Shielding Calculation:

Radiographic Room
Jerry Williams
 What
h you need
d to know
k
• Room use and layout
– DAP workload
– DAP averaged kV
– Distance to barrier
• Construction details
– Walls
– Ceilings/ floors
• Surrounding areas
– Rooms above or below
– Occupancy
 DAP Workload
kl d
Two approaches:
1. Predict clinical usage and use typical
DAP values per exam
yp
2. Assume typical total DAP values
 Method 1: DAP data
• UK Dose Surveys
y
– HPA-RPD-029
– http://www.hpa.org.uk/radiation/
– Room doses for 50 – 90 kg patient sub-set
sub set
– Mean
– Min/ max
– 25th/ 50th/ 75th percentile values
– kV and mAs values
• National Diagnostic Reference Levels
– Based on 3rd quartile values
– “Boundary between good and normal practice and
bad and abnormal practice”
Radiography doses (1)
No of DAP
Projection 2
rooms Gy cm
Skull PA/AP 20 0.78
Skull Lat 19 0.49
Chest PA 210 0.11
Chest AP 12 0.12
Chest Lat 23 0.31
Thoracic spine AP 36 0.93
Thoracic spine Lat 27 1.43
Abdomen AP 127 2.58
Lumbar spine AP 118 1 60
1.60
Lumbar spine Lat 120 2.44
LSJ 25 2.59
Pelvis AP 150 2.12
IVU 35 13.60

Source: HPA-RPD Report 029 (2007)

Radiography doses (2)
DAP
Anatomical region 2
Gy cm
Cervical Spine 0.05
F
Femur 0 04
0.04
Knee 0.04
Lower leg 0.02
Foot/ Ankle 0.02
Toes 0.005
Shoulder 0.05
Elbow/ forearm/ upper arm 0.02
Hand/ wrist 0.01
Finger 0.005

Source: Personal data

 Radiographic workload (UK)
Frequency
q y 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
DAP
Head

Chest

Abdomen

Pelvis

Spine

Upper extremity

Lower extremity

Data from:
UK examination frequencies – in NRPB Report W4 (2002)
DAP data * HPA-RPD Report 029 (2007)
* personal data (extremities)
 Radiographic
g p workload ((UK))
Frequency
DAP
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% • Abdo/ pelvis/ spine
Head – 23% frequency
Chest – 87% DAP
Abdomen
• Chest
Pelvis
– 35% frequency
– 8% DAP
Spine

Upper extremity
• Extremities
Lower extremity
– 37% frequency
– 1.5% DAP
• Conclusion
– To predict DAP workload
– estimate number of abdomen/ spine/ pelvis examinations
– Ignore extremities
– Chest workload only required for primary beam shielding
Method 2:
DAP workload in typical rooms
• Survey data from 10 CR consoles
– Collection period: 9 to 43 weeks
– Number/ type of examination
– Number of patients
• Assumption
– Images processed on console correspond to
specific X-ray
X ray room
– Average DAP values
Workload survey
600 800
700

cm / week))
500
600

Patientts/ week
400 500
2

300 400
DAP (Gy c

200 300
200
100
100
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Examinations per patient

2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 Workload
600 800 • DAP per patient
700 – Ave: 0
0.75
75 Gy cm2
y cm / week)

500
600
– Range: 0.20 – 1.42 Gy cm2

nts/ week
400 500
2

300 400 • Typical workload

Patien
DAP (Gy

200 300 – No of patients: 180

200
100
100
– DAP: 150
0 0 • Exceptional workload
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
– 24/7 room
2.0
Examinations per patient – No of patients: 800
1.8
1.6 – DAP: 500
• Examinations per patient
1.4
1.2
1.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
– Ave: 1.32
– Range: 1.10 – 1.82
 DAP averaged kV
90
88
86
P averaged kV

84
82
80
78
DAP

76
74
72
70
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Weighted average: 78.2 kV

 Construction details
d l
• Floors/ ceilings
– Concrete thickness
– Profile
• Wall construction
– Stud partition?
– Blockwork?
 Adjacent
d areas
• Occupancy
– New buildings – assume 100%
• Layout
Radiographic
d h Room
1.5 m

1m
3.5 m
3m 6.3 m

6m
Lead shielding
g vs DAP workload
1.2
d=1m
1 d = 1.5 m

d shielding mm
0.8

0.6

0.4
Lead

0.2

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
DAP w orkload Gy cm 2

Occupancy = 100%
• Typical room (DAP = 150 Gy cm2)
– 0.45 mm (d = 1.5 m)
– 0.6 mm (d = 1 m)
• Exceptional
p room ((DAP = 500 Gy
y cm2)
– 0.7 mm (d = 1.5 m)
– 0.9 mm (d = 1 m)
UK/ NCRP Comparison
• Example
– NCRP ‘busy’
busy room
• 160 patients/week
– Wall at 1.5 m
– 100% occupancy
– NCRP: 2.5 mA min/ patient
– UK: 0.75 Gy cm2/ patient
 Scatter dose
d @ 1m
NCRP 147 UK
Side scatter Max scatter
3.4x10-2 mGy/ patient 5.0 µGy (Gy cm2)-1
5.4 mGy/ week 0.6 mGy/ week
Back/
k/ forward
f d scatter
4.8x10-2 mGy / patient
7 7 mGy/ week
7.7

Factor 10 difference?
 Shielding
h ld calculation
l l
NCRP UK
• Dose constraint = 20 µSv • Dose constraint = 6 µSv
• B < 0.02/5.4
0 02/5 4 x 1.5
1 52 • B < 0.006/0.6
0 006/0 6 x 1.5
1 52
= 0.8% = 2.3%
• Shielding @ workload • Shielding @ 80 kV
weighted
h d kVk = 0.41 mm Pb
= 0.81 mm Pb
 Differences
ff
• Scatter model
• Field area assumption
• Patient workload data
• Dose
D constraints
t i t
• Transmission data
 Scatter model
d l
12
Scatter fraction (S) @ 85 kV
Smax analysis
UK
10 kV UK NCRP
2 -1

NCRP 147
S µGy (Gy cm )

MonteCarlo
8
50 4.05 4.10
6

4
70 4.67 4.41
2 85 5 14
5.14 4 64
4.64
0 100 5.60 4.87
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Angle 125 6.38 5.26
 Field
ld area
• NCRP
F = 1000 cm2
• UK
F incorporated into DAP

Plate size F cm2

2
8" x 10" 20 x 24 cm 480
2
10" x 12" 24 x 30 cm 720
2
14" x 17" 35 x 43 cm 1505
 Patient workload data
• NCRP 147
– 2.5 mA min/ patient
• UK data HPA-RPD
HPA RPD mAs per examination
– HPA-RPD-029 Dundee 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

• kV/ mAs Skull PA/AP

– Dundee (Dave Sutton) Chest PA

Chest Lat
• Downloaded from RIS Thoracic spine AP
• 8 rooms Thoracic spine Lat

Abdomen AP
Lumbar spine AP
Lumbar Spine Lat

Pelvis/ hip AP
 Patient workload data
• NCRP 147
– 2.5 mA min/ patient
• UK data
– HPA-RPD-029
• kV/ mAs high dose exams
– Dundee (Dave Sutton)
• Downloaded from RIS
• 8 rooms
– Combined with CR workload data
– 0.27 mA min/ patient

Factor of 10??
 Patient workload data
• Examinations per patient
– US: 3.37
– UK: 1.32
⇒US: UK Ratio = 2.5
• Types of examination?
• Period of survey ESD (normalised to 1986)
100%
– US: early 1990s
80%
– UK: early 2000s 1986
1996
60%
2002
40% 2007

20%

0%
Lat Skull PA Chest AP Lumbar Lat Lumbar AP Pelvis
spine spine
 Dose constraints
• NCRP
– 20 µGy (100 µGy Radiology staff)
• UK
– 6 µGy
 Transmission factors
• NCRP
– Workload weighted transmission factors
• UK
– Workload weighted kV
• For this analysis 78 kV
B NCRP 80 kV
0.05 0.34 0.27
0.02 0.54 0.43
0.01 0.74 0.56
0.005 0.96 0.71
0.002 1.29 0.92
0.001 1.55 1.08
 WARNING!
• UK workload data apply only in UK
• UK workload drivers
– Legislation
• Justification/ Optimisation
– Public Healthcare provision

Derive your own workload data

• Standard specification:
– 1 mm lead for all radiographic rooms