16 Division/ Master Format

of Construction
o Division 01: General Requirements
o Division 02: Siteworks
o Division 03: Concrete
o Division 04: Masonry
o Division 05; Metals
o Division 06: Wood & Plastics
o Division 07: Thermal & Moisture
Pro
o Division 08: Doors and Windows
o Division 09: Finishes
o Division 10: Specialties
o Division 11: Equipment
o Division 12: Furnishing
o Division 13: Special Construction
o Division 14: Conveying System
o Division 15: Mechanical
o Division 16: Electrical
 DEFINITION  WOOD: a tough, fibrous cellular substance that
 CLASSIFICATIONS makes up most of stems, branches of trees
beneath the bark. (source: DK CHING)
 STRUCTURES of wood
 PROPERTIES of wood  Also, a fibrous substance which composes the
 DEFECTS of wood trunk and branches of the tree that lies between
 METHODS of sawing the pitch and bark.
 LUMBER* (GROUP 1)
 More specifically defined as the lignified water
conducting, strengthening and storage tissues
of branches, stem and roots of tress.
(source: Max B. Fajardo)
 DEFINITION  CROSS SECTIONAL PARTS OF A WOOD:
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 STRUCTURES of wood BARK: (OUTER BARK & INNER BARK)
 PROPERTIES of wood the tough external covering of a woody stem,
branch or root composed of a living inner layer
 DEFECTS of wood called PHLOEM and an outer bark of corky,
 METHODS of sawing dead tissue.
 LUMBER*
PHLOEM: layer of tissue that carries food from
leaves to the growing parts of a tree. Also
known as the INNER BARK.

CAMBIUM: thin layer of reproductive tissue

between the phloem and the xylem.

XYLEM: woody tissue of a tree that provides

support and conducts water and mineral
nutrients upward from the roots.

PITCH: the soft, central core about which first

growth takes place in a newly formed stem.
 DEFINITION  CROSS SECTIONAL PARTS OF A WOOD:
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 STRUCTURES of wood RAYS: the ribbons of tissue extending radially
from the pitch.
 PROPERTIES of wood
 DEFECTS of wood ANNUAL RINGS: concentric layers of wood
 METHODS of sawing produced during a single year’s growth. Also
 LUMBER* called GROWTH RING

SAPWOOD* (see structures of wood)

HEARTWOOD* (see structures of wood)

 DEFINITION WOODS are generally classified into two:
 CLASSIFICATIONS a. SOFTWOODS
 STRUCTURES of wood b. HARDWOODS
 PROPERTIES of wood  SOFTWOODS: the wood from a CONIFERS
 DEFECTS of wood (evergreens) which have needles instead of
 METHODS of sawing leaves.
 LUMBER* - CONIFER: any of various predominantly
evergreen, cone-bearing trees as pine,
hemlock, spruce

 HARDWOODS: the wood from a broad- leaved

flowering tree or DECIDUOUS tress.
- DECIDUOUS: shedding leaves annually
or at the end of a growing season.
 DEFINITION
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 STRUCTURES of wood
 PROPERTIES of wood
 DEFECTS of wood
 METHODS of sawing
 LUMBER*

SOFTWOODS: the wood from

a CONIFERS (evergreens)
which have needles instead
of leaves.
  DEFINITION
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 STRUCTURES of wood
 PROPERTIES of wood
 DEFECTS of wood
 METHODS of sawing
 LUMBER*

HARDWOODS: the wood from

a broad-leaved flowering tree
or DECIDUOUS tress.

DECIDUOUS: shedding
leaves annually
or at the end of
a growing season.
 DEFINITION STRUCTURES OF WOOD:
 CLASSIFICATIONS a. SAPWOOD
 STRUCTURES of wood b. HEARTWOOD
 PROPERTIES of wood  SAPWOOD: sapwood is generally softer, younger
 DEFECTS of wood outer portion of a tree that lies between the
 METHODS of sawing cambium and the heartwood.
 LUMBER*
It is more permeable, less durable and usually
lighter in colour than heartwood

 HEARTWOOD: is the older, harder central portion

of a tree. It is usually contains deposits of various
materials that frequently give it a darker colour
than sapwood.

it is denser, less permeable and more durable

than the surrounding sapwood.
 DEFINITION STRUCTURES OF WOOD:
 CLASSIFICATIONS a. SAPWOOD
 STRUCTURES of wood b. HEARTWOOD
 PROPERTIES of wood
 DEFECTS of wood
 METHODS of sawing
 LUMBER*
 DEFINITION STRUCTURES OF WOOD:
 CLASSIFICATIONS a. SAPWOOD
 STRUCTURES of wood b. HEARTWOOD
 PROPERTIES of wood
 DEFECTS of wood
 METHODS of sawing
 LUMBER*
 DEFINITION PROPERTIES OF WOOD: (PHYSICAL)
 CLASSIFICATIONS a. STRENGTH
 STRUCTURES of wood b. HARDNESS
c. FLEXIBILITY & TOUGHNESS
 PROPERTIES of wood d. DURABILITY
 DEFECTS of wood e. WEIGHT
 METHODS of sawing f. CLEAVABILITY
 LUMBER*
PROPERTIES OF WOOD: (AS BUILDING MATERIAL)
a. STRONG MATERIAL
b. DURABLE
c. LIGH IN WEIGHT
d. EASE OF WORKING AND FASTENING
e. WITH ARTISITIC AND NATURAL BEAUTY
 DEFINITION PROPERTIES OF WOOD: (PHYSICAL)
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 STRUCTURES of wood  STRENGTH: the ability of wood in resisting stress
and strain. However, strength of different wood
 PROPERTIES of wood varies in the following manner:
 DEFECTS of wood
 METHODS of sawing 1. Wood is resistant to compression along the
 LUMBER* fibers.

2. Stiffness or the ability to resist bending stress

as in floor joists, beams and rafters supporting
heavy load.

3. Strength in tension or the ability to resist

lengthwise stresses.

4. The ability of fibers to resist rupture along or

across the grain.
 DEFINITION PROPERTIES OF WOOD: (PHYSICAL)
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 STRUCTURES of wood  HARDNESS: resistance to indentation, measured
by the compression which a piece of timber
 PROPERTIES of wood undergoes when a weight is applied to it.
 DEFECTS of wood
 METHODS of sawing This feature is very important in several methods
 LUMBER* of utilization such as flooring, furniture, cross ties,
handles etc.
 DEFINITION PROPERTIES OF WOOD: (PHYSICAL)
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 STRUCTURES of wood  FLEXIBILITY & TOUGHNESS: the moisture content
of wood influences flexibility to a considerable
 PROPERTIES of wood degree. The amount of piece will bend before
 DEFECTS of wood breaking.
 METHODS of sawing
 LUMBER* Toughness refers to a combined strength, shock
resistance and pliability or flexibility of wood.
 DEFINITION PROPERTIES OF WOOD: (PHYSICAL)
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 STRUCTURES of wood  DURABILITY: as applied to wood means the
ability to resist decay or simply the length of its
 PROPERTIES of wood life under a given condition.
 DEFECTS of wood
 METHODS of sawing Durability also includes the resistance of the
 LUMBER* wood to the influence of mechanical wear
 DEFINITION PROPERTIES OF WOOD: (PHYSICAL)
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 STRUCTURES of wood  WEIGHT: heavy woods are generally stronger
than lighter wood.
 PROPERTIES of wood
 DEFECTS of wood  CLEAVABILITY: the resistance of wood to split
 METHODS of sawing along the grains. The line of least resistance to
 LUMBER* splitting is along the radius because the wood
rays are in this direction.

Wood splits much more easily when wet

because moisture soften the fibers and reduces
adhesion across the grain
 DEFINITION PROPERTIES OF WOOD:
 CLASSIFICATIONS (AS BUILDING MATERIALS)
 STRUCTURES of wood
 PROPERTIES of wood a. STRONG MATERIAL
 DEFECTS of wood b. DURABLE
c. LIGH IN WEIGHT
 METHODS of sawing d. EASE OF WORKING AND FASTENING
 LUMBER* e. WITH ARTISITIC AND NATURAL BEAUTY

ADVANTAGES:
1. in proportion to weight, wood is stronger than
other materials,
2. wood is easily worked out with tools and
fabricated into many shapes, sizes and design,
3. wood is excellent non- conductor of heat,
4. artistic grains and appearance conducive to
architectural designs,
5. use of timber connectors in wide trusses and
spans generally permit the use of small wood
members
 DEFINITION DEFECTS OF WOOD:
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 STRUCTURES of wood a. DECAY
b. CHECKS
 PROPERTIES of wood c. SHAKES
 DEFECTS of wood d. KNOTS
 METHODS of sawing e. PITCH POCKET
 LUMBER* f. WARPING
g. CUP
h. BOW
i. CROOK
j. TWIST
k. WANE
l. SKIP
m. MACHINE BURN
 DEFINITION DEFECTS OF WOOD:
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 STRUCTURES of wood  DECAY: caused by the attack of fungi or the
decomposition of wood because of other
 PROPERTIES of wood micro-organisms resulting in softening, loss of
 DEFECTS of wood strength and weight and often a change in
 METHODS of sawing texture and colour,
 LUMBER*
 DEFINITION DEFECTS OF WOOD:
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 STRUCTURES of wood  CHECKS: cracks or lengthwise separation across
the annual rings of growth caused by irregular
 PROPERTIES of wood shrinkage during drying.
 DEFECTS of wood
 METHODS of sawing checks are formed when the circumference
 LUMBER* shrinks more than the interior section of the log.
 DEFINITION DEFECTS OF WOOD:
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 STRUCTURES of wood  SHAKES: these are cracks between and parallel
to the annual rings of the growth.
 PROPERTIES of wood
 DEFECTS of wood a separation along the grain of a wood piece
 METHODS of sawing usually between the annual rings, caused by
 LUMBER* stresses on a tree while standing or during felling.
 DEFINITION DEFECTS OF WOOD:
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 STRUCTURES of wood  KNOTS: these are irregular growths in the body
of a tree which interrupt the smooth curve of
 PROPERTIES of wood the grain.
 DEFECTS of wood
 METHODS of sawing the fibers of the tree are turned from their
 LUMBER* normal course and grow around the knot at
that point of the tree.
 DEFINITION DEFECTS OF WOOD:
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 STRUCTURES of wood  PITCH POCKET: a well defined opening between
the annual rings of a softwood, containing or
 PROPERTIES of wood having once contained solid or liquid pitch.
 DEFECTS of wood
 METHODS of sawing .
 LUMBER*
 DEFINITION DEFECTS OF WOOD:
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 STRUCTURES of wood  WARPING: Any deviation from a plane or true
surface of a board or panel, usually caused by
 PROPERTIES of wood uneven drying during the seasoning process or
 DEFECTS of wood by the change in moisture content.
 METHODS of sawing
 LUMBER*  CUP: a curvature across the width or face of a
wood piece, measured at the point of greatest
deviation from a straight line drawn from end to
end of a piece.

 BOW: a curvature along the length of a wood

piece, measured at the point of greatest
deviation from a straight line drawn from end
to end of a piece.

 CROOK: a curvature along the edge of a wood

piece, measured at the point of greatest
deviation from a straight line drawn from end to
end of a piece.

 TWIST: a warp resulting from the turning of the

edges of a wood piece in opposite directions.
 DEFINITION DEFECTS OF WOOD:
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 STRUCTURES of wood
 PROPERTIES of wood
 DEFECTS of wood
 METHODS of sawing
 LUMBER*
 DEFINITION DEFECTS OF WOOD:
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 STRUCTURES of wood
 PROPERTIES of wood
 DEFECTS of wood
 METHODS of sawing
 LUMBER*
 DEFINITION Methods of Sawing:
 CLASSIFICATIONS a log of wood can be cut into two different
 STRUCTURES of wood ways to make a lumber;
 PROPERTIES of wood 1. PLAIN or BASTARD SAWING:
 DEFECTS of wood 2. QUARTER or RIFT SAWING:
 METHODS of sawing
 LUMBER* 1. PLAIN or BASTARD SAWING: cutting the logs
entirely through the diameter with a parallel
chord tangential to the annual ring,

2. QUARTER or RIFT SAWING: categorized into

4 methods of sawing;

- Radial Method
- Tangential Method
- Quarter Tangential
- Combined Radial Tangential
 DEFINITION Methods of Sawing:
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 STRUCTURES of wood
 PROPERTIES of wood 1. PLAIN or BASTARD SAWING:
2. QUARTER or RIFT SAWING
 DEFECTS of wood
 METHODS of sawing
 LUMBER*
 DEFINITION Methods of Sawing:
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 STRUCTURES of wood
 PROPERTIES of wood 1. PLAIN or BASTARD SAWING:
2. QUARTER or RIFT SAWING
 DEFECTS of wood
 METHODS of sawing
 LUMBER*
 DEFINITION Methods of Sawing:
 CLASSIFICATIONS 1. PLAIN or BASTARD SAWING:
 STRUCTURES of wood 2. QUARTER or RIFT SAWING
 PROPERTIES of wood
 DEFECTS of wood
 METHODS of sawing
 LUMBER*