Local Public Transportation Route Plan & Management Course

MODULE 4:
TECHNIQUES IN PT ROUTE
PLANNING: TRANSIT SERVICES
Study Team

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Route Identification Factors

•  Road network configuration

•  Passenger demand (passenger load profile)

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Specific Factors to be Considered

a) Route ends at activity centers

b) Two route ends are connected by a series of road links

c) Shortest path is desirable between route ends

d) Passenger demand includes both end-to-end and intermediate

areas along the route

e) Off-street terminals

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Specific Factors to be Considered (Con’t.)

f) Turning points at route ends

g) PT network should minimize number of transfers

h) Road sections should be able to accommodate type and

volume of transit vehicles

i)  Appropriate transit vehicle to serve passenger demand and be

compatible with road capacity

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Basic Concept on Road Network with Functional
Characteristics

Legend:
Arterial, Main Thoroughfare
Collector, Secondary
Local Road

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Example 1: Passenger Demand as Input to PT
Route Planning: Corridor
10km 15km 20km

A B C D

Public Transport OD Table

(Average Daily Volume, passengers/day)
To
A B C D
From
(Passengers/Day)
A - 3,200 1,000 200
B 3,000 - 1,300 300
C 800 600 - 350
D 360 400 450 -

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Trip Assignment
Pax
From To Volume Section
(pax/day
AB BA BC CB CD DC

A B 3,200 3,200
C 1,000 1,000 1,000
D 200 200 200 200
B A 3,000 3,000
C 1,300 1,300
D 300 300 300
C A 800 800 800
B 600 600
D 350 350
D A 360 360 360 360
B 400 400 400
C 450 450
Total 4,400 4.160 2,800 2,160 850 1,210

10km 15km 20km

A B C D

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Passenger Load Profile (pax/day)
4,160 2,160 1,210
A 4,400 2,800 850
B C D

Average One-way Volume (pax/day)

4,280 2,480 1,030
A B C D

With Seasonality Factor of say, 1.16:

4,965 2,877 1,195
A B C D

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Assume a seasonality factor of 1.16:
Ave. One-Way Volume (pax/day)
AB : 4,965
BC : 2,877
CD : 1,195

Passenger Load Profile (pax/day):

4,965
2,877 1,195
A B C D

Determining Route Structure:

2,088
1,682
1,195
The logical routes are:
A to D : PV = 1,195 pax/day
A to C : PV = 1,682 pax/day
A to B : PV = 2,088 pax/day

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Example 2: (Same OD Table, another network structure)
B
6km
3km
D
8km
A
7km
5km
PT Link
C
Trip Assignment
From To Pax Vol AB BA AC CA BD DB CD DC
(pax/day)

A B 3,200 3,200
C 1,000 1,000
D 200 120 80 120 80
B A 3,000 3,000
C 1,300 780 780 520 520
D 300 300
C A 800 800
B 600 360 360 240 240
D 350 350
D A 360 216 144 216 144
B 400 400
C 450 450
Total 3,680 3,996 1,860 1,304 940 856 670 1,114

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Summary of Passenger Volume per Route Section (pax /day)

B
856
3,996
940
3,680 D
1,114
A 1,304 670
1,860

With Seasonality Factor of 1.16

B
993
4,635
1,090
4,269 D
1,292
A
1,513 777
2,158
C

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Average One-Way Passenger Volume (pax/day)

B
1,042
4,452
D

A 1,034
1,836

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Estimating Level of Supply: Exercise

Route A to D

Factors to be Considered:

Passenger Volume (PV) : 1,195 pax/day

Route Length (RL) : 45km.

Desired Operating Characteristics

Mode to be used : Bus

Ave. Seating Capacity (ASC) : 50 pax
Ave. Travel Speed (ATS) : 30 kph
Terminal Waiting Time (TWT) : 1 hr/rout end
Ave. One-Way Travel Time (TRT) : 45/30 = 1.5 hr.
Ave. Time per Round Trip (TRP) : (1*2) + (1.5*2) = 5 hrs
No. of Hours in Operation NOH) : 14 hrs
Ave. No. of Round Trips per Day (NRT) : 14/5 = 2.8
Viable Load Factor (VLF) : 0.70 (assume)

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Estimate of Number of Units

NU = PV/(VLF*ASC*NRT)
Where NU = desired number of units operating per day
NU = 1,195/(0.70* 50*3)

NU = 11.4 say, 11

Fleet Size (FS):

Assume utilization Rate (UR): 0.8

FS = 11
0.8
= 14

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Alternative Procedure in Estimating NU and FS

PV = Highest passenger volume per hour per direction (pphpd)

NU = pphpd/(ASC * NRTP)

where NRTP = number of round trips during the time when pphpd occurs

FS = NU * (1/UR)

where the ratio 1/UR is the adjustment factor to consider repair and maintenance of vehicles.

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Estimating Level of Supply: Exercise

1.0 Route A to C and

PV = ________ pax/day
RL = ________ km

Desired Characteristics
Mode to be used : ___________
ASC : ___________ pax
ATS : ___________ kph
TWT : ___________ hr
TRT : ___________
TRP : ___________
NOH : ___________ hrs.
NRT : ___________ per day
VLF : ___________ (assume)

Estimate
NU =
Assume UR = ___________
FS =

2.0 Do the same thing for Route A to B

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 New or Developmental Routes

•  New routes shall serve passenger demand generated by new land use
development such as residential, commercial, industrial, etc.;

•  Need to estimate passenger volume based on generated demand of the

new development;

•  Route alignment to be based on the road network serving the area with
consideration to the basic PT policies and principles; and

•  Conversion of tricycle services into a fixed route service shall also

consider an estimate of passenger volume to be served and a route
alignment as mentioned above. A passenger OD survey is needed to
quantify the said passenger volume.

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Passenger Volume Forecasting

a.  Normal Growth of Demand

•  Due to socio-economic growth, such as population growth per

capita income growth
•  Growth rate method is used to forecast current passenger
volume
•  Commonly used formula:

-  FV = PV * (1 + r)n
where PV = present passenger volume
FV = forecast passenger volume
r = annual growth rate in decimal
n = number of years from present

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Example of Growth Rate Determination
Year 2010: Pop1 = 35,000 (base year population)
Year 2015: Pop2 = 39,800 (5 years from base year)

Compounded formula:

Pop2 = Pop1 * (1+r)n

where r = average annual growth rate in decimal
n = number of years from base year

39,800 = 35,000 * (1 + r)5

(1 + r)5 = 39,800/35,000

(1 + r) = (39,800/35,000)1/5
(1 + r) = 1.026
r = 0.026
Average Growth Rate/year = 0.026 * 100

GR = 2.6%

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Example:

Route A to D, PV = 1,195 pax/day

r = 2.6%
n = 5 years

Forecast Volume = 1,195 * (1.026)5

FV = 1,359 pax/day

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 b.  Generated Passenger Volume

•  Applicable to estimating passenger volume due to a land use

development in the future, say residential area, commercial
center, industrial area, etc.

•  Forecasting technique uses a traffic generation index (TGI),

based on land use type

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Trip Generation Index/Trip Rates
Person-trips per 100 sqm of Residential Floor Area

Trip Rates (Person Trips/100 Sqm)

Time
In Out Total
06:00 - 07:00 0.300 0.274 0.574
07:00 - 08:00 0.689 0.722 1.411
08:00 - 09:00 0.604 0.743 1.347
09:00 - 10:00 0.844 0.871 1.715
10:00 - 11:00 0.694 0.840 1.534
11:00 - 12:00 1.058 1.091 2.149
12:00 - 13:00 1.293 1.267 2.560
13:00 - 14:00 1.189 1.248 2.437
14:00 - 15:00 0.692 0.930 1.622
15:00 - 16:00 0.975 0.989 1.964
16:00 - 17:00 1.283 1.131 2.414
17:00 - 18:00 1.287 1.399 2.686
18:00 - 19:00 1.355 1.693 3.048
19:00 - 20:00 1.126 1.225 2.351
Total 13.389 14.423 27.812

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Trip Generation Index/Trip Rates

Person-trips per sqm of Retail/Commercial GFA

Trip Rates (Person Trips/Sqm)

Time
In Out Total
06:00 - 07:00 - - -
07:00 - 08:00 - - -
08:00 - 09:00 - - -
09:00 - 10:00 - - -
10:00 - 11:00 0.0342 0.0083 0.0425
11:00 - 12:00 0.0421 0.0185 0.0606
12:00 - 13:00 0.0386 0.0287 0.0673
13:00 - 14:00 0.0422 0.0333 0.0755
14:00 - 15:00 0.0348 0.0332 0.0680
15:00 - 16:00 0.0368 0.0410 0.0778
16:00 - 17:00 0.0435 0.0408 0.0843
17:00 - 18:00 0.0476 0.0521 0.0997
18:00 - 19:00 0.0401 0.0465 0.0866
19:00 - 20:00 0.0341 0.0522 0.0863
Total 0.3940 0.3546 0.7486

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Trip Generation Index/Trip Rates

Person-trips/sqm of Office Area

Trip Rates
Time
In Out Total
06:00 - 07:00 0.0171 0.0222 0.0538
07:00 - 08:00 0.0183 0.0244 0.0662
08:00 - 09:00 0.0194 0.0238 0.0519
09:00 - 10:00 0.0219 0.0298 0.0825
10:00 - 11:00 0.0211 0.0281 0.0495
11:00 - 12:00 0.0221 0.0302 0.0396
12:00 - 13:00 0.0248 0.0312 0.0335
13:00 - 14:00 0.0258 0.0336 0.0239
14:00 - 15:00 0.0263 0.0336 0.0562
15:00 - 16:00 0.0269 0.0364 0.0375
16:00 - 17:00 0.0295 0.0399 0.0211
17:00 - 18:00 0.0343 0.0468 0.0072
18:00 - 19:00 0.0375 0.0493 0.0212
19:00 - 20:00 0.0379 0.0522 0.0643
Total 0.4251 0.5655 0.6082

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Computation of Generated Traffic: Example
Residential Area

GFA = 33, 762 sq.m.

AM Peak Index
In : 0.689 person trips/100 sq.m. of GFA
Out : 0.722 persons trips/100 sq.m. of GFA

Daily
In : 13.389 person trips/100 sq.m. of GFA
Out : 14.423 persons trips/100 sq.m. of GFA

Daily Generated Traffic

In = 33,762 sq.m. * 13.389 = 4,520 person trip/day

100
Out = 33,762 sq.m. * 14.423 = 4,870 person trip/day
100

Ave. One-Way Volume = 4,695 person trips/day

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 Estimating No. of Units (NU)
Assume modal split of 70% public and 30% private:
PV = 0.70 * 4, 695 = 3,287 pax/day
NU = PV_________
VLF*ASC*NRT
Type of Mode: Minibus, ASC = 35
RL = 10 km; ATS =25 kph; TWT = 30 min; NOH = 16 hrs
Ave Time/Round Trip = 10 * 2 + 30 * 2
25 60
= 20 +1
25
= 1.8 hrs
NRT = 16 = 8.9, say 9
1.8
NU = 3,287 _ = 15
0.7*35*9
FS = 15 = 19
0.8

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]  
 End

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Local  Public  Transport  Route  Planning  &  Management  Training  Course  |  [TITLE  OF  LECTURE]