Module 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION CHAPTER 2: CALCULATIONS

EARTHWORKS
CHAPTER 1: SPACE PLANNING
• Excavation
WHAT ARE THE QUESTIONS TO BE CONSIDERED? • Embankment
CONCRETE
1. Primary functions • Cement
2. Secondary functions • Gravel
3. Conflict between primary & secondary functions
• Sand
4. Number of people
• Admixtures
5. Children
STEEL
6. Special needs and disabilities
• Main reinforcing bars
7. Pets
• Tie wires
8. Flow of the room
BRICKS AND BLOCKS
9. Storage requirements
10.Temperature • Hollow Blocks (CHB)
11. Lighting • Mortar
▪ Cement
DESIGN PRINCIPLE ▪ Sand
▪ Water
1. Proportion FLOORING
2. Scale ▪ Tileworks
3. Balance ▪ Wood planks
4. Harmony WOOD
5. Unity and Variety ▪ Ceiling
6. Rhythm PAINTING
7. Emphasis ▪ Wood
▪ Steel
DESIGN ELEMENT ▪ Concrete
▪ Roof
1. Color
2. Line,
CHAPTER 3: SPECIFICATIONS
3. Shape
Drawings are intended to depict the general
4. Form
configuration and layout of a design, including its
5. Texture
size, shape, and dimensions.
6. Pattern
Technical specifications are a critical component
7. Value
of the contract documents as they reflect the
design intent and describe in detail the quality
3 BASIC INTERIOR ZONES
and character of materials
1. Living Area / Social - Used for activities and
It is difficult to envisage the project being
entertainment
properly executed without clear, concise,
2. Service Area - Where household work is done
accurate, and easily understood contract
3. Private Area - for sleeping and relaxing
documents that include a well written
BLUEPRINT SYMBOL
specification
Interior
Kitchen
Batch
Utilities
Exterior and Construction
Insulation
Miscellaneous
 CHAPTER 4: QUANTITY SURVEY AND COST ESTIMATE
QUANTITY AND COST
Quantity of Materials
Cost of Project
QUANTITY SURVEY (BASED ON FORMATIVE)
Structural Plan – FOUNDATION PLAN, ROOF
DECK FRAMING PLAN
Architectural Plan – FLOOR PLAN, ROOF PLAN
Electrical Plan – CONDUITS, WIRINGS
Plumbing Plan – DRAINAGE
COST ESTIMATE
Quantity of each material
Canvas of material cost
Cost of the construction
CHAPTER 5 BUILDING PERMIT
Building Permit - document issued by Department of
Building Official that serves as your official consent to
commence any construction, demolition, addition, or
renovation of your property
MODULE 3: BUILDING ENVELOPE SYSTEMS AND
ASSEMBLIES
- Building envelope, which separates the interior
conditioned from exterior unconditioned
environment of a building, is the key
determinant of thermal and energy performance
in many types of buildings. (Azari, 2010)
BUILDING ENVELOPE - The building envelope is primarily
designed to restrict the heat transfer between inside and
outside in order to regulate the thermal characteristics
of the interior environment and reduce the heating,
cooling and electric lighting demand of buildings.
“Energy Efficiency = Building Envelope = Less Emissions”
- The building envelope may also be described as what
separates the interior areas that are temperature
controlled (conditioned) space from exterior unheated
(unconditioned) space.
FUNCTIONS OF BUILDING ENVELOPE
1. Support (to resist and transfer mechanical loads)
2. Control (the flow of matter and energy of all types)
3. Finish (to meet human desires on the inside and
outside
AIR CONTROL - Controlling air flow is key to controlling
energy consumption, ensuring indoor air quality,
avoiding condensation, and to providing comfort.
Control of air movement includes flow through the
enclosure or through components of the building
envelope itself, as well as into and out of the interior
space.
AIR CONTROL - Physically the envelope components
include, Roof, Ceiling, Walls, Doors, windows.
AIR CONTROL - Effectiveness includes physical
protection from weather and climate (comfort), indoor
air quality (hygiene and public health), durability energy
efficiency.
THERMAL ENVELOPE - Also known as a heat flow control
layer, a thermal envelope is part of a building envelope
but may be in a different location such as in a ceiling.
CHAPTER 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF PERFORMANCE
CONSIDERATIONS:
1. Health - Creating and maintaining a healthy
environment inside your new home.
2. Comfort - it starts with fresh air, abundant natural
light, and protection from noise
3. Carbon Footprint - a high-performance home can
reduce energy consumption by up to 90% compared to
a conventional build
4. Sustainable Materials - a home is only as sustainable
as the materials used in its construction
5. Cost to Operate - higher energy efficiencies lead to
higher home values
TYPES OF ENVELOPE
1. Tight Building Envelope - A tight envelope is
accurately constructed to allow as little air leakage as
possible. This requires more insulation, caulk, sealants,
and energy-efficient windows to acquire a tight shell for
the building.
2. Loose Building Envelope - A loose envelope on the
other hand allows air to flow a lot more freely from the
exterior of the building to the interior. This type of
envelope is either by design or by poor construction
abilities.
 CHAPTER 2 AESTHETICS
- The term aesthetics comes from the Greek word
"aisthetike" meaning “to perceive”.
- The philosopher Alexander Gottlieb
Baumgarten defined it as "the science of how
things are known through the senses. in 1735.
- The essence of design is "to create things
according to the laws of beauty".
- (Qu, Mao, & Li, 2018) The factor of beauty is one
of the most important criteria to evaluate the
quality of design, and consumers will recognize
those products with perfect combination of
technology and form.
- (Gabr, 2009) Aesthetics is important for the
physiologically and psychologically well- being of
humans, the importance of finding ways to make
the environment “livable” and more pleasing
through aesthetic approaches should be
understood by the architects and designers.
- Aesthetics is considered as one of the main
qualities of architecture according to Roman
architect Vitruvius (15 B.C.). His definition of
good architecture depends on three critera as
venustas (beauty), utilitas (utility) and firmitas
(firmness). (Cho, 2011)
- Recently, these aspects of architecture were
interpreted as form, function and construction
(Cho, 2011)
CHAPTER 3 MOISTURE TRANSFER
- Heat and moisture transfer in a room is critical
for the indoor comfort (Kunzel, et.al., 2003)
- A great amount of moisture is produced in the
households during the day and the fluctuations
of the relative humidity depends on the
capacity of the room and the conditioning
equipment to dump it. (Liuzzi & Stefanizzi,
2015)
- PARAMETERS:
1. the climatic data (temperature, relative
humidity, winds, solar radiation, etc.);
2. the shape of the building envelope versus the
climate area features;
3. the building materials and the compatibility
between themselves.
- The moisture content in a building material can
be of three phases: vapour, liquid, solid.
- The sum of these three forms is taken into
account as total water content.
Depending on the type of moisture present in a
building material, three different regions can be
classified:
1. Hygroscopic region - The hygroscopic region
characterizes the hygroscopic building materials as clay.
2. Capillary water region - The capillary water
region refers to capillary-active building materials.
3. Supersatured region - In supersaturated
region the suction process occurs under pressure.
CHAPTER 4 DURABILITY
- The durability is to be based on anticipated
effects arising from the presence of internal and
exterior thermal effects and moisture on or in
wall assemblies when they are subjected to
thermal and moisture loads.
ACTION EFFECTS - Effect of an
environmental action on a material,
component, or assembly of a structure
that brings about physical, chemical or
biological changes (e.g. damage,
reduced resistance, internal force or
moment, displacement, rotation,
change in appearance).
AGENT - Chemical or biological
substance or physical process (e.g. UV
degradation) or biological (e.g. insect
attack) process that, alone or together
with other agents, including
contaminants in the material itself, acts
on a structure or material, component,
or assembly to cause degradation.
ASSEMBLY - An arrangement of more
than one building material or
component to serve specific purposes;
e.g. building envelope assembly, wall
assembly, roofs, or parapet assemblies
BUILDING ELEMENT - A portion of a
building comprised of either a building
material, building component or
building assembly.
BUILDING SCIENCE - The study and
application of principles governing
environmental actions and transfer
mechanisms to predict action effects on
an assembly due to loads from the
structure environment placed on
materials and components on and within
the assembly.
COMPONENT - Any building unit. It may be
structural or non-structural. It may be
manufactured, prefabricated, or built or formed
onsite, and may be a basic unit such as a nail, a
cladding anchor, a reinforcing bar, or membrane
or may be a complex unit such as a cast
reinforced concrete slab or window and door
unit.
DEGRADATION - Deterioration or deformation
that leads to adverse changes in a critical
property of a material, component, assembly or
system.
DESIGN SERVICE LIFE - The service life specified
by the designer in accordance with expectations
or requirements.
DURABILITY - The ability of a building, or of a
material, component, assembly or system of the
building to perform its functions to the required
levels over a period of time in it’s service
environment under the influence of
environmental actions, or as a result of a self-
ageing process, without unforeseen cost for
maintenance or repair.
ENVELOPE - An environmental separator,
generally between the inside and outside of a
building (including the ground), but also
between dissimilar environments within the
building.
ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION - Chemical,
electrochemical, biological, physical and or
mechanical action causing degradation of a
material, component, assembly or system
FAILURE - The loss of performance coincident
with the inability of a material, component,
assembly or system to perform its required
function.
LIMIT STATE - State beyond which a material,
component, assembly or system no longer
satisfies its design performance requirements
MAINTENANCE - The actions and measures
taken periodically during a service life to
maintain a required level of performance.
MODEL - Simplified conceptual or mathematical
idealization or test setup simulating the
structure environment, transfer mechanisms,
environmental action, action effects and
structural behaviour that can lead to failure, for
the purposes of analysis, design, and verification
PERFORMANCE - The behaviour of a building or
any of it’s materials, components, assemblies, or
systems as related to intended use
PREDICTED SERVICE LIFE - Service life forecast
from recorded performance, previous
experience, tests or modeling.
PREMATURE FAILURE - Failure occurring prior to
achieving the design service life / design working
life.
QUALITY - The totality of features and
characteristics of a product, service, or activity
that bears on the degree to which it fulfills
specified requirements.
RELIABILITY - Ability of a structure, material,
component, assembly or system to satisfy the
specified design performance requirements
within the design service life.
REPAIR - The action and measures taken,
including replacement, to restore performance
to the required level.
SERVICE LIFE - The actual period of time during
which the building or a building material,
component, assembly or system perform to the
required levels without unforeseen costs or
disruption for maintenance and repair.
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE (SLS) - State that
corresponds to conditions beyond which
specified serviceability requirements for a
structure or it’s materials, components,
assemblies or systems are no longer satisfied.
STRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT - External
influences (atmospheric and ground conditions,
including pollution) and inside influences (indoor
atmosphere and materials) to which materials,
components, assemblies and systems are
subjected and transformed into one or more
agents causing environmental actions
TRANSFER MECHANISM - Mechanism by which
influences in the structure environment are, over
time, transferred into agents on and within
materials, components, assemblies or systems,
or prevent such transfer
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE - (ULS) State associated
with collapse, maximum load capacity, maximum
strain, or with other similar forms of structural
failure
KEY ELEMENTS
Structure Environment
Transfer Mechanisms
Environmental Actions
Action Effects (Lacasse, et al., 2018)
CHAPTER 5: ENERGY AND MATERIAL RESOURCES
Buildings account for ∼40% of global energy demands,
and the increased adoption of innovative solutions for
buildings represents an enormous potential to reduce
energy demands and greenhouse gas emissions. (Koebel,
Wernery, & Malfait, 2017)
SUSTAINABLE IMPLEMENTATION - Adoption of
multidisciplinary approach covering a number of
features such as: energy saving, improved use of
materials, material waste minimization, pollution and
emissions control etc.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
Resource Conservation
Cost Efficiency
Design for Human Adaptation
RESOURCE CONSERVATION - means achieving more
with less. It is the management of the human use of
natural resources to provide the maximum benefit to
current generations while maintaining capacity to meet
the needs of future generations.
✓ Energy Conservation
✓ Material Conservation
✓ Water Conservation
✓ Land Conservation
COST EFICIENCY
INITIAL COST - Also referred to as the acquisition cost or
the development cost, the initial cost covers the entire
cost of creating, or remodelling, the building, such as cost
of land/building acquisition costs, professional
consultants fee, the cost of the materials that
compromise the completed building, and the cost of
putting it all together.
1. The design should optimize the use of locally-available
materials.
2. Use of cost saving construction technology.
3. Identify opportunities to minimize initial construction
costs.
4. Use common, readily available components.
5. Using recycled and reclaimed materials.
COST IN USE - Otherwise known as the running cost or
operation cost, the cost in use is set by the decisions
made at the briefing stage and the subsequent decisions
made during the design and assembly phases.
1. Taking adequate measures within the design of key
building elements.
2. Ensuring that the skills required are within the
competence of available labour supply.
3. Choosing minimum-maintenance materials.
4. Adopting an appropriate process during the design
stage to protect materials from destructive elements.
5. Provide easy-to-understand and easy-to-use building
control systems
RECOVERY COST - third cost that is rarely considered –
the cost of demolition and material recovery
1. Recycling potential and ease of demolition should be
considered during the design phases and costed into the
development budget.
2. The adaptive reuse of an existing project significantly
reduces waste and conserves the energy used for
material manufacturing and construction.
3. Reusing building materials or components.
DESIGN FOR HUMAN ADAPTATION
Main purposes of a sustainable building is to
provide healthy and comfortable environments
for human activities
The building must supply a healthy and
comfortable indoor climate to the people using
it.
PROTECTING HUMAN HEALTH AND COMFORT
1. Thermal Comfort
2. Acoustical Environment
3. Daylighting
4. Natural Ventilation
5. Building Functionality
6. Building Aesthetics
PROTECTING PHYSICAL RESOURCES - Protecting
physical resources is one of the most important
principles of sustainable design and
construction.
PROTECTING PHYSICAL RESOURCES
1. Plan for fire protection
2. Resist natural hazards
3. Crime prevention