Application of Interior Tank Coatings

DEC 97 APPLICATION OF INTERIOR TANK COATING GEMS V-2P0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
1. SCOPE .............................................................. 3
2. REFERENCES ......................................................... 3
2.1 Purchaser Specifications ..................................... 3
2.2 Purchaser Drawings ........................................... 3
2.3 Industry Codes and Standards ................................. 3
3. GENERAL ............................................................ 4
4. DEFINITIONS ........................................................ 4
5. PURCHASER REQUIREMENTS ............................................. 4
6. SUPPLIER REQUIREMENTS .............................................. 5

6.1 General ...................................................... 5
6.2 General Rules for In-Plant Work .............................. 6
7. EQUIPMENT .......................................................... 7
8. MATERIALS .......................................................... 7
9. CLIMATIC CONDITION CONTROL ......................................... 8

9.1 Factors Affecting Application ................................ 8
9.2 Dehumidification ............................................. 9
10. SURFACE PREPARATION ................................................ 10

10.1 General ...................................................... 10
10.2 Precleaning .................................................. 10
10.3 Metal Preparation ............................................ 10
10.4 Abrasive Blast Cleaning ...................................... 11
11. LINING SYSTEMS ..................................................... 12
12. APPLICATION OF COATING SYSTEM ...................................... 12

12.1 General ...................................................... 12
12.2 Preparation of Coatings ...................................... 13
12.3 Brush Application ............................................ 13
12.4 Spray Coating ................................................ 14
12.5 Ventilation .................................................. 14
12.6 Tank Bottoms ................................................. 14
12.7 Tank Bottom, Walls, and Roof ................................. 19
13. SAFETY ............................................................. 20

13.1 General ...................................................... 20
PAGE 1 OF 26
©TEXACO GENERAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
13.2 Solvents ..................................................... 20
TABLES
1 - Thin Film Lining Systems
2 - Thick Film Lining Systems
3 - Thick Film Reinforced Lining Systems
FIGURES
1 - Welded Seam
2 - Riveted Seal
3 - Welded Chine
4 - Riveted Chine
5 - Roof Supports
6 - Roof Supports
7 - Roof Supports
ATTACHMENTS
V-2P0I Inspection and Testing Requirements Sheet (ITRS)
V-2P0R Documentation Requirements Sheet (DRS)
PAGE 2 OF 26
1. SCOPE
1. This specification, along with API RP 652, defines minimum

technical requirements for coating interior surfaces of aboveground
welded steel tanks.
2. This specification does not define requirements for determining the
need for an interior tank coating. Service experience, analysis by
materials engineer(s), and consultation with coating manufacturers
shall be considered.
2. REFERENCES
2.1 Purchaser Specifications

This specification contains references to the following Purchaser
specifications:
1. GEMSGC, “General Conditions - General Equipment and Material
Specifications”.
2. GEMS V-1M, “Industrial Coating Materials”.
3. GEMS V-2M, “Interior Tank Coating Materials”.
4. GEMS V-1P, “Application of Industrial Coating Systems”.
2.2 Purchaser Drawings
This specification contains references to the following Purchaser
drawings:
None.
2.3 Industry Codes and Standards
This specification contains references to the following industry codes
and standards:
2.3.1 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
“Standard for Abrasive Blasting”.
2.3.2 American Petroleum Institute (API)
1. RP 652, “Lining of Above Ground Petroleum Storage Tanks”.
2. 653, “Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and
Reconstruction”.
3. Publ 2207, “Preparing Tank Bottoms for Hot Work”.
2.3.3 NACE International (NACE)
1. #1, “Surface Preparation Grade 1 (White)”.
2. 6F264, “Recommended Safety Inspection Check List for
Application of Interior Linings”.
3. RP0178-89, “Fabrication Details, Surface Finish
Requirements, and Proper Design Considerations for Tanks
and Vessels to be Lined for Immersion Service”.
4. 6D163, “A Manual for Painter Safety”.
2.3.4 Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC)
1. PA-2, “Measurement for Dry Paint Thickness with Magnetic
Gages”.
PAGE 3 OF 26
2. PA Guide 3, “A Guide to Safety in Paint Application”.

3. SP-1, “Solvent Cleaning ”.
4. SP-5, “White Metal Blast Cleaning ”.
5. SP-7, “Brush-Off Blast Cleaning ”.
3. GENERAL
1. Unless specified otherwise, surfaces to be coated shall include

nozzles, interior face of blind flanges, and manway covers.
2. Coating systems for tank exteriors shall comply with GEMS V-1M and
V-1P.
3. Used tanks that require structural repairs shall be inspected and
repaired in accordance with API 653 before work for interior
coatings may begin. Consideration shall be given before coating the
vapor space of an old tank, as it may not be feasible to clean and
safe to weld in the superstructure.
4. General conditions shall comply with GEMSGC.
4. DEFINITIONS
1. Desiccant - Solid or liquid material that has ability to collect

moisture from air and later release water vapor if material is
heated.
2. Gas free - Suitable for entry without wearing a respirator.
3. Relative humidity - Ratio, expressed as a percentage, of amount of
water vapor present in a given volume of air at a given temperature
to amount required to saturate air at that temperature.
4. Wet-bulb temperature - Temperature of air flowing across a
thermometer with its sensing bulb surrounded by a wetted wick.
Water evaporating from wick cools the sensing bulb in proportion to
amount of evaporation. Evaporation effect, and therefore the
cooling effect, is greater if air is drier. By measuring wet and
dry bulb temperatures and plotting the values on a psychrometric
chart, amount of moisture in the air can be determined.
5. PURCHASER REQUIREMENTS
1. Unless specified otherwise, Purchaser will provide electrical power

at the project at the nearest source. Electrical power requirements
shall be specified by Supplier.
2. Route of entry and exit to the project will be designated by
Purchaser.
3. Purchaser will ensure that the tank is cleaned and free of gas. All
covers will be removed from cleanouts and manways.
4. Unless specified otherwise, Purchaser will be responsible for all
welding repairs to the tank.
5. Floating roof pontoons shall be checked with a combustible gas
indicator. If an explosive mixture is found, pontoons shall be made
gas free before any work is performed on the tank.
6. Suction and fill lines shall be blinded.
PAGE 4 OF 26
7. Potable water as required by all trades needed to perform the

subject work may be furnished by Purchaser at its nearest source.
8. Where fire hydrants are available, Purchaser will provide a fire
hose. Fire hose shall be connected to the nearest fire hydrant and
“strung out” to the project. At the end of each work day, Supplier
shall ensure that the hose is depressured.
9. Unless specified otherwise, Purchaser will test the used blast
media. If used blast media is nonhazardous, Supplier shall dispose
of it. If used blast media is hazardous, Supplier shall place it in
approved containers supplied by Purchaser for ultimate disposal by
Purchaser.
10. At any one time, no more than two large containers, such as
rolloffs, will be provided.
6. SUPPLIER REQUIREMENTS
6.1 General
1. Work not defined in this specification shall be performed in
accordance with the recommendations of manufacturer of coating
system.
2. Portable buildings necessary to provide for office space, storage
of tools and material, sanitary facilities, etc., shall be
provided.
3. Sanitary arrangements for workers shall be provided. These
facilities shall be serviced during the course of work and removed,
along with their contents, upon completion of work.
4. Ventilation shall comply with SSPC PA Guide 3.
5. A fire extinguisher classified for fires related to the scope of
this work shall be provided.
6. Supplier shall abide by Purchaser safety procedures.
7. Work area shall be kept in a clean and safe condition at all times.
At the end of each day, all buckets and cans shall be removed from
the area.
8. Coatings, thinners, and solvents, including rags and waste solids
with these materials, shall be kept in tightly closed containers
while not in use. Trash material shall be properly identified and
disposed.
9. Waste byproducts from the project shall be removed.
10. Labor, equipment of adequate capacity and design, and materials
(unless otherwise specified) to perform the work shall be provided.
11. Personnel shall be qualified and certified in accordance with state
and/or federal agencies to perform the task to which they are
assigned. Purchaser has the right to refuse to allow any personnel
to operate any equipment for which they are not qualified.
12. Blast media shall be subject to approval by Purchaser.
13. Only coating products supplied or specified shall be used.
14. A responsible and competent person in charge of the work who will
remain on the project shall be present at all times during
performance of the work.
PAGE 5 OF 26
15. One person shall have a radio for a “voice and visual” safety watch
when someone is working inside the tank.
16. Environmental practices employed in all phases of the work shall
comply with EPA regulations and state or local air quality board
regulations.
17. Costs to clean up any environmental damage caused by Supplier
procedures and work practices shall be borne by Supplier.
18. At the end of the work, debris shall be removed and site shall be
returned to its original or better condition.
6.2 General Rules for In-Plant Work
1. Safety and work rules and regulations established by Purchaser
shall be observed.
2. Supplier shall at all times obtain a daily work permit, if
required, while working within the confines of plant. If required,
Supplier shall obtain a “hot work” or “safety work” permit.
3. Caution shall be exercised in the movement of heavy equipment on
plant roadways. A flag or ground man shall be provided ahead of and
behind heavy moving loads. Cranes that are moved on plant roadways
shall have booms detached or fully retracted.
4. Activities shall be conducted in such a manner that road damage is
avoided. Plant roads and other plant facilities that are damaged
shall be repaired and returned to original or better condition.
5. Smoking by Supplier employees shall be permitted only at locations
designated by Purchaser. Smoking shall not be permitted while
traveling in vehicles within plant. Purchaser reserves right to
forbid smoking anywhere within plant.
6. At all times, while working within plant, Supplier shall observe
and be subject to such rules and regulations as may be issued by
plant for:
a. Security reasons.
b. Minimizing fire and explosion risk.
c. Maintenance or restoration of good order (regarding smoking,
lighting of matches, maintenance of open fires, intoxication,
misconduct, etc.).
7. Supplier shall take steps necessary to ensure his employees or
employees of his subcontractors observe work rules and regulations
at all times while entering, leaving, or working in plant.
Violators shall be promptly removed from plant premises upon
failure to comply.
8. Supplier shall coordinate his work schedule with plant's working
hours to minimize schedule problems. Supplier working hours shall
be subject to approval by Purchaser.
9. Supplier shall include provisions of this specification in every
subcontract such that provisions will be binding upon Supplier and
his subcontractors, agents, employees, and independent contractors.
7. EQUIPMENT
1. Compressed air for blasting and coating application shall be free

of moisture and oil.
PAGE 6 OF 26
2. Suitable air filters and traps of sufficient capacity shall be

incorporated in blasting and spray equipment. Air at nozzle shall
be checked periodically with a blotter test to ensure the air is
free of oil and water.
3. Air spray equipment shall have double pressure regulation for
separate and independent control of fluid and air pressures.
4. Mechanical agitation, spray guns, fluid tips, orifices, and needles
shall be equal to those recommended by coating manufacturer.
5. Brushes and rollers shall be equal to those recommended by coating
manufacturer.
6. Scaffolding or staging used for surface preparation and coating
shall be subject to Purchaser approval.
7. Equipment shall be easily and readily accessible for correct
application and inspection of all surfaces. Purchaser shall be
allowed use of Supplier's scaffolding and staging to perform
inspections. Equipment shall be designed such that operators will
be able to stand erect with body and arms free of scaffolding or
staging and structure to be worked on.
8. Generally, round or oval brushes shall be used to coat rivets, bolt
corners, and rough, irregular surfaces. Flat brushes shall be used
on flat surfaces.
9. Lambs wool rollers with phenolic cores are the only acceptable
rollers unless Supplier can prove to satisfaction of Purchaser that
an alternate roller will work properly.
10. Supplier's temporary wiring, receptacles, lights, etc., shall be
weatherproof, explosion-proof, if required by Purchaser, and
NEMA/NEC approved for the purpose used. Light bulbs used shall be
protected by NEMA approved steel wire guard.
11. Nozzles used for blasting shall be grounded to tank grounding
system. Airless spray guns shall have a ground wire connecting gun
with tank grounding system.
8. MATERIALS
1. Materials furnished shall be subject to Purchaser inspection and

approval prior to commencement of work.
2. Coating materials shall be delivered in unopened, clearly
identifiable containers.
3. Unless expressly approved by Purchaser, different coatings shall
not be mixed.
4. Materials shall be properly stored in accordance with Purchaser and
manufacturer requirements.
5. Thinning of coating materials shall not exceed limitations
established by manufacturer.
9. CLIMATIC CONDITION CONTROL
9.1 Factors Affecting Application

9.1.1 Temperature
1. Coatings shall not be applied if:
PAGE 7 OF 26
a. Temperature of steel or coating material is below 50°F

(10°C).
b. Air temperature is below 50°F (10°C) or above 120°F
(49°C).
c. Surface temperature is expected to drop to 50°F (10°C)
before coating has dried.
2. Coatings shall not be applied to steel which is at a
temperature that will cause blistering or porosity or will
be detrimental to the life of the coating.
3. If coatings are applied in hot weather or thinned in cold
weather, precautions shall be taken to ensure that
specified thickness of material is obtained.
9.1.2 Moisture
1. Coatings shall not be applied in rain, snow, fog, or mist.
2. Coatings shall not be applied if steel surface temperature
is less than 5°F (2°C) above dew point or relative
humidity exceeds 80%.
3. Coatings shall not be applied to surfaces that show traces
of moisture as condensation or precipitation.
9.1.3 Humidity
Manufacturer's instructions shall be followed regarding
acceptable humidity range for application and curing of
moisture-cured coatings.
9.1.4 Measure of Ambient Conditions
1. Measurements of temperature, humidity, and dew point shall
be taken at the project at the beginning of each work day
and every 4 hours thereafter or sooner if weather
conditions appear to be changing.
2. A record of these measurements shall be kept, indicating
the wet and dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, dew
point, and surface temperature of the metal of items
coated.
3. Supplier shall have a “Psychrometric Chart”, shown below,
at his disposal at all times on the project.
a. The dew point is the temperature at which moisture
will condense on the surface. Coatings shall not be
applied unless surface temperature is a minimum of 5°F
above this point. Temperature shall be maintained
during curing.
b. For example, if air temperature is 70°F and relative
humidity is 65%, the dew point is 57°F. Coating shall
not be applied unless surface temperature is at least
62°F.
PAGE 8 OF 26
Dew Point Calculation Chart

Ambient Air Temperature, °F
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
90% 18 28 37 47 57 67 77 87 97 107 117
85 17 26 36 45 55 65 75 84 95 104 113
80 16 25 34 44 54 63 73 82 93 102 110
75 15 24 33 42 52 62 71 80 91 100 108
70 13 22 31 40 50 60 68 78 88 96 105
65 12 20 29 38 47 57 66 76 85 93 103
60 11 19 27 36 45 55 64 73 83 92 101
55 9 17 25 34 43 53 61 70 80 89 98
50 6 15 23 61 40 50 59 67 77 86 94
45 4 13 21 29 37 47 56 64 73 82 91
40 1 11 18 26 35 43 52 61 69 78 87
35 -2 8 16 23 31 40 48 57 65 74 83
30 -6 4 13 20 28 36 44 52 61 69 77
9.2 Dehumidification
1. If dehumidification is to be used, all necessary equipment shall be
provided.
2. Both condensation and desiccant type dehumidifiers may be used.
Condensation type dehumidifiers shall not be used below 60°F
(16°C).
3. Equipment shall as a minimum have capacity to:
a. Depress air dew point in tank 10° below ambient within 20
minutes.
b. Effect an air change rate of three times per hour, unless
particle loading is unusually high (see SSPC PA Guide 3 for
regulation).
4. If selected dehumidifier can reduce air dew point by more than 10°,
air change rate can be reduced. If dehumidifier cannot reduce dew
point by at least 10°, more air shall be used.
5. Air flow rate for a dehumidifier, in cubic feet per minute, shall
be calculated as follows:
(Vi)(AC)
 = ft3/min
60
Where:
Vi is internal volume of tank minus volume of any obstructions
measured in ft3.
AC is air change rate per hour (in this case 3).
60 is number of minutes per hour.
ft3 is airflow rate in cubic feet per minute required to meet
specified air change rate.
6. The following critical measurements shall be taken on a regular
basis at a frequency to be determined by Purchaser:
a. Ambient dew point (air entering the dehumidifier).
b. Dew point of air leaving humidifier.
c. Dew point of air inside tank near metal surface.
PAGE 9 OF 26
d. Surface temperature of substrate.

7. Measurements in paragraphs 6.a. and b. ensure that the dehumidifier
is reducing air dew point by at least 10°. Measurements in
paragraphs 6.c. and d. determine if system is achieving desired
difference between dew point and surface temperature.
8. Electronic instruments are highly recommended for these readings
because accurate measurement is extremely difficult to obtain with
manual equipment.
10. SURFACE PREPARATION
10.1 General
1. Surface preparation shall be performed to provide appropriate
combination of surface cleanliness and anchor pattern that is
required to establish good chemical and mechanical adhesion of
coating resin to steel.
2. Abrasive blast cleaning shall be to a white metal finish and comply
with SSPC SP-5 and NACE #1.
3. Surface preparation shall be subject to Purchaser inspection and
approval before application of coating.
4. While work is in progress, Purchaser shall be notified at least 4
hours in advance of any changes in schedule.
5. Unless authorized otherwise, no surface preparation or coating
system application shall be performed in Purchaser’s absence.
6. Surface preparations and coating application shall comply with this
specification and applicable laws and regulations. In the event of
conflict or disagreement, Purchaser will decide which will govern.
10.2 Precleaning
1. Before blasting, all oil, tar, grease, salt, and other contaminants
shall be removed from the surfaces to be coated or lined.
2. Hydrocarbon removal shall be accomplished by either:
a. Solvent cleaning (SSPC SP-1) by power brush and high pressure
water.
b. Steam cleaning using proper chemicals.
3. Cleaning shall be followed by a fresh water rinse to ensure
complete removal of soluble salts and cleaning chemicals.
4. If entire tank is to be coated, all rafters, supports, and
superstructure shall be included in cleaning process.
5. A “black light” may be used to locate undetectable hydrocarbon
contaminants.
6. Blasting shall proceed only after inspection and approval by
Purchaser.
10.3 Metal Preparation
1. If welding repairs, which are normally Purchaser’s responsibility,
are specified, the following shall apply:
a. All welding shall comply with NACE RP01, using Weld
Preparation Designation “D” as a minimum.
PAGE 10 OF 26
b. Welds shall be inspected before abrasive blast cleaning for

coating. Under certain conditions (determined by Purchaser),
blasting may be necessary for inspection.
c. Inspection shall be made in Purchaser’s presence. Additional
welding may be required to meet Purchaser standards.
d. Seal welding is recommended. If entire tank is to be coated,
Purchaser will specify whether joints in tank vapor space are
to be seal welded.
e. Striker plates shall be inspected and repaired or replaced.
f. If lining the bottom of a used tank, all holes over 1 inch in
diameter and all areas with a cluster of small holes or deep
pits shall be repaired by patching with 3/16 inch to 1/4 inch
steel plate with a continuous (seal) weld seam.
g. To prevent accidental fires or explosions, hot work repairs
shall be made in strict compliance with API Publ. 2207.
h. Welds, weld spatter, lamination in plates, and gross surface
imperfections shall be ground with abrasive wheels or discs.
i. Weld spatter shall be removed by grinding or chipping, leaving
no spherical deposits. A mounded profile is acceptable.
j. Plate edges shall be rounded to a minimum radius of 1/8 inch.
k. Weld seams shall be ground such that slope onto, across, and
away from bead is gradual but not necessarily flush with
plates.
l. Areas to be ground may be preblasted.
2. Blasting specified for coatings shall follow grinding of welds,
etc.
3. If lining bottom of tank with a floating roof, before blasting
begins, underside of roof and 7 feet up shell shall receive a brush
blast (SSPC SP-7) to remove contaminants and loose scale.
10.4 Abrasive Blast Cleaning
1. Blast cleaning shall be performed by an experienced four man
(minimum) crew with equipment and abrasive acceptable to Purchaser.
Purchaser reserves the right to reject operators who are not
experienced or competent.
2. Only dry blasting, using compressed air blast nozzles, shall be
allowed, unless wet blasting is required by local regulations and
approved by Purchaser.
3. Compressed air supply used for blasting shall be free of water and
oil.
4. Air compressors shall have a minimum capacity of 375 CFM per blast
nozzle, with a minimum nozzle pressure of 90 psi. Adequate
separators and traps shall be provided and kept empty.
5. Abrasive shall be selected to produce necessary profile or anchor
pattern for coating to be applied. Abrasive shall be free of
contaminants, such as water soluble salts, dirt, clay, oil, and
grease. Used abrasive shall not be reused.
6. Unless approved otherwise, blasting shall be done during daylight
hours only on surfaces that will not be wet after blasting or
before coating.
PAGE 11 OF 26
7. If blasting is allowed at night, surfaces shall be swept clean the

next morning with light blasting to provide original specified
surface condition.
8. Blasting shall not be allowed if metal surface are less than 5°F
above the dew point temperature of air or relative humidity is
greater than 85%.
11. LINING SYSTEMS
1. Lining systems are identified in three categories:

a. Thin film.
b. Thick film.
c. Thick film reinforced.
2. Maximum design temperatures for the systems are listed in Tables 1,
2, and 3. Specific recommendations for service shall be made only
by manufacturer of system.
3. Lists of recommended manufacturers are contained in GEMS V-2M.
12. APPLICATION OF COATING SYSTEM
12.1 General
1. Coating shall begin as soon as surfaces are properly prepared and
prior to formation of any form of corrosion contamination from
atmospheric moisture.
2. Blasted surfaces shall be absolutely clean and dry prior to
application of the first coat.
3. Spent blast media shall either be removed or adequately covered
prior to coating to prevent contamination of surface to be coated.
4. No abrasive shall be permitted in coating. Workers shall take
precautions (changing or dusting shoes and removing abrasive from
pant cuffs) to ensure that cleanliness is maintained throughout
entire coating operation.
5. If prepared surface becomes dirty or rusty before first prime coat
is applied, surface shall be recleaned to degree initially
specified.
6. Surface ready for coating shall be subject to Purchaser approval
before coating is begun.
7. Welds and edges shall be stripe coated with primer by brush
application prior to application of first prime coat.
8. Primers and coatings shall be applied free of holidays, pinholes,
runs, and sags to a uniform thickness.
9. Prior to application of any coat, damage to previous coat shall be
touched up with corresponding specified material.
10. Coated surfaces, including striping and touchup, shall be
thoroughly dry and clean prior to application of subsequent coats
in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendation for recoat time.
11. Each applied coat shall be subject to Purchaser approval prior to
application of next coat.
12. Coating thickness shall be minimum dry film thickness (MDFT)
specified by Purchaser for particular coat or overall system.
PAGE 12 OF 26
Maximum dry film thicknesses, if specified, shall be strictly

adhered to.
13. Unless specified otherwise, allowable dry film thickness range
shall be as specified by coating manufacturer on product data
sheet.
14. If, after inspection, coating thickness is deemed insufficient,
necessary additional coating to achieve required film thickness
shall be applied. If coating is too thick and detrimental to
integrity of system, excess coating shall be sanded off to required
film thickness.
15. Dry film thickness (DFT) shall be determined using methods outlined
in SSPC PA-2.
16. Each coat shall be allowed to dry and cure thoroughly before
application of subsequent coats. Time between coats shall be that
recommended by manufacturer for any given temperature.
17. If abrasive or other contaminants have contaminated coating,
coating shall be repaired. Supplier and Purchaser shall agree upon
a suitable repair method that removes all contamination and renders
all damaged coats whole.
18. If improperly mixed coatings (e.g., wrong catalyst or no catalyst)
are applied, coating shall be removed. Applicable inspection costs
shall be paid by Supplier. If necessary, these conditions shall be
investigated by coating manufacturer.
12.2 Preparation of Coatings
1. Coatings shall be stirred or mechanically agitated to ensure that
pigments, vehicles, and actuators are thoroughly mixed. Boxing is
not allowed. If required, coatings shall be continuously stirred by
mechanical agitators or Purchaser approved means.
2. Coatings shall be thinned only with thinner recommended by
manufacturer and in quantities not exceeding manufacturer’s
recommendation. No deviation from quantity of thinner recommended
shall be permitted without prior approval of Purchaser.
3. Tinting for color contrast of primer and mid coat shall be subject
to Purchaser approval for thin film coating application.
4. Pot life shall not exceed limits specified by manufacturer for any
batch. If this limit is reached, material shall be discarded and
new material mixed.
12.3 Brush Application
1. Rollers shall be of a style that will permit material to be applied
efficiently and uniformly.
2. Width of roller and length of nap shall comply with coating
manufacturer's recommendations or be subject to Purchaser approval.
3. Roller fuzz, if left in coating, shall be removed. Damage to
coating shall be recoated.
12.4 Spray Coating
1. Spray coating shall be performed by operators thoroughly familiar
with application techniques. Purchaser reserves the right to reject
operators not experienced or competent.
2. Spray equipment (conventional or airless) shall be:
a. Capable of atomizing coating.
PAGE 13 OF 26
b. Suitably controlled with pressure regulators and gages.

3. Air lines, material lines, spray guns, air caps, nozzles, and
needles shall be those best suited for the product, as recommended
by manufacturer.
4. Traps or separators shall be provided to remove oil and condensed
water from compressed air. These traps or separators shall be
drained periodically or continuously during operation.
5. Coatings shall be kept properly mixed by continuous mechanical
agitation in spray pots or containers during application.
6. Pressurized containers shall be fitted with pressure gages and
safety valves. Safety valves shall be tested daily before use.
7. Pressure on material in pot and air pressure at gun shall be
adjusted for optimum spraying effectiveness. Air pressure at gun
shall be high enough to properly atomize coating. Pressure shall
not be so high as to cause excessive fogging of material, excessive
solvent evaporation, or loss due to over spraying.
8. If necessary, a brush shall be used to ensure that all crevices,
pits, and corners receive adequate coverage.
9. Welds shall be given a stripe brush coat of primer prior to spray
application.
10. Runs or sags shall be brushed out immediately, or coating shall be
removed and surface resprayed.
11. Spray equipment shall be kept clean of dirt, dried coating
material, and other foreign substances. Solvents used for cleaning
shall comply with manufacturer's recommendations and be completely
removed from equipment before use.
12.5 Ventilation
1. During and after application, thorough air circulation shall be
provided until coating is cured.
2. No tank shall be lined unless it has at least two openings for
proper air circulation.
3. If possible, air circulation shall be fresh air intake at top of
tank and exhaust at bottom by suction fans. This requirement is
necessary because solvents used in coatings are heavier than air
and will settle at bottom of tank.
4. Exhaust shall be capable of preventing solvent vapor concentration
from reaching lower explosive limit for solvents used.
5. Ventilation shall be used for a minimum of 4 hours after final coat
has been applied to remove flammable solvents.
12.6 Tank Bottoms
12.6.1 General
1. Prior to priming, the following shall be prepared in
accordance with Section 3:
a. Bottom metal surfaces.
b. Equipment within tank.
c. Lower 2.5 feet of shell.
d. Lower 2.5 feet of all fixed roof support legs.
2. All welding and grinding shall be completed.
PAGE 14 OF 26
3. Dehumidification is recommended.
12.6.2 Priming
1. Prepared surface shall be subject to Purchaser approval
prior to primer application.
2. Striping of all welds and edges shall be completed before
general application of primer begins.
3. Blasted surface shall be primed within 8 hours or as
needed to prevent flash rusting and protect the blast. If
rusting or flash rusting occurs, surface shall be
reblasted to specified finish.
4. Prepared surface shall be rendered dust-free prior to
application of any prime coat by blowing off surface with
clean, dry air, preferably with an industrial vacuum
cleaner.
5. Cleaned surface shall be coated with at least one coat of
primer during the work day it is cleaned and before
formation of any form of corrosion or contamination from
atmospheric moisture (this requirement may be waived by
Purchaser in dry climates).
6. A minimum of 4 inches around edge of prepared areas shall
be left uncoated unless adjoining a coated surface, in
which case cleaning shall continue a minimum of 1 inch
into adjoining coated surface.
7. Runs or sags shall be brushed out immediately, or coating
shall be removed and surface resprayed.
8. Steel wet by moisture in any form shall be dried and
recleaned before priming.
9. No acid washes or other cleaning solutions or solvents
shall be used on metal surfaces after being cleaned. This
includes any inhibitive washes intended to prevent
rusting.
10. Thickness of primer shall be checked with a wet film
thickness gage during application to ensure specified dry
film thickness.
11. After primer has cured, Purchaser will perform a hardness
test and dry film thickness test prior to release for
continued work. Entry to tank during this period shall be
limited to inspection personnel.
12. Upon reentry, personnel shall wear appropriate foot wear
to keep from damaging primer.
12.6.3 Patching
1. Holes up to 1 inch in diameter shall be filled with
putty/caulking and patched with two layers of 1 1/2 ounce
glass mat saturated with layup resin.
2. Each patch shall be centered over the hole and extend a
minimum of 3 inches past perimeter or all sides of hole.
12.6.4 Putty/Caulking Application
1. Application may be by spray or putty knife and shall
include chine, bottom plate seams, bottom of sumps, and
along column bases.
PAGE 15 OF 26
2. Putty used shall be compatible with the resin system (see

Section 11).
3. Corrosion pits in primed steel (shell and bottom) shall be
filled with putty flush with substrate surface.
4. Large projections and lap joints on welded plates to be
coated shall be filled with putty to smooth out surface
and permit complete contact with laminant system. See
Figures #1 and #5.
5. Chine or bottom angle shall be filled with putty and
covered to a smooth 3 inch radius to permit contact with
laminant system. See Figure #3.
6. Riveted seams, lap joints, and chine angle plates shall be
filled with putty and smoothed to obtain complete contact
with laminant system. See Figures #2 and #4.
12.6.5 Columns, Support Legs, Sumps, Etc.
1. For tanks on which column base is not fixed or attached to
bottom by welds, a striker plate and resin laminant patch
shall be placed under column base as follows:
a. Plates shall be installed under fixed roof tanks one
at a time. No fixed roof support shall be raised while
another is on the jack.
b. Tack welds and/or guides shall be removed to free
column base and provide a smooth tank bottom.
c. Column base shall be jacked up in accordance with
instructions detailed in Figures #5, #6, and #7.
d. If a coating system is used without reinforcing,
“coating system” shall be inserted in step 6 instead
of “reinforced laminant” in Figure #5.
2. Striker plate for support legs on floating roof tanks
shall be placed as follows:
a. Tanks normally have a stationary striker plate with a

circumferential fillet weld as part of original
construction (see Figures #5, #6, and #7). If this
stationary plate is not a part of design, steps 5 and
6 shall be eliminated, and reinforced laminant (or
coating system) shall be applied directly to blasted
and primed steel bottom, ensuring it extends 12 inches
onto floor. Steps shown in Figure #7 shall then be
continued.
b. Auxiliary striker plate shall be blasted, primed, and
placed into wet laminant. Support legs shall be
lowered on auxiliary striker plate when resin starts
to gel.
c. Hollow legs shall be wrapped with plastic, secured to
prevent dripping during transfer to a temporary
support, and raised.
d. Reinforced laminate (or coating system) shall extend
at least 12 inches in all directions from striker
plate such that there is a 3 inch overlap when layup
operation is continued across the floor.
PAGE 16 OF 26
3. Sumps shall receive a reinforcement layer across bottom,

up sides, and 6 to 12 inches onto floor.
4. Additional layers of laminant shall be installed on tank
bottom as follows:
a. Under gage hatch (4 foot by 4 foot area).
b. Fill line outlet (4 foot by 4 foot area).
c. Swing line arresting chain of floating roof tanks (3
foot by 12 foot area).
12.6.6 Application of Laminating Resin
1. Lower Shell
a. Layup operation on shell shall proceed in accordance
with paragraph 2. and shall continue around entire
tank circumference, sumps, and column bases or leg
pads before laying the tank bottom.
b. Laminant shall be laid up shell 24 inches and extend
24 inches onto tank bottom, with a lap joint of 3
inches.
c. Glass shall be completely wet and sealed on top edge.
d. Resin shall be extended 4 inches past top edge of
glass.
2. Tank Bottom
a. Supplier shall refer to manufacturers’ recommendations
for specific equipment and detailed instructions for
application.
b. Layup operation across tank bottom shall, in general,
be accomplished in successive parallel courses of 50
inch widths and 20 foot lengths of glass mat,
providing a minimum lap joint of 3 inches.
c. Reinforcement shall be placed without stretching or
pulling in widths not to exceed 50 inches.
d. Any area of reinforcement found torn or damaged shall
be cut to remove damaged area and that piece
discarded.
e. General layup process across tank bottom shall require
the following procedure:
(1) Roll or spray a heavy coat of catalyzed
laminating resin on primed steel surface.
(2) Lay sections of glass mat into resin and compress
it into wet resin with ribbed roller smoothing
out all of folds and wrinkles.
(3) Apply additional layup resin as needed to
completely wet all glass fibers and mat.
(4) Before resin gels, work wet laminant with a
roller, ensuring complete resin saturation of
glass fibers and that wrinkles, folds, air
bubbles, and entrapment are released prior to
resin cure.
(5) During resin and mat application, check to ensure
uniform wetting and prevent resin rich (puddling
PAGE 17 OF 26
or surplus resin) or resin starved areas (lack of

resin and poor wet-out of glass fibers).
f. If chopped glass is being used, operation shall follow
same basic guidelines as layup operation.
g. Normally, chopped glass and resin mixture shall be
applied to a thickness of 55 to 60 mil DFT.
h. Care shall be taken to ensure all fibers are rolled
into resin on wall, as well as floor.
3. Laminant Inspection
a. Inspection procedures in this section shall be
followed prior to applying seal or gel coat.
b. The following test equipment shall be used:
(1) Microtest or Nordsion magnetic DFT gage.
(2) Holiday detector - DC flat 18 inch brush with
variable voltage regulator, Spy Detector or
equal.
(3) #934 Barcol hardness tester - Barber company
#934.
c. Entire floor and shell shall be visually inspected for
uncured resin, bubbles, voids, wrinkles, poorly wetted
fiberglass, and puddles. Defects shall be marked with
chalk for repair.
d. Entire floor and shell shall be randomly checked with
mil thickness gage to ensure system meets specified
DFT, less thickness of seal coat.
e. For vinyl ester and polyester laminants, floor and
shell shall be spot checked with a hardness tester.
There shall be a minimum of 30 readings after 24
hours.
f. A holiday detector, set at voltage recommended by
manufacturer, shall be used to test for holidays in
Purchaser’s presence.
g. Visible defects in coating shall be ground out.
Adjacent coating shall be briskly sanded with 40 grit
carborundum or aluminum oxide cloth.
h. Holidays which appear only under electrical testing
shall be sanded and patched with a patch of glass mat
saturated with resin that extends a minimum of 4
inches past edge of defect.
i. Uncured resin, puddles, air pockets, folds, wrinkles,
air bubbles, and entrapment shall be cut out and
patched with glass mat saturated with resin that
extends a minimum of 4 inches past defect. These areas
shall be filled with putty before patching with
fiberglass and resin.
j. Repairs shall be tested with holiday detector and
hardness tester after sufficient cure.
4. Seal Coat
a. A 15 to 20 mil seal coat shall be applied to all glass
reinforced resin surfaces.
PAGE 18 OF 26
b. Wax solution shall be added, as recommended by

manufacturer, for polyester and vinyl ester resins.
c. Complete system shall be inspected and retested as
outlined in paragraph 3.
5. Cure
a. Reinforced polyester and vinyl ester shall cure for 24
hours and then be tested with a hardness tester. If
readings meet manufacturer’s recommendations, tank
shall be put back in service.
b. Epoxy reinforced glass systems shall cure for 7 days,
with surface and ambient temperatures exceeding 60°F
before tank is placed back in service.
12.7 Tank Bottom, Walls, and Roof
12.7.1 General
1. Prior to priming, metal surfaces and equipment in tank
shall be prepared in accordance with Section 3.
2. Welding and grinding shall be completed.
3. Supplier shall refer to manufacturer's recommendations for
equipment and detailed instructions for application.
4. Dehumidification is recommended.
12.7.2 Priming
1. Priming shall follow procedure in Section 12.6.2.
2. Primer shall be tinted to identify it from next coat.
3. Color quantity and type shall comply with manufacturer's
recommendation.
4. If temperature of steel is below that recommended by
manufacturer for curing or forced curing is desired, the
following procedure shall be used:
a. Raise steel temperature to 80°F to 100°F. In
determining steel temperature, take readings from
floor, as well as walls and roof.
b. Install indirect gas or oil fired heaters with fans
behind flame/element to produce air in tank of 150°F
to 200°F at a convenient opening. Do not use heaters
that will exceed these temperatures.
c. If possible, install a suction fan in an opening as
far away from input fan as possible.
d. Maintain forced heated air input in accordance with
manufacturer’s recommended time and steel temperature
for desired cure.
5. Under highly corrosive conditions, after prime coat is
applied, a bead of caulking from 3/4 inch to 1 inch wide
shall be applied at periphery of tank (wall to floor) to
prevent premature failure due to expansion and
contraction.
PAGE 19 OF 26
12.7.3 Mid Coat and Top Coat

1. Subsequent coats shall be tinted different colors.
Quantity and type of tinting shall comply with
manufacturer's recommendation.
2. Coats shall be applied within manufacturer’s recommended
timing for recoat, as shown on manufacturer’s data sheet.
3. Coatings shall be washed with water prior to application
of additional coats if they have been exposed to the
following:
a. High humidity.
b. Dust, dirt, oil, or grease.
c. Operating plant conditions for any length of time.
13. SAFETY
13.1 General
1. Proper respiratory equipment and personal protective clothing shall
be employed as necessary.
2. Information regarding safety precautions is either attached to this
document and/or found in the following:
a. OSHA Standard for Abrasive Blasting.
b. SSPC PA Guide 3.
c. NACE 6F264.
d. NACE 6D163.
13.2 Solvents
1. Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), a volatile solvent and degreaser, shall
be used to remove uncured polyester resin with highest regard for
personal safety.
2. MEK shall not be used for washing of hands or body and shall not
contact the skin.
3. MEK shall not be used in an unventilated area unless Purchaser
approved breathing equipment is worn.
4. MEK peroxide, if used as a catalyst for coating material, shall be
stored in polyethylene bottles only.
5. MEK peroxide shall be measured in polyethylene or glass graduates
only.
6. The following shall be used in confined areas:
a. Explosion-proof lighting and electrical equipment.
b. Nonsparking tools, clothes, and shoes.
7. Structures and equipment shall be grounded.
8. Procedures that prevent static electric sparks shall be used.
9. Properly fitted appropriate NIOSH/MSHA approved fresh air
respirators, such as MSA or equal, shall be worn during and after
application unless air monitoring demonstrates vapor/mist levels
are within safe limits.
PAGE 20 OF 26
10. Respirators shall have 1/4 inch I.D. or larger air supply line
connected directly to proper air source.
11. Suction type exhaust fans and blowers with sufficient CFM capacity
to keep solvent vapors below 20% of explosive limit shall be used.
12. Air circulation and exhausting of solvent vapors shall be continued
until coatings are fully cured to ensure that no potential for
fire, explosion, or health hazard remains.
13. Use of a combustible gas analyzer or “sniffer” shall be required to
check for a safe level of combustible vapors.
14. Unless specified otherwise, Purchaser will provide continuous
combustible gas monitors inside tank during application of any
coating. If gas monitor sounds, Supplier shall stop all work and
immediately exit tank. No work shall resume until gas
concentrations inside tank drop below monitor set point. Such work
stoppage shall be sole responsibility of Supplier and will result
in no added cost to Purchaser.
PAGE 21 OF 26
TABLE 1
THIN FILM LINING SYSTEMS
Maximum Design Temperature °F - Thin Film Lining Systems

Immersion Fluid Epoxy Epoxy Epoxy Epoxy Epoxy Epoxy Epoxy
Coal Tar Amine Amine Novolac Phenolic Polyamide Polyamidoamine
Adduct
Ammonium Hydroxide, 10% Ambient Ambient 140 120 Ambient
Ammonium Hydroxide, 20% Ambient 140 120 Ambient
Ammonium Hydroxide, 5% Ambient Ambient 140 120 Ambient
Butanol Ambient 130 160 140
Crude Oil, Sour 140 120 200 275 200 120 140
Crude Oil, Sweet 160 130 200 275 250 120 140
DEA 100 100 140 120
DGA 200 200
Diesel Fuel Ambient 130 130 275 250 Ambient
Ethanol 130 120 150 120
Ethylene Glycol 100 130 150 160 100
Fuel Oil, Heating 140 140 180 275 250 100 140
Gasoline, Leaded Ambient 120 140 200 200 100 140
Gasoline, Unleaded 100 Ambient 120 200 200 140
Hydrochloric Acid, 10%
Hydrochloric Acid, 5%
Jet Fuel 130 140 275 250 140
Kerosene 130 140 275 250 100 Ambient
Lube Oil 100 120 200 275 250 Ambient
MDEA Ambient 180 Ambient
MEA 120 Ambient
MEK Ambient 150
Methanol 120 Ambient 120 90
MTBE, 100% 120 140 250 200
Naphtha 100 120 140 250 200 Ambient
Nitric Acid, 5%
Potassium Hydroxide, 10% 120 150 120 160 Ambient
Propylene Ambient 140 100 140 100
Sodium Hydroxide, 10% 100 120 180 120 160 Ambient Ambient
Sodium Hydroxide, 20% Ambient 120 180 120 160 Ambient
Styrene, 100% 120 120 120 140
Sulfuric Acid, 10%
Sulfuric Acid, 20%
Sulfuric Acid, 40%
TEG 140 120 200 200
Toluene, 100% Ambient 140 120 140 140
Water, Brine 140 180 200 120 200 120 Ambient
Water, Deionized 140 130 180 200 140 140
Water, Distilled 140 160 180 150 200 140 140
Water, Potable 120 150 Ambient 140
Water, Sea 140 160 200 175 160 140 Ambient
Xylene, 100% 100 Ambient 140 180 150 140
PAGE 22 OF 26
TABLE 2
THICK FILM LINING SYSTEMS
Maximum Design Temperature °F - Thick Film Lining Systems

Immersion Fluid Epoxy Epoxy Epoxy Polyester Polyester Polysulfide
Amine Bisphenol A Novolac Isophthalic Vinyl Ester
Ammonium Hydroxide, 10% 120 180
Ammonium Hydroxide, 20% 130 120 150
Ammonium Hydroxide, 5% 120 180
Butanol Ambient Ambient 120 130
Crude Oil, Sour 150 180 140 120 210 250
Crude Oil, Sweet 150 180 140 120 210 250
DEA 120 120
DGA
Diesel Fuel 120 130 130 Ambient 180 250
Ethanol 100 Ambient 130 130 150
Ethylene Glycol 120 130 130 Ambient 210 150
Fuel Oil, Heating 120 130 130 Ambient 180 250
Gasoline, Leaded 120 130 130 Ambient 130 150
Gasoline, Unleaded 120 130 130 Ambient 130 150
Hydrochloric Acid, 10% Ambient 120 160 140
Hydrochloric Acid, 5% 120 120 160 140 100
Jet Fuel 120 130 130 Ambient 130 200
Kerosene 120 130 130 Ambient 150 200
Lube Oil 120 180 140 Ambient 180 250
MDEA
MEA 130
MEK 120 120
Methanol Ambient 120 Ambient 200
MTBE, 100% Ambient 130 120 Ambient 130
Naphtha Ambient 130 120 Ambient 180 200
Nitric Acid, 5% Ambient 120 130 150 120
Potassium Hydroxide, 10% Ambient 130 120 150 120
Potassium Hydroxide, 20% Ambient 130 120 150 120
Potassium Hydroxide, 40% Ambient 130 120 150
Propylene Ambient 130 120 Ambient
Sodium Hydroxide, 40% Ambient 180 140 160 180
Styrene, 100% 120 Ambient Ambient
Sulfuric Acid, 10% 120 120 Ambient 210
Sulfuric Acid, 20% 120 120 210
TEG 120 120
Toluene, 100% Ambient 120 Ambient
Water, Brine 140 180 140 180 120
Water, Deionized 100 130 130 Ambient 210
Water, Distilled 100 130 130 Ambient 210
Water, Potable 150
Water, Sea 140 180 140 Ambient 210 180
Xylene, 100% Ambient 120 Ambient 180
PAGE 23 OF 26
TABLE 3
THICK FILM REINFORCED LINING SYSTEMS
Maximum Design Temperature °F - Thick Film Reinforced Lining Systems

Immersion Fluid Epoxy Epoxy Epoxy Polyester Polyester
Amine Bisphenol A Novolac Isophthalic Vinyl Ester
Ammonium Hydroxide, 10% Ambient 120 150
Butanol Ambient Ambient 120 Ambient 150
Crude Oil, Sour 250 180 140 180 250
Crude Oil, Sweet 250 180 140 180 250
DEA 120 Ambient 120
DGA Ambient
Diesel Fuel 250 130 130 150 210
Ethanol Ambinet 130 120 130
Ethylene Glycol 150 130 130 120 210
Fuel Oil, Heating 275 180 130 150 210
Gasoline, Leaded 200 130 130 150 180
Gasoline, Unleaded 200 130 130 150 150
Hydrochloric Acid, 10% 120 120 150 150
Hydrochloric Acid, 5% 120 120 150 150
Jet Fuel 200 130 130 150 180
Kerosene 200 130 130 180 180
Lube Oil 200 180 140 150 150
MDEA 130
MEA 130 Ambient
MEK 120 120
Methanol 200 Ambient 120 120
MTBE, 100% Ambient 130 120 150 150
Naphtha 200 130 120 150 210
Nitric Acid, 5% Ambient 120 150 180
Potassium Hydroxide, 10% Ambient 130 120 Ambient 150
Potassium Hydroxide, 20% Ambient 130 120 Ambient 150
Potassium Hydroxide, 40% Ambient 130 120 150
Propylene Ambient 130 120 Ambient
Sodium Hydroxide, 10% 140 180 120 Ambient 200
Sodium Hydroxide, 20% 140 180 120 200
Sodium Hydroxide, 40% 140 180 140 150 200
Styrene, 100% Ambient Ambient 150
Sulfuric Acid, 10% 120 120 150 210
Sulfuric Acid, 20% 120 120 120 210
TEG 120 180
Toluene, 100% Ambient 120 150
Water, Brine 140 180 140 150 150
Water, Deionized Ambient 120 130 Ambient 180
Water, Distilled Ambient 120 130 150 180
Water, Potable Ambient
Water, Sea 140 180 140 150 200
Xylene, 100% Ambient Ambient 120
PAGE 24 OF 26
PAGE 25 OF 26
PAGE 26 OF 26

Application of Interior Tank Coatings

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DEC 97 APPLICATION OF INTERIOR TANK COATING GEMS V-2P0

5. PURCHASER REQUIREMENTS ............................................. 4

6. SUPPLIER REQUIREMENTS .............................................. 5

9. CLIMATIC CONDITION CONTROL ......................................... 8

10. SURFACE PREPARATION ................................................ 10

11. LINING SYSTEMS ..................................................... 12

12. APPLICATION OF COATING SYSTEM ...................................... 12

13. SAFETY ............................................................. 20

13.2 Solvents ..................................................... 20

1. This specification, along with API RP 652, defines minimum

2.1 Purchaser Specifications

2. PA Guide 3, “A Guide to Safety in Paint Application”.

1. Unless specified otherwise, surfaces to be coated shall include

1. Desiccant - Solid or liquid material that has ability to collect

1. Unless specified otherwise, Purchaser will provide electrical power

7. Potable water as required by all trades needed to perform the

1. Compressed air for blasting and coating application shall be free

2. Suitable air filters and traps of sufficient capacity shall be

1. Materials furnished shall be subject to Purchaser inspection and

9. CLIMATIC CONDITION CONTROL

9.1 Factors Affecting Application

a. Temperature of steel or coating material is below 50°F

Dew Point Calculation Chart

d. Surface temperature of substrate.

10. SURFACE PREPARATION

b. Welds shall be inspected before abrasive blast cleaning for

7. If blasting is allowed at night, surfaces shall be swept clean the

11. LINING SYSTEMS

1. Lining systems are identified in three categories:

12. APPLICATION OF COATING SYSTEM

Maximum dry film thicknesses, if specified, shall be strictly

b. Suitably controlled with pressure regulators and gages.

2. Putty used shall be compatible with the resin system (see

a. Tanks normally have a stationary striker plate with a

3. Sumps shall receive a reinforcement layer across bottom,

or surplus resin) or resin starved areas (lack of

b. Wax solution shall be added, as recommended by

12.7.3 Mid Coat and Top Coat

Maximum Design Temperature °F - Thin Film Lining Systems

Maximum Design Temperature °F - Thick Film Lining Systems

Maximum Design Temperature °F - Thick Film Reinforced Lining Systems

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