MMW Notes 3.

Existential Statement – there is at

least one thing for which the
Mathematics as a Language
property is true
- Language facilitates
Conditional Statement
communication as it allows people
to express themselves and - symbolized by p and q
somehow bridges the gap among - is an if-then statement in which p is
them a hypothesis and q is a conclusion
- MATH as a language is precise as
such it is able to make very fine
distinctions or definitions among a
set of mathematical symbols
- A mathematician can express long
expositions or sentences briefly
using the language of mathematics

Mathematical Statement

- declarative statement that is either

true or false

The following are NOT mathematical

statements:

1. neither true nor false

2. it is a command or an order =
imperative sentence
3. it is a question = interrogative
sentence
4. has pronouns
5. expressing variable time
Sets
6. expresses opinion
7. not declarative - Is any collection of objects
8. truth value depends on a variable (elements) which may be
value mathematical or not
- Should be related and well –
Kinds of Mathematical Statements:
defined
1. Universal Statement - says that a
Subset
certain property is true for all
elements in a set - Part of another set
2. Conditional Statement – says that if
one thing is true then some other How to Describe a Set?
thing has also to be true - Roster Method
- Ruled Method
Union of Sets - a collection of sets of all
elements in the collection
Intersection of a set – set of items that is
present in both sets
Complement of a set – elements that are
not inside the circle
Statistics and its Applications
 Statistics came from the Latin word
statisticus which means “the study
of people, supplies, etc. in a state
 A branch of mathematics that deals
with collecting, simplifying, and
describing data. It is also concerned
with drawing conclusions about
populations based on data from
samples
 Is all about making sense of data,
and figuring out how to put that
information to use
 2 Main Branches
o Descriptive Statistics –
techniques in collecting,
organizing, and escribing
numerical facts called data
- 2 categories of measures: central
tendency and variability
- Use to repurpose hard-to-
understand quantitative insights
across a large data set (GPA)
o Inferential Statistics –
drawing conclusions or
decisions about
populations based on
random samples.
- 2 main areas: estimating
parameters and hypothesis testing
- To try to infer from sample data
what the population might think;
or make a judgement of the
probability that an observed
difference between groups is a
dependable one or one that might
have just happened by chance in
the study.
Applications
 Government agencies
 Science and medicine
 Business
 education
How to solve the Mean, Median, Mode,
Standard deviation, Variance, and Range
Mean – the expected value or average, is
the central value of a discrete set of
numbers: specifically, the sum of the values
divided by the number of values
Formula:
Steps:
1. Identify the data
2. Follow the formula:
a. Add the data
b. Divide the sum with the
number of data
Median – a value separating higher half
from the lower half
- The middle value of a sorted list of
numbers
Steps:
1. Sort the values (ascending or
descending order)
2. Count the number of values (x); if
odd, x + 1 then divide by 2; if even,
determine the middle pair and find
the value by adding the pair and
dividing by 2.
Mode – the value that appears most often
in a set of data values
- To find the mode, put the numbers
in order. Then count how many of
 each number. A number that
appears most often is the mode
- Having two modes is called
bimodal
- Having more than 2 modes is called
multimodal
- Recognize that modes for non-
numerical data sets can be found in
the same way as for numerical data
sets
- Recognize that no mode exists for
data sets in which every value
occurs the same number of times
Standard Deviation – measure of the
amount of variation or dispersion of a set
of values
3. Get the average of squared
differences and divide by n – 1
Range – difference between the highest
and lowest values in the set
- Provides an indication of statistical
dispersion around the central
tendency or how spread out the
data are.
- Data with large ranges tend to be
more spread out
Formula: Range = Maximum Value –
Minimum Value

Formula:

Steps:

1. Find
the mean
2. Find the difference of each data
and the mean and square it.
3. Finding the sum of step 2
4. Divide the sum of step 3 by n – 1
(number of data)
5. Finding the square root of step 4

Variance – the average of the squared

differences from the mean

- Measures how far a set of numbers

is spread out from their average
value
- Square of standard deviation

Steps:

1. Find the mean

2. Subtract the mean from each
number in the data and square the
result