Bending of Beams

Bending of Beams
 Bending of Beams
Beams are often subjected to transverse loads which
generate both bending moments 𝑴(𝒙) and shear forces
𝑽(𝒙) along the beam.

The bending moments cause bending normal stresses σ to

arise through the depth of the beam, and the shear forces
cause transverse shear-stress distribution through the
beam cross section.
Bending of Beams – 𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
 Bending of Beams – 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔

Source: http://portal.ku.edu.tr/~cbasdogan/Courses/MDesign/course_notes/ShearStressInBeamsNotes.pdf
Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure bending:
• member remains symmetric

• bends uniformly to form a circular arc

• cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
• length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases

• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to

the upper and lower surfaces and for which
the length does not change
• stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it
Bending of Beams – 𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 & 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔
The stress analysis of a beam usually begins by finding the
normal and shear stresses acting on cross sections. For
instance, when Hooke’s law holds, we can obtain the
normal and shear stresses from the flexure and shear
formulas:
𝑴
𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔, 𝝈 = 𝒚
𝑰

𝑽𝑸
𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔, 𝝉 =
𝑰𝒃
 Bending of Beams – 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔

𝑽𝑸
𝝉=
𝑰𝒃

𝝉 is the 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 at any point in the cross section, 𝑽 is

the shear force, 𝑸 is the first moment of the cross-sectional
area outside of the point in the cross section where the stress
is being found, and 𝒃 is the width of the cross section.

(The shear formula is usually written without regard to signs

because the directions of the shear stresses are apparent from
the directions of the loads.)
 Bending of Beams – 𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
The stress analysis of a beam usually begins by finding the
normal and shear stresses acting on cross sections. For
instance, when Hooke’s law holds, we can obtain the
normal and shear stresses from the flexure and shear
formulas:

𝑴
𝝈= 𝒚
𝑰

𝝈 is the 𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 acting on the cross section, 𝑴 is

the bending moment, 𝒚 is the distance from the neutral
axis, and 𝑰 is the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional
area with respect to the neutral axis.
Stress Due to Bending – Stress Variation

𝑴
𝝈= 𝒚
𝑰
Since E is constant for the beam and 𝝆 is constant for the
portion considered, the stress  varies across the depth with
the distance 𝒚 from the neutral axis.

𝑬 𝑬
𝝈= 𝒚 𝝈𝒎 = 𝒄
𝝆 𝝆
Strain Due to Bending (Compressive)
Consider a beam segment of length L.
After bending, the beam takes up the arc
shape.

After deformation, the length of the neutral

surface remains L. At other sections,

L    y 
Extension ,   L  L    y      y
 y y
Strain,     
L  
(strain varies linearly)
Strain Due to Bending (Tensile)

L    y 
Extension,   L  L    y     y
 y y
Strain,    
L  
 Strain Due to Bending
𝒚
𝜺=
𝝆
The normal stress in the layer considered (tensile), normal to the beam section,
is given by :

𝝈 = 𝑬 ∗ 𝜺 𝒀𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒈′ 𝒔 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔 ∗ 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 or

𝒚
𝝈=𝑬 ∗ or
𝝆

𝝈 𝑬
=
𝒚 𝝆
 Moment of Resistance
The total moment of resistance, M =  dM

𝑴 𝑬 𝝈
= =
𝑰 𝝆 𝒚

where I   by 2 dy , is the second moment of

area of the section about the neutral axis.
 First Moment of Area
A 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 about a given axis is something multiplied by by
the distance from that axis. Thus the moment of area is area
times distance from an axis.

The 𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 is denoted with a 𝑸.

 Centroid

• Centroid is the geometric centre which

represents a point in the plane about which the
area of the cross-section is equally distributed.

• Centre of gravity (CG) for a body is a point which

locates the gravity or weight of the body.

• Centroid and CG are same for homogeneous

material.

Source:
http://www.tcd.ie/civileng/Staff/Bidisha.Ghosh/Solids%20&%20Structures/
 First Moment of Area

The 𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 about axis 𝒔 − 𝒔 is the

product of area 𝑨 and distance of its centroid to the axis,
i.e. 𝑨 ∗ 𝒚.

Source: http://www.freestudy.co.uk/
 First Moment of Area

Source: http://www.freestudy.co.uk/
 First Moment of Area

Source: http://www.freestudy.co.uk/
 Second Moment of Area
The 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂, also known as
𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂,
𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂, or 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕, is
a geometrical property of an area which reflects how its
points are distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis. The
second moment of area is typically denoted with either an 𝑰
for an axis that lies in the plane or with a 𝑱 for an axis
perpendicular to the plane.
 Second Moment of Area
In the field of structural engineering, the second moment of
area of the cross-section of a beam is an important property
used in the calculation of the beam's deflection and the
calculation of stress caused by a moment applied to the beam
List of second moments of area
Calculation of second moment of area for a rectangular
section
For the same area of section the I-value for various
beams varies widely with the shape of section.


M max  xI
y max
 Modulus of section
The relation between moment of resistance (bending resistance)
and maximum stress in a beam under pure bending may be written
as
M M
 
I Z
y max
I
where Z  is called the modulus of section .
y max

Find expressions for Z for (i) a rectangular section; (ii) circular

section; (iii) tubular section.
Strain Due to Bending – Strain Variation

𝒚
𝜺=
𝝆
 Calculation of second moment of area for Complex
Sections

For complex and asymmetrical sections:

It is necessary to locate the 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒊𝒅, then to find
the second moment of area about the neutral axis.

This is done using the theorem of parallel axes.

 Centroid of area
The centroid of the area A is defined as the point C
of coordinates x and y , which satisfy the relations

y
 y dA   y dA and x   x dA   x dA
 dA A
 dA A
 Centroid of area
Example:
Locate the 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 C of the area A:
 Centroid of area
Solution:
Calculation of second moment of area for Complex
Sections

This is done using the theorem of parallel axes.

The theorem of parallel axes states that if IG is the second

moment of area of a section about an axis G-G through the
centroid and IX is the second moment about an axis X-X
parallel to G-G, then

I X  I G  Ah 2

Please refer to the ‘Calculation of Second Moment of Area.pdf file’.

Calculation of second moment of area for Complex
Sections

This formula expresses that the moment of inertia Ix of an area

with respect to an arbitrary x-axis is equal to the moment of
inertia IG of the area with respect to the centroidal G-axis
parallel to the x-axis, plus the product of the area A and of the
square of the distance h between the two axes i.e. Ah2.

I X  I G  Ah 2
Example:
Determine the moment of inertia 𝐼𝑥 of the area shown
with respect to the centroidal 𝑥 axis.:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
𝑯𝒊𝒃𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓, 𝑹. 𝑪. 𝑴𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 , 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎 𝟔. 𝟒𝟕

A member having the dimensions shown is used to resist an

internal bending moment of 𝑴 = 𝟗𝟎 𝒌𝑵𝒎. Determine the
maximum stress in the member if the moment is applied (a)
about the z axis (as shown) (b) about the y axis. Sketch the
stress distribution for each case.
 𝑯𝒊𝒃𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓, 𝑹. 𝑪. 𝑴𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 , 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎 𝟔. 𝟓𝟑

Determine the moment 𝑴 that should be applied to the

beam in order to create a compressive stress at point 𝑫 of
𝝈𝑫 = 𝟑𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂. Also sketch the stress distribution acting
over the cross section and compute the maximum stress
developed in the beam.
𝑯𝒊𝒃𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓, 𝑹. 𝑪. 𝑴𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 , 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎 𝟔. 𝟓𝟔

An aluminum strut has a cross-sectional area in the form of

a cross (below). If it is subjected to a moment of 𝟖 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎,
determine the bending stress acting at points A and B.
Solution: