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WHY DOES MY STOMACH “GROWL”?
As the food gets digested along with liquids, their is a movement of gas and air
throughout the GI tract. When pockets of gas and air get squeezed by peristalsis
in stomach and small intestine, it makes a noise or “growl.”
Stomach also “growl” when it is empty
The process of digestion begins long before we eat.
When our stomach is empty, the brain tells the stomach
muscles to begin peristalsis to aid in stimulating hunger.
Those muscle contractions around an empty stomach
vibrate and echo causing the “growling” sound.
EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOME
✓ A eukaryotic chromosome has more than
50% protein
✓ Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of
chromatin
✓ Chromatin → [DNA + Associated
Proteins]
✓ A human cell contains at least 2 meters of
DNA.
✓ This DNA is packed into a nucleus that is
about 5 mm in diameter.
NUCLEOSOME MODEL
✓ The most accepted model of
chromosome or chromatin structure
✓ It was proposed by Roger Kornberg
(1974)
✓ The name nucleosome was given by P.
Outdet et al

ROGER KORNBERG
NUCLEOSOME MODEL
Nucleosomes Structure
✓ Histones: Are small proteins responsible
for coiling DNA into nucleosome.
✓ They are H2A, H2B, H3 and H4,
✓ Octamer: Consist of two each copies of
histones,
✓ It form the inner core of nucleosome.
✓ Nucleosome appears like a string of
beads or
✓ Each bead is called nucleosome
NUCLEOSOME MODEL
Nucleosome
Nucleosomes Structure Nucleosome
✓ Linker Histone: H1 proteins is known as H1
linker histone
✓ Nucleosomes are joined by “linker” DNA.
✓ It connect one core particle with another.
Linker DNA
✓ Present once per 200 base pairs.
✓ These are loosely associated with DNA.
✓ H1 histone are responsible for packing of
nucleosome into 30 nm fibre.
DNA
SOLENOID MODEL
✓ Nucleosomal bead is further coiled to form a structure called solenoid
✓ It has six nucleosome per turn.
✓ The diameter of solenoid is 30nm.
SOLENOID MODEL
✓ solenoid is further coils to
produce a chromatin fibre of
300 nm diameter and then a
chromatid of 700 nm diameter
✓ Ultimately metaphase
chromosome of 1400 nm
diameter.
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