Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Background of the Study

Garlic is a species in the onion genus, Allium. Its close relatives include

the onion, shallot, leek, chive, and Chinese onion. It is native to Central Asia and

northeastern Iran and has long been a common seasoning worldwide, with a

history of several thousand years of human consumption and use. It was known

to ancient Egyptians and has been used as both a food flavoring and a traditional

medicine. China produces some 80% of the world's supply of garlic.

Dengue fever is a disease caused by a family of viruses transmitted by infected

mosquitoes. It is an acute illness of sudden onset that usually follows a benign

course with symptoms such as headache, fever, exhaustion, severe muscle and

joint pain, swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), and rash. The presence of

fever, itchy rash, and headache (the "dengue triad") is characteristic of dengue.

Other signs of dengue fever include bleeding gums, severe pain behind the eyes

(retro-orbital), and red palms and soles. (Cunha, 2019)

Sustainable vector control is one technical element of the Global Strategy for

Dengue Prevention and Control, 2012–2020. Considering limited therapeutic

strategies and unavailability of dengue vaccine in most endemic countries,

effective vector control methods are an essential component of the strategic

direction to reduce dengue-associated mortality and morbidity. Residence in

proximity to waste dump sites represents an environmental determinant and

increase the risk of DENV infection. Vectors of DENV in the urban cycle lay eggs

in artificial water containers that could be found in many homes and waste dump

sites. This practice encourages vector population and expansion and invariably

places people who reside in such communities at high risk of contracting dengue.

(Nasir et al., 2018)

Findings from dengue studies could provide policy-makers with information

needed for rational decision-making regarding dengue preventive and control

efforts. The focus of dengue research may vary widely. This could include basic

laboratory research, the estimation of dengue seroprevalence and incidence; the

assessment of risk factors for severe disease; the quantification of its economic

burden; the elucidation of local transmission and epidemiology; the development

of improved diagnostic tests or the evaluation of interventions.

We reviewed published studies on dengue research in the Philippines during the

past 60 years. The objective of the review is to better understand the trends in

dengue research and the findings from these studies. The results of the review

could provide an impression of local capacity and infrastructure for dengue

research and help determine important knowledge gaps. These gaps need to be

identified since research interest and support for funding can only be achieved if

scientists, decision makers and other stakeholders are able to understand

developments related to the disease and recognize areas where more

information is needed. (Agrupis et al.,2019)

One cannot exclude the possibility that though young children under the age of

four years are exposed to the virus, either their cases were asymptomatic or

family members infected during this period had potentially more serious

symptoms leading to hospitalization. This result could thus explain by budget-

related health choices made by this population which do not favor small children.

Educational programs should target housewives to improve their impact, as they

are the ones mostly responsible for water storage and cleanliness of the house

and its neighborhood. Even with a Dengue experience and potentially an acute

perception of the risk and its factors, a proper management of environmental

conditions lacking. This along with the fact that word-of-mouth is the main source

of information quoted should be a message for municipality health workers to

give door-to-door information on how to prevent breeding sites and Dengue

infection. (Daude, 2017)

Research Objectives

This study aims to quantify the effectiveness of Allium Sativum

also known as Garlic as a repellent spray to repel mosquitoes from hatching and

to prevent individuals from getting Dengue.

Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of this study is to determine the effectivity of Allium

Sativum also known as Garlic in as repellent spray for mosquitoes.

Specifically, it attempts to answer the following:

1. Is it possible to utilize Allium Sativum also known as Garlic as repellent for

mosquitoes to prevent dengue?

2.Does Allium Sativum also known as Garlic have particular property that is why

it is tend to utilize as a repellent?

3. Is Allium Sativum also known as Garlic truly effective?

Statement of the Hypothesis

Established from the introduced statement of the problems, the following

null hypotheses are derived:

 H01. It is impossible to utilize Garlic (Allium Sativum) as a repellent for

mosquitoes.

H02. There is no particular property of Garlic (Allium Sativum) that can be

yield as a repellent

H03. Garlic (Allium Sativum) as a repellent has no potency.

Theoretical Framework

The theory of this study which is the smell theory is that the Garlic

is well known to repel bloodsucking insects because it acts as a form of

deodorant, many bloodsuckers track their prey smell, garlic covers up the scent

of blood that they so crave. Some insect repellents are made from blended Garlic

extracts exclusively, so powerful is the stinking rose at keeping insects away.

(Abdeljalil, 2017)

The thought originated from realizing that taking Garlic (Allium Sativum) capsules

repels mosquitoes. It is suggested that they don’t like the smell of it. Therefore,

Garlic (Allium Sativum) can prevent individuals from getting Dengue.

Conceptual Framework
 The independent variable of this study is the Garlic (Allium Sativum),

while the dependent variable is the survival rate of mosquitoes. On the other

hand the intervening variables are the temperature and the exposure of

mosquitoes to their prey.

Independent Variable Intervening Variables Dependent Variable

Temperature Survival rate of

Garlic (Allium Sativum)
Mosquito
Exposure

Figure 1. Variables of the study

Research Paradigm

Input Process Output

The Garlic are obtained
from Langihan Market
Grinding 45g of Garlic The researchers were
put it on a pot add able to produce Garlic
500mL of water, boil it repellent spray for
for 20mins, then filter it mosquitoes.
to remove the residues.
The Garlic extraction
followed.
 Figure 2. The Research Paradigm of the Study

Scope and Limitations

This study focuses only on repelling mosquitoes to prevent individuals

from getting Dengue. The primary needed material that will be used in the

experiment such as Garlic and tap water, the Garlic will be obtained from

Langihan Market. The researchers will buy 45g of Garlic for the extraction,

500mL of tap water. Thus container, heat and filter will be used in the

experimentation. The whole duration process will be conducted inside the Butuan

City only.

Significance of the Study

This research is intended to validate the efficacy of the natural organic

substance, Garlic (Allium Sativum) as a Potential Repellent for Mosquito. The

researchers assumed that this analysis would benefit the following:

People. This research can help people more organically than by purchasing

consumer brands. This study can also benefit individuals living in rural areas and

places that can not be reached by modern products.

 Teachers. This study may serve as a source of idea on educating students

about the issue Dengue and the methods that could be utilized on preventing it.

Community. This research would support the community by providing

them with affordable and effective mosquito repellant and by leaning them some

knowledge of important value of Garlic extract.

Government. The result of this study would help the government to

minimize expenses on the eradication of Dengue cases.

Future Researchers. This study may serve as their guide and cross-

reference that will give them an overview in conducting new researches.

Definition of Terms

For the convenience of understanding the study, the following terms were

identified and operationally defined.

Garlic (Allium Sativum). A strong-smelling pungent-tasting bulb, used

as a flavoring in cooking and in herbal medicine.

Dengue. Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by

the dengue virus. Symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection.

These may include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pains, and

a characteristic skin rash. Recovery generally takes two to seven days. In a small

proportion of cases, the disease develops into severe dengue, also known as
dengue hemorrhagic fever, resulting in bleeding, low levels of blood platelets and

blood plasma leakage, or into dengue shock syndrome, where dangerously low

blood pressure occurs.

Review of Related Literature

Allicin and Sulfuric Abilities of Garlic

The folklore behind garlic is long and celebrated. From vampires to demons to

werewolves, garlic is suspected to do everything without exception. While those

accounts may simply be legends, garlic is both an extraordinary plant to fill in

your garden, and an incredible plant to use on your garden. It's a typical plant

used to repulse insects in the garden also.

Garlic bulbs comprise of various sections called cloves, which can be isolated

and planted. A biennial normally developed as a yearly, garlic flaunts numerous

anti-microbial and insects preventive properties just as numerous medical

advantages when burned-through.

In my opinion, the greatest advantage of garlic spray is that it implies you are

NOT utilizing other, more poisonous pesticides in your garden. It's an eco-

accommodating, green approach to treat bug and illness issues.

The pungent smell that garlic is notable for will execute or repulse a large

number of the all the more irritating beneficial insects, however it might drive off

some gainful insects also.

However, what makes it function admirably against pest? The appropriate

response lies in the sulfur mixes found in garlic cloves. You may perceive sulfur

as a ground-breaking independent fungicide, however when combined with

allicin, a compound inside garlic, it confuses insects by meddling with their

sensory receptors. (Espiritu, 2019)

Garlic isn't only a delightful and nutritious fragrant to use in the kitchen, and you

can likewise utilize it in the gardens. Since garlic contains sulfur mixes, it goes

about as a characteristic anti-agents for some insects. This implies you can

transform garlic into a modest and safe pesticide. You can make an essential

garlic splash to control aphids, slugs, and different bugs, or you can make an

onion, bean stew, and garlic spray that will help fend off ladybugs, caterpillars,

deer, and different insects and other animals as well. (Moran, 2019)

The Manifestation of Mosquito-Borne Diseases in the Philippines

Mosquito borne-diseases in a tropical country such as the Philippines is widely

known to be common. A recent study asserted that increasing global weather

caused by climate crisis could see mosquitos that transmit diseases;

chikungunya, dengue, zika, and yellow fever. (Messina et al., 2019)

In the first six months of 2019, about 100,000 dengue cases were registered

across the Philippines, an increase of 85 percent over the same period last year.

This epidemic had been recorded in four regions of the country, which include

Mimaropa, Western Visayas, Central Visayas, and Northern Mindanao, which are

home to more than 20 million people, or approximately 20% of the population of

the Philippines (Dayaram, 2019). According to the WHO Epidemiological

Overview 2019 survey, the number of cases of dengue in the Philippines

increased significantly in 2019 compared with previous years. Due to the

increase in confirmed cases of mosquito-borne viral disease, the Department of

Health (DOH) announced a national dengue warning on 15 July 2019. On August

6, 2019, the alert threshold1 was exceeded by Regions III, X, XII and

Autonomous Zone of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), while the epidemic threshold2

was exceeded by Regions IVA, V, VI, VIII and IX.

Mosquitoes Olfactory Sensitivity

Mosquitoes are considered as parasitic creepy crawlies and vectors of

destructive illnesses such as Dengue, Malaria and Zika. (Alaspa,2017)

Mosquitoes are drawn to potential hosts through smelling the carbon dioxide they

exhale. Mosquitoes have the capacity to multiply fast. They

can live everywhere even in our homes. Mosquitoes are very risky insects.

(Arnasson et al., 2012)

Mosquitoes rely on their sense of smell (olfaction) for many of their lifestyle

choices, as they have strong sense of smell this is also the cause of their

weakness. (Potter, 2014)

As stated by Mosquito Squad (2019) there are a few scents that mosquitoes

love, however similarly as they have smells they love, there are others that they

disdain and will try to evade and that includes citronella, garlic, lemongrass, etc.

The fragrance of garlic has for some time been known to have repellent impacts

to numerous insects such as mosquitoes. (Reinagel,2010)

An article composed by Mosquito Barriers (2020) expressed that Mosquitoes

can't endure garlic. Garlic has a natural sulfur which repulses mosquitoes, the act

of utilizing garlic as repellent has been accomplished for some ages by farmers

and master gardeners. Mosquitoes are delicate bodied bugs; the garlic juice are

often extremely poisonous to them in expanded fixation therefore the scent that it

radiates keeps mosquitoes from coming nearer. And this has been agreed upon

by Maia & Moore (2011) who stated that garlic juice can be very toxic to

mosquitoes in an increased concentration but does not harm a human. The odor

drives mosquitoes away for as long as mosquitoes can detect it because garlic

contains Allicin as its defense mechanism against the attacks of pest. Allicin has

a powerful property, which repels mosquitoes. Some literature strongly suggests

that garlic oils and/or vapors are specifically harmful to insects (Park et al., 2013)
Substance Properties of Garlic

Fresh garlic is 70% dampness. (Palani et al. 2014)

The physical and chemical properties for solid garlic are of the dry weight. The

chemical and physical properties of garlic oil and garlic extract rely on how it's

prepared. (Lawson 1996)

Particularly, the concentration of biologically active secondary metabolites will

vary by the strategy accustomed process and store the garlic. (Brandi et al.,

2016)

Cloves of garlic (Allium sativum) accommodates between 0.1 to 0.36% oil (Merck

2015), averaging about 0.2%. (Khan et al., 2010)

Different constituents incorporate sugars, proteins, amino acids, nutrients,

minerals, saponins and compounds. (Merck, 2015)

The principal normal and viable approach to apply garlic as a pesticide is to

separate the oil—which is that the most commonly utilized structure as a bug

spray, fungicide, and herbicide.

As indicated by Upadhyay and Singh (2012) The lectins or lectin-like mixes

(ASAL) in garlic may meddle with different parts of the insect’s life

cycle. Lectins function as insect, virus, fungal, bacterial and mite plant defenses.

(Peumans et al,.2009)

These garlic compounds are toxic to many insects and can be an effective

deterrent to the action of feeding and egg laying. (Michiels et al. 2010)

Within the digestive tract of insects, they bind and damage sensory

receptors, midgut receptor proteins, intracellular proteins, and other essential

proteins. An Article written by Savatree (2002) further indicates that Garlic bulbs

contain an amino acid that converts into a substance called allicin when

squashed, mixed or hacked. The trademark scent delivered because of this cycle

has incredible properties. Insects are naturally spurned by the presence of

botanical extract. Thus, they don’t develop a protection from garlic medicines.

Infonet Biovision (2019) expressed that garlic has anti-feedant, bacterial,

fungicidal, insecticidal, nematicidal and repellent properties. Garlic is supposedly

viable against a decent scope of sickness causing microbes and bugs at various

stages throughout their life cycle (egg, hatchlings, grown-up). This includes ants,

aphids, armyworms, diamondback moth and other caterpillars like the

false tortricid, pulse beetle, whitefly, wireworm, khapra beetle, mice, mites,

moles, Epilachna beetles, and termites additionally as fungi bacteria and

nematodes.