MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AT LAGUNA

Academic Year 2019 – 2020

EVALUATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH SUGAR CANE

BAGASSE AS CORROSION INHIBITOR IN REINFORCED CONCRETE
USING IMPRESSED VOLTAGE TEST

Johann Christian P. BALINGIT

Jonah Audric A. BICALDO
Lark Dave E. PADILLA

Thesis Adviser: Engr. Kelvin Ross A. Holgado

 Submitted to the Faculty of Malayan Colleges Laguna
In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
The thesis attached hereto, entitled “EVALUATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
WITH SUGAR CANE BAGASSE AS CORROSION INHIBITOR IN REINFORCED
CONCRETE USING IMPRESSED VOLTAGE TEST”, prepared and submitted by Johann
Christian P. BALINGIT, Jonah Audric A. BICALDO, & Lark Dave E. PADILLA in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering is
hereby accepted.

ENGR. RANIEL VINZON M. MAALA ENGR. ADA VIANCA B. REBUTIACO

Panel Chair Panel Member
__________________ __________________
Date Signed Date Signed

ENGR. KELVIN ROSS A. HOLGADO

Adviser
__________________
Date Signed

ENGR. HERMIE M. DEL PILAR

Program Chair, CE
__________________
Date Signed

ENGR. ORLANDO G. PEREZ

Dean, Mapua Institute of Technology at Laguna
__________________
Date Signed
 Copyright

“The authors and the adviser authorize consultation and partial reproduction of

this thesis for personal use. Any other reproduction or use is subject to copyright

protection. Citation should clearly mention the reference of this work.”

Malayan Colleges Laguna, June 2020

The Adviser The Authors:

Engr. Kelvin Ross A. Holgado Johann Chrisitian P. Balingit

Jonah Audric A.Bicaldo

Lark Dave E. Padilla

i
 Biological Sketch

JOHANN CHRISTIAN P. BALINGIT, a striving captain which once called by his former

colleagues. He was born on January 31, 1999 in San Pedro, Laguna and currently residing in Sta.

Rosa, Laguna. He is a civil engineering student since 2015 of Malayan Colleges Laguna under

the Mapua Institute of Technology at Laguna. He was a member of the Philippine Institute of

Civil Engineers (PICE) Laguna Chapter and Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies –

Transportation Science Society of the Philippines (EAST-TSSP) Malayan Colleges Laguna

Student Chapter. As a student, he always strive for the best even though being the best is beyond

reach. Despite the lack of time to balance work and study, he was able to do it well at the same

time. He dreamt of building his own firm which he wants to apply all his research studies so it

can be helpful in his future obstacles. As of now, he keep on striving for the best and still

working for the best. Making the people around him proud is one of his main goals. Not sleeping

for days is a normal routine, but for the greater good, he will sacrifice.

JONAH AUDRIC A. BICALDO, known by his strength of will. He was born in May 27, 1998 at

Makati City and currently residing in Sta. Rosa, Laguna. Jonah accomplished his primary and

secondary school at Caritas Don Bosco School, Binan City, Laguna. He entered Malayan

Colleges Laguna as a civil engineering student in 2015. He was a member of the Philippine

Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE) Laguna Chapter. With all the academic works, he was able to

build his own beautiful body in his own time. Working your body for hours is a lot of blood,

ii
sweat and tears. Normally, being health conscious is a sign of aging, but at a young age, he

prioritize anything that will relate to his health. The important habit of him, was sleeping very

early so that you can wake up early and work for the day.

LARK DAVE E. PADILLA, which known as the silent but deadly person. He was born on

January 25, 1999 in Malolos, Bulacan and currently residing in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila. He

finished his primary school at Jose Rizal Memorial School and his secondary school at Canossa

Academy Calamba. In 2015, he became a civil engineering student of Malayan Colleges Laguna

under Mapua Institute of Technology at Laguna. He is a member of the Philippine Institute of

Civil Engineers (PICE) Laguna Chapter and Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies –

Transportation Science Society of the Philippines (EAST-TSSP) Malayan Colleges Laguna

Student Chapter. With all the people around him, he was able to practice camaraderie which is

his best skill. Talking to people with full presence of his intellect and will, made him very

straightforward. As wise person, he was able to manage high grades without struggle in time.

With all the obstacles that he encountered, he was able to jump over them and proceed to the

next level of life.

We are group of people that do not settle with just an average score. Striving for the very last

seconds is the equal talent for us. At first glance, we might look neutral but in the very end, we

do extraordinary things. With the end of this research paper, this doesn’t stop us to aim for other

things. A long journey is ahead of us, it is only the beginning of a bumpy road.

iii
 Acknowledgement

The researchers would like to express their gratefulness to the corresponding for their significant

input in the achievement of this research:

Engr. Kelvin Ross Holgado, for the never-ending support of our study and research. His

guidance aided us all his time and effort into the achievement of this research paper.

Engr. Hermie M. Del Pilar, for being an important mentor and to further expand our technical

ideas. In innovating significant concepts that would give contribution to the society.

Engr. Ada Vianca B. Rebutiaco, for being our panel which assisted us on the revision of our

paper and also giving us guides on the proper format and possible options for our manuscript.

Engr. Raniel Vinzon M. Maala, for being our panel which provided us ideas on how to

correctly establish our research and gave feedbacks that improved our manuscript.

Mr. Vergilio Asuncion, for the assistance in our experimental method. His knowledge in

Electrical Circuits assisted us on the setup of our test.

Dr. Marish Madlangbayan, for the recommendations for our impressed voltage test. His

previous work inspired us to improve the setup and also gave us idea on how the method works.

Mr. Ben Q. Hernandez and Mr. Raphael T. Fernandez, for giving assistance on our

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test. With their help, we were able to conduct the test even in the

middle of Taal eruption and COVID19 Pandemic.

iv
 Abstract

As people experienced from the daily life, corrosion is a never-ending issue that causes

reinforced concrete structures to weaken which eventually end up decreasing the service

lifespan. As a solution, this paper aims to identify if there is a way that reinforced concrete

structures will slow the corrosion process which lead to a higher service lifespan. Consequently,

adding sugarcane bagasse as a corrosion inhibitor in a specific percentage ratio to the cement

(0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) was the main idea. In addition of sugarcane bagasse,

the necessity to determine the correlation between sugarcane bagasse and corrosion rate was

placed as one of the following objectives. In doing such method, it required an accelerated

corrosion which is done using Impressed Voltage Test. As the data were gathered from the

Impressed Voltage Test, it was possible to determine the correlation by using Pearson’s r

correlation. Afterwards, it is fundamental to designate the quality of each samples after the

corrosion process, whereas Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test was used. It was determined that the

sugarcane bagasse and corrosion rate have a negative strong correlation, wherein 30% SBCF-

cement ratio obtained the highest quality which was categorized as “Medium Quality” than from

the rest of the mixture. Ultimately, the identification of optimal percentage of SBCF was the

overall evaluation of the acquired data. Therefore, it can be concluded that 30% SBCF-Cement

ratio have the optimal percentage of SBCF-cement ration for corrosion.

v
 Table of Contents

Copyright i

Biographical Sketch ii

Acknowledgement iv

Abstract v

Table of Contents vi

Introduction 1

Review of Related Literature 6

Methodology 14

Results and Discussion 24

Conclusions 30

Recommendations 32

References 34

Appendices 41

List of Tables vii

List of Figures viii

List of Appendices ix

List of Abbreviations x

Definition of Terms xi

vi
 List of Tables

Table Number Title Page

1 Mechanical Property of Sugarcane Bagasse 7

2 Concrete quality 17

3 Average time on cracking on every percentage of SCBF 25

4 Average corrosion-rate of every SCBF percentage 25

5 Summary of Analysis of Variance for Single-factor (ANOVA) 26

6 Average Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity 29

and the Quality of each percentage specimen

A-1 Impressed Voltage Test Data 41

A-2 Corrosion rate per sample and average per cement fiber ratio 42

B Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Data 43

C-1 Average and Variance of corrosion rate 44

C-2 Summary of One-Way Analysis of Variance for Single-factor 44

(ANOVA)

vii
 List of Figures

Figure Number Title Page

1 Proposed impressed voltage test using steel plate 11

2 Actual impressed voltage test setup 11

3 Research flowchart 14

4 Actual diagram of impressed voltage test setup 15

5 Ultrasonic pulse velocity test (ASTM C597-16) 16

6 Shredded sugarcane bagasse 18

7 Cement, sand and aggregate mixed together 19

8 Mixture placed into molds 19

9 PVC molds were removed 20

10 DC supply apparatus 20

11 Two days in IVT 21

12 Conducting UPV test 21

13 Scattered-plot between SCBF-cement % 28

viii
 and corrosion rate

List of Appendices

Appendix Title Page

A Result of the Impressed Voltage Test 41

B Result of the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test 43

C Result of Statistical Analysis 44

ix
 List of Abbreviations

SCBF - Sugar Cane Bagasse Fiber

IVT - Impressed Voltage Test (ASTM-C876)

UPV - Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (ASTM C597-16)

RC - Reinforced Concrete

ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials

ANOVA - Analysis of Variance

x
 Definition of Terms

Sugar cane bagasse fiber (SCBF) – A grainy matter that remains intact despite the procedure that

takes effect.

Impressed Voltage Test (IVT) – A type of method used to expedite the corrosion process of a

sample.

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) – A non-destructive test that identifies the quality of a

specimen by using frequency waves.

Reinforced concrete (RC) – A rigid material that supports the load of the structure and

counteracts the force that have higher ductility.

Corrosion Inhibitor – A chemical substance that is combined to a metal to reduce the corrosion

rate of the specimen.

Corrosion Rate – A unit used to determine the quickness of metal deteriorating due to the

surrounding.

xi
 Introduction

Through the years of construction development, there will always be room for errors.

Some errors are impossible to eradicate although they can be managed in terms of reducing

damage or increasing service lifespan. One of the major drawbacks is corrosion, which is much

known in the construction industry. Reinforced concrete cement are one of the common fatalities

of corrosion. Which according to Prawoto (2009), with a rise in temperature, the corrosion rate

increases. Given the high humidity and temperature in the Philippines, the corrosion rate

increases then eventually deteriorates the steel rebar.

Steel reinforced concrete is considered to be a necessity in building beams, pillars,

foundations, and etc. Steel rod, wires, or cables are embedded inside the concrete mix to be the

frame of the structure. According to Sivasankar, et al. (2013), this reinforcement acts to both

tensile and compressive stress from the structure. In severe situations, steel reinforced concrete

structures need to satisfy the necessary requirements such as strength and durability. However,

given the concrete as a permeable material, which defined by Bahurudeen et al. (2015) that

concrete permeability is a property which various acid can seep to the exterior of the specimen.

This eventually can lead to corrosion that will give further damage to the overall performance of

the reinforced concrete. Some researchers try to find effective ways to lessen the rate of

corrosion of the concrete or deterioration of the steel rebar, despite the possibility of sacrificing

the economical side and environmental side of the study.

1
 From the study of Horsakulthai (2013), there are several methods to decrease the rate of

corrosion, however adding modifiers enhances other properties rather than corrosion. For which,

the researcher introduced the term “Corrosion inhibitors”, that have been developed as a protective

measure against corrosion. Corrosion inhibitors are additives that will prevent the penetration of

certain substances (Chloride and Sulfate) which is the main problem of deterioration in concrete.

One of the most common additives to cement mixtures are fibers such as rice husk which

according to Zarrei et al. (2017), helps the compressive strength of the concrete cement by adding

6.8% of rice husk fibers. Also, the use of recyclable materials such as Polyethylene waste which

according to Jassim (2017), the cement mixture with 25%, 30%, and 35% of polyethylene waste

produces the best compressive strength. Therefore, adding fibers and waste materials will not

only help the environmental side but also the economical side of the construction industry.

Since corrosion is a slow-moving process, electrochemical techniques have for some time

been utilized to decrease steel corrosion to a desired timeframe. One of which is Impressed

Voltage Test (ASTM-C876) which stated by Annamalai et al. (2013), a method that conducts

voltage into the sample concrete to accelerate the polarization process of corrosion. Impressed

voltage test aims to rapidly corrode the sample reinforced concrete in specific experimental

designs. This method requires submerging of sample reinforced concrete into a bucket of water

mixed with 3% sodium Chloride. Also, requires an electrical usage between two poles, which are

anode and cathode. Within these two poles, current will flow on an amount of 6 Volts so that the

Sodium Chloride will be charged enough to increase its flow to the concrete wall.

As per Miksic (2009), a corrosion inhibitor is a substance that are added to a mixture or

material to prevent corrosion by forming a wall layer that blocks harmful substance to the metal.

Corrosion being one of the reasons of failure in reinforced steel structures should be given much

2
emphasis in solving structural failures. Corrosion occurs when the steel reinforcements are

penetrated by water or acids (commonly Chloride and Sulphur dioxide). According to

Bahurudeen et al. (2015), Concrete permeability can be reduced through the enhancement of the

pore structure of the sample concrete, where the penetration of acids is the main cause of

corrosion.

Sugarcane Bagasse is a fibrous material obtained from crushed sugar cane. It tends to be

utilized as an animal feed, fuel, and paper. According to Sheth (2017), the Philippines is 9 th on

the list of the top sugarcane producers. Wherein, sugarcane industry in the Philippines is at rise

because of the high domestic demand and also the importance of utilizing renewable energy from

sugarcane byproducts. Sugarcane Bagasse is a readily available waste that are widely used in

different materials. Also, as stated by Mokhena et al. (2018), sugarcane bagasse are fibers that

can be applied to various fields, commonly in construction, which act as a modifier.

From the statement of Srinivasanan and Sathiya (2010) in their research paper, Sugarcane

bagasse contains 25% of hemicellulose of Lignin. Wherein Lignin is a chemical property of

Sugarcane Bagasse that can be useful in modifying concrete samples. Furthermore, Lignin as

described by Herrera et al. (2018), is a property that reduces hydrophilicity, moisture and gas

permeability. That gives an advantage to a material that is exposed in such environment.

According to Pandey & Kim (2011), Lignin is the second most common renewable biopolymer

that can be easily found. Given the complex structure of Lignin, it is very stable in terms of

chemical resistivity and have a high heat resistivity. It is also described by Salleh (2008), Lignin

is a rigid waterproof property that gives plants the structural strength that serves the plants as

environmental evidence that lignin is a property that focuses on the strength aspect.

3
 The fundamental target of this paper is to compare every sample in terms of corrosion

rate of sugarcane bagasse that can be utilized as an added substance to the cement used in the

steel reinforced concrete. Additionally, to give insights on the rising effects of sugarcane bagasse

on reinforced concrete cement.

 To determine the correlation between corrosion rate and SCBF-cement ratio (0%,

5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%) using Pearson’s R Correlation.

 To determine the concrete quality, in terms of integrity of the reinforced concrete

with the use of ultrasonic pulse velocity test. (ASTM C597 – 16)

 To determine the optimal percentage of SCBF-Cement percentage for corrosion

Corrosion is one of the main constituents of cracking and collapsing structures. The

ability to modify the reinforced concrete to the extent of decreasing the corrosion rate will be a

huge impact to the construction industry. The use of expensive chemicals as corrosion inhibitors

is very unnecessary, given the Philippines to be part of a third world country, which is typical to

live a low-cost livelihood. The use of environmental substitutes, such as sugarcane bagasse,

which is a waste byproduct, is an ease to the livelihood expense. Using waste byproduct as a

corrosion inhibitor is an effective way to less the cost for construction and establish a better level

of safety.

Sugarcane Bagasse are much used in biofuels, making papers, and other materials. The

availability of Sugarcane Bagasse is much higher than other chemical alternatives. Sugarcane

bagasse is a waste byproduct which serves the low expense on acquiring the component and also

the readily availability of the component. The use of Sugarcane Bagasse can affect the

economical side of construction industry and also the environmental side.

4
Scope and limitations

On the experimental approach, certain boundaries will be included into the study of

Sugarcane bagasse fibers with given percentages of SCBF-cement ratio (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%,

25%, & 30%) which recommended by Benito (2017). Furthermore, the sugarcane bagasse fibers

will be added to the steel reinforced concrete cement. Also, to conduct evaluation test on the

effectiveness of Sugar cane bagasse in reinforced concrete that undergone corrosion.

During the period of experimentation of this paper, the use of Impressed Voltage Test

(ASTM-C876) as an experimental approach to rapid corrosion, is a significant method that

requires the immersion of cylindrical reinforced concrete samples with deformed steel Grade 33

rebar (16mm dia. – 300mm length) embedded in a concrete Type I Portland Cement (ASTM C

150) with a 100 mm dia. by 180 mm high. The cement mixture is composed of 50 mm (ASTM C

33) – dia. above aggregates with a standard C/S/A (Cement, Sand, Aggregates) ratio of 1:2:3.

Furthermore, the samples are limited to three (3) sample reinforced concrete per mixture

(‘control sample - 0%’ included). All the samples are immersed in water mixed with a constant

solution of 3% NaCl (Sodium Chloride) and tested at the same time until the appearance of

cracks during the 6 Volts flow which are connected in parallel circuits on each sample.

Afterwards, the samples are subjected to Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test to determine the quality

of each specimen.

5
 Review of Related Literature

This section exhibits the related writing and concentrates after the intensive and in-depth

search done by the researchers. This will likewise introduce the union of the workmanship,

hypothetical and conceptual structure to completely comprehend the exploration to be done and

in conclusion the meaning of terms for better understanding of the related literatures.

Blended Cement

From the research of Balaji, Kumar & Meeravali (2014), the durability features of

concrete which is commonly in open environments have become a difficult problem in the

present-day situation. Blended cement is one of the best solutions to this problem indicating

durability. The adaptation of blended cements produced a sharp difference in results of

compressive strength within standard conditions and aggressive conditions.

Blending of cement with other fibers provides functional rationale which adheres suitable

properties with the cement base. Blended cement is a prevalent method that provides huge

resemblance from normal cement mixture. With samples produced, blended cements have

distinction between strength given the same environment.

From the study done by Sivasankar et al. (2013), additives like fly ash, silica fume, and

slag, reduces the permeability of the concrete cement by pore densification. The purpose of these

additives are to slow down the rate of corrosion and water intrusion inside the concrete cement

6
which upholds better protection against corrosion. Also, these additives give resistance against

ultraviolet light, gasoline, and other common chemicals that are harmful to the reinforced steel

concrete.

Sugarcane Bagasse

According to Mzimela et al. (2018), sugarcane bagasse is the waste material after the

extraction of the sugarcane juice. Predominantly, one of the main compositions of sugarcane is

the sucrose consists in its stalks. The utilization of sugarcane bagasse affects the energy

efficiency and cost efficiency in the construction development. Whereas it is very accessible and

sustainable because sugarcane bagasse is an excess material compared to other cement additives.

Srinivasanan and Sathiya (2010) conducted a laboratory testing that resulted to Sugarcane

bagasse consists of approximately 50% of cellulose, 25% of hemicelluloses of lignin. Each ton of

sugarcane generates approximately 26% of bagasse (at a moisture content of 50%). In future

prospects, the use of sugarcane bagasse fiber is widely reliable because it is economical and

environmentally exclusive to glass fiber or other synthetic fibers.

Table 1
Mechanical property of Sugarcane Bagasse
Mechanical Property Percentage Composition
Cellulose (%) 45-55
Hemi cellulose (%) 20-25
Lignin (%) 18-24
Pectin (%) 0.6-0.8
Ash (%) 1-4
Extractives (%) 1.5-9
Source: Yadav et al. (2015)

7
 According to Yadav, Gupta, and Bhatnagar (2015), sugarcane bagasse has a lignin

content ranging from 18-24%. From table 1, lignin is one of the major components for sugarcane

bagasse.

The substance plays a vital role in handling of sugarcane bagasse as a material. In the same

research, from table 1 sugarcane bagasse can endure a tensile strength of 180-290 MPa.

Lignin

Lignin is one of the components that compose the material sugarcane bagasse, it is a

sophisticated natural polymer that provides structural support to plants specifically Sugar cane

plants. According to Pandey et. al (2011), it is a complicated compound consisting of a cross-

linked phenolic nature which eliminates early breakdown. Corrosion actively arises when

exposed to environments that primarily consist of sodium chloride. According to Nair and Yan

(2015) the large composition of lignin when existing on the cellulose exterior and vague lignin

can suffice the void between the cellulose fibers and act as a blockage for water seepage and help

retain the structural inflexibility.

Sugarcane Bagasse as an additive

As stated by Rauf, Damayanti, & Pratama (2017) the attempt to produce fibers from

sugarcane bagasse to enhance concrete material is promising. The sugarcane bagasse impacts the

quality of bond between cement and other mixtures. It has fine chemical and physical properties,

for example, fineness, development, setting time and compressive strength.

From the researchers’ conclusion, sugarcane bagasse provides a good mix with cement.

The properties of Sugarcane Bagasse are commonly alike with cement. Also, from their

8
conclusion sugarcane bagasse contributes to the physical properties of the concrete cement,

specifically, compressive strength.

According to Kawade et al. (2013), sugarcane bagasse as an admixture to concrete had

exceptionally higher compressive strength compared to a mixture that do not contain sugarcane

bagasse. From the study of Yahya et al. (2013), the compressive strength of a grade 30 concrete,

with a mixture of sugarcane bagasse, increases from 28.97 to 48.83 given a 1% ratio of cement-

bagasse. Furthermore, with an addition of 3% exhibits a small decline in compressive strength of

sample concrete. Although there was a shift in the trend, the data that they have gathered

concluded that the sample concretes with different mixture of sugarcane bagasse have higher

compressive strength than the control sample. The physical and chemical properties of other

specimens when mixed with SCBF displayed that it can be a reliable source of material as an

additive to other mixing components. From the study of Rauf et al. (2017), the outcome of the

samples exhibited significant traits of the chemical and physical aspect of the sample such as

fineness, expansion, setting time, and compressive strength

Corrosion in steel reinforced Concrete

Corrosion in steel reinforced structures assumes a critical part in affecting the product life

of the steel reinforced structures. Various options have been created with the idea of

counteracting the corrosion and to improve the product life. According to Rivetti et al. (2017),

adding modifiers to concrete are commonly used method to increase the properties of the

concrete although some concrete reinforced with steel are also added with corrosion inhibitors

which mainly used as to decrease the rate of corrosion. Corrosion inhibitors that are added to the

sample concrete mix aims to slow the corrosion in reinforced concrete cement. The vast majority

of the inhibitors demonstrate by stabilizing the steel surface by forming the protective layer, and

9
few inhibitors respond with concrete resulting to a lesser permeability of the reinforced concrete.

Corrosion

inhibitors are commonly utilized as admixtures in cement for new development, yet they can

likewise be used for structural repairs by mixing with concrete as patches, spraying onto the

outside layer of the concrete or saturation treatment.

Stated by Sivasankar et al. (2013), steel reinforced concrete is an economical and

multipurpose construction material that are used to build concrete structures. Example of these

type of structures are; bridges, marine platforms, tunnels, and power plants. All of these

structures are exposed to critical environment throughout the entire life of the structure.

Aggressive ions such as Sulfate, chloride, carbon dioxide, and other harmful chemicals that are

widely present in our atmosphere can eventually penetrate to the permeable walls of reinforced

concrete cement Resulting to corrosion of the rebar and the deterioration of the concrete cement.

According to Kabashi et al. (2017), reinforced concrete are subjected to sulphate and

chloride attacks which is due to the reinforced concrete as a permeable material. Corrosion is the

cause of weakening of steel reinforced concrete causing to decrease its strength and eventually

destroying the structure. Corrosion in steel reinforced concrete has been a big issue for

reinforced concrete designing and construction. Corrosion exists because of chloride attack

which is the biggest source of corrosion. It destroys the film wall of reinforced concrete and

eventually destroying the material itself.

According to Secer and Uzun (2016), the presence of corrosion within Reinforced

concrete culminate to the decrease in structural performance and also the decline in the

serviceability and safety requirements of the structure. Corrosion can be detrimental to

10
Reinforced concrete for it can be a big factor in partaking huge weakness if its process is not to

be slowed down. Other factors

may be exhibited if corrosion were to occur like the cracking of steel rebars. According to Zaki

(2017) corroded steel bars collapse when undergone through shear test the extremely corroded

beam sample broke down with less cracks, caused by the weakened connection of steel

reinforcements could not withstand the stress to the concrete.

Impressed Voltage Method

Figure 1. Proposed impressed voltage test

As stated by Ha et al. (2007), the impressed voltage technique is a test in which the

corrosion is accelerated and in result, the permeation characteristics of concrete is determined.

The concrete cylinder with an embedded steel and the stainless steel respectively acts as anode

and cathode and the electrolyte is 5% NaCl solution. An external Dc source supplies a constant

voltage of 2V between cathode and anode.

11
Figure 2. Actual impressed voltage test setup, Reshmi (2016)

According to Reshmi (2016), the impressed voltage test is consisting of a concrete

cylinder with dimension of 150 mm diameter and 300 mm length was embedded in the center

with a 16mm diameter steel bar. The concrete cylinder is then cured for 28 days then dried for 24

hours to be tested using the impressed voltage test. The positive terminal of the DC power is then

connected to the rebar of the concrete cylinder while the negative terminal is connected to a

copper plate where in a constant voltage of 6V is applied.

According to Sivasankar et. al (2013), electrochemical polarization principle is the basis

of impressed voltage test wherein also stated that after the concrete is embedded with a rebar, the

present OH- ions quickly form Fe(OH), a passive film on the surface. During the impressed

voltage test, the negative charged ions of chloride immediately went to the positively charged

rebar. After this, the rebar loses one electron which then results to iron hydroxyl chloride and

later forms ferrous chloride (FeCl2).Afterwards, Fe undergoes oxidation because it is immersed

in water, it oxidized to ferrous and ferric hydroxide and finally to Fe 2O3. The volume of the rebar

is now four times more than its original volume which then produce cracks in the concrete.

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test

According to Gupta et. al (2006), ultrasonic pulse velocity test (UPV) is a non-destructive

method of attaining results in a greater significance of every aspect of construction that function

12
as testing purposes and a successful tool for concrete structures. The Cylindrical specimen would

be lied down longitudinally and two disk-like apparatus would be placed on each top end of the

specimen the two disk-like apparatus will portray the role of a transmitter and receiver.

According to Panzera et. al (2011), this technique was convenient over the traditional setting test

methods as it held out directly on concrete rather than generic pastes.

The UPV and strength of concrete escalate with an increase in age. At the same age

group of specimens, the mixture with the low water-cement ratio resulted in a better outcome of

UPV and concrete strength rather than the high mixture with water-cement ratio according to

Lawson et. al (2011). The transmitter emits frequency waves throughout the specimen then the

receiver will pick up the reading. The information received from the transducers will be directly

transported to the apparatus. With the use of UPV the regulation of corrosion and the quality of

concrete elements it may play a major role in prolonging the lifespan of a concrete Lorenzi et. al

(2007)

13
 Methodology

This chapter provides profound procedures on the experimental aspect of the paper. Also,

this chapter presents the materials to the readers in a descriptive format.

Preparation of Materials
(Sugarcane Bagasse, Cement, Sand,
Aggregates, Water, Rebar, PVC)

Production of Samples
(Mixing, Forming, & Curing)

Impressed Voltage Test

Ultrasonic Pulse
Velocity Test

Statistical Analysis

Figure 3. Research flowchart

14
 Figure 3 shows the flow of the methods to be used in this research. Preparation of

materials was done at the first part. Which to gather all the materials required to be able to

proceed to the next step which is the production of the sample reinforced concrete. Within the

production of the reinforced concrete samples, there will be steps like mixing, forming, and

curing that needs to be done before testing the sample reinforced concrete. In testing for the

corrosion rate of the sample reinforced concrete, Impressed Voltage Test (ASTM C876) was

conducted to rapidly determine the corrosion rate of the samples.

Preparation of Materials

The preparatory stage of the paper requires the acquisition of sugarcane bagasse would be

acquired from a local store that sells drinks that made from sugarcane juice. Sugarcane bagasse

will be soaked in water for 24 hours then sundried for 12 hours. Afterwards, the sugarcane

bagasse will be sieved into a sieved mesh #8 with a diameter of 1.0 mm. Then preparing the steel

reinforced concrete materials which consists of: Deformed Steel Grade 33, Type IP Cement,

50mm-dia Aggregates, Sand, & PVC.

Impressed Voltage Test (ASTM C-876)

15
Figure 4. Actual diagram of impressed voltage test setup

Figure 4 shows the initial set-up of the Impressed Voltage Test (IVT), which mainly

requires the reinforced concrete sample, the stainless steel (which will act as a cathode), Plastic

container, Water with 3% solution of NaCl (Sodium Chloride), and a DC power source. This

method aim to rapidly corrode the reinforced concrete samples at the same time which all lasts

until the reinforced concrete samples are cracked. All the twenty-one samples will each be

immersed in separate plastic containers containing water until the sample reinforced concrete are

completely submerged. The samples are in a parallel circuit which are connected in a DC power

source and a data logger. The deformed steel bars reinforced in the concrete are acting as the

anode and the stainless steel as the anode which will be subjected into 6 Volts.

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test

Figure 5. Ultrasonic pulse velocity test (ASTM 596-16)

16
 This test is a non-destructive test that pertains to homogeneity of the sample reinforced

concrete, which is done by transmitting frequency waves into the specimen which the apparatus

will produce the time of travel within the specimen. Mainly, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test

determines the quality of the reinforced concrete samples after which it was subjected to

impressed voltage Test. Each sample will be evaluated by using the ultrasonic pulse velocity

tester which will be in a direct transmission. The produced value for time will be used to the

formula in equation 1. This test aims to compare and contrast the physical appearance of the

samples which will be evaluated using table 2.

Table 2
Concrete Quality
Pulse Velocity Concrete Quality
(km/second) (Grading)
Above 4.5 Excellent
3.5 to 4.5 Good
3.0 to 3.5 Medium
Below 3.0 Doubtful
Source: ASTM C597-16

Length(km)
Velocity =
Time (microseconds)
Eq (1)

Corrosion rate (ASTM C-876)

W Eq (2)
Corrosion rate (in millimeters per year) = (87600)
DAT
87600−Coefficient
A−Area of theembedded Rebar ( cm2 )
T −Time of cracking ( Hours)

17
 gm
W −Weight loss ( wafter −W before ) D−Density of Steel ( )
cm2

Equation 2, shown above is the formula for corrosion rate used from the research study of

Reshmi (2016). Weight loss will be determined by the difference between the weight of the

reinforced concrete samples before and after the Impressed Voltage Test (ASTM C-876)

Experimental Method

The following procedures and quantities were obtained from Standard tests from ASTM

C150, ASTM C33, and ASTM C876-91(1995). Also, some details not included from the

Standard Test, were recommended specifically by researchers from previous related studies.

During the preparatory period, the materials like Sugarcane bagasse was bought from a

local store and also the Cement, Sand, and aggregates. After obtaining the main material,

Sugarcane bagasse was soaked into water for 48 hours. Afterwards, was sundried for 12 hours

which then shredded and subjected to sieve analysis using #8 Mesh which can be seen in figure

6.

Figure 6. Shredded sugarcane bagasse

18
 From the materials bought, a 50 mm diameter aggregate, bags of Type 1P cement, and

bags of sand were prepared for the mixing procedure. Whereas, the materials composing of

aggregates, cement, sand, and water were mixed together on a mixing mat while following the

Cement, Sand, and Aggregates ratio of 1:2:3 that can be seen in figure 7, then followed by the

addition of water into the mixture for 4-5 minutes. Afterwards, divided into 7 parts which will be

added with the prescribed percentage of SCBF.

Figure 7. Cement, sand and aggregate mixed together

From the PVC bought from the local store, 21 pieces of 100 mm (diameter) by 180 mm

(Length) PVC pipes was prepared to be the molds of the specimen. A deformed steel grade 33

rebar was placed into the center of the specimens, which separated into 21 pieces for

reinforcement with length of 180mm. Afterwards, the cement mixture were placed inside the

PVC molds. (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%). A tamping rod were used to level the

mixture inside the molds which can be seen in Figure 8.

19
Figure 8. Mixture placed into molds

As inspired by previous papers, a steel reinforcement bar were given a 2 in indention

from below. After 12-48 hours, the mold were removed which placed the samples into curing

process which is done in a plastic container with water in a room temperature of 24 Celsius for

28 days

Figure 9. PVC molds were removed

After the period of 28 days, the specimen was placed into a weighing scale to determine

the mass before the start of Impressed Voltage test using the DC apparatus on Figure 10. During

the Impressed Voltage Test, 6 volts were used to maintain the corrosion process on the

specimens.

20
Figure 10. DC supply apparatus

After two days, the corrosion started to take presence which showed a lot of dark colored

corroded parts which can be visualized in Figure 11. It showed that the corrosion process is

happening after only two days.

Figure 11. Two days in IVT

Once IVT (Impressed Voltage Test) was completed, the samples were rinsed off and

placed into a weighing scale to determine the mass of the samples. From obtaining the mass

before and after the process, that also determine the weight loss which is required from equation

2. Afterwards, the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test was conducted shown in figure 12. Wherein

the corrosion rate of each sample were computed with the use of corrosion rate formula in

equation 2

21
Figure 12. Conducting UPV test

After the acquisition of the necessary data, the ultrasonic pulse velocity was computed

using the equation 2. The computed Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity was evaluated with the table 2,

which used to determine the quality of the specimen. Afterwards, statistical analysis was done to

provide suitable claims on the objectives.

Evaluation of Results

After the completion of the Impressed Voltage Test (IVT) and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

(UPV) test, which was to determine the corrosion rate and the ultrasonic pulse velocity of every

specimen, the data acquired were subjected to evaluation. Assessment of every specimen was a

necessary step to find correlation between SCBF-cement percentage and Corrosion rate,

moreover, the specimens were subjected to (ASTM C597-16) concrete quality test which

designated the specimens into qualitative categories. The significance of SCBF-cement

percentage to the corrosion rate were examined by the use of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

The correlation of SCBF-cement percentage to corrosion rate were also evaluated with the use of

Pearson R Correlation.

One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

22
 The One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to identify if there was a

development of significance between the means of corrosion rate and the 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,

20%, 25%, and 30% SCBF-cement percentage which was acquired from the conducted

Impressed Voltage Test (IVT).

Pearson’s r Correlation

The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the r-value of the correlation

between SCBF-cement percentage and corrosion rate which provided meaning in terms of

direction and strength of correlation. The r-value represents the distance of data sets from the line

of best fit. Also, the r-value was a quantitative description on the precision of the sets of data that

were gathered. Furthermore, the assessment done from Pearson’s correlation, was to identify the

linear correlation between the SCBF-cement percentage and corrosion rate which represented the

variable, r. briefly, the precision of the two variables in correlation were relied on the line of best

fit.

23
 Results and discussion

This chapter provides necessary discussion on the data gathered from the test procedure

conducted by the researchers regarding the relationship of the SCBF mixture and effects of

sugarcane bagasse in reinforced concrete that had undergone the process of IVT. One-way

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) was used to inspect the significant effect and differences

between sample percentages. The optimal percentage of sugarcane bagasse relies on the sample

with the highest velocity which is determined by the use of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test and

the calculated corrosion rate from each sample.

Impressed Voltage Test

Impressed Voltage Test was used to accelerate the process of corrosion of the reinforced

concrete samples. The data acquired are weight loss, time of cracking, density of the steel, and

area of the embedded rebar, which were used for the computation of the corrosion rate using the

formula of corrosion rate.

24
 Table 3 showed the average time of cracking which were obtained from observing the

samples for every 8 hours. The indicator of which a sample underwent cracking when DC supply

apparatus shows an increase in the current-meter. Based on the results, the researchers observed

that the trial 1 & 3 of the 0% mixture sustained the lowest time of cracking which is 64 hours.

Contrariwise, the trials from 30% acquired the longest time of cracking which are 208, 200, and

200 hours, in respective order. Additionally, the weight loss for the trials 2 and 3 have a

decreasing trend while the trial 1 has also a decreasing trend but has the same value for the 25%

and 30% mixture. Based from the results, the drastic change in weight loss starts from 0% until

20%.

Table 3
Average time of cracking on every percentage of SCBF
SCBF-cement % Average time of cracking
0% 66.6667
5% 72.0000
10% 98.6667
15% 162.6667
20% 168.0000
25% 184.0000
30% 202.6667
Corrosion rate

At the end of Impressed Voltage Test, the target data were used to assess the corrosion

rate of every sample. Factors that obtained from the test which affected corrosion rate are the

time of cracking and the weight loss. The formula stated by ASTM-C876 (equation 2) required

the density of the steel, weight loss, area of the embedded rebar and the time of cracking, to

determine the corrosion rate.

Table 4
Average corrosion rate of every SCBF percentage

25
 SCBF-cement % Average corrosion rate (mm/year)
0% 0.1779
5% 0.1199
10% 0.0628
15% 0.0256
20% 0.0244
25% 0.0147
30% 0.0119

As presented from the results, the first trial acquired a decreasing trend of corrosion rate

from 0% to 30% mixture, following the trial 3 having the same trend. However, trial 2 obtained a

decreasing trend only from 0% to 10% mixture, then a varied trend from 15% to 30% mixture.

As observed by the researchers, the corrosion rate of 15% mixture is lower than the corrosion

rate of 20% mixture which provided a different analyzation of data.

Table 4 showed the computed mean corrosion rate of every mixture which is subjected to

evaluation of statistical analysis. Based from the computed mean results, the 0% mixture

obtained the highest mean corrosion rate while the 30% mixture obtained the lowest corrosion

rate. Furthermore, table 6 exhibited the drastic change of mean corrosion rate from 0% to 30%.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

The acquired data from the Impressed Voltage Test were used to calculate the corrosion

rate of every sample which provided the researchers the sum and the average of the computed

corrosion rate. With the formula of the corrosion rate and the use of Microsoft excel, the

researchers were able to complete the one-way ANOVA.

26
Table 5
Summary of Analysis of Variance for Single-factor (ANOVA)
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 0.0728 6 0.0121 312.8470 4.3309E-14 2.8477
Within Groups 0.0005 14 3.8801E-05
Total 0.0734 20

The value from between groups represented the percentage of SCBF-cement mixture,

while the value from within groups represented the value of error. Based from the acquired

results from ANOVA, the value of mean squares which is between groups is much greater than

the value of mean squares from within groups. This stipulated that the different set of samples

are not equal to each other. Additionally, the various percentage of SCBF-cement provided a

significant effect to the reinforced concrete samples.

Table 5 showed that the F-value is greater than the F-critical value which gave a

conjecture that the null hypothesis, that “all mean values are equal”, was rejected and the

alternate hypothesis was accepted which stated that “not all mean are equal”. Therefore, it

implied that there is a significant effect of sugarcane bagasse on reinforced concrete with varied

percentage of SCBF-cement mixture.

Pearson’s r Correlation

The analysis of data with the use of Pearson’s r, provided logical assessment of

correlation between SCBF-cement percentage (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) and

corrosion rate of each specimen. The corrosion rate acquired were plotted using Microsoft Excel

27
which compiled into a graph to identify the line of best fit. Furthermore, the variable r was

computed to measure how far the data points from the line of best fit.

0.2

0.15
CORROSION RATE

r-value = -0.82
0.1
Strongly Negative

0.05

0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

-0.05
SBCF-CEMENT %

Figure 13. Scattered plot between SCBF-Cement % and Corrosion rate

The plotted values in figure 13 were corrosion rate values that acquired from different

trials and percentage of SCBF-cement. The table displayed a downward line of best fit which

conveys that the higher the percentage of SCBF-cement, the lower the corrosion rate can be

attained. Furthermore, the computed Pearson’s r-value categorized the set of data as a strongly

negative correlation between SCBF-Cement percentage and Corrosion rate.

28
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test is a non-destructive test that requires two (2)

transducer; transmitter and the receiver. The main objective of this test is to assess the concrete

samples by measuring the velocity of the frequency travelled within the given length of the

concrete, in order to check the quality of each reinforced concrete samples which is guided by

table 2 from ASTM C597-16.

Table 6
Average Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and the Quality of each percentage specimen
SCBF-cement % Average UPV Quality
0% 2.5019 Doubtful
5% 2.4748 Doubtful
10% 2.5314 Doubtful
15% 2.7016 Doubtful
20% 2.7941 Doubtful
25% 2.9781 Doubtful
30% 3.0789 Medium

Table 6 showed the Average Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) and the equivalent quality

of specimens from performing the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test. The velocity obtained in Trial

1 varied from different mixtures although the fastest velocity was obtained in 30% mixture. For

Trial 2, an increasing trend occurred from 0% to 30% mixture which positioned the 0% mixture

having the slowest velocity and 30% mixture as the fastest velocity. For Trial 3, a different trend

was obtained which placed the 5% mixture as the slowest velocity and still the 30% mixture

obtaining the fastest velocity. As shown from table 6, the average velocity were obtained to

conduct concrete analysis and also for the characterization of the samples with the use of table 2

from ASTM C597-16 as a standard analysis of quality on each samples. The table 6 showed the

29
30% mixture was categorized as the medium quality reinforced concrete which is the highest

quality among the samples.

Conclusions

From the primitive setup of Impressed Voltage test, the researchers were able to

successfully perform the essential procedure which provided sets of data for corrosion rate. The

purpose of this paper was to prove the correlation between corrosion rate and SCBF-Cement

percentage. From the evaluation conducted using Pearson’s r Coefficient, the results exhibited a

negative r-value of 0.82 which implied that the correlation between SCBF-Cement percentage

and Corrosion rate was categorized as negatively strong correlation. Moreover, having a negative

correlation do not interpreted as a negative effect but rather understood as a good correlation

trend, whereas the corrosion rate decreases as the SCBF-Cement ratio increases from 0% to 30%.

The use of sugarcane bagasse as a corrosion inhibitor to the reinforced concrete gave a

significant effect to the experiment since the F-value is greater than the F-critical. Whereas, 30%

SCBF-cement was the most effective corrosion inhibitor since it obtained the lowest corrosion

rate.

30
 In determining the quality of each reinforced concrete, it was necessary to conduct

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test on the corroded samples. The results obtained from

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test indicated that the 30% SCBF-cement ratio was categorized as the

only “Medium quality” specimen. Although the remaining mixtures were categorized as

“doubtful quality”. This result implied that corrosion took a huge part on the quality of the

concrete. Nevertheless, the average ultrasonic pulse velocity of SCBF-Cement percentage

provided an increasing trend whereas the lowest ultrasonic pulse velocity was obtained by the

0% SCBF-cement percentage group, while the 30% SCBF-Cement percentage acquired the

highest Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV).

From the results obtained, it can be implied that the Sugarcane Bagasse can act as a

Corrosion inhibitor for Reinforced concretes. Which can also pertain from the correlation of

SCBF-cement to corrosion rate, the percentage that acquired the lowest corrosion rate was

SCBF-Cement percentage of 30 which valued to be 0.0119 mm/year. Regardless of the close

values of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity in the samples, the 30% SCBF-Cement percentage managed

to be placed into the “Medium Quantity” category. Therefore, the results implicated that 30%

SCBF-Cement percentage is the optimal percentage for corrosion.

31
 Recommendations

It was concluded in the gathered results that 30% SCBF-cement ratio gave the lowest

corrosion rate and obtained the highest quality from all the samples therefore determined as the

optimal percentage of SCBF-cement ratio. Furthermore, it is then recommended to investigate

the strength or durability of sugarcane bagasse as a corrosion inhibitor with less intervals that

ranges from 20% to 30%. Also, the curing days should also be incorporated which can be in a

divided into samples with 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of curing.

In the field of construction engineering, this paper will be deemed helpful which allows

multiple options on delaying the corrosion of the reinforced concrete. Furthermore, the data

gathered proves that SCBF-cement mixture has made an impact on the quality and also the

corrosion rate of the reinforced concrete. Also the use of sugarcane bagasse, which is a waste

product, will eventually help the agricultural side and the environmental side.

32
 For faster time of cracking, it is better to use more voltage on the specimens to further

accelerate the process of corrosion. Alternatively, other ways to increase the voltage is to use two

or more apparatus which can be connected in series. Furthermore, the time interval of

determining the time of cracking can be reduced or be set to a normal acquisition with the use of

DC amplifier which automatically stops the voltage flow from a cracked specimen.

Due to the limited amount of time, the ultrasonic pulse velocity test was completed from

a smaller apparatus. It is recommended to use bigger apparatus that can be found in laboratory

facilities which they will provide complete assessment of the quality of the concrete instead only

the time was obtained which then manually computed using equation 1. Moreover, it is also

recommended to us a different test such as ASTM C1202- 19 (Standard test method for

electrical indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride io penetration) which is more

expensive because of the availability of the equipment but gives more details and assessment of

the specimens.

33
 References
K. L. P. (2016). Effect Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash On Strength Properties Of

Concrete. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 05(04), 159–164.

doi: 10.15623/ijret.2016.0504030

An Experimental Investigation on Strength and Chloride ion Permeability Characteristics of

Concrete by Partial replacement of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash with Fine Aggregate.

(2017). International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering & Research, 4(9), 61–68. doi:

10.21884/ijmter.2017.4280.b8lia

Ahmad, Shamsad. (2009). Techniques for Inducing Accelerated Corrosion of Steel in Concrete.

Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 34.

Annamalai, Sivasankar & Stango, Arul Xavier Stango & Vedalakshmi, R.. (2013). Quantitative

estimation on delaying of onset of corrosion of rebar in surface treated concrete using sealers.

Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 4. 615–623. 10.1016/j.asej.2013.01.007

34
Bagasse and cane trash. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://biomassproducer.com.au/producing-

biomass/biomass-types/crop-residue/bagasse/#.XZ60V0Yza00.

Bahurudeen A., Kanraj D., Dev V.G., Santhanam M. Performance evaluation of sugarcane bagasse

ash blended cement in concrete. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2015;59:77–88. doi:

10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.03.004.

Baten, B., Hasan, J., Bose, B., & Manzur, T. (2017). An efficient experiment setup for rapid

assessment of rebar corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. International Journal of

Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 4(5), 83–88. Retrieved from http://iraj.in/

Benito, E. K. (2017). Corrosion Damage Measurement On Reinforced Concrete By Impressed

Voltage Technique And Gravimetric Method. International Journal of GEOMATE, 13(39). doi:

10.21660/2017.39.65526

rrosion Inhibitors for Reinforced Concrete. (2007). doi: 10.5703/1288284315754

Dharmaraj, R., & Malathy, R. (2016). Mechanical and corrosion properties of a reinforcing steel for

self compacting concrete (SCC). International Journal of Technology and Engineering System

(IJTES), 8(1), 17–25. Retrieved from http://www.ijcns.com/

Deocareza, A. P., Gebana, R. D., & Morada, G. R. (2014). Development of cement board using

waste milled sugarcane bagasse .

Fairbairn, E. M. R., Americano, B. B., Cordeiro, G. C., Paula, T. P., Toledo Filho, R. D., & Silvoso,

M. M. (2010). Cement replacement by sugar cane bagasse ash: CO2 emissions reduction and

potential for carbon credits. Journal of Environmental Management, 91(9), 1864–1871.

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.04.008

35
Ha, T.-H., Muralidharan, S., Bae, J.-H., Ha, Y.-C., Lee, H.-G., Park, K.-W., & Kim, D.-K. (2007).

Accelerated short-term techniques to evaluate the corrosion performance of steel in fly ash

blended concrete. Building and Environment, 42(1), 78–85. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.08.019

Horsakulthai. (2013). Strength, Chloride Permeability And Corrosion Of Coarse Fly Ash Concrete

With Bagasse-Rice Husk-Wood Ash Additive. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 10(3),

239–246. doi: 10.3844/ajassp.2013.239.246

Herrera, M., Thitiwutthisakul, K., Yang, X., Rujitanaroj, P.-O., Rojas, R., & Berglund, L. (2018).

Preparation and evaluation of high-lignin content cellulose nanofibrils from eucalyptus

pulp. Cellulose, 25(5), 3121–3133. doi: 10.1007/s10570-018-1764-9

High performance fiber reinforced cement composites. (1992). Cement and Concrete

Composites, 14(4), 287. doi: 10.1016/0958-9465(92)90027-s

Jassim, A. K. (2017). Recycling of Polyethylene Waste to Produce Plastic Cement. Procedia

Manufacturing, 8, 635–642. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2017.02.081

Kabashi, Naser & Krasniqi, Cene & Sadikaj, Anita & Bublaku, Skender & Ali, Muriqi & Morina,

Hysni. (2017). CORROSION IN CONCRETE UNDER SULPHATE AND CHLORIDE

ATTACKS.

Kawade U. R, Rathi V. R, and Girge V. D. (2013). Effect of used of Bagasse Ash

on Strength of Concrete. Engineering Science, 2.

Kewalramani, M. A., & Gupta, R. (2006). Concrete compressive strength prediction using

ultrasonic pulse velocity through artificial neural networks. Automation in Construction, 15(3),

374-379.

36
Koga, G. Y., Albert, B., & Nogueira, R. P. (2018). Revisiting the ASTM C876 standard for

corrosion of reinforcing steel: On the correlation between corrosion potential and polarization

resistance during the curing of different cement mortars. Electrochemistry Communications, 94,

1–4. doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.07.017

Lawson, I., Danso, K. A., Odoi, H. C., Adjei, C. A., Quashie, F. K., Mumuni, I. I., & Ibrahim, I. S.

(2011). Non-destructive evaluation of concrete using ultrasonic pulse velocity. Research Journal

of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 3(6), 499-504.

Lee, B.-C., Jung, S.-H., Kim, J.-H., & Kwon, S.-J. (2011). Evaluation for Properties of Domestic

Pond Ash Aggregate and Durability Performance in Pond Ash Concrete. Journal of the Korea

Concrete Institute, 23(3), 311–320. doi: 10.4334/jkci.2011.23.3.311

Lorenzi, Alexandre & Tisbierek, Francisco & Silva Filho, Luiz Carlos. (2007). Ultrasonic pulse

velocity analysis in concrete specimens.

Meeravali, K., Balaji, K. G. D., & Kumar, S. (2014). Partial Replacement of cement in concrete with

sugarcane bagasse ash behaviour in HCl solution, 3(7), 368–373.

Miksic, B. M., Furman, A. Y., & Kharshan , M. A. (2009). Effectiveness of the corrosion inhibitors

for the petroleum industry under various flow conbalajiditions .

Mokhena, T. C., Mochane, M. J., Motaung, T. E., Linganiso, L. Z., Thekisoe, O. M., & Songca, S.

P. (2018). Sugarcane Bagasse and Cellulose Polymer Composites. Sugarcane - Technology and

Research. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.71497

M.P Pandey, C.S Kim, Chem. Eng. Technol., 34, 1, 29-41 (2011)

37
Mzimela, Z. & Mochane, Mokgaotsa & Tshwafo, Motaung. (2018). Sugarcane bagasse waste

management.

Nair S, Yan N (2015) Effect of high residual lignin on the thermal stability of nanofibrils and its

enhanced mechanical performance in aqueous environments. Cellulose 22:3137

Panzera, T. H., Christoforo, A. L., Cota, F. P., Borges, P. R., & Bowen, C. R. (2011). Ultrasonic

pulse velocity evaluation of cementitious materials. Adv. Compos. Mater.-Anal. Nat. man-made

Mater, 17, 411-436.

Palanisamy, G. (2019, July 23). Corrosion Inhibitors. Retrieved October 10, 2019, from

https://www.intechopen.com/books/corrosion-inhibitors/corrosion-inhibitors.

Prawoto, Yunan & Ibrahim, Khaled & wan nik, wan sani. (2009). Effect of ph and chloride

concentration on the corrosion of duplex stainless steel. Arabian Journal for Science and

Engineering. 34.

Rauf, N., Damayanti, M. C., & Pratama, S. W. I. (2017). The influence of sugarcane bagasse ash as

fly ash on cement quality. doi: 10.1063/1.4973098

Reshmi, S. R. (2016). Durability Performance of Concrete Replaced with Pond ash as Fine

Aggregate. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 12–18.

Rivetti, M. L. S., Neto, J. da S. A., Júnior, N. S. de A., & Ribeiro, D. V. (2018). Corrosion Inhibitors

for Reinforced Concrete. Corrosion Inhibitors, Principles and Recent

Applications. doi:10.5772/intechopen.72772 

Salleh, A. (2008). Sweet edge on waterproof paper. Retrieved from

https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2008/08/13/2333996.htm

38
Secer, M., & Uzun, E. T. (2017). Corrosion Damage Analysis of Steel Frames Considering Lateral

Torsional Buckling. Procedia Engineering, 171, 1234–1241. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.415

Sheth, Khushboo. (2017, April 25). Top Sugarcane Producing Countries. Retrieved from

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/top-sugarcane-producing-countries.html

Shafiq, Nasir & Hussein, Asma & Nuruddin, Muhd & Al-Mattarneh, Hashem. (2016). Effects of

sugarcane bagasse ash on the properties of concrete. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil

Engineers - Engineering Sustainability. 171. 10.1680/jensu.15.00014.

Sivasankar, A., Stango, S. A. X., & Vedalakshmi, R. (2013). Quantitative estimation on delaying of

onset of corrosion of rebar in surface treated concrete using sealers. Ain Shams Engineering

Journal, 4(4), 615–623. doi: 10.1016/j.asej.2013.01.007

Source, F. P. I. (n.d.). Polymer Properties Database. Retrieved from

http://polymerdatabase.com/polymer classes/Lignin type.html.

Srinivasan, R., & Sathiya, K. (2010). Experimental Study On Bagasse Ash In

Concrete. International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, Humanitarian Engineering

and Social Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 60–66. doi: 10.24908/ijsle.v5i2.2992

Trejo, D., Halmen, C., & Reinschmidt, K. (2009). Corrosion Performance Tests For Reinforcing

Steel In Concrete: Technical Report . CORROSION PERFORMANCE TESTS FOR

REINFORCING STEEL IN CONCRETE: TECHNICAL REPORT . Austin, Texas: Texas

Transportation Institute .

Verma, D., Gope, P. C., Singh, I., & Jain, S. (2014). Processing and Properties of Bagasse

Fibers. Biomass and Bioenergy, 63–75. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-07641-6_4

39
Yadav, S., Gupta, G., & Bhatnagar, R. (2015). A Review on Composition and Properties of Bagasse

Fibers . International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 6(5), 143–148.

Yahaya, Yusrin. (2013). Usage of Sugarcane Bagasse as Concrete Retarder. International Journal of

Business and Technopreneurship. 3. 495-503.

Yahya, Muhamad & Yusof, mohammed Alias & Abu Hassan, Zulkifli & Mohd Daud, Mohd &

Misnon, Noor Aina & Khadijah, Siti & Che Osmi, Siti Khadijah & Ridzuan, Norita & Mohamad

Nor, Norazman & Yahaya, Yusrin. (2013). Usage of Sugarcane Bagasse as Concrete Retarder.

International Journal of Business and Technopreneurship. 3. 495-503.

Zareei, S. A., Ameri, F., Dorostkar, F., & Ahmadi, M. (2017). Rice husk ash as a partial replacement

of cement in high strength concrete containing micro silica: Evaluating durability and

mechanical properties. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 7, 73–81.

doi:10.1016/j.cscm.2017.05.00

40
 Appendices

Appendix A

Result of the Impressed Voltage Test

Table A-1
Impressed Voltage Test Data
SCBF-cement % Density of Area of embedded Trial Time of cracking Weight loss
steel rebar (hours) (kg)
0% 7.8 69.4 1 64 0.067
2 72 0.080
3 64 0.073
5% 7.8 69.4 1 72 0.052
2 72 0.060
3 72 0.048
10% 7.8 69.4 1 104 0.042
2 96 0.036
3 96 0.037
15% 7.8 69.4 1 160 0.029
2 160 0.024
3 168 0.024
20% 7.8 69.4 1 168 0.027
2 168 0.026
3 168 0.023
25% 7.8 69.4 1 184 0.016
2 184 0.017
3 184 0.017
30% 7.8 69.4 1 208 0.016
2 200 0.013
3 200 0.016

41
Table A-2
Corrosion rate per sample and average per cement fiber ratio
SCBF-cement % Trial Corrosion rate Average corrosion rate
0% 1 0.1694
2 0.1798 0.1779
3 0.1846
5% 1 0.1169
2 0.1349 0.1199
3 0.1079
10% 1 0.0654
2 0.0607 0.0628
3 0.0624
15% 1 0.0293
2 0.0243 0.0256
3 0.0231
20% 1 0.0260
2 0.0250 0.0244
3 0.0222
25% 1 0.0141
2 0.0150 0.0147
3 0.0150
30% 1 0.0124
2 0.0105 0.0119
3 0.0129

42
 Appendix B

Result of the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test

Table B
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Data
SCBF-cement % Trial Time(micro-seconds) UPV Average Quality
0 1 70.2 2.5641
2 72.9 2.4691 2.5019 Doubtful
3 72.8 2.4725
5 1 72.7 2.4759 2.4748
2 72.4 2.4862 Doubtful
3 73.1 2.4624
10 1 72.9 2.4691
2 69.6 2.5862 2.5314 Doubtful
3 70.9 2.5388
15 1 68.7 2.6201
2 64.7 2.782 2.7016 Doubtful
3 66.6 2.7027
20 1 65.6 2.7439
2 63.4 2.8391 2.7841 Doubtful
3 64.3 2.7994
25 1 62.1 2.8986
2 59.1 3.0457 2.9781 Doubtful
3 60.2 2.99
30 1 57.8 3.1142
2 58.7 3.0664 3.0789 Medium
3 38.9 3.056

43
 Appendix C

Result of Statistical Analysis

Table C-1
Average and Variance of corrosion rate
SCBF-cement % Trials Sum Average Variance
0% 3 0.5338 0.1779 6.0373E-05
5% 3 0.3597 0.1199 1.8900E-04
10% 3 0.1885 0.0628 5.6633E-06
15% 3 0.0767 0.0256 1.0813E-05
20% 3 0.0732 0.0244 3.8800E-06
25% 3 0.0441 0.0147 2.7000E-07
30% 3 0.0358 0.0119 1.6033E-06

Table C-2
Summary of One-Way Analysis of Variance for Single-factor (ANOVA)
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 0.0728 6 0.0121 312.8470 4.3309E-14 2.8477
Within Groups 0.0005 14 3.8801E-05
Total 0.0734 20

44