per bulan. tingkat kecemasan pada kelompok tidak senam hamil
Pada penelitian ini, subjek penelitian memiliki sebesar 0,8 yang berarti terdapat kenaikan
pendidikan minimal yaitu SLTA. Subjek penelitian kecemasan pada kelompok tidak senam hamil. Rata-
yang berpendidikan SLTA yaitu 21%, D3 25%, S1 rata kecemasan sebelum senam hamil
Variabel N %
Mean±SD Min-Max
Kelompok
Senam Hamil 28 50,0
Tidak senam hamil 28 50,0
Pendidikan
S2 4 7,14
S1 26 46,4
D3 14 25,0
SLTA 12 21,0
Pendapatan 2557143±926156,7 1.300.000–5.000.000
Sumber: Data Primer Tahun 2016
Tabel 2. Perbandingan Tingkat Kecemasan pada Primigravida Trimester III Sebelum dan
Sesudah Senam Hamil pada Kelompok Senam dan Tidak Senam
Kelompok Nilai Kecemasan
Pre Post ∆ Mean t-test p-value 95% CI
Mean±SD Mean±SD
Senam 23,3±4,5 18,9±3,9 -4,3 -5,88 0,00001 -5,82–(- 2,88)
Tidak Senam 24,2±5,2 25,1±5,6 0,8 3,5. 0,001 0,32-1,25
Sumber: Data Primer Tahun 2016
Senam Hamil Berpengaruh terhadap Tingkat Kecemasan pada Primigravida Trimester III di RSIA Sakina Idaman Sleman 131
Tabel 3. Perbandingan Tingkat Kecemasan Primigravida pada Kelompok Senam Hamil dan
Kelompok Tidak Senam Hamil
Kelompok n Kecemasan ∆ Mean t-test p-value 95% CI
Mean±SD
Senam Hamil 28 -4,3±3,8 -5,1 -6,6 0,00001 -6,64-(-3,57)
Tidak Senam Hamil 28 0,8±1,2
Total 56
Sumber: Data Primer Tahun 2016
sebesar 23,3 kemudian turun menjadi 18,9 sesudah dapat dilakukan oleh ibu hamil, sehingga dapat menjadi
mengikuti senam hamil. Penurunan ini signifikan secara usaha untuk mengurangi kecemasan pada primigravida
statistik yaitu p-value sebesar 0,00001 (p<0,05). Pada trimester III. Senam hamil adalah bagian dari perawatan
kelompok kontrol/tidak senam hamil rata-rata kecemasan antenatal untuk mempersiapkan proses persalinan pada
sebelum senam hamil sebesar 24,2 kemudian naik beberapa pusat pelayanan kesehatan seperti rumah sakit
menjadi 25,1. Peningkatan ini signifikan secara statistik (12). Senam hamil merupakan bentuk latihan pada ibu
yaitu p-value sebesar 0,001 (p<0,05). hamil untuk memperkuat dan mempertahankan
Selama kehamilan ibu mengalami perubahan elastisitas otot-otot dinding perut, ligamen-ligamen, serta
fisik dan psikis yang terjadi akibat perubahan otot dasar panggul yang berhubungan dengan proses
hormonal yang dibutuhkan janin untuk pertumbuhan persalinan (20).
dan perkembangannya (17). Selama kehamilan ibu
akan mengalami perubahan psikis yaitu perubahan Tabel 4. Analisis Pemodelan dengan Regresi Linear
emosional, sensitif, cenderung malas, gampang Hubungan Variabel Bebas Senam Hamil dan Variabel
cemburu, stres dan kecemasan (1). Perubahan psikis Luar Pendidikan dan Pendapatan dengan Tingkat
tersebut didukung oleh ketidaktahuan ibu tentang Kecemasan
perubahan fisik dan psikis pada ibu hamil. Variabel Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Ibu kadang mendengar persalinan yang rasanya coef CI coef CI coef CI
sakit dari orang lain, sehingga hal tersebut dapat menjadi Perlakuan -5,1 -4,9 -4,9
Senam -6,65-(-3,56) -6,44-(-3,40) -6,45 – (-3,35)
pengalaman yang berbentuk stresor. Peningkatan
Pendidikan -0,2 -0,2
stresor menyebabkan kadar kortisol meningkat dan
meningkatkan disfungsi aksis Hipotalamik, Pituitary, S2 -7,60- 7,15 -7,70 -7,21
Adrenal (HPA) yang menyebabkan kecenderungan 0,1 0,1
S1 -5,84-6,12 -5,90 – 6,19
terjadinya kecemasan (18). 1,4 1,4
Pada Tabel 3 dijelaskan bahwa ada perbedaan D3 -3,26 – 5,98 -3,31 – 6,03
rata-rata penurunan kecemasan pada primigravida 8,1
Pendapatan -7,75 – 9,37
trimester III pada kelompok senam hamil dan tidak
N 56 56 56
senam hamil. Primigravida trimester III yang diberi 0,44 0,51 0,51
r2
senam hamil mengalami perbedaan penurunan tingkat Constanta 0,78 -0,79 -0,98
kecemasan sebesar 5,1. Perbedaan tersebut Sumber: Data Primer Tahun 2016
signifikan secara statistik, dapat dilihat pada p-value
<0,05 (0,00001), 95%CI= -6,64-(-3,57). Berdasarkan Pada Tabel 4 dijelaskan bahwa Model 1
hasil uji tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa senam dibangun untuk mengetahui pengaruh senam hamil
hamil berpengaruh terhadap penurunan kecemasan terhadap tingkat kecemasan tanpa menyertakan
pada primigravida trimester III. variabel lain. Analisis ini menunjukkan seberapa besar
Senam hamil dapat menurunkan tingkat pengaruh senam hamil terhadap penurunan tingkat
kecemasan pada primigravida dalam menghadapi kecemasan primigravida trimester III. Koefisien regresi
persalinan, ibu hamil yang melakukan gerakan senam hamil sebesar -5,1 dengan nilai 95% CI -6,65-
pendinginan berguna mengatasi tekanan atau (-3,56). Ini menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan yang
ketegangan yang dirasakan selama kehamilan bermakna antara senam hamil dengan penurunan
(2) . Latihan fisik dapat mengurangi kecemasan tingkat kecemasan. Dapat diartikan pula bahwa
(19) . Senam hamil merupakan latihan fisik yang penurunan tingkat kecemasan pada primigravida
132 Farida Aryani, Akbar Raden, Ismarwati, 2016. JNKI, Vol. 4, No. 3, Tahun 2016, 129-134
trimester III yang dilakukan perlakuan senam hamil mengurangi kecemasan pada primigravida
lebih besar dibandingkan dengan primigravida trimester III (19).
trimester III yang tidak melakukan senam hamil. Latihan yang dilakukan selama kehamilan akan
Selisih antara penurunan tingkat kecemasan pada menolong ibu menghadapi stres dan kecemasan, serta
kedua kelompok adalah 5,1. Hal ini menunjukkan latihan fisik merupakan suatu inovasi dan alternatif
bahwa primigravida trimester III yang melakukan pengobatan efektif untuk kecemasan antenatal. Senam
senam hamil dapat menurunkan tingkat kecemasan hamil terdiri dari beberapa gerakan, di antaranya terdapat
sebesar 5,1. Nilai r2 (koefisien determinasi) sebesar latihan pernapasan yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi
0,44 berarti senam hamil dapat mempengaruhi kecemasan dan nyeri persalinan (21). Pendinginan pada
penurunan tingkat kecemasan pada primigravida gerakan senam hamil mempunyai manfaat untuk
trimester III sebesar 44%, sedangkan 56% mengurangi kecemasan pada ibu hamil dan
dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain yang tidak diteliti. menenangkan pikiran (22).
Model 2 dibangun untuk melihat seberapa besar
pengaruh senam hamil terhadap tingkat kecemasan pada SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
primigravida trimester III setelah variabel pendidikan
Senam hamil berpengaruh terhadap
diikutsertakan dalam analisis. Hasil analisis pada model
penurunan tingkat kecemasan pada primigravida
ini menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan senam hamil memiliki
trimester III. Saran bagi peneliti selanjutnya agar
nilai koefisen regresi sebesar -4,9, artinya penurunan
menganalisis kualitatif tentang pengaruh senam
tingkat kecemasan pada primigravida trimester III yang
hamil terhadap tingkat kecemasan primigravida
melakukan senam hamil sebesar 4,9 dibandingkan yang
trimester III. Saran bagi primigravida trimester III
tidak melakukan senam hamil, dengan nilai 95%CI
supaya dapat melakukan senam hamil secara rutin
adalah -6,44-(-3,40) dan ada hubungan yang bermakna.
sehingga dapat menurunkan kecemasan
Nilai r2 (koefisien determinasi) sebesar 0,51. Hal ini
menghadapi persalinan, dan saran bagi RSIA
berarti senam hamil memengaruhi tingkat kecemasan
Sakina Idaman agar lebih meningkatkan promosi
pada primigravida trimester III yang dikontrol dengan
dan pelaksanaan senam hamil pada seluruh ibu
pendidikan adalah sebesar 51%.
hamil khususnya primigravida trimester III.
Model 3 dibangun untuk melihat seberapa
besar pengaruh senam hamil terhadap tingkat
RUJUKAN
kecemasan pada primigravida trimester III setelah
variabel pendidikan dan pendapatan diikutsertakan 1. Pieter HZ, Lubis NL. Pengantar Psikologi untuk
dalam analisis.Hasil analisis pada model ini Kebidanan. Jakarta: Kencana; 2011.
menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan senam hamil 2. Wulandari PY. Efektifitas Senam Hamil sebagai
memiliki nilai koefisen regresi sebesar -4,9, artinya P e l a y a n a n P r e n a t a l da l a m M e n u r
penurunan tingkat kecemasan pada primigravida u n k a n Kecemasan Menghadapi Persalinan
trimester III yang melakukan senam hamil sebesar pada Primigravida. INSAN. 2006;8(2):136–45.
4,9 dibandingkan yang tidak melakukan senam 3. \ Nolan M. Kelas Bersalin, Pembelajaran
hamil, dengan nilai 95%CI adalah -6,45 – (-3,35) Komprehensif tentang Kehamilan dan
dan ada hubungan yang bermakna. Nilai r 2 Persalinan Bagi Para Ibu, Dokter, dan Bidan.
(koefisien determinasi) sebesar 0,51 artinya senam Yogyakarta: Golden Books; 2010.
hamil mempengaruhi tingkat kecemasan pada 4. \ Lexshimi RRG, SE H, Hassan H, SZ SZ, M R. A
primigravida trimester III yang dikontrol dengan Study on Anxiety and Depression Level Among
pendidikan dan pendapatan adalah sebesar 51%. High Risk Inpatient Pregnant Women in An
Senam hamil dapat menurunkan tingkat Obstetric Ward. JMedicine Heal. 2007;2(1):34–
kecemasan pada primigravida dalam menghadapi 41.
persalinan. Ibu hamil yang melakukan gerakan 5. \ Faisal-Cury A, Rossi Menezes P. Prevalence of
pendinginan berguna mengatasi tekanan atau anxiety and depression during pregnancy in a
ketegangan yang dirasakan selama kehamilan (2). private setting sample. Arch Womens Ment Health
Latihan fisik dapat mengurangi kecemasan. Senam [Internet]. 2007 Feb 26;10(1):25–32. Available
hamil merupakan latihan fisik yang dapat dilakukan from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00737-006-
oleh ibu hamil, sehingga dapat menjadi usaha untuk 0164-6.
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6. Gurung RAR, Dunkel-Schetter C, Collins N, Rini 2003;17(3):140–51. Available from: http://www.
C, Hobel CJ. Psychosocial Predictors of ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12768648.
Prenatal Anxiety. J Soc Clin Psychol [Internet]. 12. \Muhimah N, Abdullah S. Panduan Lengkap
2005 Jul;24(4):497–519. Available from: Senam Sehat Khusus Ibu Hamil. Yogyakarta:
http://guilfordjournals.com/doi/abs/10.1521/ Power Books; 2010.
jscp.2005.24.4.497. 13. \Widianti AT, Atikah P. Senam Kesehatan.
7. \ Andriana E. Melahirkan Tanpa Rasa Sakit: Yogyakarta: Nuha Medika; 2010.
Dengan Metode Relaksasi Hypnobirting. Revisi. 14. \Barlow D. Intisari Psikologi Abnormal. 4th ed.
Jakarta: PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer; 2007. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar; 2006.
8. \ Berle JØ, Mykletun A, Daltveit AK, Rasmussen 15. \Perry AG, Potter PA. Buku Ajar Fundamental
S, Holsten F, Dahl AA. Neonatal outcomes in Keperawatan: Konsep, Proses, Praktik. Jakarta:
offspring of women with anxiety and depression EGC; 2005.
during pregnancy. Arch Women’s Ment Heal 16. \Azwar S. Penyusun Skala Psikologi.
[Internet]. 2005 Sep 5;8(3):181–9. Available Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar; 2005.
from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00737- 17. \Siswosudarmo R. Fisiologi Obstetri.
005-0090-z. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar; 2008.
9. \ Fertl KI, Bergner A, Beyer R, Klapp BF, 18. \Amir N. Depresi Aspek Neurobiologis,
Rauchfuss M. Levels and effects of different Diagnosa dan Tatalaksana. Jakarta: Fakultas
forms of anxiety during pregnancy after a prior Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia; 2005.
miscarriage. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 19. \Biddle SJH, Mutrie N. Psychology of physical
[Internet]. 2009 Jan;142(1):23–9. Available activity. Determinants, well being and
from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/ interventions. 2nd ed. London: Routledge; 2008.
S0301211508003382. 20. \Yuliarti N. Panduan Lengkap Olahraga bagi
10. \Skouteris H, Wertheim EH, Rallis S, Milgrom J, Wanita Hamil dan Menyusui. Yogyakarta: Andi
Paxton SJ. Depression and anxiety through Offset; 2010.
pregnancy and the early postpartum: An 21. \Emilia O, Harry F. Tetap Bugar dan Energik
examination of prospective relationships. J Selama Hamil. Jakarta: Agro Media Pustaka;
Affect Disord [Internet]. 2009 Mar;113(3):303– 2010.
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retrieve/pii/S0165032708002401. a relaxation session and an exercise class on emotional
11. \Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Schanberg states in pregnant women. J Reprod Infant Psychol
S, Kuhn C, Yando R, et al. Pregnancy anxiety and [Internet]. 2013 Apr;31(2):121–33. Available from:
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134 Farida Aryani, Akbar Raden, Ismarwati, 2016. JNKI, Vol. 4, No. 3, Tahun 2016, 129-134
140
Jurnal Care Vol .5, No.1,Tahun 2017
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
Persalinan merupakan kejadian fisiologi yang normal. Perasaan positif dan partisipasi
aktif ibu bersalin membuat kondisi kejiwaan ibu lebih tenang yang sangat mendukung
kelancaran persalinan dan tidak menyebabkan stres pada bayi. Hal ini dapat difasilitasi
melalui dukungan dari suami dan bidan yang membantu saat proses persalinan. Tujuan
dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan senam hamil, dukungan suami dan
dukungan bidan dengan tingkat kecemasan ibu menjelang persalinan di BPS Ny. Hj. M.
Indriyati
Malang. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif dengan
menggunakan desain penelitian survey analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional yaitu
untuk mengetahui adanya hubungan antara variabel dependent dengan variabel
independent (Notoatmojo, 2012). Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua ibu
bersalin yang berada di BPS Ny. Hj. M. Indriyati Malang dengan sampel sejumlah 36
orang diambil dengan teknik sampel purposive sampling.Instrumen dengan
menggunakan kuesioner,lembar observasi, dan lembar wawancara.Analisa data
menggunakan persamaan regresi linier berganda.Untuk menguji pengaruh variabel
bebas dan terikat secara bersama-sama digunakan pendekatan analisis ragam regresi.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan antara senam hamil dengan tingkat
kecemasan ; ada hubungan dukungan suami dengan
141
Jurnal Care Vol .5, No.1,Tahun 2017
tingkat kecemasan, ada hubungan dukungan bidan dengan tingkat kecemasan; variabel
dukungan suami mempunyai hubungan yang lebih dominan terhadap tingkat kecemasan
Direkomendasikan untuk peneliti selanjutnya melakukan penelitian tentang cara
mengatasi tingkat kecemasan menghadapi persalinan pada ibu hamil, dengan tehnik
relaksasi.
dapat menurunkan angka kematian ibu meningkat dan lebih intensif menjelang
menjadi 102 per 100.000 KH dan angka persalinan.
kematian neonatal menjadi 15 per 1.000
Faktor jalan lahir merupakan salah satu
KH pada tahun 2015 (Depkes, 2014).
penyebab persalinan lama yang di
pengaruhi oleh bagian lunak (otot-otot,
jaringan, ligament-ligament). Jalan lahir
Banyak faktor penyebab tingginya AKI,
akan lentur pada perempuan yang rajin
salah satunya adalah kondisi emosi ibu
berolahraga atau rajin bersenggama.
hamil selama kehamilan hingga
Kelenturan jalan lahir berkurang bila
kelahiran bayi. Selama kehamilan, ibu
calon ibu yang kurang olahraga, atau
mengalami perubahan fisik dan psikis
genitalnya sering terkena infeksi.
yang terjadi akibat perubahan hormon
Infeksi akan mempengaruhi jaringan
(Kushartanti, 2004). Selain itu juga
ikat dan otot di bagian bawah dan
faktor passage, passanger, power dan
membuat kelenturanya hilang (karena
penolong, faktor
infeksi dapat membuat jalan lahir
psikis juga sangat menentukan
menjadi kaku) (Sinsin, 2008). Menurut
keberhasilan persalinan. Faktor psikis
penelitian di Columbia School of Public
tersebut antara lain berupa kecemasan,
Health terhadap 557 wanita
kelelahan, kehabisan tenaga, dan
kekhawatiran (Yanti, 2010). menyimpulkan bahwa semakin aktif
kegiatan fisik seorang wanita, ia akan
lebih cepat dan mudah dalam proses
Pada masa kehamilan emosi mudah persalinan. Peningkatan kekuatan otot
turun dan naik, muncul rasa cemas dan serta sistem kekebalan tubuh yang
takut menghadapai persalinan. Pada usia meningkat karena olahraga (Musbikin,
kehamilan tujuh bulan keatas atau 2008).
trimester ke tiga, pertanyaan dan
bayangan apakah dapat melahirkan
normal, cara mengejan, apakah akan Senam hamil merupakan suatu kegiatan
terjadi sesuatu saat melahirkan atau yang dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif
apakah bayi akan lahir selamat akan untuk menurunkan kecemasan ibu
sering muncul dalam benak ibu hamil. hamil. menjadikan keadaan tubuh
Tabel 3. Analisis Ragam Regresi Hubungan Senam Hamil, Dukungan Suami, Dukungan
Bidan Dengan Tingkat Kecemasan
Sumber Variasi Derajat Jumlah Kuadran F F
hitung (0,05)
Bebas Kuadran Tengah
Regresi 3 126,448 42,149 31,796 2,90
Galat 32 45,552 1,330
Total 25 169,000
Tabel 4. Analisis Koefisien regresi dan t hitung Hubungan Senam Hamil (X1), Dukungan
Suami (X2), Dukungan Bidan (X3), Dengan Tingkat Kecemasan (Y) Pada Ibu
Bersalin di BPS Ny. Hj. M. Indriyati Malang
terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara nilai thitung dari masing-masing variabel
.
146
Jurnal Care Vol .5, No.1,Tahun 2017
berlangsung (Kushartanti, 2004).
Nilai thitung variabel senam hamil (X1) Senam
sebesar 3,978 >ttabel 2,028 artinya terdapat
hubungan yang signifikan antara senam
hamil dengan tingkat kecemasan. Nilai
thitung dukungan suami (X2) sebesar 3,809
> ttabel 2,028 artinya terdapat hubungan
yang signifikan antara dukungan suami
dengan tingkat kecemasan. Nilai thitung
dukungan bidan (X3) sebesar 2,837>
ttabel 2,028 artinya terdapat hubungan
yang signifikan antara dukungan bidan
dengan tingkat kecemasan.Nilai
koefisien regresi (R2) sebesar 0,748
artinya hubungan variabel bebas dengan
tingkat kecemasan
(Y) sebesar 74,8%. Variabel dukungan
suami (X2) mempunyai hubungan yang
lebih dominan terhadap tingkat
kecemasan (Y) dengan nilai R2 X2
sebesar 0,431 atau 43,1 %.
PEMBAHASAN
Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan
antara variabel senam hamil (X1)
dengan tingkat kecemasan (Y). Untuk
memutuskan siklus kecemasan, maka
senam hamil sebagai salah satu
alternatif terapi yang diberikan pada ibu
hamil. Bila dicermati lebih lanjut,
sebenarnya dalam gerakan senam hamil
terkandung efek relaksasi yang dapat
menstabilkan emosi ibu hamil.
Relaksasi sangat bermanfaat untuk
mengurangi stress saat kehamilan
hamil efektif mengurangi kecemasan
menghadapi persalinan pada ibu hamil
trimester tiga. Disamping itu latihan
penguatan dan peregangan otot juga
berdampak pada berkurangnya ketegangan
ibu hamil (Ulfah, 2010).Sesuai dengan hasil
penelitian Ulfah (2010 ) yang menyatakan
bahwa terdapat pengaruh senam hamil
terhadap tingkat kecemasan menghadapi
persalinan pada Ibu hamil trimester tiga.
Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa
senam hamil efektif mengurangi kecemasan
menghadapi persalinan pada ibu hamil
trimester tiga.
KESIMPULAN
1. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan
antara senam hamil dengan tingkat
kecemasan
2. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan
antara dukungan suami dengan tingkat
kecemasan
3. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan
antara dukungan bidan dengan tingkat
kecemasan
4. Variabeldukungansuami
mempunyai hubungan yang lebih
dominan terhadap tingkat kecemasan
Direkomedasikan agar melakukan penelitian
lanjutan tentang cara mengatasi tingkat
kecemasan menghadapi persalinan pada ibu
hamil, dengan tehnik relaksasi.
REFERENSI
Persalinan.
Yogyakarta, Lingtang Pustaka.