Urban

Environmental
Management
Lecture 14
 Urban Environmental
Management

Effects of Urbanization
Indoor Air Pollution
 AIR & AIR POLLUTION
Definition
Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
Air in which there are no known
contaminants at harmful concentrations
as determined by cognizant authorities
and with which a substantial majority
(80% or more) of the people exposed do
not express dissatisfaction.
 Indoor Air Quality
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
is affected by:
A. Air Contaminants
B. Physical Agents
 Indoor Air Quality
A. Air Contaminants
1. Particulate Matter
2. Bio aerosols
3. Gaseous Contaminants
 Indoor Air Quality
Air Contaminants
1. Particulate Matter
1.1 Dusts
1.2 Fibers
1.3 Combustion Products
 Indoor Air Quality
Air Contaminants
2. Bioaerosols
2.1 Viruses
2.2 Bacteria
2.3 Fungi
2.4 Algae
2.5 Mites
 Indoor Air Quality
Air Contaminants
3. Gaseous Contaminants
3.1 VOCs (volatile organic
compounds)
3.2 Inorganic Gases
(includes carbon dioxide)
 Indoor Air Quality
B. Physical Agents
In addition to Air Contaminants, Physical Agents also
affects IAQ

1. Temperature
2. Humidity
3. Air Motion
4. Noise and Vibration
 Indoor Air Quality
Good Indoor Air Quality Will:
 Increase Productivity
 Decrease Dust and Contaminants

 Decrease Potential for Mold and

Mildew
(Mold: fuzzy, cobweb like growth
produced on organic matter by several
types of fungi. Mold and mildew are
commonly used interchangeably)
UNDERSTANDING
I.A.Q.
 UNDERSTANDING I.A.Q.
1. HEALTH EFFECTS

2. CAUSATIVE AGENTS

3. SOURCES

4. CONTROL METHODOLOGIES

5. LEGISLATION
Indoor Air Quality

HEALTH EFFECTS
 Indoor Air Quality
1. HEALTH EFFECTS
SICK BUILDING
SYNDROME (SBS)

VS

BUILDING RELATED
ILLNESS (BRI)
 Indoor Air Quality
1. HEALTH EFFECTS (Contd.)

 SICK BUILDING SYNDROME

A PERSISTENT SET OF SYMPTOMS

IN > 20% population

 CAUSE(S) NOT RECOGNIZABLE

 COMPLAINTS/SYMPTOMS RELIEVED
AFTER EXITING BUILDING
 Indoor Air Quality
1. HEALTH EFFECTS (Contd.)

 SICK BUILDING SYNDROME (SBS)

1. EYE, NOSE, OR THROAT IRRITATION

2. HEADACHES

3. FATIGUE

4. REDUCED MENTATION (mental activity)

5. IRRITABILITY
 Indoor Air Quality
1. HEALTH EFFECTS (Contd.)

 SICK BUILDING SYNDROME (SBS)

6. DRY SKIN

7. NASAL CONGESTION

8. DIFFICULTY BREATHING

9. NOSE BLEEDS

10.NAUSEA
 Indoor Air Quality
1. HEALTH EFFECTS (Contd.)

 BUILDING RELATED ILLNESS (BRI)

 CLINICALLY RECOGNIZED DISEASE

 EXPOSURE TO INDOOR AIR

POLLUTANTS

 RECOGNIZABLE CAUSES
 Indoor Air Quality
1. HEALTH EFFECTS (Con’d.)
 BUILDING RELATED ILLNESS (BRI)
 LEGIONELLOSIS is a potentially fatal
bacterial (infectious) disease.
Legionellosis takes two distinct forms:
1. PONTIAC FEVER – LEGIONELLA
(Pontiac fever is caused by the same
bacterium, but produces a milder
respiratory illness without pneumonia
which resembles acute influenza.)
2. LEGIONNAIRE’S DISEASE
(Legionnaires' disease is the more severe form
of the infection and produces pneumonia.)
 Indoor Air Quality
1. HEALTH EFFECTS (Contd.)
BUILDING RELATED ILLNESS (BRI)
 HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (also called
extrinsic allergic alveolitis, EAA) is an
inflammation of the alveoli within the lung
caused by hypersensitivity to inhaled
organic dusts. Sufferers are commonly
exposed to the dust by their occupation
or hobbies.
 Indoor Air Quality
1. HEALTH EFFECTS (Contd.)
BUILDING RELATED ILLNESS (BRI)
 HUMIDIFIER FEVER
 A form of sick building syndrome that usually
develops from breathing in germs from humidifiers.
 The hallmark of the disease is the sudden onset of
fever.
 Other features may include muscle aches and
pains and mild shortness of breath.
 Humidifier fever can be caused by a number of
different agents including amoebas, bacteria, and
fungi that may live in the moist environment of an
humidifier.
 Humidifier fever typically resolves once the patient
is no longer exposed to the causative agent
coming from the humidifier.
 Indoor Air Quality
1. HEALTH EFFECTS (Contd.)
 BUILDING RELATED ILLNESS (BRI)
 ASTHMA

 ALLERGY

 RESPIRATORY DISEASE
o CHRONIC
OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
 Indoor Air Quality

2. CAUSATIVE AGENTS
 2. CAUSATIVE AGENTS
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANT TYPES
2.1 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
2.2 VOLATILE CHEMICALS & MIXTURES
2.3 RESPIRABLE PARTICULATES
2.4 BIOLOGICS & BIOAEROSOLS
Biologics include a wide range of
medicinal products such as
vaccines, blood and blood
components, or may be living
entities such as cells and tissues.
 2. CAUSATIVE AGENTS
INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANT TYPES
5. RADIONUCLIDES
A radionuclide is an atom with an unstable nucleus,
which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy.
6. ODORS
 2. CAUSATIVE AGENTS
2.1 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
2.1.1 CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
2.1.2 OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NOX)
2.1.3 OXIDES OF SULFUR (SOX)
2.1.4 CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
2.1.5 POLYAROMATIC
HYDROCARBON’S (PAH)
2.1.6 TOBACCO SMOKE COMPONENTS
 2. CAUSATIVE AGENTS
2.2 VOLATILE ORGANIC CHEMICALS

2.2.1 ALCOHOLS – ISOPROPANOL

2.2.2 ALDEHYDES – FORMALDEHYDE
2.2.3 ALIPHATICS – CYCLOHEXANE
2.2.4 AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
2.2.5 ESTERS - ETHYL ACETATE
2.2.6 HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
 2. CAUSATIVE AGENTS
2.3 RESPIRABLE PARTICULATES
2.3.1 ASBESTOS
2.3.2 FIBERGLASS
2.3.3 INORGANIC DUSTS
(MINERAL)
2.3.4 METALLIC DUSTS
2.3.4.1 LEAD
2.3.5 ORGANIC DUSTS
2.3.6 PAPER DUSTS
2.3.7 POLLEN
 2. CAUSATIVE AGENTS
2.3 RESPIRABLE PARTICULATES
(Contd.)

2.3.8 WATER VAPOR

2.3.9 CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
2.3.10ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS (Etiologic
agents are those microorganisms and microbial toxins that
cause disease in humans and include bacteria, bacterial toxins,
viruses, fungi, rickettsia, protozoans, and parasites. These
disease-causing microorganisms may also. be referred to as
infectious agents.

2.3.11TOBACCO SMOKE
COMPONENTS
 2. CAUSATIVE AGENTS
2.4 BIOLOGICS & BIOAEROSOLS

2.4.1 MOLDS & FUNGI

2.4.2 BACTERIA

2.4.3 PROTOZOA

2.4.4 VIRUSES
 2. CAUSATIVE AGENTS
2.5 RADIONUCLIDES

2.5.1 RADON

2.5.2 RADON PROGENY

(DAUGHTERS)
 2. CAUSATIVE AGENTS
2.6 ODORS

2.6.1 ODORS ASSOCIATED WITH ANY

INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANT
TYPE

2.6.1.1 INDEPENDENTLY
2.6.1.2 IN COMBINATION