IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No.

3, July 1995 1693

ON THE ASSESSMENT OF HARMONIC POLLUTION

Alexander Eigeles Emanuel

Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Worcester, Massachusetts 01609

A BSTRA CT
This paper analyzes the interactions between the incre- is the bus impedence matrix. For a network with N buses (1)
mental changes of current harmonic phasors injected by a is detailed in the expanded form (41:
N L (nonlinear load) and the resulting variations of har-
monic voltages and powers. It proves that it is not always V1 I1
possible following simple measurements of individual har- v 2 12
monic powers to decide i j a certain harmonic current is
harmful or useful. It is suggested to evaluate the N L “dis-
V n In
tortion” with the help of a quantity called Non-6OHz (Non-
fundamental) Apparent Power.
Keywords: Harmonics, Definitions of Powers V N IN
h h
INTRODUCTION
The harmonic voltage V l l h at bus n. is
There is wide acceptance of the thought that quantification
and measurement of consumer produced voltage and current Vnh = Vnuh + ZnnhInh

distortion will be a necessary operation in a near future[l,2]. where

The main thrust for an equitable method that deals with har-
monic pollution stems from the economics of power systems. N .

There is a need to recover a fee from the consumer, that “will Vnuh = ZnihIih
t=n
pay for alleviation of problems, or to encourage the consumer”
and indirectly equipment manufacturers, “to take appropriate Equation (1)shows that a harmonic voltage at a certain bus
steps to reduce distortion charges”[3]. The engineering liter- has two components; the first term is “Background Harmonic
ature is rich in papers that allude to the need for monitor- Voltage” or the Thevenin voltage caused by the contributions
ing the harmonic power generated by NLs and apply a billing of all other sources of harmonics. The second component is due
method based on tariff adjustment. The application of con- to the harmonic current injected at the observed bus.
cepts similar to low power factor penalties, VA demand, are The effect of injecting the harmonic current Inh at bus n on
frequently discussed at recent IEEE working group meetings. the harmonic voltage V , h at bus m is quantified by
As “Retail Wheeling”(Deregulati0n) becomes imminent, and as
projections for current and voltage distortions predict a steady v m h =Vmnh f ZmnhInh (3)
increase, it becomes critical for the engineering community to
focus on finding a viable, expedient method of monitoring con- where
sumer produced harmonic pollution. N
The goal of this paper is to stimulate discussions and much Vmnh = ZmihIih
i=n
needed research on this topic.
Equation (3) is similar to (2) and lends itself to the same
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND kind of conclusions. To evaluate the incremental effect of har-
monic current injection at a bus n one has to calculate the
A power network with nonlinear loads (NLs) can be ana- sensitivities of the harmonic voltage Vmnh to the incremental
lyzed by modeling every NL with the help of an array of equiva- variations of the phasor
lent harmonic current sources, and solving the linear equations.
Inh = InhLenh

Assuming Zmnh = ZmnhLffmnh results

where [VI,is the unknown h-harmonic order bus voltage vector.
[I], is the known h-harmonic order bus current vector and [Z],
dV,h
dInh = Zmnh
v m h [ZmnhInh + VmnhCoS(&”)] (4)

95 WM 263-4 PWRD A paper recommended and approved dv=

- mh -
-V-h
ZmnhInh sin (Pmnh ) (5)
by the IEEE Transmission and Distribution Committee dQnh Vmh
of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentat-
ion at the 1995 IEEEIPES Winter Meeting, January 29,
+
where Pmnh = f f m n h e n h .
to February 2, 1995, New York, NY. Manuscript sub- The sensitivities dxh/dI,,h and dY*/d&h have the same
mitted July 25, 1994; made available for printing structure as (4) and (5), (Vmh is replaced with vnoh, Zmnh with
December 27, 1994. Znnh and Pmnh with ( f f n h f b , ) . It is assumed Znnh = Z n t t h L f f n h ) .
All these sensitivities may have positive or negative values,

0885-8977/95/$04.000 1995 IEEE

1694

hence an increase in I d may cause a decrease or an increase

of Vmh or Vnh.

"HARMFUL" AND "USEFUL" CURRENT

HARMONICS
In a simple, but logical statement, it may be claimed that
if the injection of a harmonic current at a certain bus causes
a decrease of the harmonic voltages at all other buses, such a
harmonic current is beneficial. At a first glance it also seems
correct t o assume that if a NL generates harmonic power, the
current harmonics injected are detrimental, and if a load (linear
or NL) receives harmonic power, it helps reduce the voltage
distortion at its own bus or elsewhere.[3-9] 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
To help clarify the causeeffect mechanism produced by "of- HARMONIC CURRENT I (PU)
fending" and "friendly" harmonic currents a few basic examples
will be presented.

I. The Effect of NL at the Point of Common

Coupling
The equivalent circuit that helps model the behavior of a NL
connected to a power system is shown in Fig. 1. Both the load
and the power network are represented by means of Norton
equivalent circuits for the harmonic of order h. The system
is characterized by the phasor harmonic current source I, and
the admittance Y, and the load by L, and YL. (For the sake of
simplicity the subscript h was dropped.) The phasor analysis of
this circuit yields for the magnitude of the normalized harmonic 0.0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2.2 2.4 2 6 2.8 3 0
HARMONIC CURRENT I (PU)
voltage at bus n.
Fig. 2 The Effect of Harmonic Current Injection Into
a Bus

(a) Normalized Bus Voltage V,/V, vs. I,/&

where
(b) Norm&zed Active Power ph/v,Im vs. I,/I,,
v,, = (Ys+ YJ'I" V,LO"
L, = I,Le 0 < I,/& < -2wsp ; IJI" >0 (7)
z, = (Ys+ Y&' = ZnnLa The inequality (7) seems to define the range for friendly har-
p = e+a monic currents. For example for p = -(135" +
a),Fig. 2a,
0 < I,/I, < 1.41.
Graphs representing VJV, versus I,/Io while p is the pa- The second approach to help differentiate between friendly
rameter are depicted in Fig. 2a. It can be readily observed that and unfriendly harmonics could be based on the computation
harmonic voltage at the nod n can be reduced, i.e. of the Active Harmonic Power, Ph,generated by the harmonic
if current source I,. From the phasors analysis results
t--------l r - - - -- ---I
I
I : @ I I
I
--
ph - -Re
V d o KJO
1
(VnI:) =
Io
cos 8 + (2) COS a (8)

In Fig. 2b are given a set of curves representing the normal-

ized Harmonic Power versus IJI,,, for a = 45'. As expected,
we observe a range where Ph < 0. According to the notation
used in Fig. 1, Ph > 0 means I,, generates power. From ( 8 )
it results that the beneficial range for which I, performs as an
Active Harmonic Power sink, when Ph < 0, is
o < InIra< - cos e/ cos a >o
; In/Io
For example for a = 45" and 8 = -135", 0 < I,/& < 1,
and Ph < 0. For a = 45" and e = -180", the Ph < 0 range is
0 < &,/Io < 1.41.
Fig. 1 Harmonic Current Injected to a Bus Comparing Fig. 2a and Fig. 2b, one will discover that the
ranges 0 < K/K, < 1 and Ph < 0 do not overlap completely.
(a) Linear Equivalent Circuit
For example at P = -180" (a= 45", 8 = -225"), taking I J I , =
(b) PhasorDiagram 1.8 V,/v, = 0.80 < 1.0 and Ph/vnJo= 1.018 > 0 (see
 1695
40

- -
ph=o I \
v
w
0 1 0

00 4 L
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 V
ANGLE @EC)

Fig. 3 Normalized Current vs. Angle p = 8 a. The + . Ri /(RI + Ri)= LI/(LI + b)s 0.9
Geometric Loci x/vM= 1 and Ph = 0. -
02
0-9
marked points). o o - " " ' ' " " " " " " ~ ' " "
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
This means that the voltage harmonic can be reduced even PHASE ANGLE B(DEG\
60
when harmonic power is generated. To illustrate this fact in
more detail it is necessary to compare the geometric loci ,-. 48

vn/vn,= 1 and p h = 0, Fig. 3. It is noticed that the common 5 36

area that simultaneously satisfies Vn/Vno5 1 (inside the heavy 24

traced curve) and p h 5 0 (inside the light traced curves) is 1 2 \ /

limited to 90' < ,B < 270" and the lower values of the two curves Y+ 00

considered. The point In/Io= 1.8, ,B = -180", considered in 2-1 2

U
the previous example falls inside the curve V,/V,, = 1, but it.is z -2 4

outside all the curves Ph = 0, i.e., harmonic power is generated. -36

-
These results, based on an uncomplicated model point to L-48[, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , (c)
the fact that the separation of harmonic currents in friendly -6 0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
and unfriendly is not a straightforward procedure. PHASE ANGLE B(DEG)

11. Harmonic Active Power "Generated By
Two Different NLs"
This example is meant to shed light on the case when two
major NLs are connected at different buses. Figure 4a shows
the h-order harmonic equivalent circuit of a feeder supplying
two NLs. The phase angle of the phasor harmonic current I l l @
is varied. The phasor IzLO' is kept constant and the magnitude
of the harmonic voltages, VI,5,as well as the power generated
by the current sources 11 and I2 are monitored. The purpose
of this test is to check if measurements of harmonic voltage
and current phasors are sufficient for the purpose of revealing
the nature of the NL. Typical curves are shown in Fig. 4b
and 4c. Increasing the phase angle 8 from 0 to 360" is causing
the harmonic voltages to decrease and increase back, while the
Harmonic Active Power ph enters the node 2 for 20" < 8 < 175"
and for the rest of the range is generated. A most interesting
observation follows:
If the angle 8 is shifted from 8 = 8, to 8 = -eo, the voltage
magnitudes remain practically unchanged while the sign of the
active harmonic powers is reversed. Using the notations shown
in Fig. 4a, P2 is changing from sinking power to generating pow-
er if 20" < 8" < 172". The reverse holds true for the power PI.
An identical observation is made if 8 is shifted from 8 = 180"- E
to 180" + e . This result proves that in spite of the fact that the
phasor I2 remains unchanged the harmonic voltage V2 is varied
by harmonic currents injected at other buses. A special case
occurs when the harmonic power P2 = 0, (for this particular
situation 0 = 20" or 172", Fig. 4b). We should not conclude
that Pz = 0 means that the NL at bus 2 does not polute the
network. Even in this case the current 1 2 adds phasorically to 11
augmenting the line current, and causes more electromagnetic
interference and voltage distortion. These observations can be
Fig. 4 Power System with Two NLs
(a) Equivalent Circuit
(b) Harmonic Voltages
(c) Harmonic Powers
readily understood with the help of the phasor diagrams pro-
posed by M. Depenbrock [lo]. Figure 5a gives the basic case,
when I2 = 0 (no NL is connected at bus 2) and PI > 0, i.e.
harmonic power is generated. The two cases described in Figs.
5b,c backup the observation collected from Figs. 4b,c. The
most fascinating case is described in Fig. 5d; where 8 has the
critical value that yields P2 = 0, while I2 remains a contributor
to the magnitudes of I , V2 and V,. It becomes clear from here
that the simple reading of the harmonic phasors Vz and I at
the PCC (point of common coupling) will not reveal enough
information on the nature of the NLs connected at PCC.
Even the separate measurements of V 2 , I z and V I I1 , are
not conclusive unless analyzed together. Comparing Fig. 5b
and Fig. 5c one sees that the source I1 sinks harmonic power
in one case and generates in the next. For both cases, however,
the overall effect of I1 on the network is the same.
111. Network With Series Resonance
A hypothetical circuit, Fig. 6a, was chosen to describe an-
other important situation when the harmonic cancellation at
one bus may cause the impairment of equipment at a remote
bus. The harmonic current source I1 is kept constant, assumed
1 pu, and taken as reference. The magnitude of harmonic cur-
rent source I 2 = 12L170" is varied from 0 to 1.4 pu, Fig. 6b.
As I2 increased from 0 to 0.98 pu, the harmonic voltage
1696

IV.The Effect of h-Order Harmonic Injection

on k-Order Harmonic Voltage
Usually the harmonic spectrum of a NL is strongly depen-
dent on the magnitude of fundamental voltage (commutation
angle, saturation and arc quenching angle all depend on the
value of line voltage). An overlooked fact is that harmonic
voltages also have a significant impact on the harmonic current
phasors produced by a NL. For the same rms voltages
but different magnitude and phase angle spectra two input
voltages may cause drastically different harmonic currents [Ill.
This phenomenon is put in evidence with the help of the circuit
illustrated in Fig. 7a. The network was analyzed on EMTP.
The magnitude of the 3 r d harmonic current source 13 is kept
constant while its phase angle 03 is varied. The harmonic volt-
ages at nodes 2 and 3 were monitored and the obtained results
are plotted in Fig. 7b. The injection of 3-rd harmonic current
can drastically reduce the third harmonic voltages but at the
same time it has a reverse effect on the fifth harmonic voltage.
Such effects may be magnified by parallel resonances. Routine
field measurements, unless carefully coordinated, cannot easily
reveal such interdependences.

I,:
Fig. 5 Phasor Diagrams for Fig. 4

(a) Base Case, Iz = 0

(b) Iz

(c)
(d) I2
> 0; 0 > 0";
> 0; e < 00;
P2 < 0; PI > 0
P~> 0; P~< o
> 0; 0 > ;'0 Pz = 0; PI > O
I

9
260
240
220
200
... ..... . . .... . . . ... . . . ..... . . ..... . . ... .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
...........................
. .. .:.. .
.. .:. ??.
. .V .? .N F
.;p
~ ...... .:.
U
. . .. . . . ... . . ... . . ... . . ... . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . . .. . . . ..

.....,....... . . . . . . . ... . . ... . .

.. :. . . . v :
.

v
2 180 ...........
..........

2 160
6140 .. .. .
z120 .....
. .. . . _..:
. . .
............
f 100 . .
0 ..... ~.
.
80 .._ . .
2 60 .,.. ....

I, = l0OLO0pu I 40
. . .
.
.
.
.... i
.
...I...
.
.
.j_.
.
.!...I
.
.
.
.
. . . .;. . . j . .
. .
.
.
. .
.;. . i . . . j . . .I_
. .
.:,.
m'
:.... j
.
20 t .
. I

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
O t ' " " " ' ~ : ~ ~ ' : I
140
I30
120
1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
PHASEANGLE 0 (DEG)
70 80 90

Fig. 7 The Effect of the 3rd Harmonic Current

Injected at Bus 1 on the 3rd and 5th
Harmonic Voltages
(a) Network
(b) Harmonic Voltages

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100110120130140
HARMONIC CURRENT1i:PU)
Fig. 6 Network with Series Resonance
(a) h-Harmonic Equivalent Circuit
(b) Harmonic voltages vs. Harmonic Current I2
Vz drops linearly from 1 pu to 0 while the voltage VIincrease
at the same rate. The explanation for this behavior is tied to
the series resonance between L,,C,.Such situations cannot be
excluded among actual applications.
The four examples presented above provide some insight on
the peculiarities of harmonic flow. The main conclusions that
should be considered for the purpose of "distortion measure-
ment" are:
0 The injected harmonic current phasor at a given bus can-
not be labeled good or bad based on its phase angle with
respect to the bus harmonic voltage, hence the measure-
ment of the Active and Reactive Harmonic Power for each
harmonic order separately is not always a reliable method
of judging how offending is one NL or a cluster of NLs.

0 To correctly decide if a certain harmonic phasor is detri-
mental or beneficial it may be necessary to implement a
complete set of network modeling involving a wide range
of possible contingencies. Such studies will be based on
evaluation of sensitivities and simultaneous measure-
ments at key nodes and branches in the network.
A PRACTICAL WAY TO ACCOUNT FOR
HARMONIC DISTORTION
Electric utilities generate electric energy with a nearly per-
fect 60Hz sinusoidal voltage. The equipment is designed to
operate under sinusoidal conditions and minimal distortion is
expected by the consumer. Induction and synchronous machine
performance deteriorates when supplied with distorted voltage.
For practical situations, more than 99% of the Active Power
delivered to a consumer is 60-Hz positive-sequence. Therefore,
it is logical to separate the 6 0 - H ~powers from the unwanted
non-6OHz powers. This separation is based on the rms voltage
and current partition in fundamental, VI,I1, and total harmonic
components, VH,IH:
(9)
In certain applications such as Integral Cycle Control, the
fundamental current and voltage has a frequency lower than
60Hz, hence the term 60-Hz (power, voltage or current) is pre-
ferred over the fundament al.
The square of the Total Apparent Power S = V I determined
from (9) and (10)
has two components:
SI = VlI1; SI = PIfgQ1, is the conventional 60Hz Apparent
Power. and
sN= 40; + D; + S; (12)
is the Non-60 Hz Apparent Power, and where
DI = V I I H = Current Distortion Power
Dv = V H I ~ = Voltage Distortion Power
SH = VHIH = Harmonic Apparent Power
While the name of these three components is irrelevant, their
mathematical expression helps understand the meaning of S N .
Both terms DI and Dv are Nonactive Powers and represent the
VA contributed by the interaction between the 6OHz voltage
(or current) and the Non-6OHz current (or voltage). The term
SH contains the Harmonic Active Power PH and the Nonactive
Harmonic Power contributed by harmonic voltage and currents.
Dividing (12) with SI= VIIl gives
or
sN/sI= J ( I T H D ) ~+ ( V T H D ) +~ ( I T H D . V T H D ) ~(13)
This equation shows that S N is a function of the current and
voltage distortion. The importance of this expression becomes
evident when the approximation
1697
SN zz ( I T H D ) S l (14)
is considered. For V T H D < 5% and I T H D > 20% the com-
putation error given by (14) is less than 1%. This case covers
the majority of NLs considered by this paper. For situations
when I T H D < 20%, the approximation
S, x s1J ( I T H D ) +~ ( V T H D ) ~ (15)
yields an error of less than 0.15%.
From (13) it is learned that for all the conditions encoun-
tered in practice, the term SH makes only a minute contribution
to the magnitude of S N . Furthermore the situation PH < S H
also leads to minuscule values of PH when compared to PI. This
shows that accurate measurements of PH in the presence of PI
is difficult even with precision VTs and CTs. The amount of
VA that describes the actual flow of Apparent Power caused by
distortion is not SH but SN. The Non-6OHz Apparent Power,
S N , seems to be a likely candidate for the evaluation of the
harmonic pollution because its value is not merely representing
distortion, but VA distortion (14).
From past experience, it was learned that when I T H D <
10% or even 20% at PCC, the voltage has an acceptable level of
distortion. It then makes reasonable sense to use a Distortion
Demand Meter that starts measuring J s ~ dwhen t a critical
level I T H D , is exceeded. This approach raises two questions:
1. What happens if the NL has I T H D > I T H D , and oper-
ates like an active filter, providing a “trap” for harmonics
generated by other NLs? This problem is a real quandary
and probably will be the focus of many moral and eco-
nomical debates for the years to come.
From the examples presented in this paper it is evident
that without an indepth analysis of the power network it
is impossible to qualify a certain harmonic current phasor
as desirable. The dynamnics of the power systems and
the continuous fluctuations of the loading makes such an
evaluation a most difficult task.
2. What happens if the load is linear (lighting and conven-
tional motors)? The answer to this question is more
direct. If the consumer does not have energized capaci-
tances I T H D < V T H D , then such a user will not be
penalized. If there are power factor compensating capac-
itances, Fig. 8a, the possibility for I T H D > V T H D
exists, the cause being the series resonance between the
transformer series inductance and the equivalent capaci-
tance of the loads. To the best knowledge of the author
such a case was not yet reported in literature.
Nevertheless if such a situation exists, it will be to the
user’s advantage to detect and correct it, thus prolong-
ing life-span of the motors and capacitors. Computations
lead to a simple mathematical expression of the resonance
harmonic order of the circuit shown in Fig. 8a,
h R 2: + &/@c
\/~SM/QC (16)
where
SM = Total kVA of the rotating equipment
QC = Total kVar of capacitances
ST = Input transformer rated kVA
K. = Input transformer p.u. short circuit impedance
A family of graphs that allow the evaluation of harmonic
1698

frequency are shown in Fig. 8c. The transformer short (91 A.E. Emanuel, “Powers in Nonsinusoidal Situations a Re-
circuit impedance is the key parameter that can be used view of Definitions and Physical Meaning”, IEEE Trans.
to shift the resonance point. A typical frequency response on Power Delivery, Vol. 5, No. 3, July 1990, pp. 1377-89.
of the circuit is presented in Fig. 8b. These preliminary [lo] M. Depenbrock, “Private Communication”, Second In-
results demonstrate that if ITHD, 5 10% to 20% linear ternational Workshop on Power Distortion and Mea-
loads may be exempted of distortion penality figured by surements Under Nonsinusoidal Conditions, Stressa, Italy,
means of SN. Sept. 8-10, 1993.
[ll]A. Zahedi, J.A. Orr, A.E. Emanuel, D.J. Pileggi, T.J.
CONCLUSIONS Gentile, “Comparative Harmonic Flow Studies Using Cur-
The examples presented prove that simple measurements of rent Harmonic Injection Method”, ICHPS VI, Bologna,
the harmonic power or harmonic voltage and current phasors a t Italy, Sept. 1994, pp. 311-17.
the bus of a NL or at the PCC, cannot always reveal the overall
effect of the NL on the Power Quality of the network. It is pos-
sible to determine if the harmonics generated by the particular
consumer are useful or not, by means of synchronized multiple
pL ; cose = 1.0
measurements taken at strategically located nodes. Such mea-
surements would be processed at automatic monitoring centers
where, based on agreed economical criteria, it will be decid- (a) Equivalent Circuit
ed when and by how much to penalize or discount. Such so-
phisticated systems are not yet actual. Instead it is suggest-
ed that harmonic distortion be measured using the Non-6OHz
Power as the quantity that reflects the degree of distortion as
10.

&; eose 0.85-

well as the amount of Non-6OHz VA that flows through the
observed load. Such a meter will continuously monitor the cur-
rent distortion and will start to record the Non-6OHz VAh only
when a critical current distortion threshold is exceeded. Expe-
rience indicates that such a threshold should be in the range
10% < I T H D , < 20% depending on the bus voltage and short
circuit current.

REFERENCES
J.D. vanWyk, “Power Quality, Power Electronics and Pow-
er Control”, 5th European Conference on Power Electron-
ics and Applications (EPE’93), Sept. 1993, Brighton, UK.
A.J. Berrisford, “Should a Utility Meter Harmonics?”,
Proc. of IEE, 7th International Conference on Metering
26
Aparatus and Tariffs for Electricity Supply, Nov. 1992,
24
Glmkow, UK, IEE Cod. Publ. NO. 367, pp. 86-89. 22
P.H. Swart, M.J. Case, J.D. vanWyk, “On the Techniques 70
for Localization of Sources Producing Distortion in Elec- 618
tric Power Networks”, Second International Workshop on
3 4
Power Definitions and Measurements Under Nonsinu- 512
soidal Conditions, Stressa, Italy, Sept. 8, 1993, pp. 510
187-90. 9 8
J. Arrillaga, D.A. Bradley, P.S. Bodger, Power Systems 6
I
Harmonics, J . Wiley, 1985, p. 269.
D.P. Hartmann, “Harmonic Measurement Techniques”,
01 02 03 0 4 05 06 07 08
Power System Harmonics, IEEE Tutorial Course No. 84 NORMALIZED CAPACITANCE vsr Q&u
EH 0221-2-PWP, pp. 12830.
IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Har-
monic Control in Electrical Power Systems. IEEE Std.
519-1992, p. 28. Fig. 8 Linear Loads Supplied with Nonsinusoidal
E.W. Gunther, “Novel Instrumentation for Monitoring Volt age
Power Flow in Non-Sinusoidal Situations”, IEEE Tuto-
rial Course No. 90 EH 0327-7-PWP, Nonsinusoidal Alexander E. Emanuel (SM’71) received the BSc., MSc. and DSc.
Situations Effects on the Performance of Meters and Def- degrees in Electrical Engineering from Technion-Israel Institute of Technol-
ogy, Haifa, Israel in 1963, ’65 and ’69. Ftom 1963 to 1969 he was on the
initions of Power, pp. 51-55. s t d of the Electrical Engineering Department at Technion-Israel Institute
T.H. Ortmeyer, N. Kakimoto, T. Hiyama, A. Hammam, of Technology, first as a Teaching Assistant and later as a Lecturer. Ftom
“Harmonic Performance of Individual and Grouped 1969 to 1974 he worked for the High Voltage Power Corporation as Senior
Loads”, Proceedings of Third International Conference on Research and Development Engineer. In 1974 he joined Worcester Polytech-
nic Institute, Worcester, MA. Presently he holds the rank of Professor and
Harmonics in Power Systems, Sept. 1988, Nashville, In- acts BS a consultant to local industry.
diana, pp. 277-83.