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Ernst Neufert ARCHITECTS DATA PDF
Ernst Neufert ARCHITECTS DATA PDF
ARCHITECTS' DATA
Second (International) English Edition
b
Blackwell
Science
This document
contains 447 pages
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Cataloguing in Publication Data
First English language edition published by Neufert, Ernst,
Crosby Lockwood Staples 1970 Architect's data.—2nd (international)
Reprinted 1973, 1975,1977, 1978(twIce) English ed.
Second (International) English Edition 1. Architectural design: Technical data.
first published in Great Britain 1980by I. Title II. Jones, Vincent,
Granada Publishing Ltd Ill Thackara, John IV. Miles, Richard
Reprinted (with minor amendments)1981 721'.0212
Reprinted 1982, 1984
Reissuedin paperback by ISBN 0-632-02339-2
Collins Professional and Technical Books 1985
Reprinted by BSP Professional Books
1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
Reprinted by Blackwell Science
1995, 1996, 1997, 1998
Contents
ix Contributors Flats & apartments
x Acknowledgements 89 Building types
xi Foreword 90 Access
Contents
Hospitals Restaurants
149 Health services structure 202 Planning factors
150 Modular design 203 Space allowance
151 Means of escape/fire protection 204 Table sizes
153 Design/building configurations 205 Snack bars
154 Ward design 206 Drive-in & self-service
156 Nurse working rooms 207 Using minimum space: restaurantcars
158 Ward design data/geriatric
160 Maternity Hotels
161 Paediatric& children 208 Types
162 Longstay 209 Flowdiagram
164 Psychiatric centres 210 Plan forms
165 Ward upgrading 211 Public rooms
166 Outpatients 212 Frontof house
168 Accident & emergency 213 Kitchens & food stores
169 Radiology 215 Administration
171 Operating 216 Guest bedrooms
173 Intensive care 218 Building services
174 Cardiac surgical/transplant/limb fitting 219 Motels
175 Burns/physical medicine 221 Convention hotels
176 Laboratories 224 Public houses
177 Pharmacy/libraries
178 Non-residentstaffchanging Office buildings
179 Offices/supply 225 Building type
180 Housekeeping 226 Definition of office areas
181 Community health care 227 Types of officeshell
228 Core
Religion 230 Relationships
182 Churches 231 Means of escape
185 Mosques 232 Services
186 Synagogues 233 lnternalenvironment
187 Crematoria/mortuaries 234 Construction
235 Space standards
COMMERCE 236 Special area requirements
Shops &stores 237 Spaces for meetings
188 Situation 239 Furniture
189 Movement between floors/service details 241 Storage
191 Windows 243 Equipment
192 Fire/boutiques
193 Food shops Banks
195 Chemist/men'swear/shoes/fashion fabrics 245 General/customer services/drive-in
196 Self-service 247 Examples
197 Supermarkets
198 Hypermarkets Vehicleservices
199 Shopping centres& precincts 248 Car parks
vii
Contents
251 Multi-storey car parks 302 Beef cattle housing
253 Petrol stations 303 Pigs: basic data
255 Bus parks 305 Pigs: management
257 Rail station passengerdetails 306 Pigs: rearing & fattening
307 Sheep: housing
Contents
351 Seating Lighting
352 Stage tower 398 General/building lighting/glare
353 Multiform 399 Task lighting/light sources/emergency lighting/outdoor
354 Cinema techniques/seating/multiple auditoria 400 Integration of electric lighting & daylighting
355 Cloakrooms/projection rooms
356 General layout/lighting systems/heating/ventilation/use Doors &windows
of 16mm
401 Doors: dimensions/fire safety/flow capacity/disabled
357 Screen & sound systems persons
358 Drive-in cinemas 402 Doors: industrial types
403 Windows: coordinatingsizes
Museums 404 Windows: positioning/safety & accessfor cleaning
359 Rooms/general layout 405 Windows: basic types/selection check list/ventilation!
double glazing
360 Lighting
406 Windows: shading devices
361 Examples
Corridors stairselevators
COMPONENTS
407 Walking speeds/corridor capacity/rampsfor disabled!
asurement
waiting areas
363 Introduction 408 Stairs: tread & rise proportions/regulations/fire escape!
364 Conversion factors stairs for disabled
Services
383 Distribution
385 Methods of heating
386 Heating systems
392 Ventilation REFERENCE
Contributors
ErnstNeufert Following the war he was co-founder and member of the board of
Professor Technische Hochschule Darmstadt directors of the Bund Deutscher Architekten (Federation of German
Architects), was appointed professor at Darmstadf Polytechnic and
Ernst Neufert, born in 1900, in 1919 became the first student of director ofthe Institute forStandardisation (Institut fur Baunormung)and
architecture at the Bauhaus in Weimar. He left at the end of 1920 for a continued toworkalso as free-lance industrial architect.
study tour in southern Europe but before long Gropius called him back Professor Neufert has lectured in many cities, suchas Graz, Belgrade,
as his assistant. In 1924 he became technical director of the Bauhaus
Skople, Thessaloniki, Athens, Istanbul, Beirut, Karachi,Rangoon, Hong
officesin Weimar and then manager ofthe Gropiusworkshop during the
Kong, inJapan's major citiesand at Neutrain Los Angelesand FLWright
rebuilding of the Bauhaus in Dessau' and alsotaught in the department inTaliesin West Arizona.
ofarchitecture atthe Bauhaus.
In 1926 he became professor and director of the department of archi- He is honorary member of the Real Academica de Ciencias y Artes
Barcelona and of the Royal Institute of British Architects, honorary
tectureat the newlyfounded Building Technical College in Weimar and
professor and doctor at the University of Lima, Peru. He has been
shortly afterwards assistant director of the construction department. In awarded the German Merit Cross with star, as well as various other
1930 he moved to Berlin to become head of the department of
German and foreign honours
architecture at Itten, a private school of art, and started to workas a
free-lance industrial architect. It was in Berlin that he brought outin 1936 Ernst Neufert's other works include Bauordnungslehre (1943) and
the first edition of Bauentwurfslehre. lndustriebauten (1973).
Acknowledgements
The Editors and the Publishers acknowledge with sincere thanks the The Architectural Press for Fig. 2 on page 198;
kind help and information provided by many individuals and organis- The National Playing Fields Association for Fig. 1 on page 322 and
ationsduringthe preparation of this work. The Publishers have made Figures on pages 323—4;
everyefforttoestablish and properly acknowledge thecopyright owners The Architectural Press for Figs. 1, 4and 5 on page346 and forFigs 2-4,
ofthe drawings and plans used in this book and wishtoapologiseforany 7 and 8 on page 347;
unintentional omissions that may have been made. Should any otner Progressive Architecture for Fig. 3on page 361.
acknowledgements be necessary the publishers will be happy todo so
whenthe book is reprinted. The following are reproduced by permission ofthe Building Directorate,
Scottish Development Department: Fig. 1 on page82, Figs 10and 11 on
page83, Fig. 2 on page84 and Figs 1-4and 6-8 on page86;
Theworksof individual architects are acknowledgedthroughout thetext Fig. 1 on page 148 is reprinted fromArchitectural Record September
1976 © 1976, by McGraw-Hill, Inc., with all rights reserved;
but particular thanks are also due to:
Fig. 2 onpage155 is reproduced with thepermission of theController of
HenryDreyfuss Associates forFig. 2 on page 9; Her Majesty's Stationery Office;
TheArchitecturalPress forFig. 1 onpage19and Figs1 and 2onpage22; Fig. 1 on page 162 is reprinted with permission from the American
SunsetBooks for Fig. 4 on page 77; Health Care Association Journal, Vol. 4, No. 4, July 1978. Copyright
The Architectural Press for Figs 1-9 on page83, Fig. 1 on page 84, and © American Health Care Association. All rights reserved;
Fig. 5on page86; Fig. 3 on page 162 isreproduced courtesy ofArchitects Derek Stowand
SunsetBooks for Figs 5 and 6on page 113 and for Figs 6-11 on page Partners in association with the Regional Architect, South West
114; Thames Regional Health Authority;
Moriyama and Teshima for Fig. 4on page 146; Fig. 2onpage164 is reprinted from Architectural Record October 1979
Ahrends Burton and Koralek for Fig. 2 on page 148; © 1979, by McGraw-Hill, Inc., with all rights reserved;
Powell Moya and Partners forFig. 3 on page 150; Fig. 3 on page 171 is reproduced courtesy of Cullen Lochhead and
Watkins Gray Woodgate International (UK) forFig. 1 on page 155; Brown in association with the Chief Architect of Western Regional
R. Seifert and Partnersfor Fig. 5on page 157; Hospital Board, T.D.W. Astorga, Esq., FRIBA;
The Nuffield Foundationfor Fig. 1 on page 161; Fig. 1 onpage174 isreprinted fromArchitectural RecordAugust 1977©
Robert Matthew, Johnson-Marshalland PartnersforFig. 2onpage 161; 1977, by McGraw-Hill, Inc., withall rights reserved;
George TrewDunn Beckles Willson Bowes for Fig. 1 on page 167; Fig. 4 onpage180 is reprinted fromArchitectural RecordAugust 1977©
Wilson and Wilson for Fig. 2 on page168; 1977, by McGraw-Hill, Inc., withall rights reserved;
Robert Matthew, Johnson-Marshalland PartnersforFig. 2onpage 171; Fig. 1 on page 201 is reprinted fromArchitectural Record June 1978 ©
The Oxford Regional HealthAuthority for Fig. 5 onpage172; 1978, by McGraw-Hill, Inc., with all rights reserved;
Donald A. Goldfinch Associates for Fig. 1 on page 175; Fig. Son page291 is theZoology Extension, EdinburghUniversity and is
South East Thames Regional HealthAuthority for Fig. 1 on page 176; reproduced by permission of the Designers, the Architecture
The Nuffield Foundationfor Fig. 2 on page 176; Research Unit, University of Edinburgh;
MehmetKonuralp for Fig. 3on page 192; Fig. 1 on page 361 is reprinted from Architectural Record June 1977 ©
Isabe lieHebeyfor Fig. 4 on page 192; 1977, byMcGraw-Hill, Inc., with all rights reserved.
xi
Foreword
Architects'Datafirst appeared in English in 1970, nearly thirty- The sequence of sections has been rearranged. All parts have
five years after Ernst Neufert published his rules for building beenreviewed, revised, brought up to date and in most instances
design' — Bauentwurfslehre — based on his lectures at the expanded: this edition is twenty-five per cent longer and perhaps
Building Technical Collegein Weimar. He had arranged in one seventy-five per cent new in substance. Special attention has
book for convenient reference during design work, data on the been given to new thinking on housing, education, hospitals,
spatial needsof man in his home, his work place and his leisure, industrial construction and farm buildings. The section on sport
and on his animals, toolsand belongings. The book clearly meta and leisure has been made far more comprehensive.And through-
need: in 1979 the 30th German edition appeared; it has also out the implications of energy conservation, the needs of the
been published in Spanish (12 editions), Italian(5), French (5), elderly and disabled,and defenceagainstfire havebeen stressed.
Portuguese(3), Serbocroat(3), and in Russian, Greek andTurkish; As the first internationaledition to be published the book contains
but beforethe present, only one edition in English,which came several building types which are not common in some countries.
late on the scene.
Both British and American contributors liked this. In some
In the 1960s the book'sinternationalrepute led the Professional instances,suchas shopping precincts,more than asingle building
Literature Committee of the Royal Institute of British Architects is involved; for these the information given is more general. In
and manyothers to recognise the need for an English language others, such as underground houses, prolects aswell as finished
edition; but to convert to imperial measureswas a greatobstacle. buildings have been given as examples, although this is the
Conversion tothemetric system in Britain and the Commonwealth exception.
changed this. An English edition becamepossible. It was edited
by the late Rudolf Herz who had studied in Berlin and had Units of measurement
practised many years as an architect in the United Kingdom. The International System of Units (SI) is used for all units of
measurement. A decision on how to apply the system faces
He had no easy task. With so big a book translationalone wasa
architects and engineers when drawing plans. at what point to
major undertaking; furthermore much terminology and some switch from the basic mm to the derivative m. There appears to
practice details had to be modified. At that time, therefore, be no ruling by authority on this. In Architects' Data it is solved
publishers and editordid not try to bring the whole book up to in two ways. All linear measurements in text are given in milli-
date;theyconcentrated on getting it out. metresup to 9999, standing as herewithout indicator,and from
During the 1970s the need for a new edition thoroughly revised 10 m upwards they are givenin metres with the indicator m. On
became more pressing: there were new imperatives of energy theotherhand in the many smalldiagramswhich formoneof the
conservation, economic constraintand changing social needs to book's most useful elements, four figure dimensions would
affect the design of buildings. More influential still for such a oftenmake for clutter: wherethereisthisdanger, for dimensions
work: the 'information explosion', whose full force will be felt above 999 metres are used without the indicator m.
duringthe 1 980s, changing the role of such a design handbook. There has to be one exception to this rule. In sportinternational
When he wrote Architects' Data nearly fifty years ago Neutert
dimensions standardsare given: some of theseare still expressed
provided a mixture of abstracted design, principles, hard data in 'imperial'or US customaryunits. This sectionthereforepresents
and examples. Today there is less need for illustration of con- an unavoidable mixture.
struction details. Manufacturers increasingly distribute technical
information which can be filed in uniform office systems; and To meetthe needsof users in the United States of America, who
withtelephone lineand videodisplay unit an office can reach vast are mostly still using US customary or 'imperial' units, a set of
computerised and regularly revised data banks. To make sense conversion factors and tables is provided —.p364—81 (with a
of this mass of information the architect now needs even clearer simplified version on p434). In other appropriate
guidance on the principles and bases of design. instances the graphicscale may be used (see below).
Foreword
sidesthe Atlantic, ntto mention othercontinents. Sometimes it copyrightsare listed on the pagefollowing. Warmest thanks to
is possible to find a neutral alternative expression; at others we all.
have risked annoying everybody occasionally by choosing a Planning and execution of the revisions, changes, new concepts
word fromone or the other usage: thusthe British have to accept and improvements, while a cooperativeeffort, have been entirely
aisle', 'elevator' truck'; North Americans must stomach 'foot- the publishers' responsibility. But theworkwould not have been
path', 'ground floor' for 'first floor' (and 'second' for 'first' . . possible without consultant editor George Atkinson, whose
'cooker'for 'range' (which has a limited specific meaning in the experience, technical knowledgeand practicaloutlook have been
United Kingdom). Only rarely have we fallen back on using a invaluable, We are indebted also to Wm Dudley Hunt, whose
double expression such as 'trolley (cart)'. NorthAmericanreaders professionalism and expertise, which are the basisof the respect
are also asked to accept that British spelling has been used all he already enjoys in the USA, have helped enormously in the
through. completion ofthe book.
Distantly related is the problem of the rule of the road. Quite a Lastly we salute and thank Patricia Crowe, whose secretarial
numberof illustrations show access roads, car parking, turning skills gave us a clear course through the seas of paper, and
circles and such details. Some have their origin in continental deputy editorRichard Miles, whostepped in to see things through
Europe, some in North America, some in the United Kingdom. in the later stages ofthe work. The formidabletask of drawing or
Rather than try to convertall to one rule we have indicated on revising the manynew or modified figures fell to Sheena Busby
each relevantpage whether it refersto elior right handcirculation. MSAAT and the design and layout of the printed page to Tony
Leonard, to both of whom our sincerest thanks.
Acknowledgements
The contributors in the UK and USA who have made this new
edition possible are named —pix. Authors, publishers,architects, Vincent Jones
institutions and public bodies who have allowed the use of John Thackara
Abbreviations
Abbreviations used intext and diagrams are listed below, gal gallon
NB: pluralsarenot used inabbreviations gar garage
A ampere GP general practitioner
ar area gu guestroom
AC alternating current
accn accommodation h height orhigh
admin administration ha hall or hectare
arch architect hb (wash) hand basin
ANSI American National Standards Institute hr hour
ASTM American Society for Testing & Materials HUD Deptof Housing & UrbanDevelopment
av average hum humidity
Hz hertz
B bed
b bath ICBO InternationalConference ofBuilding Officials
base basement IES Illuminating Engineering Society
bathr bathroom IFLA InternationalFederation ofLibrary Associations
bedr bedroom ISO InternationalOrganisation for Standardisation
balc balcony (Organisationinternationalede Normalisation)
bldg building in inch
bldg reg building regulation
BOCA Building Officials & Code Administrators J joule
BRE Building Research Establishment
BS(I) British Standards (Institution) °K degree Kelvin
Btu British thermal unit k kitchen or thermal conductivty
BZ British zonal classification kg kilogram
kgf kilogram-force
C orcpd cupboard/USA cabinet km kilometre
degreeCelsius
c/c centre to centre/USA on centers I litre, length, long
Cd candela Ia larder
CGS central general stores lab laboratory
ch children au laundry
CIBS Chartered Institute of Building Services lay lavatory ortoilet
CIE Commission internationalede I'Eclairage(International lib library
Commission on Illumination) liv living room
ck cooker/USA range lob lobby
classr classroom lx lux
do cloakroom
consult consultation, consulting (room) m metre
corr corridor mdr maid's room (Orau pair)
CP code ofpractice max maximum
CSSD central sterile supply depot mech mechanical
med medical
d day or depth ME maintenancefactor
dayr dayroom mm minimum
dB decibel MIT Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology
DC directcurrent mm millimetre
deg degree rn/s metres persecond
dept department mur music room
DES DepartmentofEducation &Science
DF daylight factor N newton
DHSS DepartmentofHealth & SocialSecurity NFPA National Fire Protection Association
dia diameter nur nursery
DoE Department ofthe Environment
DPC damp proofcourse off office
di diningroom oper operating
dre dressing room OS Ordnance Survey
DSR domestic service room OSHA Occupational Safety & HealthAct
Abbreviations
s second USHB United States Hospital Board
SBCC Southern Building Code Congress USPHS United States Public Health Service
sd scullery uty utility room
ser servery
SfB system ofclassification (building literature) V volt
sho shower
sitr sitting room W watt
SI Système international dUnités w width
sk sink wa wardrobe/USA closet
St seat washr washroom
sto store (-age) wc water closet
stu study workr workroom
wp working plane
tonne wr waiting room (orarea)
temp temperature
T&G tongued & grooved yd yard
ter terrace yr year
centre line
UDC universal decimal classification 0 diameter
UF utilisation factor greater than orequal to
UK United Kingdom equal toor less than
USA United States of America
BasicData 1
1 LeonardodaVinci: ruleofproportion
In the past dimensions based on the human body, and on man's daily During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the metric system went
activities, provided a natural basis forall unitsof measurement.Common through several refinements asscientific knowledge about the physical
units like the inch — twelfth part of the foot, palm, hand, span, cubit — world progressed. Out of these refinementsarose the 'Système Inter-
length of the forearm, eli — outstretched arm, yard — pace are directly national d'Unités'(SI) now almost universallyadopted. Architects' Data
related to dimensions of the body. Other units (pole, furlong, mile — isbased onthe use of SI units—.p2
pound, stone, bushel etc) have theirbasis in human activities.
Architectural design remains largely about man and his spatial needs.
While trade was largely local and manufacture on a craft basis, local The aim of Architects'Data is to bring together in convenient form
variations in measurements were of limited importance.The growth of dimensional and spatial planning information relating to most human
science and technology, and the establishment of centralised states, activities. Thechange to SI which took place in the UK —and many other
typified in 18th century France, led to a demand for rationalisafion of English-speaking countries — in the 1970s stimulated a fresh look at
weights and measures. This the metric system, first adopted in 1790, userrequirements and their dimensional framework. The introductionof
met. It had ageodetic and decimal base, divorced from human dimen- SI in the USA during the 1980s will have asimilar effect
sionsand fromthe duodecimal bases of many earlier systems
2 BasicData
Use of SI units
The rationalisedmetric system Système InternationaldUnités (SI) isa
quantity unit symbol coherent system, nearly all the quantities needed being derived from
only 6 basic and arbitrarily defined units—9(1).
length metre m
mass kilogram kg To avoid using largeorsmall numbers a set ofprefixes hasbeenagreed
time second s note:practicalunit for temp for general use in the SI system. These are set out—C(2). In selecting
el current ampere A isdegreeCelsius(°C): prefixesconsideration should be given toorders of magnitudelikelyto
absolutetemp degreeKelvin CK temp intervalsofKelvin& be met with in practical situations. To reduce confusion preference
luminousintensity candela cd Celsiusare identical should begiven tomultiples and sub-multiples chosenin steps of1000.
Those multiples shown in brackets—.(2)are not recommended.
1 Basic units
SUPPLEMENTARY& DERIVEDUNITS
name symbol orderofmagnitude expression
From the 6 basic units others have been derived and mostly given
G 10 1000000000
giga special names —C(3). For use in design ofbldg thesefall into 5 groups:
mega M i0 1000000
space and time —.(4); mechanics and properties of matter —.(5); heat
kilo k i0 1000
and energy—C(6); acoustics and sound -(7);and illumination—.(8).El
hecto h 102 100
deca da 10 10 units, already well established, are also reproduced—C(3).
2
deci d 10 0.1 Some multiples and sub-multipes of basic units in common use also
centi c 10 2 0.01
have special names:
milli m 10 0.001
6 litre 103m3
micro 10 0.000001
nano n 10 0.000000001 tonne 10 kg
hectare 10 m2
2 MUltiples & sub-multiples of SI units Conversion factors & tables —.p364—81. Use of SI units—.Bib135
units: dB(A)
4 Space&time I
2 reverberation time = 0.16 V/AwhereV is volume of rrn in m3 & Ais
totalsoundabsorption
quantity name symbol expression unitofabsorption, thesabin, = a x Swherea isthesound absorption
coefficientofamaterial, Sitsar
mass tonne I l000000g rAcousfics; technicaldata p18 395—7
(1 000 kg)
kilogram kg 1000g
gram g ig quantity name symbol
milligram mg 0.001 g
force candela cd
luminousintensity
(mass/acceleration) meganewton MN 1000000 N luminousflux lumen rn
kilonewton kN 1000N (flowof light)
newton N iN illurninance lux lm/m2
(1 lbforce approximates to 4.5 N) (lightfallingon surface)
pressureor stress Pascal Pa 1 N/rn2
luminance apostilb cd/rn2
(force/area) (sometimes expressed as N/mm2)
(light emittedby source) (candela/rn2)
Drawing sheets
LAYOUT& IDENTIFICATION
Layout: on every sheetfiling margin, titleand identification panel.
Filing margin: at left hand edge 20 wide. Filing punch marks and
-- foldmarks printed as ticksatedges ofsheet(microfilming—.p7).
Titlepanel: place in bottom right handcorner of sheet toaid reference
when prints tiled or folded —(1)(2). Include: job title; drawing title;
scale; date of drawing; job number; SfB and UDC reference if appro-
priate; name of architect. Panel may also give initialsof person drawing,
tracing and checking sheet. USA panels—*(3).
Revision suffix should be changed each time drawing issued after
revision; or list each revision as is USA practice.
Printed blank title panels or use of stencils, transfers or rubber stamps
save timeand labOur,
Information panel: note nature and date of each revision, with archi-
tect's initials; start atbottom ofpanel and workupwards Ifgeneral notes
included start at top and workdown.
Key: on large prolecfs give key diagram showing continuous drawing
sheets, with appropriate partblacked inon each relevant drawing.
Orientation: showN point on every plan. When practicable all plans
should have same orientation, except for site location plan. For this draw
N at fop ofsheetto avoid identificationwith official maps
3 Information&title
A2 Al BI AO
panels in USA a vertical
arrangement bhorizontal iniormaiion
panei
iuiiepanei
0
('I
90 I
1 Typicaltitle panel: vertical
b
—Is
180
Drawing sheets
SIZES & FOLDS
Standard sizes
A0841 xl 189
Al 594 x 841
A2420x 594
A3 297 x 420
A4210x 297
These sizes all proportional, leading to simple reduction and enlarge-
ment: sheets may easily be folded tor filing and despatch. Relatively
small sizes should lead to easier handling in drawing office and on site.
Keepnumber ofsizesto mm toease binding and reference.
Original drawings and contactcopies should each be ofstandard sizes;
therefore avoid trimming sheets to less than A sizes.
Folding
Printsmay be folded toA4 size quite easily from any large A size.
When prints are to be filed necessary to told in such way that punch
holespenetrate only 1 layer. Methods offolding —.( 1)and p5.
I I
—-. —--———.———.-
A0 ———-
841 x 1189
-—
Al
594 x 841
A2
420 x 594
A2
430 x 594
A3
298 x 420
1 Simplefoldingofdrawings
BasicData 5
Drawing sheets
SIZES & FOLDS
A0
x 1189
:'
841
105
IN' I
//I
/ >! I
rg
I'// I
I
Al
594 x 841
=
i
105—
It
H> N-
V 0)
A2 N-
0)
420 x 594
20
A2
420 x 594
A3
297 x 420
1 Foldingofdrawingsforfiling
6 BasicData
Drawing practice
Designer's principal languageis through drawingand draughtsmanship.
typeof parts ofbldg
information &site Drawingsexpress his intentionsclearly.Theyare internationallyreadable.
Supplemented by schedules and specifications of materialsand work-
manship they enable quantities of materials needed and prices to be
estimated, bids to be drawn up, work to be planned by builder and
kxation carriedout on construction site. Drawingsare principal meansbywhich
designer'sintentions are discussed with clientand authorities.On basis
I-i, substructure of architect's drawings designs of specialists (eg structural, mech,
II!-h.-_ superstructure el engineer) and work of specialist contractors can be planned and
secondary coordinated.
elements
4— finishes In recent years much attention has been given to use of drawings and
.
-thJ-_-
foundation plan
-- seMces
111114__ fixtures
4-— Site
theircoordination —up7. Draughtsmanhas availablewide range ofinstru-
ments and tools. Since first English edition of Architects' Data unpre-
cedented developments in reprographic techniques and computer
graphics.
WORKINGDRAWINGS
assembly—1
Working drawings should convey bulk of technical information about
substructure bldg project. Builder needs to know 'shape', 'size'and 'location' ofbldg
4— superstructure as whole and of all constitutent parts and must be told 'composition' of
4— secondary materials to be used and assembly and fastening methods (—v Bib
elements
4— tinlehes 075 081).
[ (foundation i— services Grids on plans and key reference planes on elevations improve quality
L j details 4— fixtures
of dimensional information on working drawings; when repeated on
4— site
details they help to locate them in bldg. Composition best dealt with in
bills of quantities or specifications. Drawings and schedules should
indicate materials used; graphic symbols may be used for this purpose
(—eBib142).
Theset ofdrawings
substructure Two facetsof information used to classify information needed in struc-
superstructure turing sets of drawings: first differentiates between location,assembly
secondary
elements
andcomponent information; second parts ofbldg and site-.-.(1).
firushes
services —u(2) defines purposes oflocation,schedule, assembly and component
fixtures drawings.
site Not every type of these drawings will be required for 1 bldg proiect.
Some types of drawings and some types of information may be in
appropriate circumstances combined.
*there will beadditional
drawingsdeafing BRE tests favour elemental breakdown of bldg for systematic and
withproject aswhole
convenient arrangement of information. —x(3) shows universal list of
elements with codenumbers based on Cl/SfBtable 1 —up8 (—uBib553)
1 Arrangementoftheset (not used in USA).
iocation site&externai to identify, locate & dimension the
Works Site & externat works
therewill building toidentify, iocate & dimension parts
be additional & spaceswithinbldg & ioshow
iocation overaii shapes by plan,eievahon (— —) site,project
drawings orsection
deahng with to locategrids,datums S key substructure superstructure services site
fittings
pro(ect as reference planes
whole toconvey dimensions forsetting Out
togiveotherinformation ofgenerai (1—) (2—) (3—) (4—) (5—) (6—) (7—) (8—) (9—)
nature forwhichsmat scale is finishes mainly lived loose external
ground primary secondary mainly
approriate (eqdoorswings) substructure eiements eiemenfs piped el elements
element: togiveiocation & setting-out (10) (20) (30) (40) (50) (60) (70) (80) (90)
information about 1 eiemerit. or external
works
groupofreiated elements
(it) (2t( (3t) (4t) (5t) (61) (it) (81) (91)
cross-references ioshow cross-references to ground external evternal external el suppiy circulation circulation
schedules, assembly & wails openings
component drawings
)t2) (22) (32) (42) (52) (62) (72) (82) (92)
internal internat internal drainage, power seating
schedute eiement: tocolectrepetitive information seating
walls openings waste fixed loose
about elements orproducts which
occurin variety (t3( (23) (33) (43) (53) (63) (73) (83) (93)
torecord cross-references to floorbeds floors floor floor liquid hghting culinary cutinary
assembly & component drawings openings supply
(t4) (24) (34) (44) (54) (64) (74) (84) (94)
assembty eiement. toshow assembiy ofparts of
f
element including shape size
stairs,
ramps
baiustrades stair gases
supply
communications sanitary sanitary
ofthoseparts
toshow an element at its unction )t5) (25) (351 (45) (551 (65) (75) (851 (95)
withanother element suspended ceiling space cleaning cieaning
toshow cross-references to other ceitings coohng
assembly & component drawings (t6) (261 (36) (46) 156) (66) (76) (86) (96)
foundations space transport sto sf0
component eiement or toshow shape, dimensions & heating screening screening
sub-elements assembly (&possibly composition) (17) (27) (37) (47) (57) (67) (77) (87) (97)
ofcomponent tobe made away piles roofs roof roof ventitation special special
frombldg openings activity activity
toshow coinponent parts ofan inSitu
(18) (28) 138) (48) (581 (68) (78) (88) (98)
assemblywhich cannotbe defined frames security,
adequately onassembly drawing control
Drawing practice
WORKINGDRAWINGS(cont)
Elementcode (stairs)
Numbering, titling&coding
Sheetnumber —(1)shows simple numbering system, (—.BibO8l).Other information,
suchas job number, or information relating drawing to particularblock,
zoneor rm, best placed inseparate but adjacent block.
Titles should be brief but comprehensive. If drawing shows particular
A(24)2 feature of element, this should be stated in title, If detail applies at
particular location, thistoo should be stated—.(2).
Schedules of components, finishes etc can be used as convenient
Assemblydrawings collecting centres for cross-reference.
(2)
5 ISOAseriesofinternationalpapersizes 6 Metric&traditionalscaleratioscompared
8 BasicData
Drawing practice
LEVELS REFERENCING
0-mezzanine
elevation3048
firsto
ground- floor _____
I
eievaiion 00 'I,),
I-)—.
varies
groundlevel
Igrade)
Nexisting grade
elevarion 386r
Proportions
MAN: THE UNIVERSALSTANDARD
1 Proportions of humanbody
Proportions
Systems ofproportions have been used in design byarchitectsthrough-
out the centuries. Measurementsof classical bldg show basis of geo-
metrical proportion —.(1).
One frequently used proportionalrelationshipbasedon goldensection:
'1 relationship M:rn in which minor part m is to major part M as this is to
sum of both ie:
m:M = M:(Mm)-.(2)
1
1
\ I
\\
I-,
-
/2
M --\----- 4
a
/:
/ E
m
\' V2
'1
J
j•
2160
5 Greektemplein plan&elevation based,as in—fl),on golden section
952807
588867 1177735
363940 727880
224927 449855
139013 278025
85914 171829
53098 106196
32816 65633
20282 40563
12535 25069
7747 15494 306 609
4788 9576 1881, 377
2959 5918 1161/2 233
1829 3658 72 144
1130 2260 44½ 89
698 1 397 27½ 55
432 863 17 34
267 534 10½ 21
165 330 6½ 13
102 204 4 8
63 126
39 78
24 48
15 30
9 18
6 11
Man
DIMENSIONS& SPACEREQUIREMENTS co
Body measurements (I)
—.(1 )—(20) showbody measurementsbasedon Europeandata.—(21 )—
(26) show further body measurements based on USA data. School
children —.p131—32.
a
—625—-—f a 1—300-I
small easychair
for
sewin'
I— —
900—1000
F—860-—
—710—
24 ___
12 Basic Data
Man
DIMENSIONS& SPACEREQUIREMENTS
Mm dimensions and space requirements of human beings in some
common situations,basedon European measurements—.also p1 1 13 14
h*
13751
1
4
3
875 4 1000 I
4 5
1150 I —
6
1700 -- - I
7
2250
Step measurements
f
750- 4 750 —4 750 -4 I- 875 - 875—-I—-- 875 -—-4 4-—-- 1250 625 —4 2000
13 14 Marching 15 Strolling 16 Max/rn = 6persons
requirementsof variousbodypostures
r
Spacerequirements for hand luggage Space requirements with stick & umbrella
Man
DIMENSIONS& SPACEREQUIREMENTS: ACCESS FORWORKON BUILDINGS
+ min2450
—-
1 Bodyclearance: prone
-$ r-
2 Body clearance: crawl t mm 560
to 600
w#
5 Bodyclearance maintenance
reachlevels 900
760
stand 1550
el1220 920
11 Service access. stairs
L1_-_600
mm entries for I man
300 330—450difficult
450—610 fair
61 0—920good
150 inclined
vertical
ft
7 Service access: crawlway angle R W
Proportions references
Bibliography entries 075 081 082 445
14 Basic Data
Man
WALKINGSPEEDS& FLOW CAPACITY —aIsop407 DIMENSIONS& SPACEREQUIREMENTS
NB Europeandata (1)—(7); USA (8)(9)
Stairs
Relation between riser and going for most normal staircases 2R: 1G
where R = riser (not greater than 190, or tor elderly and ambulant
disabled not more than 170: external steps 145 preferred) and G =
going (not less than 240, orfor elderly and ambulantdisabled not less
than 250: external steps 370 preferred).
Av walking speeds on stairs lower than in corridors: generally laster
down than up but in dense crowd down may be slower. Number of
mis-steps increases as size of tread reduced: more accidents going
I— 625 - downstairs than up. Design details -.p86(5) 408/3
Corridors& ramps
Factors affecting walking speeds on level footways (in oroutdoors):
purpose ofjourney;
1 Normalpaceofmale adult on 2 On ramp pace reduced:
age and sex;
horizontalplane desirableslope 10%—8% whether single person or in group:
air temp(quicker in cold);
floorsurface;
whether carrying weight;
crowd density:
350—400 flow pattern.
Walking speeds vary within crowd; range between highest and lowest
speed can be equal to mean value.
Limit of free flow conditions in corridors: approx 0.3 P/rn2; higher
densities limit individual's ability walkat natural speed and overtake. At
3 Tread&riseproportionrule-of-
a
4 Ifstairs narroworcurved
density 1.4 P/rn2 (commonly adopted design max) most people will be
walking atless than natural speed and feel some discomfort
(
Short length of slope in level toofway scarcely affects walking speed;
similarly for low gradient ramps 5%). Steeper ramps can reduce
speed markedly: eg by20% with 10% gradient,40% with 15% gradient.
Elderly and disabled (—.p85(2) 87(11)) generally walk more slowly
down than up ramp (gradient 8%). Design details —op407.
w
same
as
stairs
mm2030
970
5—15
activity contaminant
cooking 3000
bathing 1000
dish washing 1000 a
clotheswashing 500
clothesdrying 5000(automatic dryersto beventedtooutside) C.
a
a
4 Ratesof productionofwatervapour(H20)fromhousehold activities
C.
0.
fuel contaminant a
a
CO2 water vapour(H20) SO2
l/s/kW g/hr/kW l/s/kW
\.' \'\
C) %
C
contaminant limitingconcentration % a
\t \ \\ X
— tobacco smoke
\(
C.,
2 (smalloff)
carbondioxide
carbonmonoxide
toxicity
0.5
0.005
flammability
—
120—75.0
C
o
\ \ \J(o(n-plan)
sulphurdioxide 0.0005 —
methane 30 5.0—15.0
E
a S
>
propane 30 2.0—9.5 I I
butane 30 15—8.5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
acetylene 302 2.5—8.2 floor space/P: my/P
hydrogen 30 4.0—7.4
petrol(gasoline) 0.1 1.4—7.6 8 Ventilationrequirementsforoff: verticaldottedline shows lowerlimitas
definedbyUKOffices&Shops&RailwayPremises Act (assuming ceilinghof
6 Limitingvaluesof commoncontaminants 2.7m)
16 BasicData
will dress and degree activity vary, but people differ in requirements.
L'sually adequate maintaintemp within 2 Cofoptimum. While no impor-
toot general ditterence between temp preterred by men or women,
yaung or old, there will bedifferences in part due toclothing and in part
toactivity Old people usually less active Children ofsecondary school 0
ade require similar temp to adults. but more tolerant ot variations. .0
0
Younger children even more tolerant and, being more active, prefer .0
lower temp 1 tudor intluencing clothing people wear is prevailing a)
rateof metabolic
activity description heat produced.
W/m2bodyar
sleeping bodyrelaxed, lying down, reclining 40
sitting reading, typing, clerical work 50—60 drybulb) C)
standing little movement (eg serving at counter) 65—90
active whole bodymoving'walking.
bedmaking 90—130
1 Levelsofactivityusualinbldg
2 Categoriesof clothingwornindoors
clothing activity
nude 31 29 25 28
29 26 18
light 21
normal 27 23 17 13
COLOUR
Colour in bldg is both aid to vision and meansbywhich architect creates
pleasant, stimulating appearance. Good colouring and good lighting
interdependent.
Common practice of describing colours byarbitrary namesdeprecated.
Several systems for classifying colours. One such, standardised by
CIE, based on 3 physical attributes(wavelength, purify, luminance),
widelyused in colour lab but less suitable for architectural design than
American Munsell system, basedon 'value' (lightness). 'chroma' (satu-
ration ofpigment, or strength(. 'hue'.
Munsell 'hue' scale includes 10 major 'hue' regions, each sub-divided
—.141(5). Major 'hue' regions denoted by initials, positions in region by
numbers eg 7.5RP denotes reddish red-purple hue In UK attribute
'greyness' replacing that of 'value' or lightness. 5 distinct categories
used:grey: nearly grey: grey-clear: nearly clear: clear.
For use in design of lighting possible to determine fromMunsell value
approx equivalent reflection factor independent of hue' or 'chroma'
—(6l Hue planes —p18l1).
501' 75PB
N 2 4 6 810121416 N 2 4 6 810121416
perfect - - perfect
white white -
9
8
ii....._
•IU UUI 8
._
II
.
UI• UU UIUI
7
III I
UUU •••ii
7
6
4 UI.....
6
Munsellvalue reflection factor%
9)5
- ' U..
3
2
perfect
I
•. -.
perfect
black N 2 4 68 10121416 black
5
>3
iUUIUIUU
2
N
•••••••
UIIUI
._____
2 4 6 810121416
very light
light
middle
dark
9—9.5
7—8
5—6
3—4
72—84
42—56
20—30
6—12
: \ i \ iii__
3 Recommendedmax intrusive noiselevels
1
I
4 68 4
i
6 8
—r—r 1
2
I
4 6
r1
8
1
100 8
6
:E N
2
a)
.
\I\
ust cieariy
percepilbie perceptibk.
_ annoying
..unpieaSant
ariperceptibie s., 6
-
' ." 4
..L_L L —-
10
I i LJ .J. I I JJ
103 4 Humansensitivity:Reiher-
arrpiitude
_________________________________________________________ Meisterscale (verticalvibrations)
BasicData 19
Man & his buildings
ACCESS & CIRCULATION design should ensure adequatevisibility butdiscouragevehicle speeds;
parking spaces clearly marked; U)
provide clear zone free from parked cars to allow vehicles and ped- C-)
Space required around for access and circulation of people, prams, estrians to circulate comfortably;
wheelchairs, trolleys(carts) etc. Access to bldg or groups of bldg also
for private cars, delivery vans, moving vans, trucks etc. Space may be
shared surfaces should beadequately litafter dark. ci
required forparking, shortor long term. Separatespace may be required Footways
for parking orsf0 of2-wheel vehicles: bicycles, mopeds, motor cycles. To design footways —*(1)—(5) safe, convenient and secure necessary
ensurethatthey:
Shared surfaces provideshortest routes between dwellings and community services;
Usualto separate circulation of pedestrians and powered vehicles, but are keptseparate fromheavily trafficked roads;
in certain situations (eg shortculs-de-sac giving access to dwellings, have easiest practicalgradients;
car parks) shared surfaces may be adopted. Their design should be are protected from wind and driving rain;
based on: are wideenough toavoid needforpedestrianswhen passing to step out
intocarriagewayoronplantedareasand, wherenecessary,foroccasional
startof shared surface clearly distinguished fromnormal carriagewayby access by emergency vehicles, egambulances.
changeintextureor surface orchange in level;
number ofvehicles using shared surface should be limited; Paths & sidewalks also—.p4385 106
2 Wof800 allowspramsorwheel-
chairstopassthroughnarrowest
point; 1 800 allowspassingoneither
side ofnarrowestpoint
4 W of 1 200 allowsprams&
wheelchairsto proceed in comfort &
pedestriansto passeachother;
wideningto 1 800 at entrances to
curtilagesallowsall usersto passin
comfort
5 At entrancestoprivatedrives or -4-
parkingspaceswof800 carried
throughat footwaylevelenables
1 Spaces required forvarious prams& wheelchairstoavoidramps
types ofpedestrian movement & droppedkerbs
20 BasicData
Man & his buildings
ROADWAYS
—.USA standards p21
—accessp41—3
Size and geometric characteristicsofvehicles determine dimensions of
roadways, lunctons,turning and parking spaces. Special requirements
for bldg serving commerce and industry. Not all types ofvehicles likely
to use residential roads. Those which do may not need access to all
partsofsite. In addition to private cars 3 types ofvehicle may generally
be expected in residentialareas:furniture removalvans; refusecollection
1 Furnitureremovalvan vehicles; and fire engines-..(1)—(3)—.p24.
Space required forthesevehicles to move and manoeuvredepends on
context within which they operate. For major roads national highway
authorities lay down max permitted dimensions, axle loads and turning
circles. They recommend road widths, sightlines and other charac-
teristics of major urban and rural roads.
On residential roads traffic flows light and sometolerancein dimensions
acceptable, egtopreserve existing features. Roadwidths narrowerthan
5500acceptable —(4)—(7).
2 Refusecollectionvehicle Parking provision conditions adequacy ofroad width. Where roadsgive
direct access to dwellings and parking spaces roadways likely to be
used for casual parking. Where this does not happen widths largely
determined byconsiderations of movingtraffic. Narrowedsections may
be used to discourage parking where there is danger at pedestrian
crossing —.(8) (rare in USA).
Allowance must be made for increase in width of larger vehicles at
bends and fortheirturning and manoeuvreing—(9).
NB diagrams on this page apply for left hand circulation; for USA
dimensions and reg—p2l250
3 Fireengine
a
1•
4000
5 Carriageway 4800allowswidecar&furnitureremovalvantopasseach
r
otherwithoveralltoleranceof500butistoonarrowtoallowfreemovement of
largevehicles
rr:in i In 5500
350
_-- 1 720
straightin— backout
900 in—backout(1 car)
2 Gar entranceswithgradientsforramps
22 Basic Data
Man & his buildings
PARKING
Basisor layout of vehicle parking spaces in parking bay ranges from
1 800 x 4600to 2400 x 6000. Largerbaydimensions usuallyadopted
A A for open air parking, or where high proportion of larger cars and vans
A___t_ likely use. While 900 parking more economical in space requirement
(20—22m2/car)450parking (23—26 m2/car)more convenient—*(1)—(3).
Vehiclelengths —*p2024251
Vehicle parking spaces for disabled persons should be wider. For
semi-ambulant persons bay widths should be increased to 2700 or
better2800; forwheelchair users 3000—3100—op85 166(3).
1 Parallel parking USA parking spaces vary; depending onzoning ordinances—op250.
A B c NB diagrams on this pageapply totrafficcirculation onthe left
mnbldg 5800 4600 2200—2300
__-
inopen 6100—6700 5500 2400
'
A A D
\ USA
mm 18.3
20.0 preferred
inbldg 3000 4600 2300 3260 5000 2800 inbldg 4600 2300 6000
in open 3390 5500 2400 3890 5500 2800—3000 inopen 5500 2400 6100—6700
VEHICLETURNINGSPACES
4 Full lockforward: afurniturevan bcar c refusevehicle dfireappliance 5 Fulllock reverse: afurniturevan bcar crefusevehicle dfireappliance
BasicData 23
Man & his buildings
PARKING:VEHICLETURNINGSPACES
Vehiclelengths —*p2024 NB diagramson this pageapply totrafficcirculation on the left
a b C d
a b C d
a b C d
a d
b(c
4 Reverseside turn: afurniturevan bcar crefusevehicle d fireappliance
24 Basic Data
1)
_ ___ '\USA wheel location
—n--fl--- LiLLLdi
10973
_______ I
1 Coachfor49passengers:seating layoutsvaryaccordingto use intended
fm5\
r?*M r
4216
18'2" (USA)
11
11
' I
C') c'J
<II
Cl)io
II-'-
T 16' 11" (USA)
Cl)
Cl)
II'
6 Minicar
Lighting
Lighting inside a bldg must fulfil 2 functions: (a)to illuminatethe interior
and itscontents; (b) where there issometask, egreading,performing a A goodcolourrenderinglamps
delicate movement, walking up or down stairs, to illuminate the task
appearance lamptype efficacy
appropriately and to appropriate extent so that visual mechanism can of light relative
function athigh levelof efficiency. to 'white'
When visual tasks might needtobecarried out anywhere ininterior bldg lamp
B high efficacylamps
Notes
1 othertypes of lamp are madeforspecial purposes, eg decorative
Lighting
DEFINITIONS(cont)
Colour: Munsell system—*pl 7—18
Munsell system convenient and commonly used way of describing
colour of surface in terms of hue (position in colour circle), chroma
(paleness or fullness ofcolour) and value. Value correspondsto reflec-
tance, approx given by:
Utilisationfactor (UF)
UFis proportion (expressed asdecimal) ofluminousflux oflight sources
whichfalls on horizontal working plane in an interior: depends on shape
of lightdistribution fromluminaires, rm index —-nbelow and reflectances
of rm surfaces. Light distribution characterised by shape of intensity
distribution with respecttoangle invertical plane fromdownwardvertical.
These shapes commonly classified in UK by British Zonal System (BZ
1 Intensitydistributioncurveswith BritishZonal(BZ)classification no); the 10 shapes and their mathematical descriptions are shown
—*(1). Most manufacturers now tabulate UF in their catalogues.Failing
thistheycan beestimated byreference totables (—sBib449).
roomindex Roomindex(RI)
RI relates to dimensions of rm: length I, width w, with luminaire height
1.0—1.6 2.5 4.0 above working plane hm.
direct &semi-directlighting RI —
lxw
(BZ1—3,25% upward light) hm(l + w)
floorcavityreflectance 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3
E(h)1E8 2.8 2.4 2.1 2.6 2.3 2.05 2.5 2.2 2.0
general diffusedlighting
ILLUMINANCE—.p25
(BZ4—10, 50% upward light)
floorcavity reflectance 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 Where specific visual task exists illuminance is that on plane of task,
E(h)/Ee 2.3 2.2 1.9 2.2 2.0 1.8 2.1 1.9 1.7 whether horizontal, vertical or inclined. In places such as foyers and
circulation areas 'scalar' illuminance is specified. This is a measure
2 Conversionof scalar illuminance to illuminance on horizontal planefor which is independent of direction and is related to illuminance on a
interiorwith light ceilings& walls horizontal plane inwaywhich takes into account notonly rm shape and
luminaire light distribution but, most important,floor reflectance—n(2).
Illuminance received fromgiven lighting installation falls during use
because there is gradual drop in light output of lamp during its life and
luminaire and rm surfaces getdirtier between cleaningperiods. (Shorter
these intervals more efficiently el energy is used but more expensive
maintenance costbecomes.) Recommendedilluminance (—nBib383) is
service' value ieavover period between cleaning; installed illuminance
is higher thanthis by the reciprocal ofthe MF.
Lighting furtherdetail—-np398—400
Daylighting —*p27—32; sunlight —sp33—7
BasicData 27
Daylight
INTRODUCTION
Daylightfactor
Because of varying intensity of daylight in countries with humid and
temperate climates inpractice most useful tobase daylightingdesign on
concept ofdaylight factor (DF),defined insimple terms as ratio ofindoor
illuminance —p26 (formerly known as illurninance value) to outdoor
illuminance and given as percentage.(More exact definition—Bib124).
CIE standardovercastsky
To provide practical basisfor estimation and measurement of DF in
Britain and NW Europe has beenfound convenient to adopt standard
overcast sky with sun obscured bycloud. This sky generally known as
CIE standard overcast sky and assumed to have uniform luminance
—p26(ie physical measure ofbrightness), in azimuthwithzenith lumi-
nance about 3times that near horizon—+(1). Zenith luminancedepends
1 Relativeluminancedistribution of CIEstandardovercastskywithav on angular elevation ofsun but conventional value of2050 cd/rn2 was
luminancetaken asunity:conventional valueatzenith togive 5000lux assumed originally, giving unobstructed illuminance of 5000 lux on
illuminanceon horizontal plane—2050 cd/m2:illuminance —.p25 26 horizontal plane outdoors.
3 Illuminanceinluxreceived fromskyonhorizontalsurfaceoutofdoors
averagedforeachmonth& plotted against time
2170
1400
1200
1000 0
0
iIIuminafl 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 luX
Daylight
INTRODUCTION (cont)
Diversityofdaylight
20- Diversity of daylight illuminance across rm can be shown as graph on
15
cross section ofrm, slope ofcurve indicatingdegreeofdiversity. Typical
gradient of illuminance on centre line of window —s(1). In line with
10—
a
'5
ti 5- artificial lighting practice diversity ofilluminance can also be expressed
numerically asuniformity ratio,egas ratio ofmm toavDF. Thus
minDF
uniformity ratio = av DF
0.36 16
-.
FT1
I 01 0.62 045
CALCULATIONOF DF: GENERAL
Methods for predicting daylight Iluminance at design stage range from
simpleformulas to sophisticated computer techniques (—Bib076 107
-42mfJ 251 368381 397457).
Amount of design information required for predicting daylight factors in
rm depends on complexity of method of calculation. For initial calcu-
2 Distributionofdaylight over horizontalplane: forclearness intermediate lations, where window sizes not yet determined, useful if method of
calculation cangive areaofglassrequired to provide particularstandard
valueshave beenomitted
of daylight.
1.0
0.9 Ii 11
/ 2ETI
---
i- e
/
1.0% - smalrmsei
08 — - ,/ — -. — B
I,
07 .
-
/ / ---
obstruction
0.6 - - --f--
a wail ra8ect 4
0.5 — —
0.4 / OF %
0.3
,, —4 0%
0.2
0.1
00
j —4
n
3 DistributionofdaylightonhorizontalplaneshownbycontoursofequalDF 4 Typicaldaylightingaid
BasicData 29
Daylight
CALCULATIONOF OF(cont)
Initial estimates: side-litrm
Netarea of glazing rough measureofamount ofdaylight admitted to rm.
As first approximation, assuming side-litrm of normal proportions with
no external obstructions and with surfaceshaving avreflectance 0.4, av
DF can be taken as equal about 1/2 of percentage ratio ofglass to floor
area. Thus windows on 1 side ofrm with total glass areaapprox 20% of
floor area will give av DF about 4%. Under same conditions mm DF will
be approx 1/2 av value, le2%. Conversely, to obtain av DE of6% in rm
with floorarea 12 rn2will require glazing areaof approx 6 x 12 x 5/100
m2or 3.6 m2.
a For closer estimate of mm DF in typical side-lit rm —n(1)(2). These
graphs give mm DF related to rm depths forvarious rm lengths (parallel
towindow wall) and window widths,with correctionsfor angle ofexternal
obstruction to mid-height ofwindow. Reflectancesof rm surfacestaken
as:ceiling 0.7, walls0.5, floor0.15. Mm DF assumed beon centre line of
window wall atpoint600fromrear wall. Window widths (strictly window
lengths) actual glassarea widths given as% rm length. Formore than 1
rmd—' window widths aggregatedand assumedwindows regularlyspaced along
(eepressed in mullipiesofwindowhaboveciiiievei) windowwall.(Further details, including bilateral lighting—oBib397.)
Av DFcalculations
Av DF over horizontal working plane can be calculatedusing formula put
1 CIE methodofdaylightcalculation: typicalgraphapplicableto side-litr1 forward —eBlb452
unilaterallightingwith noexternalobstructions
085W
C CR1+5ft
A(1—R)
where w isglassar
A is total arof rm surfaces (includingglass)
A1 is ar of floor & ofthosepartsofwatls below mid-height of window
(excluding window wall)
C is function ofdaylight incident onwindow &varies with sky luminance
& angleof external obstructions —.(3)
R is av reflectance ofall rm surfaces including windows, expressed as
decimal
0
R is av reflectance offloor & lower wallsbelow mid-height of window
0 (excluding window wall)
is av reflectance of ceiling & upper walls above mid-height of
0 window (excluding window wall)
Where window sizenot known glass area required givestipulated avDF
canbeworked out frombasic formula restatedas:
DFav
+ 5R
085 —--+°
A1 (A(1 —R)
rmd—.
(in muitipiesofwindow, aboveciii)
rml mid rmh window avDF
2 CIE method ofdaylightcalculation: correctionstoDF forangles of h window I/mi Iaspercentages
obstruction(tobereadwith—.1) (m) (m) (m) (m) 30% 60% 90%
angle ofobstruction coefficientC 3.3 3.3 2.4 1.3 1.6 2.8 4.0
measuredfromcentre 3.3 4.5 2.4 1.3 1.2 2.2 3.1
ofwindow (degrees 3.3 6.6 2.4 1.3 0.9 1.6 2.2
abovehorizontal)
4.5 3.3 2.4 1.5 1.8 3.3 5.2
4.5 4.5 2.4 1.5 1.4 2.6 4.0
No obstruction 39 4.5 6.6 2.4 1.5 1.0 1.9 2.9
100 35
20° 31 6.6 3.3 2.4 1.5 2.0 3.6 5.5
30° 25 6.6 4.5 2.4 1.5 1.5 2.8 4.3
40° 20 6.6 6.6 2.4 1.5 1.1 2.0 3.1
50° 14
9.9 4.5 2.7 1.8 2.2 4.3 6.1
60° 10
9.9 6.6 2.7 1.8 1.5 3.1 4.5
70° 7
9.9 9.9 2.7 1.8 1.0 2.2 3.1
80° 5
3 Variationof coefficientc with angle ofobstruction toberead withformula 4 Basic assumptions: floor reflectance=0.15,wallreflectance= 0.4,
forav OF—.above & IRCformula —.p30 ceiling reflectance=0.7, externalobstruction=20% atmid-hofwindow; no
allowancefor dirt on glass but25% correctionfor window frame for3300—
6600rm1&15%for9900rml
30 BasicData
Daylight
CALCULATIONOF DF (cont)
Pointby point methods: verticalwindowsinside-lit rm
Basic assumption formost point bypoint methods ofdaylight calculatlon
adopted in UK is toconsider daylight reaching point in rm as consisting
of 3 components:
sky component (SC)
externally-reflected component (ERC)
internally-reflected component (IRC)
Howthese3 components operate isshown —v(1). Togive complete DF
the 3components are simply addedtogether. Correctionstorother than
clearglass, area otwindow obscured by framing and window bars and
effectofdirt on glass and rm surfacescanbemadeby applyingcorrection
factorsto final figure—vp31(4)(5).
SC & EAC
1 3componentsofDF: SC + ERC+ IRC= DF For preliminary calculations —v(2) (Bib076). In use table gives data for
effective widthofwindow torightor leh ofline (normaltowindow plane)
ratio HID = hotwindowaboveworkingplane.distance Iron, wkldow drawn to reference —.(3). SC atany other referencepoint, also effect of
0.1 02040.6 0.8 1.0 12 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 22 2.4 6 as a.o as 42 5.0° external obstruction, can be found by adding or subtracting SC of
hypotheticalwindows so that actual window remains.To allowtor reduced
01 0 01 0204060708091.0 10 1.1 1.1 11 1.1 1.2 12 1.2 1.2 1.3 luminance of obstructions values of equivalent SC for obscured
02 01 0.2 0.5 0.8 1.1 14 1.6 18 1.9
20 2.1 22 22 23 23 24 24 24 25 sections ofwindow aremulitplied by0.8
0.301 0307 12 1721 242729 31 3.2 3.3 3.4 34 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.7 37
0401 04 10 16 22 ai 32 as 38 40 4.1 43 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.6 47 4.8 4.9 Other methods of predicting SC and ERCinclude BRE DF protractors,
0.5 01 05 12 19 26 3.3 38 4.2 46
4.8 50 52 53 54 5.5 57 58 5.9 59
06 01 06 13 22 30 38 4.4 4.9 53
5.6 58 6.0 62 63 64 6.6 67 6.8 6.9 Pilkington dot method, grid methods such asWaldramdiagram.With all
0.70207 152433424854 58 62 64 6.6 6.8 70 7.1 73 74 7.6 77 theseaids ERCestimated byassuming that proportion of skyobscured
0.60207 16263645525.863 67 7.0 7.3 75 7.6 7.8 80 8.2 83 64
by obstruction (as seen trom reference point) has luminance which is
1.0 0.2 0.8 17273848566.267 7.1 7.4 77 79 81 82 6.5 87 8.8 5.0 somefraction of sky obscured. Unless luminance ot obstruction known
12020818294050596571 75 7.9 8.1 64 86 8.7 90 92 94 9.6
1.402 09 1931 43 54 6.4 72 78 6.3 87 91 9.3 96 9810.1 10310510.7 usual practice to assume obstruction luminance 'Is av sky luminance.
68 1.6 a2 09 1.9 32 45 5.7 6.7 758.2 6.7 91 9.5 9.810010210.610911111.6
1.6 0.2 0920334659 70 7885 9.1 9610010.210510.711.1 114 11.7122 IRC
P 1.9 0.2 102433476.07281 88
2.002 1.02.033476.1 7.38290
2.5021.0 2.1 3.34.662 748492
9.5
9.7
100 104 10.8 11.1 11311.812.0123126
102 10.711.111.4117122124127130
For preliminary estimates mm IRC can beobtained from —.(4)itcertain
limitations on size ot rmand reflectancesof rmsurfaces accepted. More
0 9.9 10.511.011.411.712012612.9133137
3 3.0 0.21.02.13.44.86.275 85 9.3 10.010.711211712.012.412913.313.7142 comprehensive coverage —vBibO76. Where relatively high accuracy
0 4.0 0.2 1.0 2.1 3.4 4.9 63 75 86 9.4 10110.611311812.212.513213.514.014.6
a at
6.002 1.0 34 506376869.5 10210.911411912.312613213614.1 149 required IRC for side-lit rm can be calculatedusing BRE inter-retlection
0.2 1.0 2.1 34 5.0 6.3 76 86 9.5 103 10.911.511912.312.713313.714.215.0 formula:
floor reflectance
windowar
as%ot 10% 20% 40%
offlooror
3 Exampleofsimplecase: avwafireflectance leociudingwindowl
SCforsectionofwindow(W,) is read —o(2) againstratiosHID
&WID; fromdrawingff
=
=j
=0.7; 0.6
=-=
SCread againstthese ratios 1.5; repeatsection (W2) &add SC,toSC2 to 2
20% 40% 60% 80%
— — 0.1 02
20% 40% 60% 80% 20% 40% 60% 80%
— 01 01 02 — 01 0.2 02
give SCforwholewindow 1.5+ 1.5=3.0; forobstructions treatobscured 5 0.1 01 0.2 04 01 02 03 05 0.10.2 0.4 0.6
sectionwindow & x 0.2tocorrectforlowerluminance;angleofobstruction on
7 0.1 02 0.3 0.5 01 02 04 06 0.20.3 0.6 05
10 0.1 02 0.4 07 02 03 06 09 0.30.5 0.8 12
table gives appropriateHIDforobscuredsection 15 0.2 04 0.6 1.0 02 05 08 13 0.40.7 1.1 17
20 0.2 05 0.8 1.4 03 06 1.1 1.7 0.50.0 1.5 23
25 0.3 06 1.0 1.7 04
08 13 20 0.61.1 1.8 28
wall toconvertto to convertto to convertto 30 0.3 07 12 2.0 05
00 15 24 05 1.3 21 33
reflectance floor arof 10m2 floor arof90m2 avIRC 35 0.4 08 14 2.3 05
10 18 28 09 1.5 24 38
40 0.509 162.6 06122031 10172742
45 0.5 10 18 2.9 07 13 22 34 12 1.9 30 46
20 0.6 1.4 1.8 50 0.6 1.1 19 3.1 08 14 2.3 37 1.3 at 32 4.9
Daylight
CALCULATIONOFOF (cont) M is correction factor fordirt or aging of glazing—*(3)
B iscorrection factor forwindow framing, glazing & internalobstructions,
Roof lightsystems eg overhead supports for machinery: where details of framing not
Spacing, as well as size, of roof lights is important consideration for known typical value forBis0.75butfigurecould beless infactories with
adequate daylighting: in general DF easier topredict thanforside-litrm overhead pipework, ducting & structural members1
but samevariables apply, eg area and position of glazing, shape and G is correction factor fortype ofglass other than clear glass
size of space to be daylighted, reflectance of interior surfaces. Illumi- g/f isratioof glazing artofloorar
nance on horizontal working plane from correctly spaced roof lights
nearerto distribution from overhead artificial lighting installations and Coefficient depends on roof light design, shape and size of interior
usuallysufficient to determine av DF. space and reflectances ofceiling, walls and floor.
CIE recommendations (—oBib397) include method forestimating av DF 1W
Rm indexas tabulated =
forvarious rooflightsystems atearly stage in design, with graphs forflat (l-w)h
and low-pitchedroofs, sawtooth and monitor roofs, from which av DF where I = length of rm, w = widthof rmand h = height above working
can beascertained. Typical curves forskylights inflat and 200pitchroofs
plane to centre of glazing. To ensure fairlyeven spread of daylight
reproduced —(1)(2). By means ofassociatedtables corrections can be spacing/height ratios should be kept withinlimits shown —*(6).
made for various glass transmittances, for dirt on glass and for av
surfacereflectances differing from20% (0.2) reflectance assumed for Pointby point methods:roof lightsystems
(3)(4)(5). For —+(1 )(2) av DF can be read directgiven glass ar/floor ar Where necessary to calculate DF at selected reference points with
ratios, length of bldg and height ofwallsaboveworking plane. some precision, eg to test daylight distribution, SC and ERC can be
Useful formula below with associated tables developed by Pilkington obtained byusing BRE protractors. IRCcanbeestimated by using BRE
Brothers (Bib543) for prediction ofav DF for rooflightsin range of roof nomogram Ill—+Bib076.
types,including shed, sawtooth and monitors.
AvDFon horizontal plane: D= 100.c.M.B.G.(g/f)%
where Note: correction factor 8' for largecontinuousinternalobstructions,such asducting,
c iscoefficient ofutilisation —*(7)(8) can beworked outon cross section(byproiection)forselectedreferencepoints.
DF toallow fordirton glass 1.5 .34 .31 .3 .32 .31 .29 .3 .27 .26
2.0 .36 .35 .32 .36 .34 .32 .34 .32 .29
glazingmaterials vertical windows, slopEng& 2.5 .39 .38 .35 .38 .36 .34 .35 .32 .31
steeply sloping flatroof
roof fights fights 3.0 .4 .39 .38 .4 .35 .36 .36 .35 .32
4.0 .42 .41 .4 .41 .4 .39 .39 .38 .35
single double single
glazing glazing glazing 5.0 .44 .42 .41 .42 .41 .4 .4 .39 .36
1 CIE methodof daylightcalculation: typical mt .49 .42 .49 .48 .48 48 .45 .45 .42
graph applicableto skylightsinfiat roofs glass:
4—6clearor6 1.0 0.9 1.1
polished wired
7 Coefficientsofutilisationforsawtooth roofwith
skhtsin alied roots(20pitthl 6roughcast 0.95 0.85 1.05 slopingglazing
wiredcastorpatlemed 0.9 0.8 1.0
6selectively
heat-absorbing 0.85 0.7 0.95 reflectance
(palegreen)
6 body-tinted
heat-absorbing 0.55 0.5 0.6 ceiling 0.7 0.5 0.3 0
(bronze)
walls 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0
corrugated resin-bonded glass fibre room index coefficient ofutilisation
reinforcedroofingsheets:
moderately diffusing 0.9 — 0.9 0.6 .15 .12 .09 .13 .12 .09 .11 .09 .09
heavily diffusing 0.75—0.9 — 0.75—0.9
0.8 .19 .16 .13 .19 .16 .13 .16 .13 .13
Correctionfactorstobeappliedto calculate for 1.0 .23 .2 .18 .22 .19 .18 .19 .18 .16
typicalglazing materials: forprecisedetailsof 1.25 .26 .23 .2 .24 .23 .2 .22 .2 .19
proprietarymaterialsconsultmanufacturers; for
doubleglazinginnerpaneof clear glassis 1.5 .27 .24 .22 .26 .24 .22 23 .22 .2
assumed 2.0 .3 .27 .24 .28 .26 .24 .26 .24 .24
2.5 .32 .3 .27 .31 .28 .27 .28 .27 .26
2 4 I e 10 12 14 16 1e%
avDF 3.0 .34 31 .3 .32 .31 .28 .3 .28 27
=1.5max 4.0 .35 .34 .32 .34 .32 .31 .32 .31 .3
2 CIE methodofdaylightcalculation:typical S
i
Hensweeven
graph applicableto skylightsinpitchedroofs 50 .35 .34 .34 .35 .34 .32 .34 .32 .31
Daylight
QUALITYOF DAYLIGHT: GLARE location av DF OF
mm positionof limiting
% % measurement daylight
DF is measure of daylight Illumination: subjective aspects also help to glare index
determine essential appearanceand character ofinterior, Ofsubjective
lightingphenomena glare isone ofmostimportant. 2 distinctiveaspects airport bldg &coach
of glare recognised: disability glare, which impairs ability of people to stations
receptionar 2 0.6 desks 24
see objects against glare source without necessarily causing visual Customs&
discomfort and discomfort glare, which causes visual discomfortwithout immigrationha 2 06 counters& desks 24
necessarily impairing ability of people to see—.p398. Circulationar, lounges 2 06 workingplane
assembly &concert ha
Typical example of disability glare: window at end of corridor or top of foyers, auditoria 06 workingplane 24
staircase makes it difficult to see person or object silhouetted against corr 2 06 floor
window. Such cases usually resolved by common sense; little to be stairs 2 06 treads
gained fromcalculation techniques. banks
counters,typing,
Degree ofdiscomfort glarecan beassessednumerically and expressed accounting,book ar 5 2 desks 23
as limiting glare index. (—oBib367 382). Main controlling parameter public ar 2 0.6 workingplane 24
luminance of skyasseen through window; above lowvalue of window/ churches
floor area ratio (l—2%)size of window not important. Recent studies body of church 5 workingplane 21
indicate, forexample, thatifoneassumessky luminanceof 8900cd/rn2 Idaylightglare index
to be calculated tor
(exceeded foronlyabout 15% ofworking year) predicted glare indexfor directionof viewof
rm not exceeding 4000 in height with av surface relectances of 0.4 congregation)
would be 26. Forsimilar rm with av reflectancesof0.6glareindex would pulpit &lectern ar,
be24. These figures apply toworst conditions, egsingle window facing chancel&choir 5 1.5 on desks 23
altar, communion table 5 2 on table 23
observer. Forprogressive reductions in sky luminance predictedglare
indices would be reduced; egwith sky luminance of 6400cd/m2 glare (level dependson
emphasisrequiredl
index would be reduced by 0.5 units and for sky luminance of 1 600
drawing off
cd/rn2 by as much as 4 units, bearing in mind that incidence of glare 5 25 on boards 21
general
would be increased because of higher proportion ofworking hours for
general bldg ar
assumed lower sky uminace. Conversely,forrm with higher ceilings (le entrance ha &
above 4000)glareindex maywell beincreased by 1—2 units. reception ar 2 06 working plane 24
Daylightreferences.'
—'Bibliography entries 047 059 074 076 107 202 251 252 291 367368
375 380381 382 383 397 452 457 527 528 529 567
BasicData 33
Sunlight
CRITERIA FORADMISSIONOF SUNLIGHT
Standards forUK
—BRE (Bib074)
—*(Bibl4l)
—*DoE Welsh Office (Bib251 252)
soaraftftudeat12OO
inkjn
so'ar altitudeat1200
cmsssection H—
________________inMar& Sep
38.5° 151°
8hr lOhr l2hr 14hr l6hr
L[__X1lOhr -l2hr 14 hr
L- •N
4 Tallblock withmain axisrunningE-W (favoured wheremainrmfacingS 5 Where possibleavoidsiting high bldg withdeeprecesses facing Nas
are required)cangive seriousovershadowing ofgroundto NofbldginMar& comparativelylargearof groundreceivesnosunlightatallinmidwinter
Sep:comparativelylargearof site closetobldg receivesnosunlightin
midwinter
SITING,ORIENTATION&SPACING
S&N Nwindow OF BUILDING
Check orientation of facades and spacing of
bldg inrelation torequired standardof insolation
—4p34—6. Some compromise on ideal orien-
tation of facades will be unavoidable on con-
gested sitesorin areas ofmixed development.
—*Energyconservation houses—÷p79—81
INSOLATIONOFOUTDOORSPACES
Where possible site largebldg sothat extensive
6 E&Wwindowsreceive horizontalsunraysat 7 N windowsreceiveonly littledirectsunlight
equinox;theirangleofincidence becomessteeper round summersolstice; Swindowsreceive and continuous shadowing of ground round
towardssummersolstice; W = shortestdayofyr, sunrayswith lowanglesofincidenceinwinter & them avoided; otherwise growth ofvegetation
T = equinox,S = longestdayofyr steep insummer will be inhibited. Problemdynamicand seasonal
pattern of sunlight and shadow should be
examined. For indication of extent ofpossible
SE& SW NE& NW
shadowing from tall bldg during summer and
autumn (lat London) —*(2)—(5).
ORIENTATIONOF WINDOWS
Orientation, size and shape of individual
windows may require checking ondrawings by
reference to sun path diagrams to determine
sunlight penetration and effectiveness of
required sun controls. Forgeneral indicationof
8 9 NE& NWwindowsreceivenodirectsunlightin effect of various orientations on sunlight
SE & SWwindowsreceivefairamountof
sunshineboth summer&winterby lowdeeply- winter buteffectivesunlightinspring&autumn penetration at different times of year (UK)
penetratingsunrays —*(6)—(9).
34 BasicData
Sunlight
METHODSOF FINDINGSUN EXPOSURES OF
BUILDINGS
3ways ofcalculatingposition ofsun relativeto particularplaces,seasons,
times ofday:
useof models in conjunction with sundial allows visual observation but
usefulness limited byobvious practicallimitations;
calculations and tabular projections toafford high degree ofexactness;
summer but graphic projection preferred by most architects since it allows
solstice measurement of bothsun and shade.
2 24°Nlatitude
3 28°Nlatitude 4 32°Nlatitude
Basic Data 35
Sunlight
SUN PATH DIAGRAM(cont)
Further examples of sun path diagrams—.(1 )—(5). For method of using C/)
diagrams —*p34. C)
ci
1 36°Nlatitude
2 40°Nlatitude 3 44Nlatitude
Sunlight
USE OF SUN PATH DIAGRAMWITH BUILDING PLAN
Diagram —(1) shows path of sun on shortest day of year at approx
latitude London England (51° 50'N); —(2) shows sun position atdeter-
C
) mining daysofyear;—*(3)—(7) showmethod of finding amounts of sun
and shadow on bldg.
insun from0345—1030
= 6/4 hr
insun from
0954—1800
= 8¼ hr
2 Sun positionatnoonat
determiningdaysofyr:distanceof insun from1435—1800
sunfromobserverequalsradius =3'/4 hr
ofsunpath diagramwith dotted
path ofsun in plan,which
represents planprojectionof 6 At equinoxNE elevation in shadeshortlyafter1000,SEelevation shortly
correspondinghofsun after 1500
insunfrom
0900—1545
N = 6/4hr
elevation
pn ofsun
insun from0815—0900
= 3/4 hr
3 4 To find amounts ofsun&shadowonbldgatcertaintimeofyear &day 7 Atwintersolstice NEelevationreceivessun forbarely1 hr,SEelevationin
(eg equInox1100) azimuthangle(19°)isplottedinplan fromcornerofbldgin shadeafter1500
question;this shows limitofshadowcast inplan;angleofaltitudeofsun
(37.1°)then plottedwherethis line intersects verticalplaneof bldgfurther
back; lengthx,found byintersecting line drawn at rightanglestolimit of
shadow in planwith plottedangle of altitude, determineshofshadowcast in
elevation;plottedtoelevationat distanceafrom internal corner&linkedwith
eaves of line ofbldg gives limitofshadowinelevation
BasicData 37
Sunlight
CALCULATIONOF RADIATION
Design implications of sun's altitude and bearing affected by actual
amount of solar energyfalling on exposed surface of bldg. choice of
orientation and selection of appropriatetechnical orpassive devices for
shading bldg will require thisthird range ofdata.
Graphic calculator —(1) (—Bib549) originates in USA therefore uses
Btu/ft2/hrunits. Upper halfof diagramcharts energies falling horizontal
plane under clear skyconditions. Radiationlines at 25Btu/ft2/hr intervals.
Lowerhalfshows amount ofradiation falling on vertical surface.
For use calculator would be drawn to same scale and size as sun path
diagram —*p34—6. Superimposed on diagram with correct orientation
radiation values can be read directly.
PREDICTINGACTUALDURATION OF SUNLIGHT
Data on sunlightavailability for any geographical location or climate
should, in general, be sought from nearest meteorological station.
Probability of sunlight unobscured by cloud or mist can be read off
modified stereographic sunpath diagramknown as'sunlightavailability
protractor'—(2) (—Bib074). Total number available hours sunlight
obtained by adding small figures between hour lines and multiplying
total, inthis instance (latitude 51 .5°N) by 30.4
In example—*(3)bysuperimposing house planon protractortotal hours
sunlightlikelyin February seem tobe 1.5 x 30.4 = 45.
o
Forcomputationof total yearly sunny hours,multiply summatedaveragefigures
fromtheprotractor by30.4 (averagedayspermonth)
Sunlightreferences:
—Bibliography entries074 141 251 252
38 Habitat
Design ofhouses
EXPRESSION OF PERIOD & CONVENTION
Access
-
1 Around1500houseor townwas 2 By 1700wall &gate wereonly 3 During 19th centurysecluded 4 In 20th centurythere is no
walled in& had heavy gates symbolsthroughwhich glimpsesof housewas built inopensurroundings enclosure (especially in USA)&
gardencouldbeobtained with low fences housestands unobtrusively in large
communalpark
Entrance
slidingpartition
verticallysliding
window wall
9 Atabout 1500therewere low 10 Around1700widefoldingdoors 11 By 1900sliding doorswere fitted 12 In 20th centureymm are flexible,
heavydoors,cellswith sparse led intosuitesofrrnwith inlaid betweenrm, with linoleum, sliding with elworkedslidingwalls& low
daylighting&floors ofshort,wide flooring windows &draw curtain unbarredwindowsofplateglass
boards (temperedinUSA):Venetianblinds
or rollershuttersprovideprotection
Plans againstsun
wc &
moUntain privy street
side
cellar
j__sto
entrance ha ogg maid
serv
wc &
F! first washr
dr
ground
nT__.ey
bedr
floor
garden
13 Timber(Walser)houseofabout 14 ci
In stone houseof 500 walls 15 Houseof2000will havelight steelsupports&independent non-load
1500was influencedbyenviron- occupysamearasmisoas to give bearingcurtainwalling &partitionswhosecomposition providesprotection
ment,methodofconstruction &way protectionagainstenemies& cold againstbad weather&affordssound& heatinsulation: openplanning
ofliving (eg smallwindows) probable,with nodoors between liv ar, drandha
Between 1500's and present time science, technology and industry Everyone has different concept; but the creative ability ofthe individual
have transformed outlooks, forms and, not least, appearance of our dictates how far he is able to transfer his experience into reality and
society. House nolongerfortress orcrude shelteragainstclimate; it is, express it through the material at his disposal. Some clients and their
orshould be, abeautiful unobstructive framework forourlives—open to architects are still in the 16th century but a few of each have already
nature but protected fromit. arrived in the 20th; if the right centuries meet then a happy marriage
between clientand architect is assured.
Habitat 39
House organisation
SUBDIVISIONOF SPACE, FROM1-ROOMDWELLING TO PALACE
maid
dr I
I
parlour
maid
IsEanthr = cook ma
N
favourable
garage
workrm
sto
Ia
wine cellar
heating
utility
3 Optimalorientationof individual rm
Sbest sideofhouse
high sun angle in summer
siteboundary yard deepsun penetrationinwinter I lineof
meansforshadingglass advisable
bldg
SE ter
optimal
position a
I
2 widest
E-W road
possible
tine ofbldg Z spacing
EXTERNALINFLUENCES ON HOUSE PLAN Rules for siting detached houses also apply to dwellings grouped in
pairs or in rows. Some of factors considered on following pages, eg
Siting &orientation problems of access, which are most extreme in terrace (row) houses,
Principles of positioning house on plot illustrated diagramatically—(1). apply to an extent todetached houses because ofbenefits, in road and
For detached house plot on south side of E-W road most favourable, servicecostsand depth ofgarden,which generallyaccrue fromkeeping
permitting entrance and services to be placed near roadwhile living rm plotsnarrow.
and bedr lieaway fromroad, face sunand have accessto garden.
Arrangements on E-W and N-S roads shown indetail —(3)(4). Houses Safeguarding against obstruction
Where neighbouring plotsalready built on, position and plan ofhouse
on hillsides should generally be placed towards higher parts of their
can be adapted to known surroundings; otherwise possibility of future
plots—*(2). Prevailingwinds foreachsitemust beconsideredin planning
forcold and heat protection. Wind effects —p7781. Nslopes —*p46. development must be taken into account. Architect has duty avoid
undue obstruction ofdaylight over adjoiningland likelytobe developed
Orientation also —p33—7 forhousing —p33.
Habitat 41
ACCESS
Accesstodwelling
Houses
I
C-
5 basic systems can be distinguished; '-4
Houses and footpaths along road with no segregation of vehicular and
'-4
pedestrian traffic: implies nothrough traffic, no on-street parking—*(1).
Road and footpath on opposite sidesof house: implies house design
permitting access either side without loss ofprivacy; requires children's
play area other than road—*(2).
Vehicular access stopped shortof houses: limited by access distance
(46 m for most services: 61 m in USA); requires particularly well
designed and maintained parking and garaging—(3).
Vertical segregation of vehicles and pedestrians: expensive, suits high
1 Residents'&visitor's parking within boundary ofproperty: noteservice densityofsteeplysloping sites —(4).
vehicleparkingar
Primarily pedestrian access to small groups of houses shared with
private cars and light delivery vehicles: requires careful design to en-
forcelow speeds and restrict useto legitimate access—*(5).
Accessroads
Access roads tohouses can besubdivided into 2 groups —p42.
General access roads: accommodate service vehicles, cars and, de-
pending onlayoutsystem, frontage accessoroccasionalvisitor parking.
Design to limit speed atjunction with local distributor road.
Minor access roads: designed to allow slowspeed vehicle penetration
of pedestrian priority area, serveup to 25 houses, speeds kept low by
width, alignment, surface textureand visibility provision, possibly hump
or chicane at entrance. May be cul-de-sac with turning at end, short
loop, or lead to restricted vehicle/pedestrian mixed courtyard.
Design standards
National and local standards for zoning and subdivision reg should
2 Residents'parkingpartlywithinboundaryofproperty & partlycommunal guide planner. Road widths and construction, footpaths, frontages,
density, housing types usually established by codes and/orlocal reg.
3 All parkingcommunal
Houses
ACCESS
minoraccess road
Houses
ACCESS I
a-
Primaryaccess
Footpaths should run asdirectly as possibletomajorattractions(schools,
shops, bus stops) away from heavy traffic roads. Should be well lit and
overlooked (for security), sheltered and avoid steep gradients. Use
ramps rather than steps, or ramps as alternative routes where steps
necessary. Critical design widthshould allow prams and wheelchairs to
accessto passand clear obstructions. Mm 1 800, but on pedestrian traffic routes
singlehouse generally allow 2400 on open ground, 3000between bldg and fences.
Footpaths between road or pedestrian traffic route and small groups of
A houses can be 1 800, 1200for2 houses (USAmm 1 220), 900 forsingle
house —(1 )(2). Max distance from road todoor ofhouse, 46 m.
path reducedto single w to
1200 avoid occasionalobstructions
'3000long12mapart Secondary access
Additional footways to serve garden side of houses, garage courts etc
canbe 900—1 000 between fences,600 inopen ground—p47(6) 106(22).
Plan todiscourage use asthrough routes.
SERVICES
Statutory utilities(eggas, water, el, telephone) should besupplied with
footpath between details of any proposed housing development at early stage in order to
solid obstructions
agreeserviceroutes between different interests and avoid later adjust-
ment, which can be both time consuming and costly. In UK they will
generally prefer to lay their services within public road, as this gives
them certain automatic statutory rights of access; but in segregated
2400 layouts or those designed with narrow road widths this may prove
inconvenient or uneconomic and alternative routes may need to be
agreed. Perhapspreferable:rear-of-blockservicestrips, easilyaccessible
obstructionononesideonly, and surfaced with materialswhich may readily be removedandreinstated.
open ground on other
Television
Master aerials for television signal boosting often require licence or
1 800
permit.Television cables below ground should bekept mm of300from
el supply or lighting cables and well away from telephone cables.
Recommended depth forlaying television cables: 450.
1 Pedestrianaccess&trafficroutes
ACCESS FORDISABLED
1000 Housing fordisabled —p85—7;internal access —+p86. Spaces needed
p 4a forwheelchairs —.(3).
endparkingoverhang
a. b
50
sideparkingoverhang
safetybarrier
C 1525
min1525 d —mm
914__
a=minclearw
3 Mm clear w: aforsinglewheelchairbfor2wheelchairsc1525dia
2 Footpaths:mm clear w space dT-shapedspacefor1800 turn
44 Habitat
Houses
STANDARDS& REGULATIONS
a
Controllingdimensions
space1 mm arft2 least Recommendations forhorizontal and vertical controlling dimensions for
luwith luwith luwith luwith luwith
dimension
housing have beendeveloped in orderto make use of dimensionally
coordinated standard components. (Application in UK public sector
Obr lbr 2br 3br 4br
housing —÷Bib228.)
Ir na 160 160 170 180 116''
dr na 100 100 110 120 84" Horizontal controlling dimensions should be, in descending order of
br(primary)2 na 120 120 120 120 94" preference, asfollows:
br(secondary) na na 80 80 80 80" first: multiples of300
multiples of 100
total arbr na 120 200 280 280 second:
ohr na 80 80 80 80 80" third: multiples of50 upto 300
For house planning tothesedimensions a 300 grid is used.
Vertical controlling dimensions more closely defined. Heights of door
b
openings and between floorsdiffer over relatively small ranges. For
combined minarft2 least dimensions forhousing, with preferences for public sector in UK—.(3).
space luwith luwith luwith luwith luwith dimension Mm rm sizes USA—.(1). Bedrsizes —.70(1 7).
Obr lbr 2br 3br 4br
210 230 250 see Ceiling heights
Ir-da na 210
note 3 In USA FHA says ceiling heights must be such as not to create an
Ir-da-sI 250 na na na na
lr-da-k na 270 270 300 330 unpleasantsensationand nottorestrictphysicallymovementofoccupants
Ir-sI 210 na na na na and furnishings. Ceiling heights clear under beamsorother obstructions
k-da 100 120 120 140 160 -*(2).
k. Ir
abbreviations: br bedr da diningar dr:diving rm kitchen hying rrnr iu:liningunit
fbi
na: apphcable 0br iu with no separate bedr ohr otherhabiiable rm 51 sleepingar BUILDINGREGULATIONS
primarybedrshaH haveatleast1 uninterrupted wailspaceofatleast 10
3mmdimensionsofcombinedrmshall besumofdimensions ofindividualsinglerminvolved Distinct differences in legal intention result in different degrees of
exceptforoverlaporcombineduse ofspace
controloverhousing design indifferent countries: eg reg in Englandand
Wales limited to securing health and safety of occupants and other
users; in Scotland designed to secure health, safety and convenience
USA mm misizes aforseparate rm bforcombinedspaces ofoccupants and public atlarge, imposing mm space andeqpstandards
(—nBib233); in USAFHA, HUD reg and state and local codes apply.
ft in
habitablerm 7 6 Most houses built for sale in UK by private builders conform to stan-
ha, bathr 7 0 dards set by National House-Building Council (—vBib5l2); in USA
luminous ceiling 7 0
sloping ceilings 7 6at leastfor½ rmwith noportion generally conform to FHA standard mm sizes and construction as may
less than 5' 0'' be required byfinancing: alsoconsult state and local codes.
basementswithout habitable
spaces 6 8 Fireescape
In houses of more than 2 storeys fire escape must be considered
2 USA mm ceilingheights (consult codes).
Essentially single stairway in suchhouse should be separated fromall
rmbyfr construction and self-closing frdoors and leadto hallorpassage
giving access tooutside air at ground level. This has effect ofprohibiting
open planning on ground or intermediate storeys unless alternative
escape routes, eg by balcony to adjoining house, provided fromrm on
upperstoreys.
ROOFZONE __________
nohntiton thidrness
but lowerbotifiary
lobeplacedtogive
sa,nefloortoceiiing
heightason lower
WINDOWHEADLEVELS 1Stpret
DOORHEADLEVEL 2nd
2—
2100
I LEVEL Pref}J_ __
1ipa
1000
WiNDOWciLLLEVELS
lstprefenence250
2ndpreference200 i
I
I—
C
oc300
FLOORLEVEL—n_ [ 0—
200
I
w
OOR LEVEL (2
dimensionslobe 3,,,ivn
takenfromFFL
3 UK verticalcontrollingdimensions
Habitat 45
Houses
RELATIONSHIPTO OTHERBUILDINGS their respective levels and incidence to one another. As with other
environmental factors privacy must be considered in relation to com-
I0
Daylight& sunlight—*p27—37 peting benefits and in high densitydevelopments it is matter forcareful
Consult relevant reg and codesfor daylighting standards in habitable consideration indesign and layout.
ml; thesealso provide for protection of residential bldg and undevel-
Use ofblindside orsingle-aspect house designs willhelp, egon sloping
oped sites from obstruction of daylight by new development. These
provisions normally adopted in England&Walesbyplanningauthority in sites or where footpaths passclose to houses; effective screening of
development control (to some extent mandatoryinScotland).Proposed private gardens alsoimpomtant—.(1 )(2). However,privacy should notbe
achieved at cost of isolation: ideally degree of screening for visual
bldg can betested forboth distancefrom itsown boundary and distance
fromother bldg by using permissible height indicators(—Bib251). USA privacyshould bewithincontrol of residents.
—FHAand city bldg codes.
Privacy from noise
So far as possible rm should receive sunlight at some part of day Houses built near distributor roads, or main highways best protected
throughout most of year but this not generally enforced by reg or from noise nuisance by embankments or other land formation —.(3).
development control. Angles and direction of sunlight can be estab- Privacy can, however, be improved by use of suitable house plans with
lished hourly foranytime ofyear at anylatitude:examplesfor at 5105Q N rm facing awayfromnoise source (—.Bib240254).
—.p36.Further orientation factors—.p34—6 4046.
Spread offire
Visualprivacy Bldg reg generally restrict distances between houses built of com-
Manyplanning authorities seekto prevent overlooking of houses from bustible materials, such astimber, shingles orthatch,and their ownplot
neighbouring houses oracross road (controlledbybldg reg in Scotland). boundaries; where non-combustible materials used extent of window
Rule of thumb distance of 18 m often stated but is restrictive and and door openings in walls close to boundary might be restricted to
ineffective sincevisibility affected by types of windows involved and prevent spread offire to adloiningproperty by radiation.
75dB(A)
\
8OdB(A)
8Sdb(A) '/
I /
68dB(A)
unprotectedsite
75dB(A)
BOdB(A) \ 68dB(A)
85dB(A)
% I — // f.__?
privategarden
road
t road
publicpath public path
In
JL
2 Privacysecuredbyuseof reverse aspect houses: best orientation E-W
46 Habitat
Houses
SITE TOPOGRAPHY
Effect of gradient
Where slopes moderate, choice of plan affected little by gradient; on
steeperslopessomeforms of plan can be used to greater advantage
than others.Where houses run parallelto contours use of wider front-
age houses minimises needfor underbuilding or excavation. Savings
thus made can counterbalance usuallyadverse equation between wide
frontage and greaterservicing and development costs.Verysteep sites
can, however, present opportunities for imaginative use of split-level
plans or entryto upper floors—(1). Houses running across contours,
especially in terraces (rows), should employ narrow frontage plans,
stepping at each house or pair ofhouses.
Northslopes
1 Split level Northslopes aggravate problems ofmaintainingdensity while providing
adequate sunlight to each house and garden. Simple solution: reverse
usual ruleand place each house at lower endof itsplot, with accesson
north side but on severe slopes spacing required might be excessive.
Solutionthen might be to employ upside-down' section,'placing living
rm on upperfloors where they can enjoysun fromsouthand views in
each direction —(2). Houses running across contours canbe particularly
i4 advantageous on north slopes, sinceno garden needbe immediately
overshadowed by houses and all rmwill get sunlight.
Aspect
In considering orientation —p4U,access, privacy and effectof gradient
there has recurred the concept of aspect, an important characteristic
relating house plan toconditions ofits site.
4modelscan bedistinguished —(3);
2 'Upsidedown' Dual aspect: rm lookout inbothdirections, toaccess and garden sides
Single, blind-side, or controlled aspect: rm other than kitchen and
servicemi lookout in 1 direction only—usually garden side
Reverse aspect: rm on ground storey and upper storeys look out in
opposite directions
Open aspect: ideal detached or semi-detached condition where rm
can look out in3 or 4 directions withoutconstraint.
-1
3a Dual aspect
3b Singleaspect 3d Reverseaspect
1'
3c Controlledaspect 3e Open aspect
Habitat 47
Houses
HOUSE PLAN: INTERNAL INFLUENCES
+
I
Determining factors
Main internal factors affecting selection of house plan:
mode of horizontal circulationwithin house,
user requirements,
appropriate standards & regulations
siteorientation & climate —p334046
HOUSE PLAN:CIRCULATION
Circulation within house determined primarily by type of access
appropriate toexternal conditionsand layout—.(1):5 modesofhorizontal
circulation can bedistinguished;
2 Circulationthroughha 3 Circulationthroughha&sb
Throughcirculation
This —(2) provides circulation fromentry to garden side by-passing all
living and working areas. Nosecondary accessto garden side needed.
Through circulation suitable for all forms of entry and particularly
appropriate where entrypossible fromonlyoneside.
Through-storagecirculation
In smallterrace (row) houses through circulationthough desirable can
require excessive proportion ofwhole ground-storey area. Modification
permitscirculation from entryto garden sidethrough hall and sto —(3).
This arrangement suitable forall forms ofentry.
Through-kitchen circulation
Provides circulation fromentry to garden side through hall and kitchen
—+(4). Appropriate inlayouts which provide secondaryaccesstogarden
side;but can beusedwhere thereis none. I
Singlecirculation 4 Circulation throughha& k 5 Circulationthroughha &liv
From point of entrygarden can be reached only by passing through
living rm —(5). This type plan should only be used in layouts which
provide secondaryaccesstogardenside.Secondaryaccesswill normally
be necessary only in mid-terrace houses but layout situationscan arise
when sitingof other bldg imposessimilar conditions on end-of-terrace,
ri4
detached and semi-detached houses.
By-passcirculation
Garden side can be reachedoutside house but within property limits eg
house
by path orthroughgarage—.(6).
Throughatrium circulation—*(7)
6 By passcirculation
3storey N 94 98 112
S 4.5 4.5 6.5
flats N 30 44.5 57 70 79 86.5
S 2.5 3 3 3.5 3.5 3.5
maisonettes N 72 82 92.5 108
S 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
(67 if balcaccess)
Net space is ar01 aM fioors in dweiiing measured Generai stospace lobeprovided exciusive of
tounfinished faces, inciudesarof eachfioortaken up anydustbinsto,fuelstoorpramspacewithin stoar,&
bystairways, bypartitions & byanychimney breasts, risingleaccess house, space within sto requiredfor
fiues&heating apphances& arofany externai wc; passage from1 sideofhousetoother; inhouses
exciudes floorarofgenerai stospace (SI, dustbinsto, somestospace may beon upperfioor, separatefrom
gar, baic, anypart of rmlessthan 1500 high because anylinenstoolWa. but atleast 2.5 ni' shaii be at
ofsiopingceilings& anyporch orcoveredwayopen ground ievei; infiatsandmaisonettes up to 1.5rn'
to air; in singieaccess house—.p47 any space maybe provided outsidedwefing; in some circum-
withinsto required forpassage from1 sideofhouse stances part of garintegral withoradjoiningdwelling
to other, taken as 700wide, shaM beprovided in cancounttowards generai stospace
addition toarintable. —.Bib479 (also gives schedules offurniture to be
accommodatedi
Plandevelopment
Planselection not initially affected byhousehold size orspecialised user
requirements. First three heads of classification (levels, aspect and
circulation) narrow choice to number ofplan arrangements at this stage
expressed in simplest possible terms —+(1). This example shows how
1-storey house plans basically similar developed to accommodate
different household sizes.
ONE-STOREYHOUSES
1-storey house givesgreatest planning freedom, only planning deter-
minants being aspect and horizontal circulation. Consequently
both simplest and most luxurious houses often planned on 1 storey
? —(1)(2)(3)(4)p5O--1.
Relationshipbetween kitchen and bathrhorizontal:economies in placing
1 HousesatDundeeScotland:variationsinsimplebasicplan Arch Baxter them together but savings in cost may not be great when weighed
Clark &Paul against userconvenience —*p51 (6).
1:r
ih1±
2 'Arcon' prefabricatedhouse ArchArcon 3 Old person'sbungalow
4 Largeprivatehouse ArchBiecker
50 Habitat
Houses
PLANS: CLASSIFICATION
J.
20 30m
10
32
' 64 96
Houses
PLANS:CLASSIFICATION I
C-
(
I 8 lOm
6 1218243011
iIv
3 L-shapedhousewith day& night wings ArchKossler& Peter 4 HouseinCaliforniaUSAwithterfacings& bathrbetween bedr
Arch Donald
0
I
2
II
4 6 8 lOm
I I I I
d*j
-
er
'-4-, 'Iv L1IeirJ
6 8 1Pm
jT
[LF
6 12 18 24 308
6 12 18 24 306
Houses
MORE THAN ONE STOREY
Newplanning determinants introduced: verti-
cal circulation, relationship between kitchen
and bathr, which becomes vertical as well as
horizontal, and balancing of ground and upper
storeyaccn.
Verticalcirculation:thestair
In all houses of more than 1 storey plan is
influenced by position and design of stair. Stair
and its location affectconstructional system to
be employed: in repetitive house design most
important single standardising component.
Stairs differin design (straightflightordog-leg)
and in position. These, incombination, impose
different planning effects. To provide best
circulation aim istoarrive onfirststorey as near
as possible to middle of house; best choice of
position and typeof stair toachieve this related
to plan shape—a(1).
Kitchen& bathr
These comprise most heavily serviced part of
house;economy in plumbing and water supply
Ibedri systems and problem ofaccommodating bulky
soil and waste stack at lower level eased by
placingone above the other—.(4)(5).
edr
C Balance of ground & upper storey
accn
____________________ ''1 In some house types, designed for both small
III
and large households, total area required for
bedr and related accn does not balance living,
kitchen and other areas usually placed on
2 Straightflight at rightanglestohorizontal groundstorey: this because space allotted for
1 Dog-legstair hasgreatplanningadvantages& commonuse does not increase proportionally
much used intraditionalEnglishhouse;noteinter circulationoftenattractiveinsavingcirculation
house how accesstosmall rm& servicescanbe to family size, asdo number and sizes ofbedr.
spacebutdividesplanrigidly:insomeinstances Economic design forsmall houses, sayfor3 or
provided at half-landingsaVictorianterhouse not disadvantage,particularly inblind-side
b Georgianterhouse cGeorgiandetachedhouse planning acentralstair throughhouse,single 4 persons, employs 1 V4-storey arrangement,
aspectplan b centralstairthroughhouse, basically of 1-storey construction with open
dualaspectplan Ccentralstairacrosshouse, dual roof truss to enable roof space to be used for
aspectplan bedr. Such roof on 1-storey house can also
facilitate future extension of small house.
—np78.
path under
pondusedtoturncorner
Houses
MORETHAN ONE STOREY I0
b
3 HousesatMoultonYorkshireEngland: bedrinsulated tromoneanotherby
cpd& staircase; note influence ofstairtypeon upperstoreyplan
Arch Butterworth
ground upper
floor floor
Houses
HOUSE PLANS
Plan ranges
bathr By classifications of type outhned—.p47—9, many agencies providing
bedr houses,in both public and private sectors, havecompiled sets of related
house designs called plan ranges. Designs comprising plan range have
basic constructional features in common, such as staircase type and
location, kitchen/bathr relationshipand upperfloor construction. House
designs in such range can be varied to meet differing requirements
bedr2
while retaining useful degree of standardisation (1).
bedr3 First storey plan of 3-bedr wide frontage house has been changed to
allow house to be used where controlled aspect —p46required. This
possible because critical elements unchanged:ie, inthiscase,plumbing,
heating, stair. Use ofsame firststorey plan asofnarrow frontage house,
possible, would impose dual aspect conditions on its use in layout.
Combined rooms: natural lighting& ventilation
Unlessseparately lighted and ventilated required area should be based
ontotalareaofcombinedspacesprovideddegreeofopenness,relationship
and planning of adjacent space allow adequate natural lighting (—.
Bib187).
In row-house (ter) plan —.(2)shaded areashould beused in calculating
required amounts of natural light and ventilation forcombination dining
and living space. Assuming total floor areadining and living rm 41.8m2
mm amount glazed area required would be 41.8 x lO% or 4.18 m2 in
living rm exposed wall. Vent sashshould be locatedto providecirculation
of air throughout area. Becauseof excessive distance dining areafrom
sourceof natural light height ofglazing should be great as possible.
J
bedri
bedr2
bedr3
r2
bathr
1 Rangeofhousetypesfor 4& 5
personwide & narrowfrontage
houses Arch NBA (Scotland)
addingwater
weighing
measuring
mining
baking
holing
hying
keeping lood
hot,
dishing-ap
stacking
washing
drying
grilling disposal
spaces. It relates vertically to bathr, wc and other areas requiringwater
supply and drainage. In large houses functions of kitchen 1 Sequenceofactivities
can be spread over several rm (eg laundry, utility, pantry, scullery)
combined in household wing separated from rest of house to prevent
spreadofnoiseand cooking smells —np49(4).
Main activities for which kitchen designed: preparation, cooking and
serving of meals and cleaning up afterwards. Ancillary activities can
include clothes washing, general household mending and cleaning,
eating, children's play, studying, hobbies, entertaining and general
recreation.
WORKINGSEQUENCE
Sequence of activities —o(1) relatesto sequence of fitments, worktop —
cooker —worktop—sink—worktop, which is basis ofmodern domestic
kitchen planning —.(2): should never be broken byfull-height fitments,
doors or passageways.
Worktriangle
Distance user has to walk between sink, cooker and refrigerator or
larder critical in kitchen planning. Lines Joiningthese 3 elements form
what is known as worktriangle' —o(3). For normal family house com-
bined length of sides of triangle should be between 5500and 6000.
Distance between sink and cooker should not exceed 1800; should
never becrossedby through circulation.
Sinks
Sinks require goodnatural light: best placed underwindow; should not 2 Sequenceoffitments
normally be more than 2300 from waste stack or external drain. Sinks
should be kept away fromcorners —e(4) and there should be plenty of
room tostandin front of draining side, though insmall kitchens washing 00
bowl of double sink may be placed towardscorner-.(5). I I
Refrigerator
Most difficult of kitchen eqp toplace. Important component of work
triangle; should adjacent worktop space. Frig door should open away
from work area for food access; should not block passageway or hit 5 Doublesk 6 Low-leveloven needsadequate
another doorwhen opening. space infront: noteextractorhood
over ck
Also—p58—9
Houses
workcentre noof bedr KITCHENS
0 1 2 3 4
Fixtures& work tops
USA standards require kitchen area which provides for efficient food
mm frontages
preparation, serving and sto, aswell as utensil sto and cleaning up after
sk' 475 610 610 813 813 meals. Provision of fixtures and workfops —s(1); worktops approx 610
worktop,eachside 381 457 533 610 762 deepand 914 high. Clearance between base cpdfronts in food prepara-
tion area mm 1 020
cooker&hobspace236 533 533 610 762 762
worktop 1 side4 381 457 533 610 762 Required worktops may be combined when placed between 2 fixtures:
cooker,frlg, sink. Such worktop shall have mm frontage equal to that of
frigspace5 762 762 914 914 914 largerofworktops being combined. Kitchen sto —up75.
work top1 side1 381 381 381 381 457
—+(2) givesrecommended kitchen sto shelfarea; mm 1/3 required area
mixingworktop 533 762 914 914 1067 to be located in base orwall cpd; mm 60% required area to beenclosed
Notes. when dishwasher provded610skacceptable where built-in wall oven
by cpd doors.
installed provide 457w worktop alongside cookershall not be located under nor
within305ofwindow;wherecpdprovidedabove cooker 762 clearanceshall be
Kitchenlayouts
providedtobottomofunprotected cpd or61010 bottom ofprotected cpd provide at —v(3)—(7) showvarious kitchen plans.
least229fromedge ofcooker toadlacentcorner cpd and381fromsideollrig toadjacent
cornercpd
trig space may be 533whenlug provided & door opens withinownw when cooker
not provided 762space shall be provided
1 Standardsforfixtures&worktops
numberofbedr
0 1 2 3 4
m°
minshelfar1234 2.23 2.79 3.53 4.09 4.65
mm drawer ar5 0.37 0.56 0.74 0.93 2.04
Notes: dishwasher may be counted as037 m2 ofbasecpdsb wall cpdoverfrig
shelfar shelf arabove 1880shall be counted as
shall not be counted asrequired
required ar inside corner cpdshall be counted as50% ofshelfar,eacepl where
revolving shelves usedactualshelfarmaybe counted drawer arm excess ofrequired
armay be counted as shelfarifdrawer atleast 152d
Lshapek
6
oo
StraightwaIIplan k
0 0
LIN 'N n ..iED -
'N /
A
,
'N
N,' n
I
0 uT °e0
\ I
L
0
8F li
,,/-
KITCHENS:EXAMPLES
Houses
I
7163
HH __
1
I 7J r- H6
kwith sewingar & homeoff 1 ptr 2sewing 3cpd 4familydiningoroff 2 Farmk 1 sk 2dishwasher 3waste 4cuttingboard 5hob 6oven 7cpd
5hob 6sk 7 freezer 8homeofffiles ArchJohn RPeterson over Bfamilydining 9frig/freezer lOdrystoshelves 11 hotwater l2drop
downironingboard 13 14dryer-washer 15sk 16 17freezers 18cleaning
cpd 19 ventilated food sto 20preserves, coatcpd ArchE H& M K Hunter
3 Gourmetcook's k 1 ptr 2walkintrig 3metal shelves 4choppingblock 4 Efficientsmall kopensto or closes offfromdr&ter 1 sk 2 dishwasher
5 marbleslab 6sk 7dishwasher S hob 9wallovens 10serving 3 ck 4 carrouselcpd 5wallcpd 6trig 7chinacpd 82-way fireplace
T rrr
11 warmingtray 12desk 13 hoodover 14dr Arch Cliff May Arch E H & M K Hunter
r 4115
dr
1524
-
--- 2642
liv garden
entry
r21 ()
H (0
[21
c'J
Ill 5
12
liv
[iii
service
entry
1 110 ——
5 Combination k/uty withgreenhouse 1 sk 6 Homecentre k Lifemagazine house 1 folding 7 ksharesfireplacewith liv 1 trig 2 sk
2hob 3ovens 4bakingcentre 5trig 6chest doors 2trig 3ovens 4hob 5sk 6dishwasher 3dishwasher 4ck 5k herb garden 6curtain
freezer 7deskwith booksover 9cpd 10 sewing 7child's trig 8freezer 9washer-dryer 10liftup 7fireplace Scpd Arch EH &M KHunter
11 ironing 12stowall 13lau sk 14washer mixer 11 rotating sto bin 12cpdover 13skylight
15dryer 16greenhousewith sliding glass 14motorisedwoodslat blinds,lowerfromceilingto
Arch E H&MK Hunter worktoplevel ArchM K Hunter
58 Habitat
Houses
KITCHENS:EQUIPMENT
—
1 400
I Correcttoespace 2
,.. _
Good &bad lighting 3 Hatchbetweenkor ptr&dining 4 Space neededforbottomshelf
arorrm with 2-waysto cpdabove
6 Outsidewallexhaustfan 7 Self-ventingcooker
T'j
1 270
__J
T
.787h914-_,t
1676
Houses
KITCHENS:EQUIPMENT
bhl --
7 1-
I
300
5 Mincers(meatgrinders) a hand
4 Uprightfreezer0.31—0.7 m3 bel
—13O—
120
!T
T
C—
360 -1
F—180—-1
h 0
TJc\,
flute 200 95
-
whitewine 160 75
.7
//
/reclwino
ff
150 70
.7 //sheny 130 50 moat
I/cocktail 120 80
300 hqueur 100 30
-8001
I-I-l-l-.
I- 1000
-360-I
12 Coffeemakers Th
15001
-j-H-I-]-l EH
1- 1000 l-500H
L022o
IH
420 620
480 700
___
19 Woodtrays 21 kscales
60 Habitat
Houses
LAUNDRYSPACES
Clothes washing may be done in kitchen, utility rm, bathr (notpopular),
b— 1000 -+ back porch, garage or, incombination with wc, in downstairs cloakrm.
Laundry area needs space for washing machine and drier, for storing
cleaning materials and, possibly, for storing dirty washing; may also
have to accommodate ironing board or ironing machine and working
surface for sorting. Although mobile washing machines available most
models, automaticmachinesinparticular,bestplumbed inwith permanent
connexions towatersupplyand suitablytrapped waste. Where washing
machine not used, orin large houses where much hand washing done,
sink 500 x 350 x 250deeprequired and second bowl ortub desirable.
Tumbler drier —(12) best placed against outside wall to allow direct
2 extraction of water vapour: removablelinttrap required bysome models.
1 Hingedironingboard Space neededforironingseated
Even where tumbler drier provided rack or line needed for drip-dry
clothes. In small houses orflats this can befixedabove bath orshower;
otherwise should be in ventilated drying cupboard or over trapped
draining tray. Open-air dryingpreferred by many and makes nodemands
onenergyresources. Open-airdrying space should be easilyaccessible
1 400 fromlaundry area and preferably in viewfromkitchen —p77.
3 Elironingmachine 4 Howthingsused to be
1 690690
0
V
1 0
-I
5 Twintubwashingmachine(not 6 Automaticwashingmachine 7 Drier stackedonwasher:right 8 Toploadedautomaticwashing
availableinUSA) handconnexions machine
457
710 860
9 Combination frontloadwashing
machine/drier:backconnexions
E
10 Watersoftener
±
c0
r-
(0
11
1100
= }
j.
Houses
BATHROOMS—p62—5 Best daylight orientation forbathr SE—NW; for ease of installation(gas
and waterservices) should be related to other rm requiring services
(above or backing on to wc, kitchen, utility rm etc, —.p52: will also
minimise noise frompipes); forconvenience should becloseto bedr.
Internal wc and bathr fairlycommon: may be unavoidablewhere econ-
omical use floor area important,especiallyin narrowfrontagehousesor in
pointblocks. Ventilation essential and must accord with appropriatereg.
Showeruses less water than bathtub; often considered more efficient
because of its continuous flow; provides convenient alternative to full
length where space limited —*p63.
2 Mm clearancebetweenb &wall
Shower outlet may be fitted over bath where suitable wall or partition
available at tap end for fixing, orcombined bath tap and shower fitting
with flexible hose may be used. For either bath activity space —.(1)
legs
shouldbe at tap end unless permanent shower screens fitted.
8 45G- \withoutlegs
letinto Showers in wall recesses have shower trays ot enamelled cast iron,
glazed fireclay or plastics with waterproof tiled walls or waterproof
fioor rendering and steamproof paint upto2000: prefabricated shower units
in enamelled sheetsteel, aluminium or plastics also available—.p64 65.
Fixed showerarmsshould be mounted at 1 900: otherwise adjustable,
hand showerwith flexible hose should be used.
1 Recommended clearances 3 Space requirements for
movement(hfrom floor) For ease of access, bathtubs sometimes partially sunkinto floor with
access to trap fromrm below. Where bathtub parallel to wall distance
1-600 fromcentre of bath to face ofwallmust be450.
-r Where possible space should be available for at least 1 item of bathr
4;; furniture, suchas stool or laundry box. Fittings such as towelrails and
toiletroll holders should not obstruct activity spaces. Heated towel rails
best fixed 750 above floor level, above height of small child's head.
§ 2O0' Medicine cabinets should be out of reach of children and fitted with
safety lock. Exposed pipes should be fixed to allow sufficient wall
clearance forcleaning.
5 wc withflushingvalve orh-level
cistern Windows above baths can be difficult to open or to clean without
standing in bath, common cause ofaccidents: may also limit privacy and
• 700 . cause draughts unless well insulated.Windows behind wash basinscan
600
I- 900 -j also be difficult to reach; wall abovewash basin best used for mirror or
medicine cabinet.
J1O 1-500—-I
UK practice does not allow el sockets in bathr other than specially
designed shaverpoint, which should be out of reach ofbath; enclosed
light fittingswith cord-operated switch preferred. USA practice: no el
700
convenience outlets nearwater source; safest locationaspartofsealed
light fixture over mirror with remote switching neardoorway.
4 wc underslopingrooforstairway 6 Single basin
swingrail
__.47Q
.450
900-1000
400
/
7 Bidet—ap63(9) 8 Sho 13 14 Multi-pointfitting (hb,b& sho)
length_projection length
5(10 80
2
250 90 1000
\ 300
9 Grabrails 10 15
62 Habitat
Houses
BATHROOMS
Equipment
Movable baths of zinc or enameled mild steel suitable only for in-
frequently used baths, children's bath —p63(2), hip baths —np63(3) and
use withoutmain services.
Fixedbaths—'p63(4)—(8) usuallyenameled cast iron, pressed steelor
plastics with various qualities ofenamel (fullgloss, acid resistantetc) or
fireclay.
Free-standing baths —p63(5) usually have taps at toot end: sometimes
loined towall along 1 sideto avoid water splashing behind bath.
Built-inbaths—op63(6) with extended rim attachedto surroundingwalls
& overlapping front: access panel necessary in UK.
Avon bathsfor use as built-in units p63(4) have integral front panel;
1 Gas water heaterfittedtohot 2 Elstoheaterforkorbathr drain & overflow carried tooutside instandpipe ortrapped waste (USA).
water cylinder Space-saving baths p63(7)(8) installedwhere space restricted butdo
not necessarily savewater; corner baths —.p63(7).
Fireclay baths glazed inside and out beautiful and expensive but un-
economic as slowtowarm up; pleasantfor leisurely bathing, however.
Footbaths p63(1O) movable or fixed, usually installed in larger public
baths; may be fireclay, earthenwareor enamelledcastiron.
cOqrleni5. 10, i3i Showers —op63(11)(12)base may be cast iron or fireclay (terrazo);
0—410
230—300'
should preferably be sunk into floor & provided with tile or enameled
sheet steelsurround —also p64.
190—270
Polyban baths —op63(8) Spanish patent: can be used as hip baths,
conient 5, 10. footbaths, bidets or shower (With flexible shower arm); require little
space & savewater(not used in USA).
Bidet—op63(9)earthenware orfireclay, many variationsindesign; mixer
with anti-scalding device —also p61(7).
Basins with back skirting for plastered walls —np63(13); for washable
3 Gas water heaterforchimneyor 4 Gaswater heat forhb walls—.p63(14) many shapes & sizes, sometimes with separatemouth-
outsidewall washbasin oras double basin —.p63(15)(16);mixers for washing with
running water, butwasteful.
Squat wc —(8) hygienic but uncomfortable; has either flushing cistern
i-'11O-j orflushing valve.
Wc —n(5)—(7) siphonic more efficient butextravagant inwater &prohibited
by some water bye-laws. Low level cisterns flush with little noise;
flushing valves more noisy—.(5)(6)but use approx halfasmuch water.
Water heaters (gas or el) —.(1)—(4). El sf0 heaters —.(2) use cheap
night-time el & can be set toheat up at any time during day.
I
\ioo /
120
Ii I
170 ,aper T
F,)
L corkmat
-h
x
670
I
plan
7 Eqpforwc 8 Squatwc
960
SW clothes
hght
0 hook
760o
=!=
— II towel
510 I'
1
recess r—l
609
1
grab
grab
bar soap L_Jf
recess I
soap .J ,—
eieva5onA
ill er
eievation B
1500
780_82O50 1875
700 700
1600
& 420
1700
800
1800 I
1 Standardmetric bath sizes 2 Children'sbath 3 Hipbath 4 Enamelledcast ironbath
castiron
12V
5 Parallel-sidedcast iron bath 6 Bath for incorporation as built-in 7 EconomyAmericancorner bath 8 Polybanunit
unit (enameledcast iron)
Shorterbathsrequiremorewater
2
——1004 1250 - 1500 1700 I 1875
—900-
1-.
350—
400
610-680
350-420
a500—700 a500—700
b400—600 b400—600
+a —F-— b H a b
I- 1200 -4
750j * KD with high level cisterns —(4)—(6):
where cistern placed against
exteriorwall insulate againstfrost.
Bathrooms: smallest typeofbath
may be recessed into bedr wall
2 3 —*(7)with shower end screened
off with glass partition and
remainder curtained.
COL
1400
In general doors should be mm
' 2200
460wide,should openfull90°and
open inwards except in accn for
elderly, when should open out-
wards.
4 5 Shortb 6 Hip-b (loosebowlinfold-up steel
frame)
-,
Bathrooms
1
0
+
1.
I- 1400 -4
4- 1720 -
91
c1]i
11 12
14
j°i
4— 2630 —4
15
-
çciiip
jo —
OL
1720 5004700-4
/
16
1jdre hbQ
hbi) " bedr , TI -. hb - ter
bed
4—
I L 6400 -4
Wa b j
II_I
I— 7315
I
—4
D
900 4 4- 900 -, 4- 1000 4-800 -4
4- 4- 900 -
cii
21 22 23 Withfold-up hb 24
t1
H 3657 -4
4- 1600 -,
- 2300 -1 I— 2540 —I T
highwindow 1219sq
thagortalb
E1 T:
25 26 27 StandardAmericanb 28 Americansquaretubbathr
Habitat 65
Houses
PREFABRICATEDSANITARY UNITS
Standard layand bathr fittings mostly fairlycostly and taketime to install.
As requirements more or less uniform prefabrication preferable: in
particular forterrace houses, maisonette housesand large scale blocks
of flats, also for modernisation schemes and prefabricated housing.
Prefabricateditemscomprise complete plumbing units—.(1)(3), plumb-
ingwalls—(2), complete elementsstoreyorrm high, with pipe mountings
and el leads, also items with accessories, flooring and, usually, ceiling
—+(4)—(9)(available without ceiling for old housing). Compact elements
of fixed dimensions —(1 Q)(11). Also individual elements with variable
ground plan design—*(5)—(9).
Construction: mainly sandwichwith wood skeleton and chlpboard,glass
I wcplumbingelements 2 Plumbing wall aluminium, aluminium, stainless steel, glass fibre reinforced polyester,
reinforced concrete floor slabs —n(1O)(11) or new types of plastics.
U/.
Suitable forhotels—(14), hospitals,old people's homes—.(13).
Connexion to 1 -storey central heating system hasproved successful.
I 2100—1
3 Plumbingunitonwall 4 Self-containedwcelements&
fittings
75
e—600
75
+— 1250 —a 50
I— 1435—.1
1
I k
S
I 1
p—1800— I
I 2050 ——-----—i
2285—-
I
I I
2240 I 2110 I
I
U1 /1 I
2875 I 1530 —
9 Bathr unitwithwashing 10 Compactunit 15 Sho elementinsmall dwelling 16 Prefabricatedbathrwith k
machine partitionwall
66 Habitat
Houses
PUBLICROOMS
1-450*—900—4
Dining rooms
•F550+4504
Position: breakfast area facing E —.(1 1), dining area facing W —v(1 2)
(13)(1 5)(l6); directaccess from hall or corridor not necessary but from
kitchenor pantry essential.
Space requirement: formerly largest rm dining rm has shrunk to bare
essentials: very often utilises corner —v(6), kitchen recess —vp55—7
ante-rm or area in living rm —*(4)—(7). Even in large houses dining rm
keptmodest—v(8)(9),sometimes with provisionto combine itwith living
rm for special occasions —v(10). Doors in rm corners convenient.
1 Mm clearancefromwall depends
onmethodofserving (withorwithout
2 Space requiredbetweenheadof
table &sideboard
Size ofdr . . . 6 to
Table w. . . 550 to 1100
24 P
IF1LII
- .- 600
eg600wand6P=
0.60x 6 = 1040
tii
F 1800 —1
protected sunnyside of house in front of dining or living rm (ie in W
Europe with prevailing SW windsshould face E or SE). Since E sun
shines at low angle roof can project quite prominently. Mm widthwith
:I11UEB bench seatalong 1 wall3000: roof projection 2000sufficient.
- 600 —
ri
1— 3000 H b 3300 —1 33
r
iLJLP T flIfl9.
DftJij
0
breakia1I :
6 Space-savingarrangementof 7 Formore than 5 Paccesstoall 11 In Americadiningspaceneark 12 Diningrecess inliv (withor
table withfixed cornerseat& seats mustbeallowedfor withamplesto cpd&sideboardclose without curtain)with accesstok,
(possibly)small sideboards at handoftenconsideredadequate intermediatestage toseparate dr
Arch Byrne
3300-
Trverk
:::....: .•.•.
ter
1 550 —
1 500
-
—F-— 3900 —4— covering
I
sard I ci
UQOUG
],7t-
7450
un
dr
ser
10 Drfor 12 Pwith sideboard&spaceforservants: maybe enlarged into 15 Dr &livboth openingontoter, 16 Relationshipofdrto other mi
living rm with space-saving arrangement of sliding foldingdoors ensuringgooddaylight
Habitat 67
Houses
PUBLICROOMS Guest& children'srooms
I
Livingrooms
h=1100
I- 750
TJ1
—4
T
4-600-1
-Uk1øgoo
900
j&h=600
I— 4000 —1 4— 4500
750 250
1900 -H Narrow rm forguestsor2
1—
11 12 Similarrmtoll withfold-up
teenagechildren,with joint work beds &built-in cpd butwider:can
1 Comfortablelow easychairs 2 Table in frontoffireplaceoff table, separateWa, fold-up beds beseparateworktablesoneither
besidetable orstandardlamp centreto allowaccesstofire side ofwindow
4— 4750 —I
teatrofley
10001
§
I
__ 1 sitting settee,lowtable,easy
chairs salon
1 600 2 tea teatrolley, sto ofcrockery
etc,seating ladies rm
F— 3100 —4 4— 3400 —4
3 aperitifs, etc sto ofglasses, sideboard,
liqueurtrolley bar
4 smoking smokers'table, pipe cpd, liv
tobacco sf0, smokers'
5 Seatinggroupwith settee& 6 Seatingarrangementin liv (may
chairs: chair420 h, table 650h also beused forbreakfast): chair requirements smokingrm
440 h, table700 h 5 conversation fire place, comfortable
easychairs, small
tables lounge
Musicrooms 6 dancing parquet orlinoleum
dance floor, 2.5—3.5
m2 per couple ballrm
7 playing children'sfurniture,
carpeted floor, toy sto children'srm
8 sewing table, sewingmachine,
linencpd, baskets utilityrm
9 breakfast breakfast artowards E
withter, or between
bedr breakfast rm
dr
10 eating dining ar,sideboard dr
11 writing desk,chairs, filing,
waste-paper basket stu
12 reading shelvesorcpd,easy
chairs with headrest lib stu
7 Incorrectgrand pianooften 8 Grandpiano incorrectly placed: 13 music piano, cpdforother
drawnbyarchitects: long(bass)side openingtowardswallinsteadof rm instruments, musiclib musicrm
isonleft 14 indoorsport table tennis, billiard table,
punchball etc games rm
2350-
Seating roundfireplace
.400
draught
I.
§
1000
2000
V
9 Ingle-nook Arch Leusinger 10 Seatingarrangedtoavoid 11 Chairswithhigh backs& ears' 12 Largergroupsshould follow
draughtfromdoortofireplace also protectagainstdraught patternof heatradiation
13 Colleaguesworkingclosely
togethershouldfaceeachother; with
largewindows&light-coloured
walls,daylightfromright istolerable
forwriting
700
14 Visitorsusuallysitin lightatend
ofdesk,face of interviewer being in
shade
15 Assistantsmaywork
970
temporarilyonflapat endofdesk
a
16 Conferencetable unnecessary
ifdesktop extensible
Houses
PUBLIC ROOMS
I— 6900 —1 Living rm usedfor general daytime activities; serves mainly asfocus of
social activities of family round fireplace, tea or coffee table and for
evening leisure activities.Orientation best between E, S and W.
Windows —np404
munc cxJ
underwindow
4500
I—.
H- 6800 H H900-t
reading
desk I— 3000 —
1
'O T
stu 8
bode
-I- trolley
5 Smallmurwith grand& baby 6 Murforquartets,trios or2grand 9 Booksto inlong narrowrmwith 10 Smallworkrmwith writingdesk
grand pianos& seatingar: avoid pianos &audienceof 12(daylight amplewallspace: reading desk nearwindow,bookshelves&seating
placing pianoclose toheatingunitor from behindpianists) underwindow,small booktrolley ar
in directsun near door
-I-
Houses
BEDROOMS
Impression of restfulness depends on wall covering and colour, shape
Positionof bed of bed, orientation (head towards N), relation to daylight (looking away
Bedmaking requires clear space of at least 400, preferably 700 (USA from window) and relation to door (looking towards door). Relative
mm), beside bed. In most small houses, therefore, choice of bed position of 2 beds also important because where 2 people sleep in 1 rm
positions restricted by shape and size of bedr; to free as much floor differentarrangementsmay bedesirable,especiallywhere headpositions
space as possible single beds usuallyplaced along walls and double or concerned, according to relationship between people —(9)—(12) (16).
twin bedsplaced headto wall. Nevertheless,relation of bed towalls and Also differentarrangementsforcouples,depending on personal preference
to rm as a whole can also be important in contributing to feeling of —(13)—(15).Withseparate beds change of direction may be preferable
security. While stable, self-reliant person may prefer free-standing bed —.(12)(15)(16). Separate beds for couples now common. Current
—(4)lessself-reliantperson mayprefer—.(1)(2)(5) regardlessofamount fashion may also favour water bed, though well to bear inmind that, fully
of space available. loaded, thismay impose floorload of up to2oreven 3 t.
—
>p
1.5 -
17 USA bedrsizes(mainbedrmin11.15m2 leastdimension 2845,secondary bedrmm 7.43m leastdimension2438) a&bsingle C double d twin; USAbed
sizes —.p71
Habitat 71
Houses
Th
BEDROOMS
Today's reduced flat and house sizes call for most economical use of
floor spaceand make built-in cupboards desirable. Best arrangement
based uponenclosed wall recesseswith flooring running intocupboard,
walls papered or oil painted, and moth-proof doors. Ideal solution:
complete cupboard walls between rm—U(7)(11 )(12): sliding, accordion
or openout hinged doors.
Cupboards on exterior walls must be well insulated and ventilated to
avoid condensation —Up74(2); walk-in cupboards/dressing rm also
require ventilation —U(13). Cupboards can be located between bedr to
reduce sound transmission.
0?
a, 762
c 914
U'
1
bed I in UK vary according to manufacturer; 1 905 is
69 commonsize; othersizes 1880,1981and2133
U) 2 Modernbedr fitmentcombining bedhead, bedsidetables, fitted wa & sto
1524 spaceabove
00 1829
USA mattresssizes
60
F— 3600 —I :r
I— 3600 —.i
500
,"mirror
13 Walk-in cpdbigenough to 14 Americanexampleofwindow
serve as dre wall withcpd
5 Bed recessformedby built-in 6 Cpd acrossfullrmw, with
cpd window (above) &mirroronsliding
door (below)
F- 3600 —l
F- 3600 - 11 2001
bedr
4— 4000 —4 I— 5000 —I
2 10
IDL_Ji
T °1 7
I— 4000 —1 4— 5000 —i I— 4000 — 1— 4000 —..
i__ 4000 —-
-r
T
§ 8
I— 4000 —l — 5000 —9
I I
5 13 19 25
I
8
1100
F 5000 —
a--...--Vi_V]1
— —I —
I
6000 4500 —4
6 Bed-sittingrrnwithdouble-depth 14 Doublebedrwithsleeping 20
cpd recess
7 Bed-sittingrm
5000 —1
21
ed
I— 7000
8
4— 5000
Bed-sittingrm withfold-upbed
—.4
—T
6
4—
16 Stu-bedrwithsleepingrecess
I
22 Main bedr-sittingrm
— 7000
28 Separatebedrwith walk-
—i
throughcpd
Habitat 73
Houses
STORAGEIN HOUSES& FLATS
I
c)
Shape and position of sto space as important as its size. Sto should be
provided within easy reach of activities to which related and shape
should allow max useofwallareaforshelving —s(1). Stogenerally more
useful atground level than on upper storeys. Familyhouse willrequire at
least5m2ofgeneral sto, ofwhich at leasthalfshould be on ground floor
(USA mm 1.23 m2).
General storage
Sto rm require ventilation and those providing part of passageway
through house should also permitnaturallighting.In suchcasesallowance
mustbe madeforloss ofusablespace tocirculationrequirements.—a(2).
1 Entrance on longside of sto 2 Allowspaceforpassagewayin Garden tools, bicycles etc usually best inexternal stoor,ifwithin house
allowsmax useofshelving through' sto itself,in stowith direct access from outside —*(3).
Hats & coats
Space required in or off entrance hall for hanging hats and coats and
storing outdoorfootwear, preferably in wardrobe or with racks to take
hangers —+(3). Additional space may be needed for storing working
clothes and eqp —(1 1 )(1 2).
Thepram
In family houses space required for pram —sp74(4): should be easyto
manoeuvre pram indoorssothat itcanbeused ascot(crib) during dayif
required.
Meters
25
_____
biding
doors
Credit metersshould be capable of being read withoutentering living
area of house. Arrangements which can be read by inspector from
outside —p74(3) available. Prepayment meters should be easy to
reach fromfloor level butgasmeters, especially, should beout ofreach
3 Inlinewa 4 Walk-in wa
of small children. Space forgasmeters —*p386.
q Linen
130 Separate sto space should be provided for linen and bedding. At least
0120
0.6 m3 required, fitted with slatted shelves. Must be dry and therefore
I bI
________ not entered from bathr or kitchen or sited against outside wall (unless
510 80 35 insulated). May be combined with suitably ventilated hot water cylinder
cupboard (heater closet) but not with 'combination' water unit as
400 Iao
400 40
condensation might occur.
Wardrobes
Forclothing in particular,ease ofaccess more important than sf0space.
Effective depth of built-in cupboard forclotheshanging 600 but deeper
5 Hat&coat rack 6 Umbrellastand cupboards can be more fully utilised byattaching accessories to backs
of doors—s(7). As loads not great normal blackboard doors on strong
hinges adequate; shelves can be supported by adjustable ladders and
brackets. Walk-in cupboards —*p71 (11) take uplittle wallspace, as door
of 550 (USA mm 610 preferred 660) will suffice for cupboard of any
length; but floor space less efficiently used because of necessary
access area. Walk-in cupboards must be ventilated and lighted and
r
1 may be entered from, and used as access or escape routes between,
adjacent rm.
'
fd8flselTflO8
Is! ftLLEh. I —
600
11 Internal stoaccessible fromgardenwithoutpassingthroughliving arof
house
house house
a b
secbone-t
1. 4 USAel meteronbrickwall
1000 I— 600 * 550 +350-i
Section
Sechon
I— 1500,-".
4 700 P4700
,=.==tJ';=
8
I,6
hangers 240
I /
1 320
men's hats
200
Ac.
350 280
1
150
7
320
— -260
women's hats
350
'0
200
6terrytowels900h 3pairheavy
3pairpyjamas
stockings
'
10shirts '—'2z./ men'ssocics
handkerctefs 120 3 bath towels lBOh x80 x 35
6
x1,x70 120
/
480
500 1 20,
12women's
handkerchiefs
110 x 80 x 30
/5o -i
200.,,
300
6 handtowels40h
A
80,
6 Dimensions ofclothes
Habitat 75
Houses
600
Kitchenstorage
Space required in or nextto kitchen for storing food and cooking eqp.
I
"1° Stoalso needed forgeneral cleaningand laundering eqp and materials.
Dry goods should be enclosed and readily accessible from cooker and
sink positions. ci)
Floor cabinets best used forstoring heavy or infrequently used articles.
Wall cabinets economical in space and provide convenient sto for
smaller and frequently used items: should be shallow enough to allow
full useof worktops below —(i).
Larderventilated to outsideairand protectedby flyproof screendesirable
even when space for refrigerator and freezer provided: should not
contain heating orhotwaterpipes norreceive direct sunlight. Should be
1 Sectionthroughworktop& sto provided with well fitting door, preferably with threshold, to discourage
vermin.
Freezer need not necessarily be near kitchen: ifplaced inoutside stooi
garage must be locked against theft. Should be served by el power
outleton independent circuit.
Wine
Wine cellars should be clean, dark, dry, well ventilated (but avoid cold
draughts) and in quietposition free from vibration and away fromdirect
heat. Whitewines best kept at constant tempbetween 6°—8° C and red
4 Space-savingverticalsto of winesat between 10°—i 2°C. Bottle sto may be in racks or in unglazed
3 Cloths &towels dishes
clay drainpipes —*(11).
Fuel storage
Solidfuel requires volume of not less than 1.13 m3forfuel sto. Should
beaccessible fromwithin house orfromporch orother shelter. To avoid
spread of dust arrange that bags can be tipped from outside without
entering house.
-500-1
LH-I- In makingprovisionforoilstowellbegenerous—*p386—7.Fuel tanksupto
4-
ETh
1000
1-500-4
II1
-4
-1000 -4 H500-
2000I can generally be located adlacent to houseswithout restriction;if
enclosed should beseparated from remainderofbldg and provided with
catch pit. Fuel inlet point should be positioned within 30 m of place
where delivery tanker can conveniently stop. USA: oil tanks often
5 Dish cpdwith drawers 6 Glass orplasticscontainers buried if 21001 orover.
Refuse
Refuse sf0 should be outside house, easily accessible from kitchen
door. Simple, easily cleaned, covered stand required. Carrydistanceto
collection vehicle access should notbe more than 46m and ideally less
8 Q0c than 25 m.
200130 180 I /
220130 /
180
270x 150 /
180
210 /
Carpei
30017O .'
sweeperf
Mop
4
iloor 1
9 Potatorack 10 Bottlesstored sardinefashion' pohsher 420 ,
indeep shelves
300
Q
;/o
depth300
120
7
4400
40
11
boffles/ri?)
oo
Bottles storedin drainpipes(64 12 Bottlesstored in overlapping
pyramids
16 Vacuumcleaners
320
76 Habitat
Houses
SECURITY PRIVACY:PUBLIC& PRIVATE SPACES
External security best served by good lighting and visibility. Access Amongmostdifficult problems in housing layout: striking right balance
routes and entrances should never be dark or concealed, however between need for privacy and need to avoid social isolation. Balance
romantic thismightappear, and should ifpossible allow sufficient space obviously varies according to individual character, temperament and
toavoid unwanted encounter. age so no perfectsolution possible but good layout will at leastallow
somedegree of individual choice. Designs which opt strongly for either
Avoid dense planting round entrances and ground floor windows (or social' or 'private'approach unlikely to satisfy majorityofoccupants.
use prickly shrubs!). In small blocks offlats entrance may becontrolled
by entryphones —.(1)(2) but this may be inconvenient where many Dwellings opening directly on to busypublic spaces and access decks
smallchildren. For single people or working couples someprovision designed to encourage social contact and neighbourliness may also
needed fordaytime deliveries. suffer intolerable intrusion, while screening desgned to provide
'defensible space' may result in roads and footpaths bounded byblank
Forthievesease ofexitas important asease of entry. Professionalmay wallsand fences. Eitherapproach likely to lead to feelings of insecurity
be willing to break window to secure access but will be unwilling to rely and dissatisfaction amongst residents.
on thisas his means ofexit Allexternal doors should therefore be fitted
with deadlocks and openable windows, ifpossible, befitted with window In high density layouts, in particular, user satisfaction likelyto be en-
locks. hanced, and incidence of vandalism to be reduced, by sub-divison of
large anonymous public areas intosmaller spaces related to identifiable
Free detailed advice, based on expert local knowledge, available from
all UK police forces through their crime prevention officers. groupsofdwellings.
For flats,transition between entirely public zone of street and entirely
private zone of individual fIat may be by way of both semi-public zone
sharedbyall flats inblock (elevator and staircase hall etc, possiblywithsome
formof supervised access) and semi-private zone share by 2 or 3 flats
withaccess undercontrol ofoccupants —.(3).
For houses, public access road may lead to mixed use pedestrian!
vehicle court .-.p42, with psychologically restricted entry, related to
groupof 20 or so houses and further transition zone provided by front
garden toeach individual house.
—.alsop77
Gardens—.p103-—14
1 Bell-push& doormicrophone 2 Typicaldimensionsofdoor
mustbe in reachof children transmitterwith light button& bells
for5floors
k Iiv/dr
1bedr
:rL fl1dr
,jL
tcr==ir=i_[I
bedr bedr
r-I.b1 down±ffh±[
bedr
flfl
baI
0 5m
15tt
3 Semi-privateentrancezoneforflats a perspective b plan 4 HawaiiHousingAuthority;2-storeyunitsover flats,solves 3-storeypublic
stair requiredfor3 floor flats agroundlevel bsecond level cthird level
Arch Akiyama!Kekoolani
Habitat 77
Houses
PRIVATEOPEN SPACE I0
All family houses require somekind of related open space — whether
garden, patio —n(7) or balc—np88 —which is sunny and sheltered from
wind. Should ideally be large enough to allow space for clothes drying ci)
I,
—s(5)(6), toddler's play,out-door hobbiesand sittingout. Factors affecting
location outdoorliving areas—*(3).
a
air 20°C; wind 16kph
60steel rods a b
spaced 32apart
x
6 25steel flat barlj" 019pipe woodseat F- 9t4
dia
weldedcap-
76 inside
7
I
brick laid
dryon25
sand
benchnut° x ii
hand bevelie
0
I
air20°C;wind 16kph angleiron
:- :
- cement
compacIeo1OdirodS
sub-soil
4 Built-inbarbecues aadjustablegrill canberaisedto305abovebrazieron
masonrybase bbarbecuefirepitcombination continuous unitwithgarden
seat &patio paving:hard-burnedfirebrick liner; ironpins adjusthof
Windeffects
greatestspan 2400
h 1900
c 425
weight 15kg
cord horn
Houses
45, ADAPTABLEHOUSES
Two recent developments in house planning in Britain are intended to
r
10 ---—-f——lU8'—4-——l0' 8"——---10B"—- extendflexibility in meeting user requirements.
N WalterSegal'shouses
-:Th Architect Walter Segal has designed houses using sheet materials in
standard panel sizes assembled in timber supporting construction.
Column centres 3000—3600 apart give great planning flexibility with
acceptable beam depths and accommodate most rm sizes. Bldg are
raised above ground, with columns based on concrete pads. Planning
'liv readily adaptable and materialscanbe reused —(1)(2).
Extendiblehouse
Extendible houses intended to permit first-home owners to enlarge
elevahon
before afterextension
extension
8
21' 6" 6"8'6'8'64 4 Inthis Scottishdesignhouseisextendedupwards:nonewfoundations
brickworkneeded Arch NationalBuildingAgency Edinburgh
or
Undergroundhouses
I
ato dr
entrance
ha hv
Growing concern with safeguardinglandscapefromill effects ofintrusive
development engenders greater interest in underground building for
housing. Application to domestic house of techniques of construction
devised for civil engineering or military proiects: costs involved cut by
recentrefinements in bldg technology.
Energy conservation further factor tending to favour building under-
ground, ifonly in part. Soil provides good insulation layer, keeping heat
in during winter, out insummer —ep8O.
Underground housing still experimental. Designers must base predic-
tionsfor such details as number of air changes/hr needed to keep up
ventilation levelsfor preventing build-up ofcondensation on empirical
calculations: not enough built examples see how different forms of
excavated construction behave in practice.
In UK bId reg framed before underground housing became likely
prospect; official approval thereforedependentonindividual negotiation.
a sectionA F
12 18 ii
sieepingpiaiforrn
k ter
entrance
b
1 Hill tophouseFloridaUSA:sitedforpanoramic viewsbutpartlysunkin
groundtoreduceinterferencewith naturalcontours;turfedroofshelprest
blendin:upperlevelformssinglespace observatory asection bplan Arch
WilliamMorgan
1 2 3m
98
-
1 Circularfloor plan 2 1-storeysquarefloor plan
a b
II
o
iiii
3 Entry lock: awithin baddedto(USA) standard practicehouse
Habitat 81
Houses
ENERGYSAVING: VENTILATION
Effective passive approach to cooling: capture prevailing breezes and
ventilate house naturally —(3). Ideal orientation for this places face
throughwhichbreezes are to enter at oblique angle of 200_700 to wind
—(4). Instead of allowing wind pass straight through house this creates
turbulence which makes for betterventilation. When wind velocity low
internal velocity can beincreased by useof wing walls next towindow to
create 'mini pressure zones' there. Casement windows or adiustable
shutters can achieve same effect. Place windows where ventilation
required with cillsat desired cooling height: egin bedr at mattress level.
Window heights also—p4O4.
Plant evergreens on Nand Wsidesof house to block coldwinterwinds
(2).
Use ground shape and any nearby ponds or lakes to improve natural
ventilation. On slopingsites (particularlyfacing S) breezes move up hill
duringday, down at night. Near bodies of water cooling breezes move
fromwaterto land during day, fromland to water at night —.(5).
These guidelines may run counter to effective use of orientation to
maximise solar gain —p8O. Therefore for any design brief specify
whethersolargain ornatural ventilation should have priority.
fn general consult local weather bureau foraccurate informafion on solar
radiation, solar altitude and bearing, cloud cover, rain and snowfall,
direction and strength of prevailing winds.
2OO
rnrnrn
4 Orientationfornaturalventilation
Communal amenities
Common rm provided for self-contained dwellings may include sitting
rm, tvrm, hobbies rmorworkshop. Mm floorspace/P 0.95 m2. Provide
near common rm 1 wc and hand basin, tea kitchen or pantry with sink
andhot waterheater, space for hatsand coats, cleaningcpdand sto 2
m2.
Housing:old people
1730
Planningfactors
I
r r
shalt
reachmax reachmax
mar
1370 1585 Access: if involves climbing more than 1 storey provide elevator: 2
1 435
elevators if more than 4storeys high;access stairs should be enclosed.
Stairs —*p86(5)408; ramps—*p87407. Alldwellings should have hail or
0,
it lobbywithspace forhanging outdoor clothes.
in
iO
Doors —*p401 —2. Doorsto wc and bathr must open outwards and be
fittedwith special locks which can beopened fromoutside.
E
ita, 11 Kitchen; worksequence —ep55. Provide working surfaces both sides
sinkand cooker. Max height working surfaces 850; max height shelves
1520 —*(1)(2).Cookers specially adapted for safe use by old people.
1 Max reachover worktopto shelf Mm size trig 0.7 m3 (NB do not site underneath worktop). Mm sto
&cpd 2 Max reachtounobstructed wall capacity 1.7 m3. Safety precautions—*p84.
reachtoiward cpd
on 850worktop Heating: space heating living areas capable maintainingmm 21°C; for
sd=59 circulation areas in grouped flatlets mm 15.6°C when outside temp
—1°C.
370
WO4(top
sink topmax
max850— El socket outlets: generous provisionof el socket outlets atconvenient
positions and levels important; mm (UK) kitchen 4, living area3, bedr 2,
table700
hh hailorlobby 1 bed sitting rm 5.
Livingspaces: important provide adequatespace formovement round
L. furniture; consider use of buiit-in units (specially cpd, wa) but take
w'I h+ account also of furniture which can afford hand holds when moving
E+ about rm. Remember indesigning stospace oldpeopletendaccumulate
3 hof worktop workingsurface& 4 h& thigh clearancefortable& treasured possessions.
reachforwardtofittings sittingworktop
Guest rm: preferable provide rmforvisitsfromfamily in self-contained
dwellings. For grouped flatlets guest rm may be provided; should be
placed closeto communal lay.
bath nm
panelface(itused)
mountedunder __________
anceof room tomoveround; built-in wardrobe desirable. Bed sitting rm
sometimes ingrouped flatlets, usual in old people's homes —*(10)(1 1).
7-
gripping
rim orwat-
mountedhandles
hingeabner
T SefH
255
560
-
* thoI-
ourta"-
/
—II verticalpote
'\T
4
900 450 p oorannei
40-Sodia dram
verticalpole grating L
I
T seat__
5 Aids forgettingin &outofbwith
maxhrimfromfloor 7 Mountingofinclinedrailforwc 8 Bathr plansshowinghandingto
WOhhandspray
— --
I 4000
I_—
hb
IPd
3600 3600
24OO
T
3000
I.
10 Doublermdimensions&data 11 Singlermdimensions&data
84 Habitat
15 30 45 tt
10 15 20m
residents' rm with related bathr and lay
communal rm: egdining, sitting, tv, handicrafts
kitchen, service, sto
2
_______________
9 m admin, matron, med
12 ft staff accn, resident and day
Relationships —*(1)
4-storey Iayout—v(3)
Bedrooms: usually bed sitting rm. Typical layouts single p83(11),
double—*p83(10).
Furniture
Table heights: dining 700; gap between chair seat and underside of
tabletop mm 190 —p83(1 1); occasionaltables in common rm not lower
than chairseat height.
Easy chairs: not too low for getting out; low enough to keep feet on
floor: 400—430; footstools forthose with short legs; seat depth 410—
470; arm rests 230 above seat. Back high enough to support head
2 AmenityhousingforelderlyatSQueensferryScotland: 15cottages (consideradjustable pad) angled at28°to vertical. Gap between under
arrangedround commongardenshaveexternalalarmbellsbut nowarden seat and floor for heels to draw backwhen getting up. NB too soft seat
service asite layout bhouseplans Arch Marshall, MorisonAssociates
padding can put strain on tissues
Housing: disabled
Housing forphysically disabledtraditionally in institutionalcentres. Now
accepted as preferable provide accn in which disabled can live as
Parking for wheelchair users should preferably be under cover and
linked to house. Car port particularly convenient: allows unimpeded
I0
members ot general community, with theirfamilies oralone. access. Cross beam should be supplied to take stirrup grip or hoist. If
Particularrequirements tobeborne in mind when designingfor physically garage provided should preferably be integral with house and give
disabled divide into those for direct access. In this case floor should be laid to fall of at least 1:100
away fromhouse; inUK relaxationfrom bldg reg requirements necessary
ambulant disabled to provideflushthreshold.
wheelchair users
Houses designed for ambulant disabled need not differgreatly from
thosedesigned forgeneral use; detail and fittings principalconcerns.
For wheelchair users particular attention needed to requirements of
wheelchair circulation —(1) and to accessibility of fittings from seated
position —p86(8). At initial planning stage allow approx 10% more floor
area than forsimilar accn in general needs housing —.p87(l)(3)—(5).
*1:1525
Choiceofhousetype
Wheelchair users should preferablybeaccommodatedin 1-storey houses
orgroundfloorflats,though upper storey flatmay besuitable on sloping
site where level or ramped exit to place of safety can be provided.
2-storey house acceptable if bathr and at least 1 bedr on ground storey
but this arrangement not ideal, particularly where disabled member of
I Turningarrequiredforwheelchair
familyis housewife.
Ambulant disabled may be housed in suitable upper floor flats of
2-storey houses; but seriously disabled, even if ambulant, should not
be housed above third storey, max height for normal UK fire service
rescue ladders.
In bldg more than 1 storey whichhouses disabledelevator location and
design of critical importance. Lift doors must have 800 clear opening
i
width. In USAcab must be mm 524 x 1 524 with easyto push controls
1 220or less fromfloor and with raised or indented letters beside them
—p412.
Escape stairs must have treads not less than 250 and risers not more 2 Kerbrampsshouldwheneverpossiblemakenaturalextension of
than 175. Provide space within stairway enclosure on each floor for alignmentoffootpath
thosewith limited mobility towait for help.
In 2-storeyhouses:1 ground floor rm should be available as bedr and
wcshould beprovided atgroundstorey level. Straightflightstairdesirable.
.1 x
Siting & access
Housesfor disabled needto be withinreach of shops, children's play
spaces, church, pub,surgery. Access by level or rampedapproach, mm
width 1200, max slope 1:12,preferably 1:20. Gradients greater than
1:12 needrest areas 1 200long at9000intervals(inUSArest areasalso
if ramp turns); thosein excess of 1:20 at 18 m intervals—p87(l1)407.
In USAplatforms at doorways as for footpaths—below. 3 Slottedgratingsshould belaid at rightanglestowheelchairtraffic
Housing: disabled
Common accessareas
In flats builtto accommodatedisabled and in other bldg likelytobe used
by them in any numbers at least 1 main entrance and any door giving
access to emergency exit orexternal space likely to be used bydisabled
occupants must have:
level or ramped approach
____ 1800 flushthreshold
clearwidthmm 775
1 Withdoubleleafdoorsdesignsothat only 1 needopen Elevator mustbe accessible to such entrance.
Double leaf doors should be designed so that only 1 leaf need be
300 opened —(1). Automatic sliding doors operated bypressure pad most
360 convenient but expensive. Where revolving doors used normal side
hungdoorof suitable widthshould also beprovided.
=1300 Internalplanning
maIbask4t...Ij Forambulantdisabled 900 wide enough forentrancehalls and passages;
r1' 1500
500
will also allow enough space foroccasionaluse by wheelchairs.
y1dr at face of riser, 1 extending mm 460 beyond top and bottom step (USA
requirement). Ensure adequate lighting without confusing shadows.
Withlow hangingceiling lights orsignsallowfree-standingstairclearances
sj
2133fromfloor.
IYM -'n
3600
Controls & switches for light, heat, ventilation, windows, curtains, fire
casual alarms and others ofessential use should bewithin reach ofwheelchair
diningar user.Identification of switches important, specially for blindor partially
sighted. Provideraisedorrecessedlettersornumbersfor rm identification
at side of door at suitable height. Knurled handle or knob on doors
2400 leading to areas dangerous for blind person.
Living areas: additional space needed in wheelchair housing to
6 Standardklayoutforambulant 7 Similar k—s(6)alteredto suit manoeuvre chair inliving rm, kitchen—s(6)(7), bath—.p87(1 )and atleast
disabled wheelchairuser: 0oven, H hob, 1 bedr—p87(4)(5). Living rm windows should bedesigned allow seated
TStrolley sf0unit B broom cpd, person seeout withoutdifficulty. Baywindow very suitable,especially in
WM washingmachine, A frig,
AS rotatingsto unit, Ssk wheelchairhousing —ep87(6).
Kitchen worktops and shelving adjustable in height —s(8). Knee space
beneath fitments particularly important in wheelchair housing —s(8).
Cooker should preferably have separate oven and hob. Deep sinks
difficultfor mostdisabled people: max depth 150.
Bathr & wc should be equipped with basic support and grab rails
—*p87(7); seat 400 wide should be provided at head of bath. Hand
basins bestset into worktops cantilevered from wall; preferred height
for use by ambulant disabled 850, by wheelchair users 750. Mirror,
towel rails and shelves 1 016 above floor.
Wheelchair usersneedenough space round wc pedestalto permit both
frontal and lateral approach, with space for assistance if necessary
—ap87(8);doorshould swing out. Dispenser and disposal unitsatside of
wcnot directlyabove. Bathr ceiling should besoconstructed toallow for
8 a b k worktops&sheMngshouldbeadjustableinh fixing hoistortrack ifnecessary. If bathr planned opendirectly offbedr
track can be fitted provide directroute between bed, bath and wc.
Soundwarningsignals should beduplicated byvisual for deaf.
Habitat 87
Housing: disabled
Internalplanning
I—
4 Single bedrlargeenoughforwheelchairuser
1600—1700 400
I position
L ' 5 Doublebedr forwheelchairuser 6 Baywindow in liv cangive pleasureto
wheelchairuser
I ofceiling External detail
hoo
possible 45O
posihon 35
ofpole
- possible line
ofhoist
p possiblepositions
ofpole& hoist
H
9 Publictelephonesuitableforhandicapped & 10 Drinkingfountainforwheelchairuser;should
children;goodlightingimportant; instructionsin beoperatedbyhandlever;pavedarroundfountain
braille & pushbuttondials forblind;volume control toprevent mud & puddles
onheadset
LIJJE __________ plantmaterialsshouldbe located
sothatshadowsdo not preventsun
slot forfeetofmobilehoist ortrolley(cart) frommeltingsnow& iceon ramp
surfaces
Spaces&fittingsforbathrforwheelchairuser
providemm asof54 lightat
atallramp&stair locations
—750—t---l°°—i
rampwvary accordingtodesign
-situations,preferredmm
1-way—9l4minw
2-way—lS3Ominw
hoistoreye-hook
possiblepositionofhoist —I
oreye-hookforstirrupgripetcj
shouldextendmm 460
&
beyondtop bottomoframp
T1524mm clearspaceatboth top
8
300
____
Spaces &fittingsforlayforwheelchairuser
-1fr
11
maograthenl8.33%
Outdoorrampdata:maxgradient1:12—sp407
& bottomoframp
provideitOhkerbatedgeoframpsurface
foruse bysmailwheeledvefridesor
wheek*tairsasemergencywheelstops
88 Habitat
Houses
BALCONIES Balcony desirable extension of living rm, especially forflats.
Corner balconies that cannot be overlooked and are protected from
wind —e(1) more comfortable than freely projecting balconies which
have to beshielded on wind and weather side —n(2). Grouped balconies
should be suitably dividedforprivacy. —u(3) orseparated—a(4). Loggias
less economic as they createmore exterior wallsurface—u(5). Balconies
staggered vertically more difficult to protect fromwind and from being
overlooked —n(6); balconiesstaggered in plan well protected and private
—.(7)(8).
Important considerations include orientation to sun, view, position of
neighbouring flatsand bldg and relationshipof living rm, studio, kitchen
and (sometimes)bedr. Other factors:appropriatesize, privacy,protection
fromstreet noise, shielding from excessive sun, windand rain. Suitable
1 Cornerbalc Wind-protectedprojectingbalc materials forparapets: frosted glass, plastics, asbestoscement, timber
slats and steel sheets fixed to supporting structure of solid or tubular
steelsections firmly attached to bldg; steel verticals (horizontal can be
climbed by children) do not give protection against wind or being
overlooked.
70
I
100
lii //4,4;
___________ vo
-
a open(summer) partialiyenciosed iotaiiyenclosed (winier)
roofgarden
I _____________
a
i_ I ______
b b slopedtodeflect intermediate sioped toadmit
sun (summer) Sun (Winter)
Maisonettes
dwelling in low or high-rise blocks
Separate having rm arranged on
more than 1 storey known as maisonettes: have been built in UK in
4-storeyblocks —(3), in slab blocks and in combinationwith flats —u(4).
Such arrangements can show savingsoverflatsofsimilar accnbecause
1 Upperfloor plan of12-storey pointblockat Battersea London England common access space less. In USA similar 'skip floor' design halves
designed1963:balc provide escaperoutes between flats ArchGeorge Trew elevator stops in high rise.
& Dunn
pñvatebale
uppertloorplan
rt a
sedoo
3rdfloor
ri
2ndfloor
gar 2 3 4
floor plans
b
3 Maisonettesin4-storeyblocksinhigh-densitydevelopment in London 4 Housingat RuncomCheshireEnglandon5storeys: sectioncomprises
England;levelsonsite permitaccess atsecond-storey h& demand single 2 x 2-storeymaisonettes, lowerenteredfromgroundlevel&upperfrom
aspecthouseplan:notescreening ofstair &escape balcatbedrstorey inupper second-storeywalkway,&top-storey flat approached bystairsfromgroundor
maisonette Arch YorkeRosenberg Mardall walkway,connectedby ramps&bridgetomainshopping aroftowncentre
Arch J Stirling
90 Habitat
Flats & apartments: access
TYPESOFACCESS
Accesscan beclassified asstairway, balcony orcorridor.
Stairwayaccess
Stairway access, with 2, 3 or 4 flats per landing allows grouping of
services and can provide high degree of privacy: standard solution in
point blocks. Inslabblocks, however, disadvantageswhere more than 2
flats servedfromeach landing: usually involves back-to-back planning
andconsequently some form ofartificial ventilation—(1).
Bridgeaccess
Forsiteswithsteeporvaried slopes bridge access—÷(3)offers flats with
1 storey at bridge level with 1 or 2 down and up. Stairs and landings
covered but notenclosed in all butseverest climates: ifclosed possible
byorientation usethemaspassive solar trap. 4
1rm/1P
bedr
2 hi
1
L 4rm/5P
roofstreet
+U
dr 4...1
brid1 I I-n-I
first
ground
a 1
cc
C
k
•h
iii_:,
4'
7 4&3-mi low-riseflatsatNeubuhlZUrich Switzerland 1931 Arch M E
recess Haefelieta!
N Igar85e
IN
J
1 Viennese2-rmflatofl92Os;4 2 SmallGermanflatwithwcon
fiats/landing Arch F Schuster innerwall;living ar28 m' 8 ClassicalGermansuburban flat;4&3-miS aspect flats withgenerous
Arch MãrkischeWohnungsbau livingar& privatebalc Arch LHilberseirner
bedr bedr
—1
JE
3 More generous3-mi fiatwithwc 4 Dutch3-mi flat with intemal 9 Moretightlyplannedflats forE-W 10 5-miflatatHighgate London
I
&sho bathr: compactplanwith separated aspect Arch LHilberseimer Englandwith bedropeningfrom
service Arch H Leppla internal lob (1936):this arrangement
wouldnow needsecondaryescape
frombedr Arch B Lubetkin
PL
1 lift
2 staircase
3 liv
4 loggia
5k
6rm
7 bathr
8 heating &water tank
-'H
rITL
11 Flatsin high-riseblockBalomockScotland Arch SBunton&Associates 12 Apartment-sizefloor inblockofflats
RouenFrance Arch LodsDepondt
BeauclairAlexandre
Habitat 93
entrance door passage athead ofstair: no Sound insulation presents greater difficulties in flats than inhouses,and
bedr door morethan
7500fromhead ofprivate privacy best secured by planning. Avoid long separating walls to bedr,
stair toentrance door and avoid bedrbeneath access balconiesor adjoiningelevators, stairs
2 anyother case 1 plusalternativeescape
routefromeverybedr or refuse chutes. Where possible usecupboards (closets) to increase
withdoor more than sound insulation of separatingwalls.
7500fromhead of
private stair Fireescape
allrmon level below anycase 1 plusalternativeescape
Bedrdoors opening into private entrancehall should wherever possible
entrance door route fromeverybedr be nearer toentrance door than living rmorkitchen. Alldoorsother than
bedrnot opening bectropenfrominnerlob an alternativeescape bathrand wcshould beself-closing and fr;wallsenclosing entrancehall
fromentrance ha or withfrconstruction&self- route fromeverybedr should have ½hr fr. In most other conditions planforalternativeescape
landing passage fr
closing doorsasrequiredfor opening frominner lob routes from bedr above 2storeys. Recommendationsgenerally based
private entrance ha on current codes of practice summarised in —n(1) and illustrated —
bedron levelabove (2)(3)(4). Butnote:always consult appropriatecode.
privatestairwayseparated 1 plusalternative escape
liv &k;entrance door at fromupperlobbyIrscreen with route fromupper level
liv level self-closing frdoor Services—p383—97
bedron levelabove privatestairwayseparated 1 plusalternative escape Attention should be paid to grouping of services and provision of
k
liv & entrance door at Ir
fromentrance ha by screen route fromlower level adequate service ducts, especially where bldg incorporate variety of
bedrlevel with self-closingfrdoor
dwelling sizes and plans not repetitive. Standard location and arrange-
bedron levelbelow privatestairwayseparated 1 plusalternativeescape ment of bath, wc and kitchen fittings facilitates design of ducts and
liv&k;entrance door at fromlowerlobbyfrscreen with routefromlower level service stacks. Internal bathr and wc require mechventilation, either
liv level self-closing frdoor
individually or by common ducting. Sharedventilation systems require
bedron levelbelow no bedr door morethan 1 plusalternativeescape smoke-stopping byfiredampersand stand-by fanstoensure continuous
liv&k;entrance door at 7500fromentrance door routefromupper level
operation.
bedrlevel
alternative private stair- liv & kseparated frombedr 1 plusalternativeescape Checklist forservices in flats
wayleadsup ordownto byself-closing frdoor route fromlevel whichis water
alternative escape route not entrance level el
open plan maisonette 1 with privateentrance ha & 1 plusalternative escape drainage (+ rain water drainage)
stairwayseparatedfrom route fromeveryen- gas(not in high-rise)
otherstoreybyfrwall or closed rmatentrance mech ventilation
screen & self-closing fr level not opening into
door privateentrance ha, & TV/FM radio aerials
alternativeescape route TV/radio relay
fromstorey which is not
entrance level telephones
main entrance phone & control
2 withprivateentrance ha, but 1 plusalternativeescape
stairwaynot separatedas in routefrom every en-
condition 1 closed rrnatentrance
level not opening into
privateentrance ha, &
alternative escape route
fromeveryrmon atorey
which isnot entrance
level
EPt ec
ienot morethan 1
bedr1
Jindowof
layout plan
a b
2elevatorsstop
alternate storey
2 Point Royal BracknellEngland: one offew Britishpointblockswithmore 4 Low pointblocks or stubblocks',withelevators, canprovidesuitable
than 4flats/storey;Split hexagonal plan logicallyaccommodates 6flats & housingforeldertypeople, asinthis London England 3-storeyblockof
minimisescirculationspace &escapedistances;carspace foreach flatunder shelteredhousing—.p82 Arch YorkeRosenberg Mardall
circularpodium aupperfloor plan bsection Arch ArupAssociates
Habitat 95
0 4 8 12 16m
I
I I 0 4 8 12 l6rn
12 24 36 4811 I
I I
12 24 36 4811
2 Swedishpointblock:fire precautions relyon containing fire inflat whereit
originates& preventing smoke penetration bydoubledoorsat flatentrance;
escapehatches provided in balcfloors: accepted thatstairway &access 4 Twin plan: 10flats/floor,escapestairwellprotected buttraveldistances
landingsmightnotbeusablewhilefire being fought wouldbetoogreatfor UKreg ArchMUller-Rehm, Siegmann
0 4 8 12 16m
I
I
12 24 36 4811
0 4 8 12 16m
I
I I
12 24 36 4811
3 5flats/landingBerlinGermany: flats haveno corrbutlargeloggias: liv acts 5 Yblockon Siemenshousing estateMunich Germany Arch Freymuth
ascirculationar Arch AAalto
96 Habitat
,1
___
I
I iiv4rb
j liv 5th bedr be1r iiv5rb
escape balc
b
—
luggage
sto, etc
ffloset 'above'
'deck level'
below' escape
balc
section
section
4 Triplex:Mareschal system, withaccessbalceverythirdstorey, Cambridge 5 Wide accessbaic or deck' housing RobinHoodLaneLondon England: 1/2
USA;separateentranceswith private Stairstorlargerflats:allflatshavecross baypartitionscanbearranged to permitwidevariation ofdwellingsizes: Stairs
ventilation Arch Koch-Kennedy &blacked-inwallsmustberegarded aspermanent structure; noteescape balc
at bedrlevels Arch A &P Smithson
Habitat 97
bedr
F 1je. 9
baic
- JkI;1: 1 tS'lilc
sectionthroughstaircase
1 Split levelflats servedfrorn internal correvery thirdstorey: allflats have cross-ventilation —'also p96 Arch Neufert
rwa5
EIIIL1 ?•
k -
I<jc1kI — t N -
plans sections
3 Narrow-frontage flats Marseilles France through extendedthrough verydeepblockwith pnvate balcon each facade:
doubleh liv allowsun &daylight penetration,access bywide internal coneverythirdstorey Arch LeCorbusier
section
Stepped housing
Steep slopesinvite stepped form of construc-
tion. Rake (storeyheight toterrace depth) must
relateto slope: canbe80_400. Mm terracedepth
of 3200 facing S will secure privacy while
providing full sunlight and view. Gardentroughs
at front ofterrace provide someadvantagesof
private garden and prevent overlooking —(1).
Other arrangements giving increased privacy
4p
maisonette
2P flat
2Pflat
Shared housing
Needs of 1-person households normally very much like those of 2-
person. In certain circumstances, however, single people may prefer
I0
large singleflat share. May be provided in formof flats orhouses, usuallyforbetween 4
and 8people, containing 1-bed/sitting rm, bathrand farmhousekitchen
orseparate living/dining rm and working kitchen.
mediumsingle flat
Houses or flats used for sharing require more parking space than
normal housing (at least 1 space/bedspace). Large private garden
unlikely to be required though some out-door sitting out space should
be provided. Generous provision should be made for sto of bulky
objects, sporting gear etc.
small singleflat
Particularly advantageous if meters can be read fromoutside —*p74(3)
and ifsomeformof external delivery boxcanbe provided for use when
occupants out atwork—(5).
firstfloor
groundfloor
1\e4 280 .
-v
C,)
5 Externaldeliverybox
siteplan
Housing references:
—*Bibliographyreferences 037 038 044047 092 179 227228 233234
3 Bed-sittingaccnwith kcommon rminsmall4 personhouses: notewc 235236237238240242245246247248263264299300302363
separatefrombathr Arch ManningClamp& Partners 372458464467511 512519521548558573574624631637650
100 Habitat
Houses
PRIVATEGARAGES
Size
Avoid under-dimensioning garages. Clearance between car and side
walls should be mm 200—300 with margin in front mm 500. For getting
out allow at least door width between carand wall or between cars and
never less than 700. For car cleaning,wallsor other cars should be mm
1 200 away.
Siting garages
Garage should becloseto houseentrance, though not necessarilyfront
0.5 1;0 1.5 2;0 2.5
0
3;0354.04;55;055m
100,5 o 3 6 9 12 15 l door, with easy access; actual distance from house will vary with size
and number of vehicles. On steep slopes with houses above road,
Typicalvehicleelevations garage can be sitedatstreet level (maxdriveway gradient6%) butmust
be protected against ground water —.(6). Where house is close to
boundary garagecan be setatangle orcombined with next-doorgarage
rt__
DJH have concrete wheel-runs —o(9). An apron infrontof garageshould be
concreted full-width, 5000—6000 long and drained forcarwashing and
to provide occasional off-street parking for another car. Garage floor
should be raised 30—50 above washing areaand slope towards it.
L 2.0 Integral garage—eplOl(1)(2)
2.5
2 Planviews of typicalvehicles
dimensions
no L B H Tentrance
T lb h
1 3.0 2.0 16
1
T
2
3
4
40
50
6.0
2.5
3.0
3.0
2J
2,2T2.4
2.4125 2.4
2.4
67 4.2 2.2124 20
a I O 6.1
o=regular
34
y=
I23
compact
20
7
I— L H -1
— —I H - H
2 3 4 5 6
J_
I— 1000—1500 I— 2000
J
—4 —1
I— - I— -4 4— 600 —4 4— 600 -
__________ __________
Houses
PRIVATEGARAGES Incorporatedwithin house
Garages have been placed in basement,sometimes under conservatory
I
orsimilarannex to house —(1). Should be avoided if possible; should
not be used in areas whichhave freezing weather: access slope not
morethan20% —(4). 'I
Driving up steepramp with motor stillcoldshortens engine life, is noisy
and can be difficult. Garage therefore better placed at ground level,
driveway having slightfalltowards road. On sloping sites groundflooror
terrace may be raised sufficiently to allow basement garage at road
level.
Direct access to garage fromentrance hall or lobby via self-closing fr
door usually permissible: threshold must be 100 mm above garage
floor. Otherwise access to garage can be provided under common
canopy with entrance door to house.
Garage should beaway fromliving rmand bedr, accessiblefromkitchen
and side or service entrance. Car washing and driveway should be
I9 4115H
screened by shrubs and bushes, which will also muffle noise.
Carports —.pl 02(6)
Doors—*pl02(7)—(10)
Up-and-over doorsor rollershutters now usual: can be operated by el
motors with remote control switch or by electronic devices, provide
—I
additional head-room for motorcaravans and similar vehicles. Sliding-
folding doors require additional width. Hinged doors opening outwards
1 Garage in basement, various arrangements: wofgarage doors& ramp = can be blocked by snow. When used should have provisionforfastening
car -4- 1000;garagedimensions 2800 x 5500—3500x6500 in openposition.
Folding doors also —*p402
Windows and el lightshould be near carengine, with switches atgarage
doorand any other entrance; spark protected socket outlet, well clear of
floor, desirable. Heating best situated in front of or under engine,
keeping garage above 5°C.
2ndstorey
Water tap with hose attachment should be near door, in easy reach of
washing area, with hose-reel mounted nearby. Garage should be venti-
lated near floorlevel.
Internalfinishes
Walls can be fair-faced brick or blockwork, painted, or tiled. Floors
1ststorey usually cement screed, but oil stains hard to remove. Asphalt tiles
dissolved byoil; best flooring material oil-proof ceramic tiles. Fortyres,
standing on hardwood timber inserts orwoodblock isbest ifcan be kept
free from oil. Garage should have floor gulley, and floor should be
150—200 above ground level outside.
groundstorey
Houses
PRIVATEGARAGES:BUILDINGREGULATIONS
Small garages
Fordomestic garages in EnglandWales—uBib65O
Small garage definedasonewhich hasfloorarea not more than 40 m2.
Such bldg subjecttospecial rules (El5)
Where small garage combined with small open carport rules of E19
mustalsobe studied.
Detached bldg consisting of small garage,orsmall open carportorboth
should be regarded as PG 1 bldg for purposesof Part E (E18).
Detached small garagewhichis 2000ormore away from anyboundary
must have roof covering complying with El5 (roofs) but need not
conform toany other reg in Part E (E16).
Detached smallgarage within 2000 of boundary must have roof com-
Sing'egar(for a b—spi 00(3)) 2 Doublegar
plying with E17 and any part of external wall within 2000 of boundary
must be externally non-combustible. All its internal wall surfaces must
measurements —.p100 0
beclass spread of flame (El8).
250
'
petrtrap Detached small garagewithin 2000ofhouse musthave roofcomplying
with E17 and any part of external wall within 2000 of house must be
externally non-combustible. All internalwallsurfaces ofgaragemustbe
class 0 spread of flame. However, if house wall is itself externally
i_I__i_I
J•:
non-combustible and has 1/2 hr frand no unprotected areas within the
1U-f 2000 distance greater than 0.1 m2or nearerto oneanother than 1 500
=
a b
orr
acn
Gardens
ENCLOSURES
1 x 75
mt
square hexagonal
1 250
100x 19 boards
125x 100setin concrete
J. expanded undulating
\ 600-800
uptx2h00
groned
concreteorstone
,-.
•ø10
1800 —
1
1120 100x100
Design offence and materialsused
.1. 125 x 19 railsnailed in itsconstruction should harmon-
aftemativelytoboth ise with surroundings. Showbest
sidesofpost
side (fair face) of boundary fence
outwards with posts visible from
within site. On sloping ground
7 Wrought-ironrailingof 10—15 8 17 Horizontalboarded(ranch- fence should follow contours.
Wrought-irongate between
sections& bars concreteorstone posts Extend protective fences against
type)fence
animals 100—200 below ground,
especially where hedge planted
-1 —(16).Hedges —ep104.
x
150 75 mainpost
4270 Most timbers used for fencing
87 1< 38 require some form of protective
treatment. Particularly important
timberposts treatedagainst decay
below ground and at least 200
above ground. Concrete plinth
x
helps prolong life of most timber
I 87 38 prickpost
pointedfordriving
Lt fences.
Where termites present inground
very desirable use pressure-
9 Timberpost& rail (4rail) 10 Fenceofforestbattens(topof 18 Wire-boundwoodfencing treated or termite resistant wood
battensweathered) availableinrolls egcedar.
104 Habitat
Gardens
protection fromnoise&
SITING& LAYOUT
dust: NE(winter)
pStreet
espaliertrait Siting
NIw Aspect of ground and its angle of slope —v(6)plOS have important
_Q,2lJuo
was
bearing on amount ofsun radiation it receives at different seasons:
ter fl S slopeswarmest during May and Sept
protection twall •i SW slopeswarmest Oct—Apr
from wind lawn SE slopes warmest Jun —Oct
(insummer) shadyar
Dec Orientation —ap40 7781
boundarywall -
positionofsun Layout
Plan landscape simultaneously with design of house so that levels of
1 Suitableplantingforhousewalls 2 Suitablelayout forsmallgarden drives, terracesand entrances are coordinated. Where space permits
according to orientation protectedfrornwind with provide turningarea forvehicles and rrtechanisedeqp.
vegetablesnearkentrance
Study position ofsunand prevailingwinds andavoid frostpockets when
siting planting areas —n(6). Plant treesand hedges to give protection
fromcold N and E winds.
manure strawberries
car
teiII,eS_r - entr
side waterbasin
N Vegetable production: allow 55—75 rn2/Pon best soil available.
Soil
wash
9W
sand-
pit
ter — fruittrees
fruitbushes
Humus or sandy loam better than heavier loam, clay or loose sand.
Conserve topsoil excavated from areas of paving or building for use
swwig • elsewhere —api05.
water
grass
•N garden
Enclosuresforgardens
Walls: brick or stone (use type which blends with materials used to
construct house).
3 Layoutforsmall sitetogive largest 4 Orientation& relation Fences: wood or metal (match surroundings)—api 03.
ofrm&tertogarden
!
possiblevegetablegarden Hedges —a(7)(10): clipped foliage (formal) orflowering (informal). Allow
sufficient space for ultimatewidth ofhedge when established, 450—1 200.
crop plaidpoorneattosbdue To producethickhedgestagger plants thus:
toshade& rootcompetition
*— shelter -
I relatively
J.
belt
Windbreaks
Planting of shelter belts has marked effect on soil temp, giving
considerable increase in crop production—(5).
increasedcropyield
5 Effectofshelterbeltoncrop production
coldairbufids
op invalley&
—
createsfrost
plantlower-growingplants
on higher partofslope
§ stonesbuiltup in
diminishingomjrses
Jc hawthornhedge
-1- L600—
eon
6OO-12t thin sodsplaced
betweenindivdsarl grasseventually
stones growsoverStones
giving appearance
ofturfhedge
SOIL PREPARATION
Gardens
I
Jf. waler channel
underground
Topsoil
Top layer of soil must be preserved: provides growing medium for
plants.
On bldg sites storetopsoil in temporary spoil heaps —e(1). Keep free
from weeds. If stored over long period use green manuring. Turn over
heapat least onceayear.
___________________________
Topsoilspoilheap Fill on gentleslopes Spread topsoilafter completion ofearth moving. Allow 600—1 000depth
I
for planting trees, 500 for climbers and wall plants, 300 for shrub beds,
150 forgrassed areas.
selplantsbetweenbeams
atlopofwall sothaIthey soiltype weight angle of repose
cascadeoverface (degrees)
he
kg/rn3
slopeof
ernbankrnienl beanis
Gardens
PERGOLAS,PATHS,STEPS& RETAINING WALLS
Retaining walls
Concrete construction cheaper than stone walling. Good form work
detailing essential obtain pleasingappearance.Dry stone wallingsuitable
for retaining earth up to 2000high. Brickbacking necessary for higher
walls-(1 9)(20).
Paths
Widthof ramped paths 1 220—1350;length 6000—9000.
1: 12 gradient necessary foreasy negotiation bywheelchairs. For short
pedestrian ramps 1:7 acceptable—vp85. Ifstepped, max height ofstep
is 125—e(11)—(13).
Paths also—*p1943
Steps
Tread width not less than 300. Risers 90—150 high —e(1 4)(15)(17)(18).
Detailof finish to end of steps important, especially where set in grass
1 Climbersupport Insulationoftimberagainstrot bank.
monolithoi
graniteor
I basait
3 Pergolaonbrickpier 4 Pergolaofmonolithstone
(commonin Italy &Ticino)
17 Steps withflagstones
Tt:
18 Stepsof naturalorworked
stone
70-80
flY
6 Cobbles:expensive
,; •.. hli,ng
but durable —soil
brokenstone
drainage
•• 625 -t.e2 :1
19 Concreteretainingwall 20 Drywalling (specialdrainage
(w base 1/3 h) notnecessary)
8 Pavedpath bedded
& raised(easier
keep clean)
9 Pavedpath flush
(preventsobstruction
oflawn mower)
10 Spacing
= lengthofstride:
thickness 30
of slabs
=8386
Th sideview
114
19
end view
iIli
p3004
path
eoo
wheelbarrow
j!l 9OO—1
access
2004
orgarden
1,004400I 3004
doubieflagstone
path
path path
200
1150T 01000-1150
-5501
3 Gardenchair&table(iffolding:
top600x 1000, l00thickwhen
800I
J
tOIded80th(
85o)
i
tolded1B5th
610
2000
9 Gardencarts &wheelbarrow
Ii'°j
15
18 Reelmower
Riding tractor 16 Leafcollector
(240)
'420
2 1800—2000
Gardens
TREES,SHRUBS
Trainedfruit
1200
-1
300-500
P wire
I
canes
T 2250
600
•eseaber
I-41 T
T
ffrff[;
1-5004-500- 1-600-1
9 Horizontalcordon
2 *4
blackberry
1250 2 >i 4
500 rambling blackberry
annual strawberry *
0.25 0.25 160000— *
0.25 0.25 160000—
cultivation 0.3*0.3 111 111 0.3* 0.3 111111
perennial strawberry 0.5 *0.3 66666— 05 * 03 66666—
cultivation 0.8 *0.3 41666 0.6* 0.3 41666
removeanyrubble
breakup sod: toensuretree
incorporatepeat & grit ircoryodeecompost drainage 19 Plantingdistances:affectedbysoil&moistureconditions, manuring,
strengthofstock,variety& pruning, consequently greateror lessvariation
16 inpoorsoil 17 Insandysoil 18 Against wall from 'coefficients'possible;EM = EMailing
Habitat 109
Gardens
rotaryspnnklerwith
diaup to 12.0
WATERSUPPLY
Water essential for plant growth.
I
sprinklingcircles
sprinklerforbeds musi overtap If no mains (municipal) supply
(arcovereddepends available trial holes should bedug
on pressure(
reservoirfor
handoperation
to ascertain presence of water in
soil.
•
Shallowwells
hand 0 Sunk directly into water-bearing
u4
strata. Yieldlikelyto fall off in dry
weather.
Topreventcontaminationriskwell
should be at least 10 m (15 m
well
USA) fromanyseptictank orsewer
main and constructed with water-
1 Hand-operatedpumpdrawsup 2 El-operatedpumpfeedswaterto 3 Perrot' typesunkensprinkler:
to7000d,pumpsupto 30m h; pressurevesseluntil switchcuts out tight lining(steining).
dug intolawn ¢rallyoperated;
output/mm 40—801: forgreaterd atapprox4atm; aftersome lossof coverage8000—10000 at 1.5—3.5 Wells may be operated by hand
largerpumpsneededwith suitably water pumpstarts upagain at 2atm
built deep-seatedsuctionvalves
atm; capacity/hr0.5—1.0 m3/valve —*(1)orelpump—v(2).Well house
mustbe insulated, protected from
frost and adequately ventilated if
Reservoirs below ground. Recommended
size: 2100 x 1500approx. Switch
foamor flowerpot
and fuse box sited above ground
clay ofclayoroak level.
Reservoirs
Small pools may be constructed
invariety ofways, depending upon
site conditions and economics —v
(4)—(8).
4 Waterproofing withclay, for 5 Inexpensive gardenreservoir, 6 Reservoirwithclay asseal,lined Overflowshould be incorporated
wateringonly (notsuitablefor incorporatingfelt, sheetingor withstones:suitableforflowerponds
paddlingpools):thickclay covered continuoussealingwith 3—4layers —(1O)—(12); make provision for
with layers of soil &gravel ofhessianstuck withbitumen;in emptying by either submersible el
caseofimpermeablesub-soil pan pump orsiphoning —a(1 2). Bottom
should bewateredtodiminish of poolshould be sloped tooutlet
pressureonseal ifemptying tobe complete.
Pool edges need concealing.
Paving flags or coping more suit-
rendenng15thick able for formal shaped pools —
•.J
rentorc (7)—(12), and grass—v(4)(5), marsh
Drainage
::
contour
— — — lines
drain
--
1n conuiexion ofirrigation
pipewith thannel 13 Drainageplan 14 Open ditchwith
fascine
15 Coveredwattle 16 Coveredditchwith
wattle ditchwith sand bottom flagstones&rubble
110 Habitat
Gardens
Gardensfordisabled Roofgardensalso —p112
Heightof raised bed suitable forwheelchair user 600 (must have knee Provide background of screens, walls etcto protect plants fromeffects
space underneath —v(3)); for ambulant disabled approx 860 —v(4): ofhighwinds.
varies according to individual heightand physicalstate. Forsome elderly Tofacilitate drainagefinished surfaceofsupporting roofstructureshould
and handicapped outdoor gardening difficult; indoor garden can be be laid tofalls—v(5).
designedsuit special needs—v(2)p112.
Restrict widthof beds to 1200sothat workeasily carried outfromeither Rockgardens
side to cover whole area; comfortable total reach forward 750—965. Undulating site with SE or SWaspect ideal. Simulate life-size outcrop
Surround bed with hard paving—v(1). (not mountain range in miniature) linked by irregular-shaped areas of
stonechippings, alpine lawn orgrass.
Important provide convenient supplies (eg water), sb and controls When placing rocks first select 1 or2 specimens, mm 500 kg, for key
whichmake lifting and stooping unnecessary; rolling cart ortrolleycan
eliminate muchlifting and carrying. positions. Build up nucleus of rocks 250—500 kg round them. Place
smallerrocks 150—200 kg towards perimeter—v(6)(7).
Floodlit landscape features
To highlight foliage floodlights mounted on lower branchesof tree and
lightbeam projected upwards through foliage —v(9).
Iflight-source canbeconcealed floodlights maybepositioned atbase of
tree and beam projected verticallytoilluminatefull heightoftree—v(8b).
Light source placed somedistance away fromtree where foliage used
as illuminated background and details unseen —u(8a).
Sculpture may require only singlefloodlight butisenhancedbysubdued
lightingin surrounding areato give impression of reflected light.
individualrockslaid lifting
singhtiybackwardsto aiiowrainwater
totnckla overplants
rocksgroupedtogethermust
havetheirstratarunningin stratamusttoiiow that
direction&observe occurnngin quarrybed
sarne
naturalmarkings
1 Raisedgardenfordisabledgardener—+(3)
[
2590 'I
a
1220
-- —
rocksliabletotopple
vent window 51 584 itsettooshallow
stainless drawers
roll-outbini 6 Positioningofrocks& method ofbedding
[
stainlesssteel
r1[5t°JJ planttos
—
t3 —
I spread25 dia
drippingsalter no manureortertiliserlobe
planting incorporatedintopsoil
b coarseshingle
-
4..
—50—ltodna
formationlevellaidtofails
7 .
Construction of bed totacilrtatedrainage
ofrockgarden
a wheretheretsan
2 Stand-upgardenplan a &elevation bwith water, supplies,eqp closeat obstruction,eg stream.
hand,roll-out bin forfetchingsupplies —.. ffoodftghtpositionedsome
'Uistariceaway
-. —
——
b
t light
shrubs
1= glassftbrequill / . beaniof light
•1 positionedparallel
todirectionofwater submerged
600 topsOit grass ifI .
projected jet —— beamdirected
hilydownwards
.t ________ io
peatLi1
peat toosoni into pooi
25 _______________
gravel
t 150
254 Pest1
gravel 1 gravel
jet
Gardens
:
1200-1800.
T
ii
___sc--dOor for
weather-.
r. protection
"S —
/\canopy
onokung
3750
3750 5000 GARDEN STRUCTURES
7 Similar to 6butwithsolid Enclosedshedtosleep 1 9 Enclosedshed to sleep3,with Tents & sheds
separatetoolsto & parapetsto separatecookingspace Not usually rated as bldg or con-
providespace sidered as permanent living accn
unless continually occupied or
fflhing used for business purposes.
N a'
Should not be sited nearer than
1 800 to site boundary or bldg on
same site, unless boat-house
structure and waterway boundary.
USA:check setback requirements
in local zoning ordnance.
Barbecues —p77 107(8)
l50
300- '- 1000 1500
Glasshouses & frames
Specifyglasshouses according to
1000 2000
80/80
type and width.
Gardens
INDOORGARDENS
Indoor gardens lend adjacent rm spacious feeling: plants freshen air,
add hum, provide hobby, educate children. Ideal orientation in most
climates for most plants StoSE. Nto NEdaylight should beaugmented
by special plant lights. W sun difficult control. Plan artifical lighting not
only for plants' welfare but in relation adjoining rm. Studies showcool
whitefluorescents provide many characteristicsneeded byplants: also
availablespecialised plant lights with greater rangebenefits. Idealheating
and coolingforplants verylowvelocity airsystem: othersystems can be
adapted.
ROOFGARDENS-p88
Consider shade from nearby bldg, wind and smog when choosing
location and plantsfor roof garden. Weight ofsoil factor in roof garden
design (0.03 m3av soil equals 36kg).Ifquestion of structuralstrengthof
roofconsider hydroponic gardening using lightweightholding medium
suchasperlite orvermiculite. Desirablesetplants inplanters orhanging
baskets ratherthanbedsforease ofplant replacementaswellasweight
considerations. Planters may beofwood, pottery or reinforced plastics.
Shade tolerantplants could include fuchsias, begonias, hardy ferns,
impatiens, azaleas.Smog tolerant plants include ivy, oleander, azaleas,
ginkgo, camellia, privet. Wind tolerant plants: holly, ivy, boxwood,
euonymus (should be started as small plants tobuildup resistance).
1 Corr gardenplan
13 type
38sawedwoodcap sect,00s
condensationgutter withstaved5Qx lOOsides
/window stool 1152c/c (L. I \
if
gardenconstructed gods
glassH radiation
?t:z
1—SlOradius—--f
cill
slatefloor
asbestos board _J9re c3r"
28ã :
50
topsoil
50
groundlevel
150stepOsrrs
brokenbrick
50
concrete wall
20 plywood
914 \
vermiculite& gravel \ galvan isedwashtub
5 Entrygardensection hold,,,g mediums asphaltcoaledins,de
305clay potwith fitting
stainlessfood strainer
forpeastone
8 Methodofcontainerisedhydroponicgardening
2 Sectionthroughcorrgarden
Li
flnr fixed
glass
p I..-grill
slate
So
Icopper 6 Entry gardenplan
step
carpet liv infloor
overradr
3 Add-ongardenplan
fixed glass liv
.
•
- framing
insulati 50 x 150 CIII
7 Roofdeckoutdoorrm; roof
•
\ p
100 concretesIab,, 255 concrete
100 gravel
50 concreteblock
wall
compactedearth
surfaceprotectedfrom foot damage
bypreservativestreatedwood floor;
design usestypicalapartmenthouse
penthouseaspartofplan ArchEH
4 Add-ongardensection &M KHunter
Habitat 113
Gardens
WATER LILY, FISHPOOLS
Can be formal or natural in shape. Pre-fabricated pools usually glass
I
fibre or other plastics. Built-inpools reinforced concrete, using rather
dry concrete mix 127—152 thick, placed in wooden form or shaped
excavation in firm soil linedwith vinylplastics before pouring concrete.
1 liiterplate
2 liitertray
-. ,-.,_h,
—-— — Pools must be sitedfor max sun, high enough ensure ground water not
36pipefittings 7
enterpool in heavy rain, near watersupply ifnoautomatic supply. Depth
4 pumpfittings 8- waternot less than 355 sothatwaterlilies may be planted in boxes for
5 underwaterpump . water lev 355
6 6ppefltfings ease of removal. Provide overflow pipe, removable fordraining.
7 hosetowaterlajl
8 cablewith groundwire
, 0
3 H
6
2
H hoseconnexiontopump 1
G fiitermat&gravel
II ovens
111)'ImII
tog sir
I
dEan
wa
5 Smallpool &outdoordiningar
next k Arch Stedman&Williams
chemical characteristics
2 Garden arlargelydevotedto fish & lily pool chlorine gas sterilisingagent: formof chlorinewhich canbefed into
lowers pH waterin continuousdoses, inexpensivebut highlyacid
&toxic: needs specialhandling,automaticfeeder.
constantalkalineadjustment
todeck
boiteo.t
spilipan _i bromine lowers pH sterilisingagent: canbeused insemi-automatic
distributionsystem but is expensive,corrosive,toxic,
'13flow iine difficult handle;less effectivethan chlorine
frompump
iodine lowerspH sterilisingagent: stable,odour-freebutless activethan
%4 d13m
bromine;does not causepHfluctuation;easyto use but
expensive;can turnwater green;difficult test for
residual; lesseffectivethan chlorine
wiremost, sodium bicarbonate
- _____________________________ correctsalkalinity: recommendedformakingextensive
.1 .-.• '.. -:.. l9drainiine'< - ' •. - raises pH adjustmentsin alkalinity;long lasting;easyuse;
inexpensivebut slower actingthan sodium carbonate
sodium carbonate correctspH: effective,quick acting, storeswell;
(soda ash) inexpensivebuthas relativelyshort life inwater;must
raises pH bepre-mixed
Gardenswimmingpools
Siting
Protected from wind, close to rest rm (for use
on cool days), withinviewof kitchen (children
in sight) and living rm (foroperationofautomatic
gate) ie within field of vision. No deciduous
treesorshrubs bypool to avoid leavesdropping:
provide means of preventing grass etc from
falling intowater; possibly raisedcoping (design
2250(
smallest1 .bnepool
(2swimmingstrokes, decision).
1/1.2P( —4250—I
medium-sizepool(3-4 strokes. Size
2/4-5P). smallestsize Width 2250. Length ofswimming strokeapprox
1 500plusbody lengtn: 4strokes = 8000length.
permittingstartdivehornend
Shape
Simple as possible for reasons of cost and
water circulation (—abelow: maintenance).
Rectangular but with ladder or steps in corner.
Circular pool shapealso economicalwith welded
steelplateconstruction.
Constructionmethods
Foil pool basin (foil = sealed outersurface) on
supporting structure of masonry, concrete or
steel (including above ground) or in excavated
pit.
Layoutoftechnical
installationsforfullyequipped Basinsmade of polyesterorglassfibre reinforced
swimmingpool 6 Deckatlevel of pavingconcealsfiltereqp &heaterbelow plastics, rarely erected on site, normally pre-
DesignArmstrong&Sharfman fabricated; in general not self-supporting,
backfilling of lean concrete necessary.
exhaust Waterproof concrete basins (on-site concrete
prpes
skimmer
double shells, cement-gun concrete single
sluice prevailing
wind
shells, prefabricated concrete components).
Surface liningof pool usually ceramic mosaic,
less often coated (chlorinated rubber or dyed
-- cement)or cemented plastics sheeting.
auxiliaryfloor
S1JCbOfl
pump/outflow Pool maintenance
feed:nozzles Usually kept clean by means of recirculation
abovepipes system —*(4): surface circulation —v(5), with
below
surface water kept clean by effective surface
skimmersor preferably sluices. Types offilter:
gravel or sand (bottom filters, some with
5 Simple longitudinalflow
scavenger blower), diatomaceousearth (surface
with suctionpipes
filter), plastics foam.
Additional algae control by means ofchemicals
7 Perimeterfenceatpropertylineprovides safety&background for (chlorine, chlorine-free alginic agents, copper
plant materials,shelter sulphate). Common pool chemicals —spi 13(6).
Water cleaning also—vp337
concretedeck Heating
By counter-current device or continuous-flow
heater in boilerorsolarcollecting system. This
prolongs bathing seasonfor moderateadditional
plantingbed
50 deepscupper outlay. In some places system using thermal
heateconomical.
8 Scupperkeepschlorinatedwater outof 9 Section showingwater dfor6100 x 12.2 Safetymeasures forchildren
plantingbeds poolwith springboard Preferably not onlythrough fencing off pool but
by providing pool coverorself-operating alarm
suIt-priming signal system (triggered offbywave formation).
returnline punlp&rrloto-
va&iurn pump&matOr Protectionagainstfreezing
unit on slab
lioej With rigid pools by insertion of edge beams,
vacuum deependfitting
heating or anti-frost outflow system. Do not
titting ____________
mainsuction
line
frnertine) emptyinwinter.
flfler
inlets
maindrain,
5fli IIconcreteslab/
hlter/ valve__________________
1vacUUm Open air pools also —vp333
steps heatrn returnline
heater
reiativeair hum
Standard
Watertemp26—27°, airtemp30—31 °/60—70% relativehum;maxairflow
I
water 0.25mIs; waterevaporation 16gIm3hr(stateofrest)tomax 204 g/m3hr
70—j- I I
reiativeairh temp %t 60% I 70%
inuse 2WCI26Cair2RC
temp with pool inuse. Main problem airhum: water evaporates from pool until
a
R 3Ci 28'C
-•- Ii evaporation limit reached —+(1)(2). In state of rest evaporation stops
cD
50
R itiö4
M 2941269 218 1631 143
—,
2
67
0
even in low temp range, as saturated 'boundary layer' of water vapour
remains overpool: pool should therefore not be 'blown at'with ventilation
R iti
20_LI 66 311 36 air. Expensive dehumidify pool house byventilation (though essential,
M 378' 353 2471 227
below); with hum at level ofup to70°even small thermal bridge can
302
10-b0+10+20
—10 +30+40
M
123
395 3391 320
811 89
cause structural damage inveryshorttime.
temp difference.4Kwater/airnottobe
air &watertemp maintainedtorany lengthoftime Construction
Most common formfully insulated hanger-type bldg suitable for winter
1 Evaporationlimitincoveredpool; 2 Specificvolumeofevaporation in use (Km max 0.73); less frequent form, uninsulated 'summer' pool
topline: Poolinoperation,bottom covered pool(g/m3h)instateof rest house (can also be ofkindwhichcan be dismantled). Semi-retractable
line: instate of rest; example: (A) &with max use(M) roof and othersliding parts make possible openpool house during fine
water tempto = 27°C,evaporation weather, so can be used as open-air pool (all weather pool); however,
limit: in use36mbar (=30°C184% this causes problems overthermal bridges.
hum), resting28 mbar(=30°C/65%
hum) Mm size—+(4); as part ofpool house, in annexes if necessary: wc, sho,
spacefor mm 2 deckchairs. Width of pool surround depends on wall
i—2 —l 500 surfacearea (heightofsplashing—u(6)); accessiblepassage round pool
belowfloor level control leaks,full provision forleads and air ducts.
Location
Incorrelation with: agarden (ideal 'covered pool'open-air)and shallow
feet-washing troughs: b master bedr (withpabathr perhaps to beused
for showering); cliving rm: allocate 10 m2 ofplant rmfor boiler.
___I
6counter-current system
Auxiliary areas forrest, galley, bar, massage,keep-fitapparatus,sauna
—epi 17, hot whirlpool (massageat40°C).
Equipment
Mech eqp and installations: water treatment with filter plant, steriliser
4 Smallestsize pool dosing system, splash water trap (approx 3 m3), water softner(from)
waterhardness 7°dH), athlete's foot spray (particularly iffloorcarpeted
round pool); ventilation system with either fresh air or secondary air
surround
400 1250 —*(7) with ducts in ceiling and in floor, or simple ventilation box and
I- t5O extractor (air flow not too fast, otherwise risk of draught); heating by
§ radiators, convector heaters or warm-air heating, combined with air-
conditioning, possibly solar collector system. Underfloor heating as
§ extracomfort: only practicable with floor insulation k greater than 0.7
heavysplashing and surfacetempless than 29°C.
torwindowcleaning Energy saving bymeans ofheat pump (cost depends onthat ofcurrent)
5 Standarddimensionsofcovered 6 Distancefrompoint of origin Other installation and eqp: starting block, underwater light (as safety
pool element), reverse current installation, chute, solarium; diving boards
require appropriate pool depth, and height of pool house. Sound pro-
tection (sound-absorbent roof, noise-dampingwith air-conditioningplant
circulatingair (white sound), protection against structure-borne sound in pool basin
itself).
suspended
1 2 3 pool 4 Technical specifications
In principle only corrosion-proof materials: pot-galvanised (hot dip)
ceihng
:u5t
steel, corrosion-proof aluminium, no plaster, timber open-pore glazed.
I Heatinsulation km, max 0.73 kcal/m2hr k.
mixing reguiator
pump
—l 1 mixingchamber 2 airintake
3 heat exchanger 4 aireutractor
rçr
circulatingair standard standardi hal
hash Iexhaust w mm max centre
air Ilair 122 12.2 550 61
177 177 800 88
244 244 1100 100
323 323 1450 122
330 330 1620 12.2
427 33.0 2620 15.2
topool 533 1280 2620 20.0
regulator
condenser
water 10 Airstructurewithaircompressor, pliantmulti-layeredcanopy&airlock
I3 mixing chamber 2 airintake
4 airextractor
1 stress-reliefdesign 2cablesystem 3skylight topviewshowing doublecable
heat exchanger system 4anchorsystem 5lightingsystem 6 HVACsystems 7 inflation
systems 8airlock 9revolving doors 10emergency doors 11 transparent
9 plasticswindows
Layoutofventilationplant
116 Habitat
Private indoor pools
Poolbasinsmainly reinforced concrete, in separatelayers. Expansion
iointsnot necessary with lengths under12 m. Important: ground-water
equalising valveessential to prevent damagetobasin. Lining: ceramic,
glass mosaic orpaint onsingle layer ofwaterproofconcrete orpolyester,
pvc film mm 1.5 thick assealing. Include in design skimmer orpreferably
overflowgully,bottominlet, counter-current system, underwater flood-
light, and build in with sealing flanges. Plastics pool basins, because
of below level floor access surround, only possible in exceptional
circumstances orwithspecial structural reinforcement.
Floorlining:ceramic material orstone (must slope forwatertorun oft):
recently also water permeablecarpet(so savingneedfor sound-absorbent
covering). Provide forkeeping outwaterfromunderneath liningand for
sprays against athlete's foot. Floor heating pleasant addition but not
essential.
Walls: surface lining material must be damp-resistant and unaffected
bysplashing.
Airconditioning essential.
Hotelswimming pools: basinof60m2normally sufficient.Exceptions:
irregular periodsof use, wintersports hotels. Important: generous rest
area, deck chairs, holiday atmosphere, bar, keep-fit apparatus,sauna,
direct communication between hotel rm and pool bldg (elevator or
separate staircase); not many changing cubicles needed but clothes
lockerswith samelocks ashotelbedr.
Bath attendant usually required. Extension of use throughout summer
bymeans ofadditionalopen-air pooland connectingchannelforswimmers
(sun bathing lawns).
1 Poolrooted over with alurniniurn framedacrylic plastIcs dome Indoor pools also —p329—32;changing rm —÷p335—6
mm recommend arratio
25
mardeckar(ratio) ir (arofpool)
2.0
0
15
10
0.5 I
5 Layoutforcovered pool
rm, do, lavatories, meals, med, staff. Reg are supplemented byadvisory
1 tablework:eq usingmateiisls& ob$ctanotmakingmuchmess
2 ring:eqbaneplay,camping,shops, hospitals publications. In USA referto state and local codes.
3 music:eqeaploringsoundsindledusty,singing&dancingtogether
4 messy:eq usingclay,water,sand Schoolfurniture—vpl 19130—3
5 quietwork:eq lookingatbooks, writing,resting.storyteting
6
7
moving:eq climbing,swinging,p.inpng, rolling
construction:eq buildingwithblocks,small& largescale, undertakings
such as Boarding schools—+pl 27—8
engines,boats,houses
'
acting benchshe8 n—
eq screens boaea 6 movingclimbing
local 'properties'clothestrolley eq clearspace
hieght
3 music
eq display
localsto
genemL-,.10
service
rostra
benchC suspensionfront
ceiling
L., 1r iF
— 8
large trolls'1'
to
indhoduals
&smellgroups tables
- ct5jlow
nO rostm cpd 7 construction
7
'
eqlocallowsto
e'Ling work bin
°bo rostra&cubes 3 -t
wcekaurtscea-'
fightbenches
sk 48
b1 ri Cfl\ stacking trolleys
sand/cubes
waler
0 bldgblocks
2 Activityzones: youngerchildren
j
Schools
NURSERYLEVEL
ingredientsof sharedar Workandplayofveryyoung children can be divided roughly intoabout 7
localcentres outdoors
categories —(2). Indoors definition of zones mainly byarrangement of
furniture, but appropriate surfaces important eg for messy work (clay,
schoolsite
water etc) and for quiet work. Height also important for moving and
climbing. Pre-school accnmay be found as unit of school —e(3) or as
i
separate nursery school —t.(4).
L schoolbldg
horsebase schoolneighbourhood
EARLYSCHOOL
In earliest years of compulsory school definition of spaces probably
reliesmoreon architecturalplanning: can beconsidered in3categories:
F 00000 ingredients of localcentres, shared areasindoors,sharedareasoutdoors.
L—
Design ofoutside as place forworkand play continues important —+(1).
7'i1
parhcularbays garden
Working groupsvary considerablyin size and may change fromhour to
hour as pattern ofworkchanges.
[_c:?
Ingredients of 'local centres' can beassembled into centres ofvarying
I
general work ar grass y ar
sizes and types according size and age range of school —e(2): home-
base, space forallpupils forwhom 1 teacher responsibletobetogether,
not necessarily attables and chairs; enclosed rmforquietconcentration
or noisyactivitysuchas music-making; particular bays where special
B
enclosed
LJ
hardplayar
eqp, egsink or cooker, can be installed and independent projects can
be pursued with continuity bysmall groups; general workarea, uncom-
mitted space in which furniture can be arranged respond different
—
EE
I
needs; covered workarea, toextend rangeofworkbyprovidingsheltered
transition between inside and outside.
- Ohht& Change fromstandard classr planning to planning in terms of centres
coveredwork ar adventure&discovery can be seen in adaptationofolderschool —e(3)(4) and onedesigned on
new principles —api20(1 ab).
Youngerage rangear01work
E
IHiI
[H
1
ULEJT r1JflLEJflLfl
II
UL;1!
FE1 L[1I1
Hj
rEl
HjII1 2 Diagrammaticexamplesoflocal
centreseach for2teachersworking
incollaboration:Hhomebase,
P particularbay,Ggeneralwork,
Eenclosedrm, Vcoveredworkar
orginplan1931
45678
classr
23boys
girls
0 5 10 15 20 m
0 5m
168 16 32, 48 64 ft
AREAS
NET 8560Cm2
5—7yr 3.56m2/Pat24OP
4.53rn2/Pat189P
3—Syr 163.62rn2
2.73m2fPat60 p
WORKING 612.66m2(72%otnet area)
5—7yr 2.55rn2/Pat24OP
324rn2/Pat189P
3—Syr 140.0Cm2
230rn2/Pat6CR
key
1 centre C analysisofar
2 mc
3 cia teathrig 72.3% —.. Ia2.55 m2/Pat240P
4 base2
5 stO teacttingsto 1.9
6 k
7 ha Psto&aan 5.7
8 base3 10
9 basel k 7.4 F
301t
it
10 head
books amiki 6.9
key 5 sk 11 k
12 stall 5 sb 12 head
13 cafe ersetc 16 1 aeranda 7 do 13 books
14 centreB circulation 42 2 practical 8 grouprm 14 cate
15 narsery 3 wc 9 court lb stall
16
17
LIlY
centreA totalar 100.0% is3.56rn2/Pat24OP a 4 base 10 ha 16 sty lo
9
t
9
7
3015
sb
torn
16 birchtrees
key
8 sk 17 homebase2
9 sharedrm 18 homebase1
1 mc& cia 10 cleresiory 19 ptr
2 homebase3 11 toplayground 20 meetingrm
2 In aWelshcountrydisrict5schoolswithinradiusabout2.51cm,withtotal 3 harnebase4 12 ramp 2t parm
newschoolforl2ochof3—11years,with 4 ha 13 bins 22 toplaygarden
enrolment99P,replacedl9l6byl 5 aerasda 14 k 23 cherrytrees
2local centreseachforupto50 P&2teachers&nurseryunit; outside: 6 tanksseer sb 15 med 24 las & sho
pre-schoolgarden,play ar,footballpitch& illuminated hard-surfaced games
arforyouthclubs &adults
Community 121
Schools
MIDDLEAGERANGE
In middle age range, as curriculum becomes more diversified, workin
local centres increasinglysupplemented byworkinofher spacesshared
teaching
teachingsIn
64.6% re2.63m2/Pet400P
keyplan
centred
'ii tlP3Pm
326496ft
Palo&san
by everyone, indoors and outdoors, where scopeof workcan develop centre
and deepen—v(1). c
admun
hollersetc
Designs forsuchdivision ofworkshown by2 schools —*(2)(3)(4),each Es red.
circulation
of which has centres grouped round common areas (hatched). by
total ares 100.0% 1e4.07m'/Pat400P Lcentmj
flahared A
sharedar sharedar by4centrea
local centre
'It
indoors outdoors
0 24 6
1
8m
.,i court
6.
cj
I .c
'In
-
1
L 5OOlb1d [ U] paved
,j1'arsharedby
centresA&B
I
jfickn14j
. nh
i r'
JIJt
supplementary
crafts& science schoolnieghbourttood
tA
•! planotcenste
17574rn2 1 79m2/Pat loop bane3 baae2
ba
[
Middleage rangeschoolwith4centres& arofcommonuse (hafched);
,graaaplayar
P H more detailedplan of centrearisshown
H i supplementary
drama&pe
v
H H teaching
HI P teachingsIn
10
dining
Palo& san
H/E fllV"I HH4 hardplayar admin
FJJ circulation
t 1[Jfl
totalar
sapplementary ,
manic analysisofar
ar/P(at420P)
H homebsae 5.8n91
P particolarbay
[
0 generalworkar
E oaedmt
v coveredwodran //
<
rurelscience
.
ODC)C'
atm2
netar-j worldngar
totalar
2438 n,2(
b5OW1is t3tOm2
shared year 1
netar . workingar cettr
badstudies
I s— studioworlrehop
I Diagramofarofworkrormiddleage range schools
3 4 Diagramoforganisation&furnishedplan of
schoolfor420 Pof9—13yearsopenedwith 4
centresforapprox105P, supervised by3teachers
(otherteachersbeing also involvedintheir work)
122 Community
Schools
MIDDLEAGE RANGE
blockplan
extensionforlowerschool
Local centresnotalways planned asdetined spaces. Another practiceis
toprovideflexibility bymeans ofuniform spacesub-divisible byscreens
and panels, rather than variety of spaces fordifferent kinds ofworkand
grouping of pupils. These 2 approaches, to flexibility and to variety,
represent2 distinct trends in current school planning. —e(i) shows
shared working areas designed intermsofrmforspecific subiects (as in
conventional secondary school) and therefore do not imply integrated
curriculum as implied in shared areas described —xp121(3)(4). —n(2)
shows middle range associated with olderrange schooling insecondary
school enlarged to comprehensive —eblock plan. 'Lowerschool' and
'upper school' share some areas such as pe, large scale music and
drama, and dining.
0 30 60 9Gm
98 187 2955
analysis star
ar/P(of360P(
762m2
0 10 20 3Cm /'t'/ shared
wow
32 66 986
shared
4.18w2 work
5315% oftotal ar
tolalar workingar
totalar
2972 In2
159Gm2
42—43% shared
241 m2med—
j
&dental
totalar workingar
0 6
19
12m
3911
)-?.
26
Lj27
_
23
fi-t
h5_
IfLa_J _l
t—--''?(
-
—
. '- -
i_i-c
23
N
E : 28
books
resources
1 plant 11 do & wc11—13 year 22 mssic r — — /— —
2 stageupperpart
3 gymspperpart
12 centre 120P9—11 year
28058 m2. 2.34 m'/P
23
24
mum entrance
med
L 1k30 29 29
32
4 centre 120p7—9year 13 do & wc7—9year 2b dental
282.12m2,235 m2/P, 14 26 admin
20P6—7year434t -n2. lb clo&wc6—7year
clo&wcg—llyear 27 wsrkrm
2.17 m2/P 16 changing& shu 28 staff
5 hlms 17 stage 29 head
6 studentcoanol rm tO gym 30 secretary
7 510 19 k 31 off
8 lib 20 humecralts 32 meetingrm 0 3 6 9 12w
9 sIx 21 wuod/metal/cluy 33 sb & uheltnr
10 panels 9 19 29 39h
workar examples:grouping
shared by all ofworkar
associationxl cioselyreiatedsubjects
religiouseducation
history maths art&crafts
hornecralts
sciences
geography workshopcrafts
diversilying lib
curricuia
languages engiish drama
reiigious music
homecrafts education
religious
ianguages education
sociuistudies
music
drama
english 1 530P11—l8yrs
workshopcrafts
subiectsgroupedin centresotmixedinterest
sciences
science
maths art& crafts sports
homecrafts gym
arts &crafts books& study theatre
science drama
pa art&crafts enghnll
maths music
books& study art& crafts
subjects grouped
& modified in many socialstudies
economics
engiish
ianguages
differentways reiigious booksS study
educatrsr
commerce
books&study 1 400P 11—lByr
years years
IJ 2 i__-L4
years
ll 617
=- 1 567 1
-
= = - -J
480P 720P 240P
360P MOP lOOP 720P 720P 560P numbers
numbers numbers 11—13yr 13—lSyr 16—l8yr
ti—l3yr 13—16yr 16—18yr 11—l3yr 13—l5yr 15—.lByr
-J
=
I I
I
Ssociaibases commonSn sociai base sociaibase
I
=
-
1 ining 1 dining snacks
-J sociai
dining dining dining
F
social
-J dining
I I
reieduc history
II
study rei educ mleduc
maths
—J— history
geography history ii—
reteduc reteduc history geography ii geography
history
15-18 yrclub(1st)
k,Sr. youth (ground)
english&
- languages
drama,music )grcund)
english
art& craft humanites
hb & admun(ground)
adminstaff,
csf' (1st)
ha &pe
teachers centre(1
science
5t)i11
homeeconorniuca
art& craft
tawerschool
)11—l3yr) [] Li
physics,
maths&
WdmShO)
crafts
0 2040 60 80 m
(1 3 6 9 m 61126 ft
9 1 27 ft
1 MixedcentreforhumanitiesinBerkshireEnglandcomprehensive schoolfor2l2Pof13—18years,designedto
provideworkingarfor allPinthis groupforhistory, geography, religion &philosophy, economic&socialsciences;
alsoprovisionforsome to workonEnglish,mathematics & commercial subjects
orchestrami
mur
mur
6practicerm
sf0 13.0
sharedlistening 13.37
0 3 6 9
stu 327
18 2'7
1\ I
4%J
cIass/'5g
/ .c'bUs\
parking
k
geog$
-ra
' visual •
,Iaudio/ tib
7I
hardplayc.
pitch sportsha
hardplay
pitch
0 30 60 90 120 m
90180270360 ft
social -
I '?% c;/
- tSetTDndart
.
/ 'ami
fZ7
fi1/
spodsha
teaching 65.2%
teachingsto 5.8
dining
k
admin
heating
23
34
Psto&san 7.5
6.2
1.3
circulation 6.3
analysisofar
ie7.2m/pal6OOP
totalar 100.0%
chemistry
thology
sem'tutor
-mar
languages
ssocia)/
classr
social do
void
maths
jd
/ I /
9 16
27
36 m
30 f0 90 1205
1 &2 High schoolinLancashire
Englandopened1978for600 Pfrom
11—16years: designedbygrouping
subjectstolessenpressureofsize
on individual& smallgroup
126 Community
Schools
SYSTEMBUILDING
analysisofar
Industrialsystems used buildmany schools: best offer sufficientflexibility
teaching 63.0%
teing sf0 2.9 in both plan and section meeteducational needsalltypesschools, with
airing
k
33
27 qualitythat rates them first class permanent bldg. —s(1)(2) show school
Psto&san 7.1 huilt using such system (CLASP), also used —upl2O(1)(2).Financial
athrin 6.1 contribution from non-educational sources made possible extended
circufation 12.9
totalar 1000% or 9_ 120 provision forsportavailable both toschool andtocommunity —epi 20(2).
ie7.9 ma/Patggp ft —xBib200
REGIONALINSTITUTIONS
—13
TTs
L_.musichal5balwo 0 5 1015m
I_-._l
01530458 .
J
j38
key
1 sports,pe 11 sto 25 k 39 optics 55 technical
school& 12 activities 26 off 40 preparation drawing
community space 27 pottery 41 seminar 56 med
2 theatre 13 up 28 wood 42 lectures 57 mothercare
3 admin 14 squash 29 engineenng 43 stu 58 textiles
4 fib 15 sportsha 30 crafts 44 classr 59 painting drcutafion
5 design! 16 gyro, 31 kiln 45 history 60 printing adenn 12.2% kdchen
science badminton 32 head 46 practical 61 languages 05%
10.6%
6 liberal 17 meters 33 scalpture 47 lounge 62 english
studies 18 el 34 prolects 48 gallery 63 houserrn P
234
7 music 19 lau 35 forge 49 dr 64 do less,coats,-.
school 20 fuel 36 metal 50 needlework 65 staff
8 lowerschool 21 boilers 37 advanced 51 fabrics 66 careers
9 warden 22 foyer science 52 social 67 libwork rm
10 teachers
centre
23 changing
24 yard
38 general
science
53 void
54 homecrafts
68 geography
ajEn°ar
ng
n 8 1415
21 28 21 30
9 6 12m
20 40ff
3 St AustellEngland6thformcollege,opened 1973for460 P 16—19years,
hasdept forhumanities(including drama),music,science& mathematics,
socialstudies,&art&designcentre,allrelatedto ha,dramastudio, lib&social
centre
key
privatestu 13 prolection 25 wc 39 tutorials 50 lecturerm
gallery 14 privatestu 26 computer 40 humanities 51 ha
lib 15 religious 27 divisionrm 41 languages 52 drarnastudio
3 careers education 28 preparation 42 seminars& 53 optics
4 seminar 16 ha 29 chemistry headsof 54 science
5 social 17 off 30 mathematics dept preparation
studies 18 head 31 boilers 43 forge 55 biology
1 2 In this NottinghamshireEnglandschoolbuiltonanindustrial system 6 geography 19 headseminar 32 designoff 44 studio 56 physics
lowerschool(blockplanonly) isfor540Pof11—13years,mainschoolopened 7 geology dept 33 timber 45 wOod 57 students
1973for990 Pof13—18years;centralcoreforadmin,dining, theatre, libleads 8 history 20 balance rm 34 art&design 46 textiles socialar
9 control 21 lab 35 do 47 metal 58 music
to3main 2-floor blocks; arts, crafts&sciences (design/science separate 10 restrm 22 work rio 36 el 48 pottery 59 tutor
1-floor bldg) 11 deputyhead 23 staff common 37 seminaroff 49 science 60 k
12 gallery 24 tel rm 38 english prolects
Community 127
Boarding schools
Size varies from50 to over 1 000 boarding pupils. Proportionof day to Separatebedroom 6m2, preferably9m2; USA mm 8.4 m2,preferred
boarding pupilsalso varies; many schools take only boarders.Few new 10.2 m2.
boarding schools built recently but many extended, with new uses Beds should not be arranged in tiers. Sto for each pupil's personal
found forexistingbldg.Asschool will be home' for two-thirds year aim
for homely and relaxing ambience, allowing pupils develop own per- belongings and clothes beside each bed. Spaces to be adequately
ventilated. Stu/bedr—*p140.
sonalities and community spirit.
Sanitary
To bedispersed throughout bldg, accessible fromsleeping quarters.
SITE LAYOUT
1 sho orbuGP(50%baths)
1 hb/3 Pup to 60pupils then 1 hb/4 Pfornext 40 and 1 hb/each further
Requirementsdiffer according to various factors: size of school, age
groups to be provided for, integration or separation of living quarters 5: space 1 m2/P
fromother school bldg, location,climate,inclusionof day pupils,education 1 wc/5 P
programme to beprovided. Ifday pupils'lay nearby requirements may be reduced.
Design easy, quickaccess between bldg (in hostile climates protected); USA:fordetails referapplicable codes and standards.
living, dining, recreationalareasclose together. In larger schoolsseparate
living quarters preferred, with communal dining. Integratedaccn more
Sick rooms
In small schoolsplaced near matron next togeneral sleeping quarters.
suited to small schoolswith niulti-use rm. Urban sites generally call for
In large schools can be in separate bldg with doctors and nurses
higher densities and multi-storey bldg, sharing amenities with com-
quarters and dental suite. Provide separately forboysand girls.1 sick
munity and using town services. On ruralsite school usually has to be
self-sufficient, onlyclassr and living quarters being multi-storey. rm/20 P. Allow 7.4 ma/bed with 1 800 between any 2 beds. Provide
adequate rm ventilation. Provide adequate separate sanitary accn for
Boarding schoolswith many daypupils have living quarters integrated sick rm; separate isolation rm where pupils exceed 40; sufficient accn
with other bldg. Larger schools require and canafford more and better for nursing staff.
provision for recreation, hobbies and cultural pursuits. USA: for details refer applicablecodes and standards.
ACCOMMODATION Staff
Degree of supervision of pupils by staff depends on system adopted.
Many schools divide pupils into houses, each with resident house
Sleeping master (often married), junior teacher(s) and matron; ancillary staff
Preferable face E; separate rm for each sex over age 8; preferred same
sometimes also accommodated.Some staff live inseparate quarters.
age groupto each dormitory.
Married teachers need living rm and bedr each 18 m2, 3—4 smaller rm
Open dormitory more usual in preparatory and juniorschools (not in and kitchen each 11 m2, larder, wc, bathr, sto. Total each approx 80 m2.
USA), uncommon in senior. 5 m for first 2 beds, 4.2 m2 each
additional bed; 900 between beds. 6—12 beds normal but up to20 can Larger areas normal in USA.
be accepted. Junior teachers needstudy 12 m2 neartodayrmspace, bedr 10m2near
topupils' sleeping accn, preferably bathr and sto.
Dormitory cubicles each to have window 5 m.
a 894 b
el staff
I
hockeypitch hockey
C)jl
c)
c
(81
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____
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_____
-
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9 120m N
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Boarding schools
ACCOMMODATION(cont)
9 2,5 50 7,5100
8 160240 320 Day room
Provide than 2.3 m2/P, preferably 4.5 m2. Should consist of common
rm, library—spi29, hobbies rm, quiet rm, games rm, radioand tv rm.
Dining
Centralised dining normal: 1, 2 or 3 sittings, depending on school
policy. Space can be sub-divided to be more intimate and to Identify
groups of pupils. In small schools spacecan be used forschoolassembly,
concerts, drama productions.
Allow 1 m2/P and adequate airspace.
Kitchen
Allow0.5 m2/P withcafeteria servery, unitserveries forgroupsofpupils
b or mobile serveries totables.
Ancillary
Adequate sto for pupils' luggage, bedding, clothes and eqp; laundry,
ironing rm, airing rm, sewing rm.
Recreation
Depends on size of school and nearnessto sports grounds, baths etc.
Provide access to grassed areas for ball games, swimming pool,
gymnasium, running track etc; suitable space and eqp for drama, art,
music, films,lectures, crafts, religious worship.
Services
Provide adequate and suitable air space and heat orcool and ventilate
according to climate. Services may be centralised or individual to bldg
—vp383—97.
a
4;
.j servorboarding
'--
RiverThames
b stu
I domiitOry
matron stu
bedr bedr bedr
m
ft
1/ ! dr stu'
bedr
head
I H
I
prefect stu
Stu
bedr I dormitory
C
junior boarders senerrboarders
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UULI
E
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HEJ
_________________ servery
k
LstodrylJ
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meati
&hshl
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sto
J J—
goods
1 CharterhouseSchoolGodalming England: separateaccnfor462
pupilsin7houseseachwith house master& familylivingin asite IJiliLJJEI peparason
]fltuckshop l
staff
l3staffdr l4sto l5pooI l6towerblock l7house7 l8house6
19 housemaster'sk 20housemaster'sdr 21 housemaster'sliv
Jfl1
I4
boys staff
staffrm
itchenstaffI
coveredway
22 housemaster'sstu 23lift 24 servicear 25stairwell 26commonrm
27 monitors'common rm 28 entrance ha 29hobbies rm 30bedr
31 bathr 32 liv 33k 34bedr 35tearm 36 bootrm 37gamesrm
38gar 39boys' lay 40 hobbiesrm 41 ter 42 day nursery 43 bedr 2 StPaulsSchool London England: 700pupils,60junior& 122senior
44stu/bedr 45bedr 46 press 47elevator 48stairwell 49flat roof boardingpupilsin separateaccn aaxonometricview bseniorboarding
50washr 51 washr Arch SirGilesScottSon & Partner housefirstfloor plan cdining/kblock plan: 500seatsserve 1200
2-courselunchesin3-queuecafeteriasystem Arch Fielden &Mawson
Community 129
Schools
MEDIA CENTRES
= Growth in useof instructional materialsotherthan thoseoftraditional lib
{1
industrial -I =
sociIr I -r
F
—•
Lb 1 at -[arts l—sciene coupledwith new emphasis on individual study has promoted concept
of media or resource centre. Such aids as microfilm, audio cassettes
r]rno7LI 1
I==/'
0011
•ii:i::Jti
I
and film needviewing rm and study carrels wired for special technical
eqp.Addedto libservicespace needs become larger; staffing and work
areas needed give effective support forclassr teaching needs. Student
I zjooo
I—
___ use suggests variety working and study options. Mutli-purpose spaces
• ,J1_, equippedwith movable or stacking chairs.
Such centres include many of following:
chairsof several types, including cushions or carpet risers
tables
carrels, manywired foreqp—.p177(3)
staffdesks &chairs
special furniture: circulationdesk, files, stocabinets,display, photocopy
reading, browsing, listening, viewing
openaccess materials & stacks
smallgroup listening & viewing
conference areas
groupworkprojects & instruction
admin &workspace
eqpsto
maintenance & repair
dark rm
professional collection forteaching staff
magazine & newspaper sto including microfilm
In larger schoolsystems radioand tvstudios and computerisedlearning
resources may be included in centre. In some systems material may be
distributed toseveral schools from 1 audio-visual sto centre.
N
Sincesuchcentres designed inresponse studentinput, localcommunity
1 Middle schoolWestfieldUSAwith mediacentre Arch McGuire &Shook needs and state guidelines variety of solutions found. Typical plan
Corp relationships toteaching areas indicated—(1 )—(3).
T P I : T' I servlce
cJU
I
.
i
. ii
____r 1 I I l1rl11
-1
.
E
.
.1 L]
=
chdd
.
1
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multi-purpose
r
. . .
-I iangJa
dr . speech
1
kindergarten
]
I
.
L I . . .
activity
. TEE
min— media
0 6 12m
§. . centre
20 40ft
I 4 # k I FH*
ElementaryschoolTampaFloridaUSA:mediacentrenearlanguagedept Arch Rowe HolmesAssociates
betweenlegs
II
II
ü tchair
'\,,clearancefor
and display. (—nBlbl97207 208).
betweenlegs In USAtypical worksurface heights foreducational usevary from560—
sane eaarnples oftablegroups 790, although lower tables used for very young. Recommended work
depth variesfrom330 for youngest children to 460 for 15 year olds or
e older. Width ofwork area varies from530 for youngest children to 760
for 15 yearoldsorolder—e(3).
Sto underworksurface not recommended unless atsideofknee space
1rrD 3basicshapes
dimensionedto
groupfor
generalwork
trapezoidal
orworksurface increased indepth. Toespace mm 610 torolderchildren,
who needvarying work heights depending on task: typing tables 670,
work tables 735, sewing tables 790. Work height for handicapped in
wheelchairs mustbe adaptedtotheir needs—up86.
Standing worksurfaces for school age children should vary from520—
n 915atage 15. Older childrenmayfind range 860—965 desirabledepending
on height and task to be done. Sinks set lower, high counters higher
\2iY Ihil EJEIJ (1015—1120).
desirable conddionsintioingtrials
J
rectangular squaretable
55: 'ff0' tables
*514
sodc 100% 100%
trapezoidal
610
1Th4 t I 14
1067 15241530
single double
esercise 610 610*610* 1220
120 % satisfied book hail
762 ii 1524
260—520 sizet round
table
'60 120 tablefr 560.565,610,635,660, 675,740& 762
availablewith adlustable legsrange 56010762in 25 increments
100% tOO%
single double
" a of: mean
3 USAtable sizes
stature shoulder
% subiects
"7
300 satished size m
yr
300/520 size2 'jj
2 7 6 1280
dc
'65'
100%
cingle
130
100%
double
' 3 10 L L2. ...JfIt......J
480 %satished
340—580 size 3
$erf
'65' 130
D
100% 100%
single double
b
620 % satistied
380-640 size 4
r70 140 -
100% 100%
single double
620— % satisfied
420—700 bze 5
Schools
FURNITURE
Staturedata & distribution offurniture
sizes
Mobilityofpupilsin schools and high degree to
whichworkingaccn shared make increasingly
impracticalassign chair and table tosingle pupil.
Furnitureshared bymany:each chairand related A shod feetflat onfloor
tablesize must therefore be designed suitmax B clearancebetween backoflegs&
front edge of seat
stature range rather than for individual pupils.
This in principle means simultaneous satisfac- C nopress at frontofseat between
seating surface & thighs
tion of 7 fitting criteria shown —'(1), with D clearancebetween thigh &under-
clearance between top ofchair seat and under- sideof table forfreedom of
side of table top. movement
E elbows approxlevel withtabletop
G
Though stodecreasinglyprovidedatwork place, whenupperarmvertical
if sited at any sifting working plane adequate F firmsupportforbackinlumber
leg room can only be ensuredifzonesindicated region &below shoulderblades
for ISOsizes 1—5—s(2) free fromobstruction. 3 adequateclearance betweenback
UK view is that distribution of furniture should rest&seat to ensurefree
movement of buttocks A
be basedon pupils' stature ratherthan onpupils'
ages—'(3). Conversion ofstature to agefor UK P adoptmanysitting posturesbutassessmentofgood fitis simultaneoussatisfactionof above 7criteria
school population in 1971 —'Bib207. Revised
British standard specifications forpupils' chairs 1 Fitof Pto chair &table: UKdata
and tables (—'Bib134) comply with ISO stan-
dards (—'Bib407),sizes ofwhich havetherefore size 1 size2
beenshown.
ISO standards do notapply in USA: viewheld
thatstudentsizesvary somuch1 rm may need
more than 1 chair/table height. Dimensions
IT I
based on USA research (—vBibS49)—v(4).
cv
II-
ages ldgh tow reach legh reach eye
reach reach dist- reach radite level
A a anceco E - F
2085 815 735 1440 660 1215
HS 15 1915 730 685 1374 610 1160
1765 665 635 1313 570 1108 sizes
Jr. 1880 705 665 1320 600 1100
HS 12 1705 630 620 1250 555 1040 size 3
1545 560 565 1185 510 890
1645 605 600 1175 535 975
4th 9 1510 555 550 1120 495 925
1345 510 485 1040 435 880
1505 545 550 1080 500 890
2nd 7 1370 510 495 1015 445 850
1245 485 445 960 395 815
1330 500 480 970 430 815
KOG 5 1210 485 435 915 385 770
1085 425 390 865 345 720
mm armrest
3 StaturesofUKschoolpopulation
Schools
3—5 yr max reach(for96%ofagerange)
FURNITURE
Dimensional data: sizesof pupils &
stature
eye
teve 1155
furniture
sittinghi Dimensional data derived fromanthropometric
eye lend 885 1825
survey of UK school age populatIon in 1971 by
\ 68O
()j77s 780
I UK dimensionsforpupils'furniture
etbowS
5-8yr max reach((or96%ofagerange) iso
size
ethowS
180
an 150
size
2
elbow h
s
iso195
155
—
Community 133
Schools
FURNITURE
Storageofpupils' belongings
Inschoolsforyounger children with less move-
ment about school trays and individual con-
tainers at workplace suitable. Coats and small
bags can be hungon pegslocally.
But greatermovement of pupils in middle and
olderage ranges encourages widespread use
ofvarious kindsof bags in which books can be
carried from1 place ofworkto another.Central
provision of lockers therefore of decreasing
value sincetheir dimensions and their location
likelyto beinconvenient. Provisionofpegs and
racks forbags associatedwitheach workspace
becoming more convenient and more secure.
Forthisdimensionaldata given—(1)(2) relevant.
Data prepared by Furniture Industry Research
Association as part of survey of sto of pupils'
personal belongings.
In USA lockers —*(3) still standard for older
children, ifonlyfor security. In-rm stoprovided
for children up to 12 years old. Basket racks
also used —n(4).
Schools references
—+Bibliography entries134 191192193194195
196197198199200201 202203204205207
208209210211 212213214215265267275
314446451 476 484 526530 575581 607652
1 1—l6yeazs
150
w
_ weigft(kg) distitution
otbagtype
II II
li
230—610 230or305 305—460
1 Size,weight&distributionofpupils'bags
23000
330 305
ioderbasket
Colleges
LECTURE ROOMS& THEATRES
I2
key
concourse
cocr
Utilisaflon oflecturerm and theatres traditionally lowin relationtospace
3 courtyard requirements and capital cost; therefore consider designing flexibility to
4 lecturetheatre 1 accommodate various functions. Such spaces could suit lectures, stage
5 projectionrm
6 plantrm productions, demonstrations and cinema. Large theatre could be divi-
7 etevator sible toaccommodatedifferent audience sizes; similarly,with retractable
8 lecturetheatre2
9 soundproduction& seating system —spi 35, largelecture rm can be convertedintoassembly
vision hall orgymnasium.Number andextentofsuchactivitieswillalso determine
10 upperstudio
11 lecturetheatre3 needforadjoining ancillary spaces suchas preparationrm, proiector rm,
12 lecturetheatre4 workshops, changing rm, studios and sto.
Ifpolicytohirelecture theatre tooutside organisations during vacations
consider improved space standards and environmental conditions to
satisfy more sophisticated requirements of business world.
I Lecture hacomplexpre-clinicalsciences bldg Southampton University
England Arch John SBonningtonPartnership Mm ar/P: 0.46 m2 (based on moveable seats, armless 450 centre to
centre)
0.6 m2 (fixed seats witharmsat500 centre to centre)
Basic shape
Shape of lecture theatre becomes more important as size and volume
increase. Square flexible but fan shape preferred for larger theatres
whereplan formrelates to adequate sightlines foraudio-visual presen-
tations, cinema etc —vp136. Consider rear projection —v(3); tv data
pl36(l)—(3). Small capacity lecture rm up to approx 80 persons quite
satisfactory with flat floor: larger halls require either rampedfloor (max
1: 10) orstepped floor,dependent uponachievingadequate sightlines.
Uniform change of eye level should beachieved ateach seat row, mm
being60and median 125.
Theatre auditorium —vp35O
;c:::- g.
L
b
2 Physicslecturetheatrewithdoublewallingtoreducesound&vibration
TechnicalUniversityDarmstadt Germany aplan bsection
Colleges
LECTUREROOMS: SEATING SEATINGARRANGEMENTS
Seating types Relate to function of hail ortheatre:
Categories:
individual chairs capable of being linked together in rows, stacked and Lecture: audience should be able to see and hear lecturer. Where
stored away, with or without arms,with orwithout writing tablets chalkboard or screens needed desirable viewing requirements affect
fixedseating ofvarious degrees ofcomfort with orwithout tip-up seats, seating plan. Increasing trend towards audience participation: implies
with orwithoutarms—(1)—(3) students should be close as possible to lecturer. Can be achieved by
retractableseating systems capableoffolding down onto tiered staging U-shaped seating arrangementwhich reduces numberofrowsrequired
and also givesaving in total area.
(which usually includes aisles), whole arrangement being retractable
and storedin relatively small area flat auditorium floor capableof being Cinema: criteria forgoodviewing:
used for otherpurposes —*(4).
max horizontal viewing angle 30°
Flexible seating —p351 max vertical viewing angle 35°
critical angle of projector 12°
Seating mm dimensions max viewing distance 6 x wof screen
Backto backdistance between rows ofseats mm viewing distance 2 x wofscreen
(withtip-up seats) 750 Demonstration:will usually require steeply raked floortoensure good
Width ofseats, linked, without arms 460 viewing totop ofdemonstration benches. Relativecos ofsuch auditoria
Width ofseats with arms 500 with heavily serviced demonstration benches, preparation rm and like
Unobstructed vertical space between seats 300 should be compared with costs of normal lecture rm equipped with
closedcircuit tv—*p136(1)—(3).
Seating canbe set round demonstration area insemi-circular formation
ifno requirement for chalkboardsorscreens, as with anatomydemon-
stration theatres.
Sightlines —*pl36349
Cinemas —p354—8
840 min—f
In
25Oi1
5 Sectionthroughorthodox lecture theatre
hof screen
2 Fixed seatingwithtip-up seats& writing shelf
6w
6 Preferredviewingdistancesforcinemaprojection
Colleges
LECTURE ROOMS: FIREREGULATIONS
a mm max max number of 500
Design of lecture rm ortheatre must conform tosafety reg, in particular seatway distanceof wide seats/row
fire and means ofescape. Number ofseats permissible inanyrow—.(4) (measured seat from
dependent uponcleardistance apart of rows (back to backdimension between gangway gangway gangway
perpendiculars) (500seats) both sides 1 side
A), resultantclearsection (dimensionEmeasuredbetweenperpendiculars) E F
anddistance ofseats fromgangway (0 = w ofseat).
300 3000 14 7
In turn clearwidthof gangwaysand number within hall must be related 330 3500 16 8
to numberof persons to be accommodated. 360 4000 18 9
390 4500 20 10
420 5000 22 11
ACOUSTICS—*pl 8395—7
Just as Important hear distinctly as see clearly; lecture hall must be
acoustically isolated from other noise sources. tE
No internal acoustic treatment should benecessary forrmless than300
m2 butas size and volume increasesshapeof hallbecomes increasingly
important.
Design of ceiling as reflector of sound from original source important
factor in achieving even distribution throughout hall. Design of wall
surfaces and finishes alsoimportant consideration ineitherreflecting or
absorbing sound according to theirrelationship to stage ordais.
/,
,,
—
/,
,/
I
I
I
\ \
——
t
—
S.
,..
—— —
av24m2
numberofP
accommodatedon
each tierorfloor
1
200
300
400
500
750
1000
mm
2
2
2
2
3
4
number
ofexits1
mm
10502
1200
1350
1500
1500
1500
w
Colleges
SCHOOLSOFART, DESIGN, DRAMA& MUSIC
Scope and intensity ofstudy in specialistart, design and drama subjects
vary from college to college. Facultieslikely include selection of:
drawing &painting: fine art
ceramics
key
1 scuplture
sculpture
2 artgaflery industrial design: engineering
3 groupmusic furniture & interiordesign
4 pool theatre & television design
5 office
6 toye
7 painting graphics & related visual arts including photography
8&9 music silver&jewelry
10 worlshop textile design both print &weave
11 greenrrn
12513 chorus stained glass
14 stagelift drama
15 dressingrm
16 sculpturestudio music
17 switchm,
18 bars Schedule ofaccn foreachwillgenerally include design studio, workand
19 do
20&21 toilets practice rm, technical workshops and admin off. Communal lecture
22 storear theatre or assembly hall usable also as exhibition centre oftenrequired
but display areas for both 2 and 3 dimensional work should also be
provided throughout college.
Designstudios
Should be next to appropriateworkrorworkshop; consider exclusion of
noiseand dust. Stospace forplan sheets,wardrobes orclotheslockers,
referencebooksand models should be included together with eqp for
1 GardnerCentreforthe ArtsUniversityofSussex England ArchJohn S copying drawings and documents, although suchmay be certtralised.
Goodlightingessential, both naturaland artificial.
BonningtonPartnership, formerly SirBasilSpenceBonnington&Collins
Drawing studios —p139
Practicerooms
900—1200 1000—1300 May be for individual study or group practice. Should be well insulated
against passage ofsound fromone to another.
Stores
Methods of storing wide range of goods and materials needed support
each activity should be closely studied, asshould areas required house
completed works before exhibition ordisposal.
All sto should be sited next to appropriate workshop; consider proper
conditions of heat and humidity where these may be detrimental to
materials being stored if not held within reasonable limits, eg timber,
clay, plaster.
Special racking needed for paintings and large canvasses; timberand
timber-based board materials, plastics sheets, metal sections, rolls of
textiles,glassand paper.
Allsuchsto will require element of control and security.
Ancillary accommodation
Will include offforteaching staff, common rm, lay andpossibly showers.
Colleges
SCHOOLSOF ART,DESIGN, DRAMA& MUSIC
1370P] 41220111
forge
grinder
drill
:'ifl U {J fools
circular saw
-a #jj-j [1 ['.
915— sb I-Fit1 U woodlathe
-y 1220 eqp
chalkboard&display
bench
______ benchl
1830
4 9 19
32
2pm
64ft
1 370
4 Layoutforcombinedwood&metalshop
eqp _________
1 Clearancesforlayoutof metalshops
0 3 6 9 12m
rindstone lafhefftfl
arleft blank
o ggcm2
£ operating position
41-run out
Fi 3
I
2134 /
Colleges
DRAWINGSTUDIOS Reterence may not be confined to intormation contained on drawings;
ottenneedhave comprehensive set reference books or manualsclose
at hand for draughtsman: may be housed communally or at each work
station.
Space requirements related totype of drawing and allied work, itany, to
be undertaken —(1). Further category of drawing studio that allied to workshops where
tull-sized setting-out drawings (USAshop drawings) (or workshop'rods')
Work station sizes in part conditioned by eqp needed to accommodate prepared. Usually allied to construction industry, in particular joinery
drawing format to be adopted. Except in USA most offices committedto shops; such drawings prepared on rolls of paper set down at long
'A' series of international paper sizes: smaller formats obtained by benches. Draughtsmen workstanding up at drafting surtace which is
halving larger dimensions in each instance—*p3—5. For most industrial, horizontal and 900 fromFFL. Original drawingsstored in roll form rather
engineering and design consultants drawing requirements can be than sheet asin other studios, torwhich housing maybeeither horizontal
accommodated by AD format; drawing boards and drafting machines (plan chests with drawers) orvertical (plan file cabinets).
sizedaccordingly.
Layout ofany studio therefore conditioned bytypeofworkbeing under-
Simplest form of work station: drawing board, eqp trolley (cart) and taken and type ofsupervision required.
draughtsman's stool; where dratting workrequiresreterence contained In all studios good lighting essential,both daylight and artiticial;windows
on other drawings either reference tables or vertical screens may be
used carry this information. Screens have advantage of keeping floor should have N to Easpect. Ifthis notpossible windows should be fitted
area needed tomm butat expense ofcontrolled supervision. Reterence with blinds to screen directsunlight and prevent glare.
tables, which may also provide plan chest drawing sf0 below work Ancillary areas may include printing and reprographiceqp; this may be
surface, either to side ofdraughstmanin parallelwith drawingboard orat housed in studio or, it sophisticated or large scale, sited in separate
right angles to it. Further possibility available with 'back reference' area. Archive sf0 tor original drawings which may have to be kept tor
where reference table also support for drawing board behind. Where indefinite period should be properly conditioned tor sf0 of paper and
drafting function only part ofjob requirement and adminworkalso to be housings must be fire and flood proot. Present trend increased use of
done reference area may double as off deskor, if space allows, desk computerprocesses tor production of working drawings; use at such
may formadditional element within workstation. eqp may influence spatial requirements offuturedrawing studios.
920
1300
t. 920 1 —-.
300
-t
utilisation6.03m2/P
460k
1
,92O 300÷
_______ i---
utiiiisation5.01 m2/P
90 1300 1300 1300
F
utihsation4.2 m2/P
F
I13001300 1300
920V
utilisation5.01 m2/P ¶ ¶ screenwith
utihsation6.03 m2/P pin board
L - — ji*atLofl42m/P
1300 ———'———— j__ ——J
9
)300300q1300
920
1 300 920
920
I utilisation5
-1 300
______
---.
1 m2/P
...
reference table
18 utilisation
4.23 m2/P
920
90__________
under drawing
90 .: board utiisation 5.9 m2/P
trolley
drawingboard
-
utiiisation
3.45rn/P LI reference table
chair
1 Variousplanningarrangements
I
210
1 750
Colleges
STUDENT HOSTELS: PLANNING FACTORS Hostel (USA dormitories) bldg usuallyfinanced by universityorcollege
fromown funds, government grants orloans,openmarket loans: annual
income raised has to cover interest, amortisation, running and main-
ACCOMMODATIONREQUIREMENTS
1-bed/studyspace 9—15 m2; 2-bed/study space 13—19 m2 (unpopular
5 Doublestu/bedr 1 divanB with UK students; liked in USA); self-catering unittotal area 16—20 m2:
2curtain 3deskwith drawerunit areas may be slightly reduced in family' flats to allow more room for
4easychair 5 heatingconvector 6 Typicalstaircaseaccess amenity space.
6book shelfover 7table with Rm to befurnished with bed/divan, deskand chair, shelves and hanging
ji
bookshelves8built-in wa for clothes 0.8—1 m2, open adlustable shelving and pin board, easy
chair, small table, bedside table, mirror, bin, rm lightand desk/bed lamp,
2 power points, rm heater, carpet, dense curtains/blinds. If wash basin
included providetowel rail, mirror, cupboard or shelf, shaver point. Rm
liR'
dOue stul Stu/ SIU/ stui Stu/Stu/
stu/bedr siu/bedr hb showersand wc sometimes included on individual orshared basis.
rbedrbedr
FtL?rrT
Irr-' dJ '
s,o wcCpd skrbedrbjbedr
________
stu/
bedr
stul
Some rm should be larger toprovide forentertainingand meetings.
Provide proportion of rmsuitable forphysically handicapped.
ty Married student accn should comply with normal housing space
lI1-ILll bedr
sho WCW sk standards —p4448: somewill have families
JfstuI stu/Istu/ siu/sStU/ Provide background heating supplemented by rm heater controlled by
ebedrbedbedr drbedbedr occupant.
Ensure goodsound insulation, especially round service pipes.
7 Typicalcompositeaccess(corr 8 Corr access round service Shared accn —.p99
accesssimilarbutcontinuous core;e = elevator
betweenstaircase):noteposition Sanitary
wc/6 students; 1 bath/6students, or 1 shower/12 students (prefer-
1
ofdr/kar& sharedwashr&toilet ably 50% baths); 1 washbasin/3 students if not provided in rm.
Space standard 1.2—1.6 m2
USA:checkapplicable codesand standardsforthese details.
Prefabricated sanitary units—.p65
Hot waterheating local or centralised.
r i -r
10 Typicalamenityar
Community 141
Colleges
STUDENTHOSTELS:ACCOMMODATION (cont)
Amenityspace
Dining kitchens not intended forCull meal service with utility space allow
1.2—1.6 m2/student.WithCull meal service allow 1.7—2 m2/student (less
for more than 6 students).
Where hostel close to other university bldg and communal service
used, dining kitchen may be only shared social space. Cooking and
dining areas should be separated with dining rm located where all
students pass it.
Newaccnmore likely provide self-catering. Eqpself-catering shared by
6: cooker and refrigerator, single bowl double-drainer sink, 2000—
3000 worktop with cupboards under and over (include individual food
lockers), refuse with capacity 1 day's use. Provide eqp for washing,
drying and ironing for each groupof rm.
NB: above not normal practice in USA.
Residences on campus use communal amenities; where accn some
distance fromother university bldg allow withinhostel m2/student:
large common rm 0.9—1.2
lib/reading rm 0.4—1.8
indoorgames 0.2—0.4
hobby rm 0.2—0.4
Offices
Large residences away from campus need some off with approx areas
(m2): warden/supervisor 20, secretary/archives 20, management
committee/consult mi 30, housekeeper* 9, cleaner's changing rm* 9
porter* (next toentrance) 9, students' union 20.
* also needed when residence on campus.
Staff
Design tosuitsingle, married and marriedwith familycategories. Some
03 6m accnwithin residence provides supervision. Separateaccnin housesor
9 18 ft flats most economical. Wardenneeds (m2)67—93; single academicstaff
and housekeeper each 56—67; single supervisory staff 46—56; single
I StudentresidenceGuildford England asecond,first&groundfloor domestic staff asfor students.
plansoftypical unit bsectionsAA&BB croofplanofcourt Arch
RobertMaguire& Keith Murray Ancillary
__________________________________________________________ Allow baggage sto 0.3 m2/student. Provide adequate central sto for
household and cleaning eqp, linen, furniture and refuse; on each floor
sto for cleaners and eqp with sink and watersupply. Provide laundry
chuteif appropriate.
Circulation areas and ducts account for 2—5.7 m2/student. Ensure
passages adequate for trolleys (carts) and carrying suitcases. Provide
entrance hall supervised by porter with space for notices, telephone
kiosks and milk and mail delivery. Bell system orloudspeaker willserve
to transmit messages inconjunction with sometelephone points.
Finishes
Materials should be durable, hard and needlittle maintenance.
Layout&building form
Single row arrangement: widthof bldg 5500, rm 3500, corridor 1500;
doublerow arrangement: width 10 m, 2 rm each 3500, corridor 2000;
triple row arrangement: width14000,2rm each 3500,2 corridors each
1 500 with artificially lit and ventilated centre blockforwashr etc.Typeof
access available: bystairs to rm, by stairs and shortcorridors, bystairs
to central corridors. Adequate means ofescape in case of fire must be
provided —*p44 91. With 4 floorsand more elevators required: more
036m economical build up to3storeys.
9 18 ft
Car parking: mm ratio 1 space/3 students; sto for bicycles and motor
2 HaIlofresidencenextcampus Southampton England typicalfloor cyclesalso.
plan ArchJ SBonningtonPartnership Site footpaths away fromground floor windows and maintainprivacy.
a 2
WJ_LLJL'.U
IFTTrTTTTrf.-4 3 QuincyHouseHarvardUniversityUSAprovidesintegrated
communalservices asecondfloorplan 1 singlebedr 24-man duplex
b suiteliv, bedraboveorbelow 3tutorliv 4stu 5bedr b firstfloorplan
1 k 2servery 3dr 4janitor 54-bedrsuites 6liv 7bedr 8listening rm
9workr 10 3-bedrunit 11 reading nn cground floorplan 1 lowerlob
2grillrrn 3seniorcommons4juniorcommons 5tutorialcentre
010,
______Om 6superintendent 7service&gar 8entrance lob 9 house off 10tutor
326496 ft
__________________________________________________________ suite 11 guest suite ArchShepleyBulfinchRichardson &Abbot
142 Community
Colleges
REFECTORIES/DININGHALLS
Can be provided in separate bldg within hostel (dormitory), within with allpassages and appropriate extraspace asabove: 1.2—1 .3 m2.
community activities bldg or as separate bldg. Space requirements Seating also —p202—4; snack bars —p205 206
depend on type ofservice(self-service fromcounter, self-service from
disheson table,waiter service) and seating arrangement but generally Circulation ofdiners should be1-wayonly: can beachieved bycorrect
allow 1.2 m2/student, allowing for number ofsittings. Longtables with disposition oftablesand sitingof columns atcorners oftables toavoid
benches —(1) preferable (not USA) to small with chairs: cheaper, waste ofseating space —*(4).
durable, space-saving, easyclean and clear. Width ofseat 600; width Kitchen, servery(service) and stoarea between 40—50%of refectory;
oftable600—(preferably)700. food preparation 20% ofkitchen. Servery areaforcafeteria service upto
Space for cross passages: (500 x 1050/3 seats = 0.18 m2); add 20% kitchen area. Desirable design on 1 level with convenient stores
extraspace forside passagesand space in front of servery (service) and delivery:avoid staircases and elevators if possible.
entrance. Benches should stand 80—100away fromthis table;need be Kitchen should be big enough for work in uninterrupted sequence
only300 wide and 400—450high (easy tostepover). Benches nearwall withoutopposing traffic flows fromstotoservery. Stoatstart of circulation
400 wide, including 120 distancefromwalltogive access.More convenient followed by food preparation tables, sinks and eqp including area for
enterfrom side but thismeans 4 students on wall bench. pastry making, thence to cookers, ovens and boilers, then to warm
For more elaborate furnishing —(2); where chairs and more comfort- cupboards and servery. Provide pot-wash nearto cooking area. Off for
able tablesdesireddimensions are: widthofseat 650; widthoftable chief chef should be positioned to provide supervision of stores and
700—800.Space required (access frombehind —hatched portion): deliverypoints and alsowhole kitchen area. Crockery should bestored
650 x 1150 = 0.75 m2. Share of cross passages (550 x 1150)/3 = in serveryarea and after use go by trolleys (carts), dishwashers and
0.21 m2. Floor area/student with appropriate extra space as above: drying cabinets backtoservery.
1.1—1.2m2. Good ventilating system required to draw air from dining areas and
Ifspacealongwallbehind chairs used asmain passagewidthincreased kitchen and avoiding flow ofairfromkitchen to dining area.
to 800. Restaurant kitchens —'p213--.Bib217
Tables with seats at either end —(3) uneconomical, spoil communal Sanitary (USA: check applicable codesand standards):depending on
feeling and equality among students. Space needed fortables in corners location and proximity to other bldg should be provided next to dining
(—hatching): 5900 x 2550)/12 = 1.25 m2. Space/student required rm; if alreadyavailable nearby suggested provision: 1 wc/100 males,
plus 1/250 males, 1 urinal/25 males; 2 wc/100female plus 1/100; 1
washbasin/50P.
4501
Finishes: materials should be durable and require little maintenance.
________
?It'
40O1
ILl
L______J
30)1
I [TT
________
Colleges references;
—Bibliographyentries039040041 063096097113114147168176
3600 2400—f 200217226261 377413437441 446472476485526556569581
;ood 612629630652
1 Longtableswith freestandingbenches
500
12300 -
l5ool
u5
2 Longtableswith chairs
450 450
3650
150—200,. •.. ,-..___t
Jo[
50200o70
.1
3 Tablewith chairsatend
Hosteller'samenities
As hostels closed during day arriving members need luggage rm to lightingplant gar&
leave gear withouthaving access to rest of hostel; may be combined
dustbins solidtuel cycles it . & tuei worishop
with drying rm, where hostellers take off outer clothing before booking
in at reception desk. r wardens dryingrm
'
mess
blanket Imen s I waslrn,
Toallowto cookown meals members' kitchen provided inall hostels, in bathr Sb Ihotwater entranceha
dOnniitorylleSl I
boilerl
addition to kitchen of wardenwhowill also cookforhostellers. Members' L
11
kitchens have combined double cooking rings and burners and grill .1 , I
common/
units, fuelled bypropane gaswhere mains services notavailable.Locker wadens a reception -
bedr drysto ofl&shop dui, dormitoryliesi doflTiitorylieS)
space also required, and also washing up space, in addition to that , ,
membersk
womens
I wash-up
J
Youth hostels
GERMANSTANDARDS
Small hostelwithdormitory 30—50 beds
Standard size40—i 00beds
Large 100—250beds
Very large 250—600beds
a Optimum 120—180 beds,with 400 upper limit. Relate number ot beds to
av numbervisitors; design sleeping lager to cope with peak holiday
demand.
Siting: open, sheltered from wind, main rm facing SE,S.
Spacerequirement: forstandard hostel: indormitory 2.2—2.8 m2/bed;
d for 2-tier bunks 1 8—2.0 m2; 1—2 large rm with 20—30 beds, orsmaller
with 4—12 beds; 8-bedrm much valued. Also rm forsick and accidents
1—2 beds.
Libraries
INTRODUCTION allocation percentageof total ar
Essential that close rapport be established between librarian and adultlending 27 (up to 40 in small units)
architect; for largest schemes libraryconsultant should beemployed. reference 20
children 13 (maxar 150m2)
Types
Community: primarily lending books to adults and children and with
circulation/ 40 (about halfforstaff rm) in small librarieschildren's
services!
general reference section. Current trend in UK towards larger central % arshould increase &
libraries with branch satellites; rural areasoftenserved by mobile units. ancillaries reference decrease
Specialised: primarily used for reference,with small loan section. Adult lending
Nationaluniversity: used forreferenceand research;continuallygrowing
collections. population served total vol floorarin m2
See alsoschoolmedia centres —*pl29, hospital libraries—*pl77. 3000 4000 100
Increasing literacy and leisure timeplus information explosion' make it 5000 4000 100
important to plan for max flexibility and for future expansion. New 10000 6000 100 open access accn; 15 m2/
techniques arechanging methods ofcontrol/indexing/retrieval. 20000 12000 180 l000vol(butminar 100
40000 24000 360 m2);includes local
60000 24000 360 circulation, catalogues,staff
PATTERN 60000 36000 540 counters, informalseats tor
browsing at 1/1000
80000 44000 660 population,some
3 main elements, materials, readers, staff, are related in varying ways 100000 50000 750 display eqp
depending on organisation policy: eg community, school and hospital
libraries require predominantly 'open access', ie readers have direct
access to books; catalogue a necessaryadjunct.At times largenumbers
Children
Floor ar 75—100 m2 for populations up to 10000, and 100—105 m2 for
of people circulate among spread-out shelving unitsand are attractedto 10000to 20000people. Basis as for adults (seeabove); but does not
browse. include space for study/talks/storyhours'. Separate entrance some-
Larger libraries including universities and colleges concentrate sto in timesprovided:but control becomes difficult.
'open stack' and put readingspacesnearbyratherthan amongstshelving.
Formal arrangement ofthisoften used in USA. Reference
Allow 10 m2!1000 vol as less need for generous circulation. 1 study
Alternative 'closed acess'allows no contactbetween readersand books space of2.32 m2/1000population,with somedegree ofprivacytoavoid
except through staff via catalogue. This method used for major sto in distraction; these figures willcoveranystaff desks required.
national, largecity and county referencecollections, forrare and valuable
booksand as 'back-up'sto in any library: 'closed stack'. None of the adult, children or reference figures include provision for
periodicals, sf0 ofaudio-visual materials.
Specialised/large libraries may have separate subject dept each with
enquiryservice; catalogue should remain centralised unless computer
based. Reference and loan section catalogues may bedivided.
SPACE STANDARDS
Appreciable differences to be found among national and international
authorities. Following generally basedon IFLA standards:
Communitylibraries
population served allowance per 1 000 population
CONTROLAREA
TuII I I
Close to or within sightof bldg entrance, and with space to absorb 1'ir,
congestion at peak hours, but located toallow max visibility for super-
vision. Function: to register new readers, issue and receive loan books, 1 Small lib, staffof1; snag: cross 2 Islandcontrol,1 staff at off-peak;
deal with reservations and fines. In small librariesalsohandles reader's circulation snag: separationfromotherstaffar
enquiries—(1 )—(3).
returned I out
boOks
GUIDE AREA I
Shelvingunits
Most widely usedtype is metal shelving, individually adjustable, single
sided (along walls) and double sided (island). Unit height 2000 (loan
area), 1 500 (children's area), 2300 (bookstack areas). Shelf depth
200—300 (children's books), 200 (fiction, literature, history, politics,
economics, law), 300 (scientific, technical,med). Width of unit generally
900 in UK and USA. Main routes in open access' areas 1 800 clear
width, and minorroutes 1 200.
Bookstacks
Optimum length ofshelving 6 units(5400) to max 8 units(7200) but 4
units(3600)whereaccessible onlyfrom1 end.
Centres ofislands where openstack' are 1 280—1 520 (gives about 164
vol/rn2); where 'closed stack' centres are 1 060—1 280 (gives 200—215
vol/rn2). Choice between these limits depends on selection of shelf
depthsand aisle widths.
Derivations from stack centre figures will give choice of economic
structural grid dimensions atcentres of5400,6000,6850,7310,7620,
7750and 8350. Sub-divisions ofthesefigures will relate-windows,roof
lights, fixedelements, ventilation and lighting. Optimum column sizes
should be contained within 450 x 450 less finishes and tolerances,
clear ceiling height approx 2400.
Load-bearing stackunits nolonger favoured. Multi-floor 'closed stacks'
inhibit flexibility and require book hoistwith staff captive on each floor. 4 MetropolitanTorontolib, largestpublicinCanada,housesover 1.25
million books, one thirdondisplay; spaceforover800readersto studymostly
Large area stackmore flexible; max horizontal distancefrombookshelf
toexit or book elevator approx 33m: may need mech conveyors. in arwith some naturallight
key
1 information 2gailery 3 synthesis 4eritendedhoursreading 5metroinformation services
Variation for 'closed stack' sto: compact moveable shelving, of which 6newspapers7snacics 8rneeflng 9sto 10 audiovisualservices 11 generalreference& information
most common is 'right angle roller' type. Saves 5O% of floor space centre l2circuiation 13 himstack l4graphics lsbibhographicaicentre16 senidEng&receiving
Libraries
WORKAREAS Junioractivityareas, groupprojects, story telling
Cloakrooms
Unpacking and despatch, accessions and cataloguing, binding and Lavatories (locate toavoid use by general public)
repairs, photocopying and typing Telephones
Offices
Staff rest rm, lockers, lavatories
Mobile lending service: weather protected off loading,vehicle garaging, FLEXIBILITY
sto for book stock
Larger the library greater the need for freedom of futurechange with
interchangeability of major stack areas, reading areas, staffareas. Fixed
ANCILLARIES elements (lavatories,staircases,major services etc) should begrouped.
Best if floors can carry stack loadinganywhere. Consider future expan-
Studyrmfor reference materials sion and possible effect on primary bldg. Partitionsshould beremovable.
Typing/photocpy rm In medium and small community libraries some flexibility desirable
Projection for slides, cine film, microfilm (avoid built-in' fittings); but designer should beware lack of acoustic
Exhibition space, chairsf0, rm forgroup meetings
separation and loss of identify forareas of different function and mood.
Theatre (film, lecture, music) Consider changes oflevel.
FINISHES& SERVICES
Carpet general floor areas except stack and work areas; carpet or
resilient flooring staff side of control; carpet all steps and stairs in quiet
areas; sound absorbent ceilings toallareas. Palecolour floor in stack to
reflectlight tobookson lowest shelves. Book spines highly decorative:
forwallsand columns consider naturalwood/fabric/quiet paint colours.
Underfloor coil orducted warm air heating; at least3airchanges/hr. For
older books and manuscripts hum controlled to 55%. In reading areas
give temp of 20—22°C,USA: 18°C winter 26°C summer; but lending
dept can belowerasmost people wear outdoor clothes (add local heat
in controland otherworkareas).
In larger bldg provide air conditioning at outset; or at least plan for
futureinstallation, especiallyforrare orvaluable collections (contents of
libraries often cost more than bldg itself). Air conditioning standard in
USA.Avoidentryofdirectsunlight; minimise solar heatgain (unlesscan
be used for heating).
Lighting by fluorescent tubesgenerally butadditional tungsten lighting
to indicate changes of function/environment and to add sparkle and
interest. Emergency lighting also required —Bib1 12.
Artificial lighting en lux—°p225: control/enquiry600lx, reading tables400
Ix in lending, but 600 lx in reference, book stacks 100 Ix on vertical
surfaces, cataloguing and workrrn 400 Ix.
Shelfunitsin lending areas needspecial measures:consider illuminated
canopy projecting about 500 from top of unit with sockets served by
underfloor ductdistribution.
Mm DF—p1 727—9 10% with reflectanceof 80% (wallsand ceilings)and
Libraries
EXAMPLES
r
key
1 entrance
2 cIa
3 wc
4 elevator
5 photocopy p. ft,,
6 catalogue
7 issuedesk if ct
=
8 carrels 4+4P
9 seminars
10 reference inquiries
11 courtyard
12 cataloguing
I
13 subject inquiries
14 off
15 librarian
==
16 deputy librsrian
17 despatch
18 machine rrn
19 stsffrm
20 bookstacks
21 escape fromfloor
above
22 escape stair
23void
ite
—42
1sLllhI1LJ ...HTr\.l
13
jfl
0 10 20 30 m
do ro don
1 NathanMarshPuseylibCambridgeMassachusetts USA, an
undergroundsub-dMsionwhichaddsover8000m2 to HarvardCollege
lib, appearsfromoutsideasslantinggrass-covered embankment; lawn, Libraries references
trees, shrubsgrowinstone-rimmedearthplatform whichformsroof
alevel 1 blevel 2 clevel3 ArchHughStubbins &Associates —*Bibliographyentries 065 073314 323 353 399 437 455471 472 474
476622625641 652
Community 149
Hospitals
HEALTH SERVICESSTRUCTURE
Role and relationship to clientof architect in designing for health care In USA broad range of material, less organised, available. Sources:
services affected by nationaldifferences in healthcare structure: wholly Robert Wood Johnson Foundation(Princeton NJ), sponsors studies on
state organised, provided by private resources or organisations or ambulatory care; Assistant Secretary for Health, Dept of Health &
community, or mixed. Human Services (WashingtonDC) for enquiries on all aspects ofhealth
In UK, though some hospitals, homes and clinics services planning; Kellog Foundation (Battle Creek Mich); American
(and local family
practice) still private, by far greater part, forming bulk of medico- Hospital Association (Chicago Ill) has extensive reference services;
National Technical Information Services (Springfield Va).
architectural practice, now crown property administered by National
Health Service (NHS). Under direction Dept ofHealth & Social Service
(DHSS) or Scottish Home & Health Deptservice organised into 3tiers; PLANNING& DESIGN
regional, area and healthdistricts. Broad planning,design and construc-
tion new bldg falls to regional authorities (RHA: in Scotland area health Hospitals an amalgam of components, some simple, some extremely
complex: each has time scale whichcovers useful design life, iebefore
boards) while health districts (HD) serving 100000—500000population
have immediate control individual hospitals, clinics and health centres it needs eithermajor alterationsorreplacement. Bycarefulplanning and
(HC). NHS in England to be restructured 1982to only 2 tiers: existing design components with similar characteristicscan begrouped together
RHAs and new DistrictHealth Authorities (DHA). so as to be adjacent to both thosethey serveand thosewith similar
structural and service characteristicsand lifespans.
Traditionally in USA health care industry much more varied with health
services provided by private, educationaland religious sources, com- Largeor medium hospital complex includes not only patient accnand
medical/technical installations but large admin section —p179—80,
munity, state and federal bodies. More recently position modified by electro-mech plant and engineeringservices, laboratoriesand pharmacy
National Health Planning & Resources Development Act 1974 which
—p1 76 177, library p177, industrial installations for food services and
greatly increased influence of federal agencies, providing for national laundry—p180, supply, service and disposal (sometimes in separate
guidelines for health planning and for setting up in each state Health complex), lecturehalls, staff hostels and restaurants,carparks.
Service Areas and Health System Agencies: asresult architects's client
more likelybe state agency than individualinstitution. Hospital essentiallydivided into2 main units: inpatientcare and outpatient
care; further essential units; diagnosis and treatment, admin; frequent
Despitethesedifferences, and with variations of emphasis, structure of additional unit: education and research. In early planning relationship
health services inindustrialcountries essentiallysimilar. Majorelements: between thesesignificant; diagnosis and treatment appearsas linking
Ambulant patient care: exemplified by group practice or medical function—(1)(2). Ideally these would all occuron 1 plane; however
officebldg, local orcommunity clinics, health centres (HC), forming first muchsite and other organisational factors impose multi-storey design
contact between medical care and patient. easeof lateral movement remains prime consideration.
Small hospitals: range from10—15 beds (UK 'cottage hospitals') upto Before designer puts pen to paperbrief must be prepared explaining
100beds,offering basic inpatient services. In UKmost private hospitals operational policies ofhospital, with description ofactivities tobecarried
fall within this class. out and resources required to do this efficiently. Successful design
relies on effective and detailed brief: preparation must be joint venture
Community hospitals (UK District General Hospitals(DGH)): medium- between hospital usersand architect with hisdesign team.
sizedto largewith 200—600 inpatientbeds and most orallmajordiagnostic
and treatment specialties. Also provide some teaching for med,
nursingand para-medstaff.Also providespecialistsupport forHC—4p181.
Tertiary or teaching hospitals: usually have 600—1 000 beds, house
not only all basic services but sophisticated specialties. Most provide
teaching formed students, nursingand para-medstaffand post-graduate
training and research.
Longstay: for elderly, chronically sick, children, psychiatric patients
and some otherspecial purposes p158 162—3 164.
In relation to all these, continuing change of emphasis; general trend
now shorter stay in hospitals, increase in specialist dept and services,
greaterstress on outpatienttreatmentandambulantcare,anddevelopment
ofsuchlocal services as health centres and clinics.
In manydeveloping countries pattern and orderofpriority different, with
greater stress on provisionoflocal unitsforessentialpreventivemedicine
campaigns and techniques.
Building regulations
Whereas in UK nationalbldg reg apply tonewand upgraded healthbldg
inUSAfederal, state and local codesand standardsmust beconsulted. 1 Hospitalsectors: diagram of relationships
INFORMATIONSOURCES
In UK DHSS provides design information on specific areas, services
and eqp: published as DesignGuides; BuildingNotes (HBN), Equipment
Notes (HEN) and Technical Memoranda (HTM); tendency now to pro-
vide more comprehensive and detailed information on Activity Data
Sheets (ADB). Known as 'Red Pack', as yet incomplete, ADB sheets
contained in 8 volumes divided into categories: 'A' describe activity
space and list eqp required, together with appropriate physical and
environmental standards; 'B' contain diagrams of individual pieces of
eqp. 'A' sheets offer choice: decision rests with planningteam. Sheets
not computerised, have tobe collated manually.
Other material is available fromsuch sources as King EdwardVII Fund
for Hospitals in London, Nuffield Foundation, and SHHD and Central
Services Agency (CSA); former Scottish Hospital Centre (SHC)
produced small practical information sheets based on full-sized mock-
ups of hospital rm. RHA, Welsh Technical Service and DHSS(NI) also 2 Hospitalsectorsdiagramimposed onoutlineofNewYorkUSA Hospital:
produce guidance material. d&t = diagnosis&treatment
150 Community
Hospita/s
MODULARDESIGN
•SS... Both in USA and UK pressure to contain costs encourages use of
modular systems design —(1 )—(4). DHHS in UK sponsored range of
standard designs for whole hospital:
'Harness'method
Range of dept based on common design module of 15 m selected as
required to meetoperational needs and grouped in correctfunctional
relationship to Harnesszone'of communicationsand services.
'Nucleus'
Evolved from Harness, Nucleus provides initial 300-bed serviced unit
withinphased development.
'Best buy'
1 Typical harness'developmentplanforDGH Standard hospital design providing complete packagefor600-bed DGH.
El
rn
LJJJ
ground floor
1 754
16 6
phase 1
(nucleus)
Hospitals
exit
6 sub-compartments
I
ff1
I 750m2 750m2 I
Ii 750m2
1
exit
MEANS OF ESCAPE, FIRE PROTECTION, HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
- f 32m
protected route
32m 1
= —
Design guidance on size offire compartments and sub-compartments,
togetherwith max acceptable lengthsofescaperoutes in wards, operat-
ingtheatres, lab etc,canbefound inofficial literature(—Bib216218219).
handrail
I
T
others 1 m Hazardous materials
doors to openin Some eqp and substances used in examining, diagnosing and treating
patients radioactive, explosive or highly inflammable.Take everycare
checkthatwhere thesesubstances used design,construction, detailing
and service installationscomply with specific statutes and reg.
3
l j
950mm1
Escapestair dimensions
'1 95omin'T'
j
protectedlo
tostoreys
above18m
2 m clear
-
'
.</iistancealong
726
800
forO—25P
for26—60P
-- 1 too Lfor61_2o0P
- --
i
sao Jfor2oi+P&
perlOOP Tdoloors
—
4 Verticaltravel distanceon 5 Size ofescapedoors
escapestairs
u
Belevators
dl:fordouble carbanks
•Ild2:forsinglecarbank
dl = 5/2—3 x liftcardepth
jI
Pelevators
!
d2=3/2 x lift car depth d3 =determinedbytrafficpeak I
2670 I
'I' 1'
dlord2
cardeptti
6 Bed elevators&P elevators 7 Bedelevator:detail
152 Community
Hospita/s
MEANS OF ESCAPE (cont)
Typical USA requirements given —(1)—(4). For each design project
necessary consult details of relevant state and local codes.
1 Traveldistancetoexits
*these distancesorarmayvary indifferentbldg codes &canfrequentlybe
lengthenedin bldgequippedwithautomaticfireextinguishingsystems
largerrm
morethan 92m2*
require 2exits
notmore
than
9000*
Hospitals
DESIGN/BUILDINGCONFIGURATIONS
-. heating&cooling
Ideal hospital design combines clear and simple traffic configuration
ii;) ;7
with ability expand bed units and service base in future, growth and
change withinhospital structure being continuous. Beds do not always
increase in same ratio as service programmes but each must contain
masterplan ofdirection. Bldg donotoccupymajorpart hospitalgrounds;
parking (1 I/2_2car/B)and multiple entrycreate larger land use.
Broadlyhospital bldg made up of2parts: base and bedconfigurations.
Baseconcepts
Base services fall into 2 categories: ancillary services orientated to
patient care and service dept suchas sto, laundry,dietary, housekeeping.
These 2elements canbecombined in 1 basestructureorbeindependent.
Different fire-rated enclosures may determine approach.
Bed concepts
Design should meet nursing concept of optimum organisation and
staffing. B/staffing team usually 20—30 patients. Mix of private and
semi-private rm also contributes to bed design. Mm USA Health Dept
standards alsohave controlling effect. Specialty and intensive care units
datprncessirig have lower bed ratio; long term may containmore than 30 beds. Modular
.i nature of bed design may conflict with structure of base. Concept of
auxiiiary
personneil "'-'J LI \J (I.. using long span trusses as mech-el route between hospital floorshas
developed. Question of additional initial cost as against life of bldg
N
0 100 200ft
30 6o m
nursingunits
diagnostic& treatmentservices
[J
[j admit,& pubiican
supportservices
flexibility mustbe considered foreach project.
(includingciincs,etc) By USA standards correct ratio beds to base for community hospital
approx37—46m2/B fornursing unitsand 46—56 m2/B forbase. Teaching
1 Relationshipsbetweenmajordept at proposedmedicalcentreTucson hospital may range up to 140 m2/B, with university programmes and
USA Arch Perkins& Will children'shospitals high as 185 m2/B.
0 7 14 21 28m
25 50 75 lOOft 2 Master planTempleUniversityHospital
PhiladelphiaUSA Arch Perkins&Will
3 Relationshipsbetweenpatientcare &support
services&betweenbldg &site
154 Community
Hospitals
WARD DESIGN: GENERAL
Outlooks on ward sizes subjectrapid change. Main recent trend away others. Mixed-sex ward may not be acceptable to all users: check
fromclassical ward types(eg 'Nightingale': 12-Bopenward withnurses before designing onthis basis.
desk at 1 end; 'Rigs': 24-B with nursing rm outside ward, beds set in
clusters); preference nowfor2—4 B. Despite this strong preference still Walking distance: keep walking distancesshortas possible for nurses
and ambulant patient. Maxdistance frombed towc12mand fromnurse
controversial: very small wards giveprivacy and in theory more personal
attention but can also be lonely, less often visited; ie society and staff workingrmto furthest bedapprox 20 m.
supervision possibly better in larger ward. Patients need audio and Observation: continuous observation of patient by staff essential part
visual privacy during med visits. Background noise and bed curtains of nursingcare:during day achieved mainly in course ofwalking from 1
provide some in large ward but lights disturb at night; small wards duty to another, at nightfromnurses station.Good design aim: 50% of
peaceful for resting patient butdo notprovide audio-privacy. beds to be visiblefrom nurses station. Patients gain confidence from
In USAmostcodesnow give max 4-B/rmand design standards usually seeing staff at work, dead-leg wards not popular forthis reason; if staff
have no duty perform less likelyvisit ward.
followed maintain mixof2-Band 1-B. In UK small rm also common; but
wardsmay consist ofmixofdifferent size rm—acute wards below. Control: patients, particularlychildren, adolescents and confused, need
Avstayinhospital foracute med orsurgery hasfallen, eg: major surgery to be controlled; dayr must not be too isolated from rest of ward.
10—12 days, minor2—3 days, max 6 weeks (mainly orthopedic). Wards
Mixed-sexwards have own control problems. Staff need to control
forthesepurposes therefore designed formax efficiencyofstaffworking. visitorsandcheckthat theydo not overtire patients.
Forphysically and mentally handicappedand elderly —'longstay' —ward Noise: problem in large open areas; telephones and other eland mech
design moredomestic and social —pl58 162 163. eqp can be noisier than acceptable. Design for40—45 dB by day and
35—40dB at night inmulti-B wards; 1-B wards should be35—40 dBatall
Key problem ofdesign for efficient ward system: relationship of nurse times. Courtyard designs can create problems of noise fromadjacent
workingrmtopatientrm.Basic concept—3(1). windowstodifferent rm.
Daylight &glarewindows —p4O3—6 should notcause glare—p32 398
WARD DESIGN:ACUTE in bedfastpatients' eyes; beds should be parallelto windows unless
Acute wards contain 24—30 beds; where possible should be linked brise-soleil, external or between-glass blinds or similar devices fitted.
Windows design important:confused patientsmay try getout; allopening
togetherto form admin unit of 2 or 4 wards, whichalso enables such
serviceasdayareas,doctors rm, disposal rm, stoetcbeshared between lightsshould have device restricting accessible opening to 100.
2 wards; but check against fire reg before design decision made. Ventilation: mech ventilation often noisyand unsatisfactory, full air-
Possible breakdown of bed areasfor28-bed mixed sex wards include: conditioning expensive install and run. Normal sites away from air or
3 x 8-B rm + 4 x 1-B rm trafficnoiseshould relyonnatural ventilation; 3 beds deepfromwindow
4 x 6-B rm + 4 x 1-B rm max before mech ventilation required. Central work rm require mech
ventilation and sufferfromheat build-up insummer.
2x 12-Brm+4x1-Brm
Mostacutemed and surgical wards can be mixed-sex, argumentbeing Nurse call systems, closed circuit television (CCTV): Devices of
that itincreases bed occupancy. 1-B wards needed maintainoccupancy various gradesofsophistication; all liable to abuseorfailure. Seriously ill
atmax of85% orabove: 1-Balso required for patientsliable toinfection, patients cannot operate call systems therefore unwise rely on these
orto infect others, thoseseriously ill or dying and thoselikelyto disturb rather than personal observation; acceptable asauxiliary system.
I® lockersetc (per B)
nurse station
clean utility
0.5—1.0 m2
4.0—10.0m2
10.2—18.0 m2
extra space forlockers
etc
depending on position
ofdrug, linenbaysetc
dirtyutility& sluice 14.0—16.0 m2 ifseparatear = 9 + m
7m
treatmentrm 14.0—16.0 m2 depending onsto
provided
assisted bathr 10.25—12.0 m2
sistersrm 7.0—9.0 m2
doctorsrm 7.0—9.0m2
bathr 7.0m2 forambulant patients
washing & sho 2.75 m2
r• option I
compartment
wc with handrinse 2.0—3.0m2 mm forambulant P
B
•
nursing
sub-station
:• basin max for wheelchair P
I_ ptr 4.0—6.0m2 beverage &snack point
only
A control access&egress to unit ward k 20.0 m2 for ward k service
B access&visualobsefvationtoP flowerbay 2.0—2.5m2
C Convenientaccesstosupport activities cleaner 5.0—8.0m2
sto (inclargeeqp) 12.0—20.0m2 may be shared with
1 Diagramofnursing/Prmrelationship interview rm & another ward
overnightstay 10.0—12.0 m2
circulation ar 25%—40% depends onward layout
Community 155
Hospitals
BASICWARD TYPES
Linearward—(1)
In past wardsdesigned on linear form: large single space, 20—30 beds
supported by nurse working rm at one end, sluices and wc at other,
quite often largework table middle of ward. Main ward or wards and
majority of spaces naturally lit and ventilated. Observation of patients
good; patients had little or nochance offeeling neglected. Background
noise problem butto someextent this gave greater privacy than in4-or
6-Bwards. Since 1950's different shapes have been used (also modifi-
cations oflinearasat Guy's HospitalLondon).
0 5 10 15 20m
15 30 45 60 ft
-v
hr 14
11
H
I L1J2 ___ iEJ L
9 Sm
20ft
10
Hospita/s
NURSEWORKINGROOMS
p156—7 show layout, dimensions and eqp required for main nurse
working rm in standard ward. Variationsin size and shape ofrm may be
dictated byward plan, butworkpattern and critical clearworking spaces
round beds and othereqpshould be maintained.
I-
slidingdoor
external
dangerous
drugs
& scheduin
[thj E[i I I
=
i
depenserwithdrawer towel
Id1! Sb
with
drainers
paper
towels
Dbctier LJ- L
Iii
1
450x450
positionofdisposalaradjoining
disposalbin
:f::f:f:.:.J 3200
ce T-
L:I
3 .—, •
Dtha MJ'3
1
externalwet railfor
1
J
observation
window
el
:
b
2 1-BwardssuitableforPliabletoinfection ortoinfectothers: a13m2with
sho &wc, also suitableforotherPneedingspecialattention 12.34m2 with b T;ine
poene
we, orcouldbewithoutweforbedfastPdying, needing specialattentionor 5400
likelytodisturbothers;NB 1-Bwardsforsenouslyillmustbeclosetonurses
station
5 Cleanutilityorpreparationrm, 24.3m2; small dressing trolleys(carts)
replacetraditionalfixedworktops,considered superfluous;linenstoredon
2560 adjustableshelving&toppedupto agreed level; no linentrolleyrequiredfor
T clean linen
c,,l
6 Medicinetrolley (cart)chainedto
3 Smallward pantry,5.5m:forbeverages & snacks only wallwhennotin use
Community 157
Hospitals
NURSEWORKINGROOMS
2x900 leaves
rnanoeuvnngfrom
straighf corrthroughdoorway
1 Doors&screensinwardcorr
r -i
.
- -L I_
I solidorgiazed sohdorglazed
I panelsifrequired panelsifrequired
——
t I 4 Mm corrwfor manoeuvring B
9
5
P
3b 5
1 m
6Toft
Hospitals
DATA FOR DESIGNINGWARDS:GERIATRIC 2 types;forassessment ofelderly, for long term care.
For assessment patients normally housed in adaptation of standard
acute ward withinDGH, because accesstofulldiagnostic and treatment
services needed.
For long-term patients (assessed and found to be in needoflong-term
curtainrail
care) aim to provide homely environment in which basic nursing care
can take place;emphasis on earlyambulationand rehabilitation—vpl 62.
curtainon3
ht
Dedhead sidesofbed Oftenin separate bldg on hospital campus, within easyreach ofdiag-
nostic and treatmentservices.
1700
bectiesdunit bedhead In UK shortage ofgeriatric beds partially overcome byupgrading some
thermometer wards inolderhospitals (upgradingwards—vpl 65). Fordetailsofgeriatric
oo 1000min
14801 — -
bathrandwc—vp163.
med gas outlets 1300
v——i Bboilers
I ingsFunc 700h
I B 2x200 w
4-500-
1A 1? 01.I
ti
95Owide
200
1650
—B
dotheshooh
B
Phclst980X880
2050+550forbedstripper
shelf
a
1100 towefraji
1 Multi-Bward: eqp & fittingsinBar D
1500 C
grabriel 100
- geriatricb
——
685
.hb
papertoweldispenser
c--i_-
suapdispenser
230clearanceundertap
4 Ba hr
j: •
1300
I
I 854
I clotheshook
865 i7tlsforchildrenor —-
1300LT#J__
1549
: duct 190v60 1650
— — papersack diet
—
—— 1100 grabrid
I
I1
adjustable light 1200
Staff hb unit inwards, nurseworkingaretc
l
bedpanred shed
unnetestcanet 1800
med droppedfrontsuitableforwtteelchanP
1111111 x330
-i gases-
bedpanwasher
5 Shoar
2400 7
nursecalletc
'T
x-rayviewer noticeboard
1 6
receiver
notetakuigdesk
300 4lousIooe
1300
80
1
x300
IllOOforseated 1000
viewer
3 Dirtyulilityar
syringedispenser
Hospitals
DATA FOR DESIGNINGWARDS(cont)
580
350..
typicalbedside lockers
3 KingsFundB:2080x910x380—810h
high/low B withpull-Outbedstripper
I
/ '.
_______ '4 t
IL
4 Orthopedicfractureframe: B 5 Childrenscot: 1 370 x 760 x
maybemovedthroughdoors 610 + 69ohsides
completewith frame
x558+230space
overbedtableforhigh/low B Clinimaticdisposablebedpandestructor:
drip stand
dryweight110 kgmax capacity 1351 attachment
DHSSstandard
controlled
drug cpd
2 Geriatricassessment ward
(upgradedNightingaleward);one
problemofelderlyistoremain
continent:exampleshowshow
walking distancefromfurthestB
reducedfrom30m to8m &dayarfor
rehabilitation,dining &quiet
pursuitsprovided;B reduced from 10 20 3Dm
28to22&wc increasedfrom4to8;
dayar2.252P 11-B2multi- 90ft
3 60
B rm 3disposal 5b (freestanding)
6preparationrm 7hb 8sluice
9wc 10k 11 staff clo/wc&hb
12 specialbathr/cleansingar
l4eqpsto l5dayar l6quietar
17dining ar 18 nursesstation
19 DSR 22linen sto 23wheelchair
sto 24sanichairsto 26sister
27staff rm 29 switchgear!
calorifiersetc 31 Pclothingsto
33 lecturerm 38sho 39special
couch 42doctor 44stainless steel
skwith layingshelf 45lalptr
46free-standingbidet/wc
160 Community
Hospitals
MATERNITY
Units normally attached to DGH or community hospital. Allow 0.5 B/
1 000 total population; 75bedscater for2700deliveries/year, 100 beds
DV1F risi I L for 3600 and 125 for 4500. Maternity clinics include ante-natal, post-
natal, baby follow-up and family planning. Most units require normal
backup for reception, admin, including records, and provision for
education. In USAtrend toset delivery suitealongside surgery suiteor
integrate with it.
Deliverysuite includes: theatre, abnormal and normal delivery rm and
assessment area. For 125 beds allow 17 normal first stage delivery rm,
10 observation beds, 4 abnormal delivery rm and 1 operating theatre.
Obstetric theatre suite: theatre (28 m2)with full mech ventilation, hum
and coolingcontrol and antistatic flooring, oxygen and nitrous oxide and
2 vacuum points for mother, vacuum and oxygen for baby; scruband
gowningareas (9.5 ml, anaesthetic rm (16.5 m2),recovery bedsfor 2
patients (25 ml and clean utility (8.5 ml. All delivery rm require
pleasant daylit environment with privacy (blinds to windows), good
lighting for suturing, sound attenuation, anti-static precautions, med
gas, oxygen and vacuum outlets, and mech ventilation with hum and
cooling installations. Abnormal delivery rm (24 m2 plus scrubarea 1 .5
m2). Normal delivery rm (15 ml: 2 of these should be quiet with
1 Combinedfirststage&deliveryrm, 14.46m2 1 caps&masks 2baby blackout eqp. Combined first stage/delivery rm —+(1) enables patient
cot 3tray 4trolley(cart) 5singlebowlstand 6scrub—uphb 7sack&stand
8heatingpanel 9obstetricB 10chair 11 slidingdoor 12writingshelf stay in 1 place throughout labour, herfirstmove being topost-natalward
13 bedsidelocker 14 timeelapseclock 15oxygen suction, child 16sto afternormal recovery period: provide 1 oftheserm to 5 post-natalbeds.
rack 17dispensers 18curtain 19 coathook 20spotlight21 drip poleon Assessment area: 20% beds should be in 1-bedwards (13 m2)with
wallhook 22wallthermometer 23clock 24observationpanel 25sphyg- oxygen outletat bedhead, remaining 80% in multi-bed bays (9.5 m2/
niomanometer 26oxygensuction, mother 27bedhead panel 28cup& bed) with oxygen outletto each pair of beds.
flask 29overbedtray 30towel rail 31 footstool 32 analgesia trolley
33 overbedlight Ancillary accn: sto, milk kitchen (14 ml and flyingsquad sto (7.5 ml —
whichmay be in accident &emergency dept(A&E).
30-cotspecial care baby unit (SCBU) attached tothis number ofbeds
requires 22 multi-cot bays (4 m2/cot), 7 single-cot rm (5.5 ml and 1
special-cot rm ((7.5 ml; 20 cots considered mm size for viable unit.
25 Entrance to SCBU must include gowning and handwash areas for
L1716 visitors, and changing accn for staff: female, 11—14 m2 male 7.5 m2.
Bedsitting rm for mothers with sho and wc—(2).
96
socketoutlet 12oxygen&suction 13locker 14childchair 15toybox
16wastesack 17hb 18toweldispenser 19towel rail 20shelves 21 wc
22baby bath 23mirror 24glazedpanel (withblindorcurtains) 25sliding
door 26sho
10 20 30
9 4pm
64 96 1286
3 Obstetricdept Easthourne
EnglandDGH:
Adelivery suite Bmatemityward
1 wr 2seminar 3staff changing:
afemale bmale 4dayr 5first
stage rm 6multi-purpose 7wc 8b
9 lab 10 abnormaldelivery
11 trolley(cart) &wheelchairs
12 ovemightstay 13dirty utility
l4exam l5ptr l6doctor
17 nursesstation 18chargenurse
19 cleansupply 20anaesthetic510
21 dirtyutility 22transferar 234-B
241-B 256-cot 26assistedb
27dirtylinen 286incubators29k
30 centralmilk k 31 demonstration
32 obstetrictutor 33nurseadmin
34 reception 35sb 36mobile x-ray
37 1-B toxaemia Arch SETRHA
Community 161
Hospitals
PAEDIATRIC& CHILDRENSWARDS
o 3 6 9 12
,1 ,1rn
9 18 27 36 ft
3 Diagnosiscentreforschoolagechildren,convertedfromoutmodedarof
olderhospitalinJerseyCityUSA; existingcourtyard used asplay rrn &
receptionar;sequenceofrmprovidesboth range ofhealthtests&educational
programme Arch HillierGroup
WestMiddlesexHospital
Both wards—(2a,b) adaptedfrom standard,partof5-storey high system
bldg. Paediatric/children's ward—(2b)contains2 x 4-Bwards, 6 x 1-B
wards, 2 with wc and bath attached, and 3 x 2-B wards which can be
b used eitherfor mother and child orfor2 patients. Classr forchildren in
hospital for several weeks but fit enough attend classes, eg child with
brokenlimb.Away fromward, areawith adjacenttoysto where boisterous
2 West MiddlesexHospital England apaediatric/infantsward childrenencouraged play. Protected openair play area also provided.
bpaediatric/children'sward A4-B/4-cot ward Al 4-B —staff B 1-B/i-cot Paediatric/infants' ward —+(2a) has 8 x 1-cotwards each fitted with
ward Cwash/wc Dbathr Enursesstation Fcleanutility Gtreatmentrm
H dirty utility/sluice Idisposallift Jptr Ktrolley(cart)bay Lsto babybath and 4mother and baby rmeach capableoftaking full-size bed
M 2-B/mother& babyrm Ml clinicalmi—staff Nsistersrm 0doctorsrm and child's bed ifnecessary. Playspace provided togetherwith protected
Pconsult rm 0secretariesoff A playground P1 milkk 01 mothers si open air area. Milk kitchen provides for heated baby feeds and baby
I
R1 relativesrm Sstaffdo clinicalrm Uelevators Vpaternosterelevators
& stairs Wplay ar Xcleanersrm Yclassr Zadmission rm Arch Robert
bottlewashing: dailythroughput 240 x 0.25 I milk, of which two-thirds
kept under refrigeration; extrasto required to keep milk over public
MatthewJohnson-Marshall holidayperiods.
162 Community
Hospita/s
LONG STAYWARDS Mentally handicapped often also physically handicapped may also be
noisy, aggressive, overactive and selfdestructive. Particularlyimportant
Long staywards forelderly and infirm mustbesited near publictransport that furnishings besoft, spongeable and durable forthese patients, and
for easyvisitingby relatives, often elderly themselves: need accessto that ceilings have sound absorbent finish.
diagnostic and treatment services, sowherever possible should be built
on samedevelopment as DGH (community hospital) or be grouped Psychiatric wards —p164
togetherto beable tosupport own services. Longstay patients highlydependenton staffin cases of emerg-
Patients could easilybecome institutionalised in wrong environment: ency: vital fire escaperoutes be easily identified, fire stopdoors
have automatic doorclosersconnectedalarmsystem and fabrics
accent on self-help and rehabilitationin setting aslikehome environment andfinishesfr.
as possible withoutimpairing quality of nursing care. Patients require
sleeping areas whichcan identify as own, and must have ready access
to personal belongings. Wc and washing places must be near to both
sleeping and dayareas. Design ofdayareas should allow patientsfollow
therapeutic routine enabling themcare for themselves and if possible
return home to receive necessary community care either atday centre
orbydomiciliary visits.
Elevatorlevel coding
Importantprovide variety ofspaces for social meetings betweenpatients 1
andvisitorsandbetween patients, and forsmall group chats orgames or system usingcolours&
numbers;helpfultoP
largergroupactivities (corralcoves, small separate rm). Dining arrange- with sensorydefects;
ments also important forproviding social and domestic atmosphere. raisednumeralsaid
Clear marking of rm, corr, elevators essential; colour coding helps near-sightedorblind
-
used for hemiplegic patients. 48-B floorsdivided into 2 x 24 nursing
units, each comprising 3 x 6-B bays, 1 x 4-B bay, 2 x 1-B. Bedside
fittings include nurse call, radio and tvcontrols, bed light and curtains.
Each 24-Bunithas2 bathr, 4wc,clean preparationrm, dirty disposal rm,
shares exercise/drfor ambulant patients, and 2 small dayr. Each floor
has ward kitchen, med officer's rm and sister's rm.
83Vij entrance j• 63
6J 66
0 5 10 15 2am
Groundfloor a b
1 1 I
Entrance hall with reception counter and general waiting area. Lift hall 16 32 48 64 It
cutacle
partition sho curtains
imperviouswall tinish
sho handset
Tc!_ floorchannel
t hand
spray — ptatform 1 980x550
tagh
-, ___
L1 -,
Ddspos11
fl I laid to
hooha
hoolrs' '
trolley
shj
curtain
rlIr I Li
I sanichairs )
trotley
(cart)
i.—L
YntSt1
(Th I
I 5 b& platform elevator
Di
wheelchairP requiring assistance of
2nurses b forwheelchairP
U0 requiringassistanceof 2nurses
door
1a
I ducttor
'astern
4 Mobilebelevator
6 Elevatingb
4—1800---4-
250
1710
880
b
7 Fibreglasssittingb: dryweight52kg; avb 1251
164 Community
Hospitals
PSYCHIATRICCENTRES
a
Present trend away fromisolated sitesforpsychiatrichospitals in favour
ofplaces allowing easy accessfordaypatientsand visitors and enabling
inpatients maintainclosetieswith theircommunity. Community involve-
ment often encouraged in USA both by making appropriate parts of
centre available to public, eg gymnasium, children's play rm or craft
studio, andby incorporating suchamenitiesasartgallery or public lib.
Association with med centredesirable but important psychologically
psychiatric centre maintain own identity and character. Environment
contributes essentially to therapeutic process. Centre should be non-
institutionalaspossible consistentwith type of patient,need forsecurity,
protection from self-injury and vandalism; range from 'open door' to
forensicinstitution for criminally insane.
Great size to be avoided; patients should be grouped into units(max
30 P), smallenough facilitate development of community spirit(atmos-
pherenearercollege dormitory than hospital).
Where climate allows common practice provide residential units inform
ofcottages in landscapedgrounds. Evenwhere restricted site imposes
compact bldg formessential individual units be identifiableasseparate
entities.
Bedrshould afford opportunity retreat and privacy: if 2-B, plan so that
each patient hasclearly defined individual area.
b
Conversely design and furnishing of public areas should encourage
sociability, supplementingformal treatmentwith therapeuticallybeneficial,
informal patient/patient and patient/staffmeetings. Placenurse/security
stations so that staff engaged in routine activities can observe patients
casually. Unobstructive nature of suchsurveillance important psycho-
logically in alleviating persecution complex.
Hierarchical arrangement of staff and patients in group therapy rm
inhibitspatient involvement. Square orcircular seating space affording
mm distraction, with circular
seatingarrangement, probably ideal.
Mentally disturbed persons commonly showsymptoms disorientation
with regard to time and space. Views and contacts with outdoors and
living plants aid patient's comprehension oftime and season; directand
clearlydefinedcirculation patterns, supported by such aidsas graphics
and colour coding, inculcate sense of security. Colour playsimportant
role in therapeutic process: egyellowand orange help dispel lethargy
amonggeriatric patients.
Hospitalpsychiatricunits
Similarconsiderations apply psychiatric unitswithin general hospitals.
Since patients generally ambulatory,day rm and therapeutic activity rm
assumespecial significance. Although exigencies of hospital planning
seldom allow direct access outdoorareasatgroundlevel from psychiatric
unit sunnyoutdoor roofterrace should formintegral part, particularlyfor C
geriatric patients.
2 2
1 CapitalDistrictPsychiatricCenterAlbanyNewYork USAaccommodates
400inpatientsin 16residentialunitseachofwhichalso serves25day
patients:upper of2superimposed unitsset backfromlowercreatesoutdoor
terwhile lowerhasdirect accessto landscapedsite;treatment,educational,
recreational,admin,research &servicedept housedin4-storeychevron-
shaped structure,joined toresidential unitsbysky-lighted,brick-paved, 2 Hospitalformentallydisturbedpatientsfounded 1844in Providence RI
indoormall which hascolourfulbanners, informal seating groups,beauty& USA, whichhasbeenupgradedandexpanded, stands inbeautifulgroundsby
barbershop, chapel, music&gamesrm, laundromat; planat mall level Seekonkriver afirstlevel bsecond level cthird level
1 geriatric unit 2adult unit 3pediatricunits 4psychiatric outpatientclinics key 1 lob 2admin 3admission&testing 4emergency 5med records
5consult 6volunteers 7dining 8admissions9medrecords 6activitytherapy 7dayhospital 8 interiorcourtyard 9inpatientunits
10emergencyclinics 11 business 12free-standingcolour-codedstairsin 10food services&cafeteria 11 existing 12intensivetreatmentunit
mall each serve4residential units,supplemented byelevatorsfor 13interiorgardenbelow 14professional off 15 diagnostic/treatment
handicapped ArchToddWheeler& Perkins &Will Partnership. Arch HillierGroup
Community 165
Hospitals
WARD UPGRADING
Although wards have always been designed for care of sick those built existing
..LL.J
_____
onEEur, cc
existing
II
existing
EILLsJ
U U U UU U UU U U U
Equ stsff
?
i iptm
spgrsded
•I•
rninw nuu
ielevsto
JilhhiLk aH U.1U Ut UIU .UTII .UIU
existing
9 9 lp
1 3ff
upgrsded
5
OR
166 Community
Hospitals
0 Standarddhnics special clinics
ENTRANCESFOR NON-AMBULANT CASUALTIES &
OUTPATIENTS
All patient entrances must be suitable for those disabled or in wheel-
generai med
chair —*p86and must provide dirt control zone. Doors to A& E—÷pl 68
ante-natal opiliahiokigy reception
generalsurgery fracture ant mainwaiting
dermatology Orthopaedrc dental reonrds must allow accident trolleys —*pl66(11) easy entry. In A & E and to
gynaecology psychiatric
lesser extent OPD standard practice to provide automatic opening
doors—*(4). Although thesecan beexpensive and unreliableusefulness
diagnosis&V'treatment V' outweighs disadvantages in areas where wheeled access required.
Two main types:both actuated bypressure mats orelectronic devices.
plasterrm aadsimetry operatingtheatresuite Some manufacturerssupplyoutwardopening swing operatedmechanism
aççrbance sri
physiotherapy
radioragnosbc forprosthetics I tooverridenormal operation inemergency.
endoscopymi receptionarof I I
chiropody laboratories Design area between 2 sets of doors to take trolley pushed by staff
member, without obstructionfrom door swings etc (2700 clear), Integrate
nesmhospdalL !
3 dirt controlzonesinto design. Provide canopy or recess doorway to
shelterdoors. If ambulance required to back up to door allow 3200 to
Ward at malioperatingtheatres underside of canopy—(2).
EiJ1 fI
I :3600
uofoading
p168(3) during 1 session. Am useapprox 9sessions/week: formula for
numberof rm required:
rmsessions/week = number of rm
required
9
2 Ambulancecritical dimensions, 3 Carparkingspacefor awheel-
standardLondon England chair P bambulantdisabledP After consultation patients may be sent directly or by appointment for
ambulance:turning circle14.17m, shelteredparkingdesirable furtherdiagnosis and/ortreatment to unitswithin OPD, eg plaster rm,
turning clearancecircle 15.25m physiotherapy, operating theatre or endoscopy rm. Endoscopy rm —
p167(2) requires accnavailable forpatients under sedation and perhaps
barriersdowntotal length hospitalstreet ante-rm forpre-medicationand holding(NBfibre-opticcoldlightsources
insate hospitalstreet
. must not be used in conjunction with inflammable anaestheticgases).
ElIllIlIllIflhllIll 1 — actuator
lIllllllFFtFJ Units may servewhole hospital;theatres and ancillary rmmay be partof
main hospital theatre suite.
:1I Clinics which can use standard accn: general med, general surgery,
% qi; U
ssnJMMMM10 sFediafo dermatology, gynaecology, paediatrics, ante-natal, fracture, ortho-
paedic, psychiatry. Clinics which require special accn: opthalmology,
ear, nose & throat, dental. Clinics should have own reception pointand
waiting area 36 m2 (based on 1.4 m2/P).
oubade I I
13 .1
7
flU
6 OPD FalkirkScotlandRoyal Infirmary 1 wr 2porter 3trolleys 4prams
R17
5hearingaid 6wc 7consult 8do 9staff 10sto 11 audio 12treatment
13 preparation 14disposal 15CSSDsto 16eqpsto 17optician 18eye
19workr 20 dental 21 off 22dark mi 23orthoptist24ECG 25studio
ri
26technician Arch Wilson&Wilson& Scottish Development Dept
wall a
13 w
15
16
fl®
Ii
waitb
7 Combinedconsult/examrm,
2
14
Hospitals:out patients
0 5 10 15 20 25
I I I rn 1600
16 35 45 6 809
—'I.
1 L7NEPLI 11
f
—
21 1
21
IT
I_,ti.
9
4[Th1h11Tfl1 14
bEEI 6 Wheelchairlay, 2.56 m2 —'162 7 Cleansingrm, 13.4m2
wallB
wallC
1516
J4-U-1 11
6
wallA
12
1700
II I I 171
I
II I II
9I I I I I I •I
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A __j25fl 24 ro
m
4 4 iS ttis
13
9 1 i
2 Endoscopyrm—.pl66, 17.28m2 1 sk 2worktop 3wallcpdforfibre 12 1'Sft
optics 4trolley(cart) 5anaesthetic trolley 6stool 7intravenousdripstand 9 Plasterremovalrm,22.3 m2servesOPD&A&E
8 linenholder 9kick-aboutbucket 10 adjustable lamp 11 writingsurface
with drawers 12surgeonsbasin 13warninglight 14shelfwithlight 1510w 0 1 2 3 4 5
I Im
pressuresuction 16 highpressuresuction 17triplex-rayviewer 18 pin
board 19telephone 20coat hook 21 shelvesforpresettrays 22towel iS i5n
dispenser 23cpd 24drawers 25shelving 26alimentarytrolley 27 bin
28Ptrolley 29DDAcpd
___ [1
hooksbrmachinetools cleaningmachines 2lbottles
'shelues
dryerI(( )LJLJU -
buckets
undersk
[
trolleys
under
±LJ1
3
ED 3000
looker
Domesticservicerrn, 7.5m2
1
4
10 Plasterapplicationrm, 33.5 m2, servesOPD& A& E notsuitablefor
general anaesthesiabecausemorethan 1 Pspace
key 1 oven ontrolley 2doublex-rayviewer 3sto shelves 4plinth 5 chair
6plaster-sawmounting 7clotheshook& mirror 8trolley 9curtain lOsk&
213
Suction unit
drainerwith plastertrap 11 steps 12ceiling hook 13 plastercastdisposal
14waste 15sk&drainer 16plasterdust extractor 17wallhook(s)
-.i"L
§IrH 1400
Hospita/s
ACCIDENT& EMERGENCY
Accident & emergency dept(A&E) provide 24-hr365-day/year service Full snackbar can be provided ifshared byOPD —*pl66. Patientswho
for accidents and med emergencies occurring in home, at work, at return for further dressings or treatment given appointments outside
sports ortravelling. Patientsnormallytakento DGH(community hospital) morning and evening rush hour for casualties so can use same accn.
with A&E resources. Deptprovides resuscitation, reception and first Exam and treatment rm preferable to cubicles for patients requiring
stageexam; patients can then be discharged, sent to another part of audioand visualprivacy (can undress and be seen in comfort); casualty
hospital for further investigation and treatment, admitted as inpatients, doctorwill worksetof rm. Cubicles suitable for small cuts and abrasions
orsentbyambulance to hospital containing regional specialty,eg burns which do not require patient to undress. Separate provision may be
unit, neurosurgery —p173--5. Patients dead on arrival taken to small requested for cleansing patients and dealing with infected wounds.
rm near entrance before beingremoved to hospital mortuary. For dept Peak periodsfor both A&E and Casualty dept invariablycoincide with
close to potential sources of accidents (airports, motorways) extra
weekends and public holidays: essential that sufficient stores and nurs-
provision for resuscitation needed.
ing eqp be available either by providing extra sf0 at point-of-use or by
A&E need to be on good access roads with drive-in entrances for giving staff access tocentral sto during holidays and off-peak periods.
ambulances, sheltered fromwind and rain by covered ways and battle
walls. Entrances should have 2 sets of automatic fail-safe doors to
prevent draughts, with enough space to manoeuver stretchers and 11
16
5 10
32
15
48
2Dm
646
12 ________________
9
5 10 5 20m
B
16 32 4 645 13A
LJi L.J aI)B
T
I Lis
15
wall A
j
1 A&EEastboumeEnglandOGH 1 ambulanceentrance 2casualty
entrance 3trolleys,wheelchairs4porter 5flying squad 6trolleys 7staft
do 8rest rm 9 1-B 10nursesstation 11 cleansupply 12dutydoctor
l3cleaner l4reception l5doctorsstation 26chargenurse l7wc
18assistedb 196-B 20interview 21 dirtyutility 22resuscitation ar
23 disposalrm 24k 25surgeonschanging 26sto 27dayr 28pchanging
male 29Pchangingfemale 30doctor 31 nurseadmin 32 housekeeper
33anaestheticmi 34 minoroperating 35crutchsto 36plastermi 4 Resuscitation rm, 24.36m2 1worktop 2suctionunit 3 stool 4trolley
37ear,nose &throat (ENT), eyes, noisychildren 38 septictreatment (cart) 5surgeonssk 6linensack 7wastesack 8worktopwith sk 9writing
39trealmentar 40fracture&orthopaedic clinic 41 waiting 42clinic surface,shelvesover 10mobilex-ray 11 anaesthetictrolley 12drip stand
reception43P lay 44 appliance fitting 45canopyover Arch SETRHA 13oxygensuctiongas
Community 169
Hospitals
RADIOLOGYDEPARTMENTS —p170
X-ray or radiology has 3 major sub-divisions: diagnostic, which may
include ultra-sonics, fluoroscopy etc; radiation; nuclear medicine.
Depending onadmin patternoronphysical/functional relationshipswith
otherdept thesemay bearranged contiguously orseparately.
Diagnosticradiology
Provides internal images of patient either on film (radiography) or on
cathode ray tube(CR1—fluoroscopy). Must beprovided foroutpatients
and inpatients both forroutine examinationsand foremergencies. Dept
therefore has relationship to OPD, medical, intensive careand surgical
units.
131211
Eg
1312 11
13
I 1
[
[a
1100
[II
p
1700 7200
3 Diagnosticx-raymidesignedbyAmericanHealthFacilities/Medical
PlanningAssociatesMalibuUSA 1 dispenserunit 2step-onwaste
receptacle 3surgical/instrument dressing cabinet 4apron &gloverack 5to
daylightprocessingar 6intercom 7leadglass vision panel 8partition 2100 3500 I 5 I
h 9x-raycontrolunit 10ceilingtube mount 11 generator 12tube carriage *15004
closed open
133-size film dispenser 14 radiographic tablewithtomographic attachment
15fluorescentlight fixtureswallmounted 16footstool with handrail 17 side 5 Viewing&processing rm,open&closedlayouts 1 tanks&water
chair 18warninglight 19tolay 20 mirror 21 corr nstallation 2cassettehatch(from radiodiagnostic rm) 3 darkrm
4processor 5sorting&viewing
170 Community
Hospita/s
RADIOLOGYDEPARTMENTS (cont)
Radiationtherapy
Technique whereby radiation used reduce or eliminate carcinogenic
cells: generated either bynatural source suchasradioactivecobalt orby
man-made as in linear accelerator. Because of massive quantities of
radiation used extremely heavy shielding required contain it: so heavy
thatsomereg require thisdeptbe placed atground level.
Whole unit constructed ofdense concrete:walls, ceiling,floor pitthickest
(approx 1 200) within 3600arc ofeqp, remainderapprox 600. Design all
steelwork, conduit, piping to prevent radiationleakage.Viewing porthole
double-skinned with highly corrosive fluid infill (zincbromide solution);
door locks controlled fromconsole in adjoining rm.
Procedure rmwiththeir shielding mazes must be largeenough accom-
modate eqp plus access forpatienton stretcher/trolley.Spaces required
forpatient receptionand waiting, examination,treatmentplanning,mould
making forshielding needed for patient during treatment, off and work
spaceforstaff. Offand lab space also needed forphysicist forcalibration
and radiation safetyofeqp.
Patients taken into rm containing eqp and so positioned that all 3
sources of radiation converge on diseased partof body; attendant then
retiresto control rm fromwhich patient can beobserved through heavy
lead glass porthole or by tv. Procedure can be very frightening for
patient: ventilation, temp and general environment control of utmost
importance. Pastoral photomural or fresco on wallsand ceiling within
viewofpatient during treatment,together with falsewindow with pastoral
view' opposite entrance, will help alleviate fears.
Nuclearmedicine
Diagnostic procedure involving ingestion by or injection into patient of
radioactive materials whichthen traced by scanning eqp. Am used for
scanning require some shielding; must be large enough accommodate
eqp, patient on stretcher/trolley, console and technician. In contrast to
diagnostic ortherapy procedure rm level ofradiationlowenough allow 2
or more patients scanned simultaneouslyin same space. Support spaces
include reception and waiting, off, sto, well shielded 'hotlab' beside
2 Buckytable: rm h required with floor/ceilingtubestand mm 3000max procedure rmfor sto and preparationof radioactive materials.
4000
CATscanning
Relatively new method of non-invasive imaging of internal organs;
although diagnosticprocedure,often in separatesuitewith own procedure
rm, control rm, computer eqp space and support areas.
600concrete
400concrete
1JJE[ L1—light1
I
p6Inccobaitund
290001 800x500
duct under
dttlaii
5 X-ray film cabinet;willhold
approx 10000envelopes(360 kg),
26000 x-ray films(1040 kg):total
floor loading1 728 kg/rn2
QJ -t
Hospitals
OPERATINGTHEATRES
Surgical and delivery suites increasingly considered centresto which
patients broughtforprocedures too complex for handling in physician's
off ortreatment area. Unlike traditionalsuite with different rmfordifferent
services (eg, ENT, orthopedic) suites now collection of multi-purpose
rm. In largeinstitutions more than 1 suitelikelybe provided, based on
usage: short (1—3 hr) procedures, such as ambulatory, frequently
separated from general, av length (2—4 hr) and very long (6—8 hr)
procedures. Delivery suites,formerly completelyseparatedfrom surgical,
todaycommonly alongside orintegrated.
Designelements
1 Typicalfloor ofsurgical&specialservicesbldg Massachusetts General Consider patient flow: entrance, control, holding pre-anaesthesia,
HospitalUSA Arch PerryDeanStahl&Rogers operating, recovery. Consider staff: control, clean-up. Consider eqp,
particularlyinstrumentsand other goodswhich must besterilisedbetween
each use: done locally (within suite) or centrally (for hospital)? Let
volumes guide. Consider sharing: like types ofprocedure rmcanshare
supplies, cleaning etc. Consider testing functions: 'quick' lab tests,
x-rayetc: howwill theybe done?
Space needs
Space suites need per inpatient bed varies greatly, depending on
whether ambulatory surgery offered, whether hospital has teaching
programmeand other suchfactors: generally28—46 m2foreachoperating
theatre.Space forcirculation,nursingand medicalstaffand non-functional
bldg elements such as air-conditioning eqp usually high ratio in this
setting, perhaps 80% above individual rm needs. Ifreprocessinggoods
donewithinsuite 28—37 m2/operating theatre or delivery rm must be
added. Locker rm, showers and rest rm for staff should be provided
based on numberstaff expected.
Circulation
Crucial to design of high technology operating and delivery suites; 2
basictypes: single corridorand double corridor or 'racetrack'. Single
has 1 corridorleading to all operating/delivery rm, used for patients,
staff and eqp: sterility maintained in each user of corridor and within
theatreitself; each rm preceded by scrub-up ar and has provision for
sterilisation withinitorbetween 2 rm. 'Racetrack'arranges rmin 'circular'
fashion with outside corridor orrm for staff and eqp, presumed sterile;
JH
p
0
123m
5 lOft
locker rm 'bridge' corridors; staff and eqp leave with patient; staff
'bridged'backthrough locker rm and showers. Corridor forPtrolleys 2:
45mw; others1.5mw.
Cleanliness
2 St JosephHospital TacomaUSAhasellipticoperrmarranged round Also critical in operating/delivery suite. All materials,surfaces, joints etc
centralcontrolrm Arch Bertrand GoldbergAssociates
must be easilycleanable and durable for repeated washings: sealed
joints to prevent infection. Anti-static materials should be used where
patients likelybe connected anaestheticmachines. Check requirements
with technical literature.
? 1P 3p 171615141312 1110
6 6 18ft
Hospita/s
OPERATINGTHEATRES(cont)
11 ________
biii
13j16
r&nl
0 5 10 iBm
16 32 488
2 Generaloper rm
6 Typical opertable in standard
position: willtilt inboth directions; also
? I t Sm designedtake variousattachments; small wheelsused putvery high rolling
loadsonfloor weightapprox230 kg, mm h approx700, maxh approx1 040
1 1ft
10 Mobilesuctionunit:this type
4 Opertheatre,36.10m2; alleloutletpointsinanaesthetic rm&theatreto be also availablewithoutcastorsorpull
sparkless&hoseproof 1 controlpanel 2dressingtrolley/cart 3 instrument handle;unitsforconnexiontopiped
trolley 4basinstand 5table 6kickbasin 7stool 8swab stand systemsdo not havelowerpartof
9anaestheticmachine 10anaesthetic trolley 9 Anaestheticmachine controlbox
Community 173
Hospitals:special units
INTENSIVECARE easilyread bystaff?Can eqpbe stored handilywhen not in use?
Hospitalscontain 2 basictypesbed accn: 'hotel' for patientsnotneeding Bed unit basicspace module: numberbeds related to unit, decided by
continuous directvisual supervision or life-sustainingeqp; 'critical' (UK usage or projected usage: 6—7 usual max. Unit must be sized for bed
intensive) for patients whose survival depends on constant attention (larger and larger as new features added orstructured), eqp (respirators,
and/or complex life-support eqp. Proportion of critical to hotel and of pumps, monitors),people(manyasneeded duringresuscitation): common
numberoftypesof special care units increasing. today11—15 m2/unit.
Special unitsincludecardiac, spinal injury, burn,transplant, respiratory, Access fromentrance to bed unitand between critical. Spaces required
neurosurgical, limb fitting, physical medicine. Usuallyformpartoflarger include: nurse/physician for supervising monitors, charting, consult;
hospitals (regional specialties in UK);verylarge hospitals may have all support formedication station,uty; special use,egtreatment, procedure,
ofthem. x-ray, based on patient plus staff/eqp 11—15 m2; amenitiessuchas rest
rm, locker, wc.
Design considerations
Will patientbeconscious,requireprivacy,toilet,constantnursingattention? Keepdistance from control station or viewpoint to patient small so that
Will location or configuration of unit help or hinder patient's recovery? eqp can be read and patient actually seen. Bed unitmay be enclosed in
Can staff see all patientseasily?Is ratiopatients/staffstation appropriate? rm (eg coronary care, where patient conscious, or where infection
control or separation patient fromnoise necessary)or open (egfor max
Can staff get help quickly? Can they reach services (medications, uty
etc) and support (lab testsetc) quicklyand easily? Can they examine visibility and quickaccess where patient unconscious).
patient easily? What about infection control? Can specialeqp be brought Staff changing arrangementssimilar those foroperatingtheatres;visitors
quickly bedside in emergency? Can monitors, pumps, screens be if allowed, may be required change shoes, wear gowns and masks.
910203Gm
3264966
N
1 Punit intensivecare pavilionLongIslandJewish-HillsideMedicalCare 2 Masterplan Temple UniversityHospital Philadelphia USAshowing
CenterUSA relationshipbetweenspecialtyunits Arch Perkins & Will
NEUROSURGERY
Because oflengthofeach operationand itsexactingnatureneurosurgery
units rely heavily on support services. Ratio of population to beds
1:100000. 2 theatres shown —(3) serve 60beds. Theatresegg-shaped
to promote smooth flow fully conditioned air (21 changes/hr). Heat-
filtered theatre lamps set in ceiling and 1 wall. Monitoring eqp and
viewinggallery in mezzanine with viewing ports in domed ceiling. Each
theatre equipped with5-panel x-rayviewing box, oxygen, nitrous oxide,
suction, nitrogen for pneumatic tools, electro-encephalograph (EEC)
connexions, and CC1Vfortransmission ofencephalographrecordings.
Anti-staticflooring and flashproof el outlets required. X-ray rm attached
to theatres heavilyequipped for cranialand spinalradiography.Separate
lab forelectro-encephalographyand specialeye exam.Supportmeasures
includephysiotherapy with hydrotherapy pool.
Wards attached to neurologicaltheatres: mixed sex20beds (4 x 4-B, 4
x 1-B). Early ambulation of patients in need ofobservation reflected in
size of day and sun rm; patients encouraged to have visitors who can
help return normal life by using theseand adjacentflowerbay.
SPINAL INJURY
Care foryoung people, who suffer fromparalysisasresult ofaccidents,
eg motorcycle. Require 100%care: nearlyalways doubly incontinent;
because of shockto system can beaggressivetowardsstaff and visitors.
Occupational therapy, physiotherapy and study form vital part of
rehabilitation. Patients may take months recover; care can be divided 0 5 10 IS 20 25
I I I Im
into 3 stages: patients bedfast: can only be moved for bathing and I
16 32 48 64 80 $1
treatmentin horizontal position; patients spend partofwaking hours in
wheelchair: therefore more mobile (after this stage some patients go
home and return forstage 3); patients begin move round on crutches or 3 NeurosurgicalopertheatresWesternGeneralHospital Edinburgh
with walking aids. I
Scotland elevator 7med staff 12k 17domestic service 19eqpsto
21 sterilisingannexe 25stafftoilets 26wr 29secretaries 30staff
Stages 1 and 2 require 20—24 beds, stage 3 28—32 beds. Provide conferencemi 31 plasterrm 32eyerm 33dept/theatresister 34 EEG
approx 20% beds in 1-Bwards and remainderin 4- or6-B. Beds wider 35x-rayrm 36dark/work rm 37theatreha 38scrub-upar 39changing
than normal(1 000); allow mm bed centres of 3500. Provisionof nurse rm 40anaestheticrni 41 opertheatres 42 preparation rrn 43scientific
working rm similar to that for physical/mental handicapped units, observation 44stairtoviewing gallery 45stairtotheatreEEG
—*pl 62—163. 55engineeringplant
174 Community
TRANSPLANT
For replacing damaged or diseased organs (usually kidneys) by direct
transplant fromdonor: needpaired operating theatres, one for donor,
one recipient. Patients nursed in 1-B wards in carefully controlled
environment (liable both toinfection and to infect others). When donors
not available kidneys may be obtained fromcold storebank (may hold
1 Relationshipbetweencardiacsurgeryunit,intensivecare,coronarycare, othersurgical spares required fortransplant surgery suchasskin, eyes,
nursing rm at St VincentMedicalCenterLosAngeles USA Arch Daniel bonemarrow, boneand blood).
MannJohnson&Mendenhall
LIMB FITTINGCENTRE
Considered advisable hold clinics in DGH (community hospital) save
patients, oftenelderly and diabetic, from having travel long distances.
All patients require rehabilitation for everyday living; walking training
should be provided for, either in centre orwithin wheelchair distance. If
centreprovides early post-operative walking training hostel type beds
may be required in or closeto it. Patientscometo centre for consult,
assessment,stumpcastingand limb fitting,and retumforstumpdressings,
limb adjustments and walking training. Provide workshops for making
limbs: if modular limbs mainly assembly process. Cosmetic covers
made on vacuum-forming machines fromhighly inflammable material;
5 10 15
I I
11m special sto required for this and for paint. Forworkshops and sf0 areas
16 32 48 (1
referto factory legislation.
2 CardiacsurgicalunitStobhillEnglandGeneralHospital; conversionof
existingward tosurgical unit 1 oftforregistrars/research fellow 2k 3 sister
mirci
4wclsho 5womensward 6domesticservicerm 7eqpsto 8isolation B
9corr2000w 10intensivecare B 11 preparation rm 12nursesstation
13disposal 14sluice 15mensward 16wc/sho 17treatmentbathr 18day
rm 19dining ar ArchEPhillips
lJ E]
a ((°O 05
5k0
ii H k
0007
0 5 10 15m
9
5 10
b
16 2 4ft
1 2 8ft
3 Nutfieldtransplantation surgeryunitWesternGeneralHospital Edinburgh
Scotland;mechventilationto asepticar, 1-B wards, cleancorr,auxiliaryrrn,
twin oper theatres, (designedforclose controlofairmovement pattern&
L iol
pressunsationtomm infiltration) 1 changing 2k 3sterilesupply
4anaesthetic 5recipienttheatre 6scrub-up 7donortheatre
8decontamination9P mi 10lab 11 Pbathr 12 disposal 13eqpsto
2
4 I0
14elevator 15entranceha/waitingar 16conference rm 17secretary
18director Arch PeterWomersley F—----- Jc
3 —
17
12
1i i ip 1,5
24 Ft
1'6 32 4 64(1
5 Limb centreconsultrm afor4suites bfor2suites
cconsultfitting layouts
4 Limbfitting centre 1 consultrrn 2prosthetist 3prosthetist off rm dwalk, fittingrrn, plasterrm 1 walkway 2plasterrm
4plasterrm 5fIttingrm 6rectifying 7toilets 8treatment 9domestic service 3fitting rm 4consultrm 5wc 6wr 7entrance 8admin 9courtyard
rm 10staff/seminarrm 11 medsocialworker 12walkway 13entryP/staff/ 10from OPD 11 windowwall 12longmirror 13walkingrails 14 plaster
ambulance 14entryplant/largematerials 15entrygoods/materials chair 15 Pwheelchair 16sk 17hb 18desk 19chair 20couch ArchE
16wait 17workshop 18 sto service ArchEPhillips Phillips
Community 175
Hospitals:special units
BURN UNITS PHYSICALMEDICINE
Seriouslyburntpatients arrive byambulance; nursed onspecial beds in Provides med,domestic and oftenindustrial rehabilitationtofit patients,
carefully controlled environment. Patients liable to infections which either return workor for active domestic life. Provide for inpatients as
prevent acceptance of skin grafts. Each has 1-bed ward with scrub-up well as outpatients: mm population forviable unit150000. Accn related
and gowning lobby for staff and wc and hb for patient. Visitors not to type of population to be served; activities include physiotherapy,
allowed enterward:viewpatientthrough fixedobservation window. Unit remedial gymnastics, hydrotherapy, occupationaltherapy, heavy and
hasown theatre suite fortreatment and skin grafting. light workshops, consult and clinical resources, together withprovision
for speech therapists, disablement resettlement officers and social
workers. Because most attenders disabled accn should be on ground
floorwith carparkingcloseby (3000 wide baysallow disabledmanoeuvre
wheelchair fromcar)—p166(3). Specialprovision children uptoage 10,
usually within children's ward. Some patients attend for half or whole
day, othersfor 1 session/day; may be need for hostel accn for those
who have totravellong distance.
Gymnasium should be 10 x 20 x 7.6 m h (forball games) withbay 1 500
deepoff one side forstacking apparatus,and changing rm and wc(1.5
m2/P). Physiotherapy also involves individual treatment cubicles, walk-
ing and otherexerciseareas,waxtreatment rm(highfire risk) and splint
rm,withoffices,interview rmand linensto. Partoftreatmentarea should
have suspended below ceiling, at approx 2000above floor, reinforced
metal grid forconnectingslings and pulleys necessarytosupport patient's
paralysed limb during treatment ortraining.
Hydrotherapy pool —*(3) requires changing accn with clothes lockers
and sho, including 1 for wheelchair users, recovery areas with couch
(1 700 x 2200deep), utility area fordrying costumes and gowns, and
possiblywashing machine and drier. Provide apparatus bayfor floats,
cradles etc.
0 10 20 30 40 50m
I
I I
I
I II I I Occupational therapy workshops must complyfactory regs.
32 64 66 126 160ff
111111! I
trolley!
sho r
QD
lockers
wheelchairchanging
lockers
recoveryj
staff c
2 baseJ
Deptofphysicalmed SouthernGeneralHospital Govan Scotland 1 plant electric hoist
rm 2heavyworkshop 3timbersto 4 lightworkshop 5eqp sto 6duty rm if necessary
7utility rm 8finishedarticlessto 9bathr 10bedr 11 k 12senior
occupationaltherapist 13femalestaffchanging 14 malestaffchanging
15hydrotherapypool 16gymsto 17apparatusgym 18Pchanging
19activetreatmentrm 20apparatussto 21 preparationbay 22linensto 71 c
23 paraffinwax rm 24femalestudentschanging 25femalestaffchanging
26male studentschanging 27studentscommonrm 28staffrm 29 passive U staff
treatmentmale 30passivetreatmentfemale 31 interview rm 32 reception/ ifnecessary-.._.-' apparatus
records 33waitingspace 34 trolley(cart)/wheelchair bay 35consultmi
36med officer 37principal'soff 38uppergym 39 tank ml Arch Keppie
Henderson&Partners 3 Hydrotherapypool
4 Physiotherapy&rehabilitation, 51.6m2
1 coathooks 3wall bars 4hb 5wheelchair
6papertoweldispenser 7benchseat 11 disposal
bin 13fixedbicycle 15parallelbars 16exercise
steps 17mobile mirror 18 mat 19clock
20adjustableshelving 21 wall hooks 22stool
23trolley (cart)/matsto box
176 Community
Hospita/s
PATHOLOGYLABORATORY, POSTMORTEM ROOMS and snacks notavailable nearby, rest rmwhere thesecan be mademust
be provided.
Pathogens classified in UK in 4 categories: A, B, B2 and C
Reception area must have bench with impervious disinfection proof
Category A extremelyhazardous: includes lassa feverand smallpox. finish and handbasin set as in lab (above), with racks for delivered
Specimens assoon asidentified must besealed intospecialcontainers specimens and steforspare racksetc. Specificarea,notwithin reception
and sentto regional lab assigned forpurpose. orlab, must be provided for patients sent to give blood samples.
Category Bincludebrucella spp, hepatitisB, m tuberculosis: all workon
thesemust becarried outin exhaustprotective cabinets.Lab should not Note: pathology lab must not be designed withoutreferenceto
be less than 18 m2, must have lockable door with glazed observation pathologist incharge.
panel and also contain handbasin with bi-flow wrist operative taps,
papertoweldispenser and bin near door. Other eqp includes frig, deep Laboratorybenches
freeze,stofordisposable gloves, tissues, encasingjars etc, rowofpegs
near door forprotective clothing. Discardedspecimens must besentfor a 6—- $9oj. b 4200 f900-
autoclaving. Waste drainage frommostoftheseareasrequired to be in
separate runs. I I
49
1200.005
:
150 —
2000
II;
46O420
_________________ 7 Manestywaterstill
_________________ 6 Deioniser small size:output 1.11/
5 Autoclave hr,weight 13.5kg
Hospitals
PHARMACY LIBRARY
2typesof hospital lib, professionalformed and nursing staff, lending for
r
them. Some hospitals serve satellite hospitals, health centres, clinics 2100
and individual outpatients: check policies before starting design.
Because goods delivered can be bulky and heavy main loading dock pinboard
should beused;but because can beinflammable,explosive, corrosive,
fragile, require special environmentforsto: if (UK) DangerousDrug Act cassetterecorder
T' ;:!
Preparation areas include large floor-mounted mixers and steam- 10
heated pans for manufacture; small lab may be required for quality
control. Required also: machine to reduce items to unit packs; sterile
area to prepare and package material for autoclaving, which requires iLLIAL1
2000
inspection, labellingand sf0areas.Installautoclaves(largefloormounted
machines) againstwallsso can be maintainedfromoutside sterile area.
Stillsformanufacturing distilled water requirepiped connexion tosterile 4 General lib: recommended mm 5 General lib: informallayoutof
spacebetweenbookstacks table &chairs allowsforwheelchairs
preparation area. All sterile areas require special dust-free finishes
complywithstringent requirements of med inspectorate.Wash-up area 1000
requiressink, washing eqp, drying cabinets and shelving for clean and -t
returned containers. 450
1.__
200diacyhnders
at255C/conmanifold ganges
at230c/consparesracks controlunit
a
b
2 a Manifoldrmforsmall hospital bcombinedmanifold&sto rm;gases
normallysto:oxygen,nitrousoxide, nitrous oxide/oxygen,compressed air—
mustnotbeput withhydrogenoracetylene;sto must beon ground level for
accessfordeliveryvehiclesfromopenair, notfromcor; singlestorey, non-
combustible,1 hrfrmm, 2brickwallsorequivalent; sto normally takes 0 102030m
32 64966
manifolds&racksforsparecylinders; typicalautomatic manifold with2duty&
2reservecylinders:1630 x 6lodeep:1 extracylindereachsidegives5lo 7 LayoutofteachingcentreKnightCampusUniversityofRhode Island USA
extraI;2 x manifold—3600
178 Community
Hospita/s
NON-RESIDENTSTAFFCHANGING avnumberofstaff on duty atany 1 time approx 20% oftotal employed. If
hoursworked bypart-time staff reduced, egto 30 hr/week, percentages
As proportion of part-time staff tofull-timeincreases percentageoftotal of staff on dutyslightlylower.
-
staff on dutyatany1 time tendsto decrease. In allinstancesestimate of
12lX0
staffonduty %oftotalstaff
full-timestaffonly 19 IliIIiIi[iIWiiIHI]]iiIiilIiW
1 full-time: 2 part-time 18 --
bench
1 full-time: 4 part-time 17.5 S
1 full-time: 10 part-time 17 U)
.'i_i_L_L1 1
a lockersallocated onpermanent
basis,changing&sto combined
i locker300 x 550 x 1800
ii locker200 x 550 x 1 800
0.81
0.72
IlJ
II
II Ii.i41j.UIIL]tft LLLL[IIIIJ } ii.
tlIiiiLliLt
b lockersallocated ontemporary
basis,changing&sto combined S
i locker300 x 550 x 1800 0.43 N
mirrors I mirror
ia withsmall permanently I I T I I I brusliup l2dlangU)gspaces brushup
allocated lockersadjacent 0.5 a
& _J__1__L_J LJ_L_IL ar
c hangingbasketsallocated on -6olockers
permanentbasis:sto ofbaskets I-
behindcounter,changing IiIIIIIIIIIIiiiI11111 Mliii II11111111 liii[11111 11111111 I
C
separateoradjacent
i singletierhangingbaskets 0.84
ii 2-tire hangingbaskets 0.63 4 Changingrm aforcompletechangeusinghanging basketsforclo sto—n(2),ar/P 0.48 m2, ar/Pwith
d hanging basketsallocated on personallocker0.55 m2; bforstaffrequired tochangedowntounderclothes; locker300 x 500 x 1800;
temporarybasis:sf0 of baskets 1 changingspace:8sto lockers; cforstaffrequiredtoremove outdoorclothing;locker200 x 550 x
behindcounter,changing 1 800; 1 changingspace:5sto lockers
separateoradjacent
i singletier hanging basket 0.48
ia with small permanently I
!
4500 6150
allocated lockersadjoining 0.55 u
ii 2-tier hanging baskets 0.34
ha with small permanently
II III [liii!!
--
I
allocated lockersadjacent 0.41
2 Spacerequiredbyeachemployeeforstoring & S F I
changingclothes:only immediatecirculationar
included;entrances&maincorrvalyaccording to
location &numberof staffinvolved II!IHThHHIHI . I I I -
acnn provided arrii 5 Layoutfor150 personallockers nearuser's 6 Bulk sto for384 sets cleanunfiform
work station
femalestaff 3 wcwith hb
malestaff
2separatehb
2sho
1 chemical disposal bin
2wcwith hb
2592
tE-
IIL EJI
3urinals 25.92 I ILII] L. LIIIII
I'
5separate hb
2sho
NI ILIII LIII
IIIJ LIII
waitingar informalarrangement of
(peakuse comfortable seating & 23.23
4 obstruction oflockerdoors clearancesmustallowfor
by20 staff) lowtables 3600
byseatedperson lockerdoors
Hospitals
codeno space untar spaces totalar OFFICES
m2
65 65
As in other industries and services demand for admin space grows
business off; clerks
alarmingly. Can bethought ofashaving2components,1 which processes
1 1
24hr
48hr +
72hr
9
..—.-—------.mainflowsofsb & food
staff
foodhom dayiarder
4 HennepinCountyMedical
CenterMinneapolisUSAhas
automateddeliveryservices
Housekeepingrelationships
includingmonorail-styletrack&
chain conveyornetworkwith moving
Hennepincounty lockers&containersforcarrying
food preparation files, allkinds ofmaterials,medicine
service &food,deliveredfrom separate food
preparationbldg Arch Medical
FacilitiesAssociates—General
typIcalgaflery
cartreceiving
3 Foodservicerelationships
Community 181
Hospitals
COMMUNITYHEALTHCARE
O 5 10 15 20 25m
15 30 4 oh 75ft Community health care inUK, alongside general practitioner (GP), now
principally provided by health centre (HO). In USA 'free-standing'
ambulatory unitsfall into several categories, in addition to physician's
office, generally with twofold aim providing preventative medicine and
making available health care atlower cost than involved in full hospital
treatment. Each such unit starts with programme worked out meet
marketneeds within service area, community or region. Various types
unit include Health MaintenanceOrganization (HMO), founded some
40 years ago asalternative insuranceprogrammeforindustrialworkers,
primary care centres in rural areas tor emergency exam and treatment
(include pre-hospital beds), community healthand social centres usually
founded by local or regional government. Each of these may contain
some, all or more services than UK HC. Larger ones often attached
hospitals.
HC primary activities: consult, exam and minor treatment backed by
med records, reception, waiting and sto areas. Basic amenities must
include: pram and carparking, wcforpatientsand staff, changingareas,
rest rm with kitchenette forstaff.
Secondary activities forlargeHC may include diagnostic and treatment
1 ClydebankScotlandHC groundfloorwith wingsforlocal healthauthority, services — physiotherapy, chiropody, dentistry, radio diagnosis and
hospitalservices&GP,some amenities being shared 1 consult 2 interview pharmacy — and health clinics for education and assessment, off for
3 disposal 4waiting 5drugs 6wc 7treatment 8 lob 9test 10typist health visitors,domiciliary nurses, social workers etc.
11 sterilesto 12sto 13telephone 14switchboard 15secretary
16records&reception 17 entrance 18play centre Viable size for HC consulting resources for not less than 6 GP, but as
vital to place HO near population served may be smaller and less well
equippedin rural areas.
On basis 1 GP has approx 2500 patients, centre for 6 GP will serve
population of 15000 and for 12 GP 30000. Assume health visitor can
coverapprox3500 and district nurse 2500people.
Sitesmust be near public transport routes; access fromroads and car
parks must be designed for wheelchair—p19 43 166 and pram users.
Entrancesshould be protected from rain and prevailing winds and have
covered and well supervised pram park.Allow forprotecteddisposalarea
forwaste: check with local authorityor health authorityhow tobecollected.
9 lp 15m Large centres may requireseparatestaff and service entrance; patients
15 3b 455 entrance may need canopyhigh enough take ambulance—p166(2).HO
groundsshould beattractivebutsimply landscaped formm maintenance.
2 CrieffScotlandHC 1 consult 2dirtyuty 3urinetest 4wr 5healthvisitor Manyrm in HO serve same purpose as equivalent rm in OPD: same
6telephone 7k 8staff 9boiler 10disposal 11 do 12toilets 13reception layoutcan be used with minor adaptations. Main difference: HO do not
14 treatment 15entrance deal with suchlarge numbers of patients; nor do they deal with acute
med and surgical cases needing sophisticated diagnosticand treatment
eqp. Rm which can easily be adapted for HO are set out —+p166—7;
most importantare: wheelchairwcp167(6),disposalrm, p167(8),dinette
& urine test rm, p167(5), ambulance dimensions, p166(2), automatic
doors, p166(4), disabled patients car parking, pl66(3).
Waiting
Provide general waiting area. Small forward waiting areas required for
each group of consult rm. Assuming appointmentsystem, allow 7.0 n?
waiting areaforeach suite. Seatingshould becomfortableand informal.
3200
Med records
Med records in 2 sizes: standard 175 x 125, new A4 in folders 310 x
240. Sto may bein shelves, filing cabinetsorrotaryfilingunits. Including
3 Dentalsuite,2-man practice; dentalchair(165—200 kg),dentalunit access these methods require floor space 1 .5—2.0 m2/1000 records.
(51 kg) needfirm fixingtofloor;services required: water,waste,gas, el, Shelves cheap butoffer nosecurity; cabinetsexpensive butsecure and
compressedair 1 hb 2couch 3curtain 4armchairs 5recoveryrm adaptable;rotary notsecureand expensive.Allow for increaseinnumbers
6steriliser 7aspirator 8sk 9disposal 10dental chair 11 smalldental of records.
surgery 12worktop 13dentaleqpcabinet 14operating lamp 15cartltrolley
16 anaestheticcart/trolley 17desk 18largedentalsurgery 19 gasoutlet Dental clinic —(3)
20benchwith benchpin 21 wastehole bin below 22dustextract 23duck- Dental clinicfor2-man practice consists of 2 surgeries (1 large enough
board 24 dentalworkshop 25filing 26 DDAcpd 27dentalunit for principal surgery), recovery rm with couch and basin for post-
anaesthesia patients, dental workshop and waiting area plus normal
central records and reception area. Allow 9.5 m2 waiting area for 2
surgeries. Surgeries should have NEaspect if daylight needed buttrend
towardstheatre-type operating lamps and more mobile eqp. Obscured
glazingrequired for windows.
Chiropodyroom—(4)
Should be on ground floor oraccessible by elevator.
Hospital references:
—*Bibliographyentries 013014017020022023024025054 218219
220262 294 296 303 315 336 337 341 349354 362 419 420 421 478
4 Chiropodyrm,11.0m2 525547551 559560576577578647
182 Commerce
Churches
GENERALARRANGEMENT
hafor celebrant's
orchestra chair highaltar Main divisions ofChristian churches today: Orthodox (principallyGreek
vestry sacnsty sacristyflC communion
CflOi,tl sidealtar
and Russian), Reformed,RomanCatholic,separationbetween Orthodox
and Roman dating fromearliest history of Christianity, break between
pulpit
dom
i_tp1p1t I Reformed and RomanCatholic from 16th century.
In Roman Catholic churches emphasis now placed onmass in common
& tongue; altar usually raised. Reformed order of service depends on
hafor whether 'high', 'low' or 'free'. Some likeness between forms of Roman
communicant
altar
baptistryIf' 4N choir
Catholic, High Anglican and High Presbyterian (Scotland and USA).
towers Free followCalvinist and Lutheran origins with emphasis on preaching
sarcophagus t and communion carried out round 'Lord's Table', usuallycentrallyplaced
with nearbypulpiteither behind table orto left hand side. Baptists need
large heated water tank usually under removable floor for inititiation by
1 DesignforBerlinerDom 2 Typical Roman Catholicchurch total immersion. Fonts used almost universally for initiation into main
(Lutheran)GermanyArchSchinkel layout
groups and dedication into others. Many newer religious sects have
idiosyncratic requirements related to special forms and musical per-
formances. In USA Protestantchurches have approx70million members,
Roman Catholic 50million, Orthodox4million.
entrance font ladychapel
—i high Churches throughout world now have strong community concern;
with planning often relates to weekday uses; keyword flexibility. Ancillary
lantern accn, according to programme, may incorporate, eg coffee rrn, coun-
over selling rm, meeting rm, radio station. Car parking must be taken into
account. Centralised planpopular;but ritualistic, processionaland oblong
pressionaI door forms also used. However, importance ofpriest, pastororleader should
not belost; liturgical functions carried outbyindividualchurches of great
importance in design.
4 St Paul Bow Common (Anglican) More recently new factors have emerged, among them security of
LondonEnglandArch R Maguire church property, adequate acoustic design (for music and voice) and
provision fordisabled.
sacristy communicants high
altar sacristy
9
wc side
tar congregationa
pul font chapel
erPU2
5 Circular Protestant church 6 Roman Catholicchurch
EssenGermanyArch Bartning 0 Cologne-RietilGermany
Arch D Bôhm
'Iss,y —
—altar
communion
chapel
—
— -
pulpit
pulpit. • stage
10 OrthodoxchurchofSt SavaMcKeesport USA ArchPekruhn
II
UI wc
7 CorpusChnsti(RomanCatholic) 8 Church&parishha(Reformed)
churchAachenGermany 1-lanweilerGermany
Arch A Schwarz Arch R Kruger
"-i'
¶ii
- 2
--4— ---FllI—i11
--f- —
I2__
T _____
J._________
Pulpit
Requirements vary from church to church —(7)(8)(10). Usually raised
with steps; but growing practice also place on level of sanctuary or
4 5 raised 1 step. In RomanCatholicchurches pulpit nowlikelybe replaced
by2 ambos or reading desks, 1 ateach side. In 'free' churches pulpit of
central importance. In all churches essential preacher be visible to
whole congregation.
6
Altars—(9)
_____
_________ In Reformed churches altar usually placed close rear wall; may have
__________________________________________________________ passage at back. Many Roman Catholic and someAnglican churches
3—6 Aisle now have altar in centre ofsanctuary: priest orcelebrant stands behind
___________________________ __________________________ to face congregation forpurpose of worship.
Roman Catholic and some Anglican churches have sacrament houseor
tabernacle (small decorated cupboardwith lockabledoors, bolteddown
pulpit) and immovable: —*cataloguesof church furnishers): may be in side
chapel oron plinth behind main altar,some2000away. Separate side
altar
Sacristy chapel sometimes desired.
4t
lectern
centrelineof aisle
_________________________
7 Pulpit&attarinsame axis
font
8
pulpit
centre lineofaisle
_________________________
Pulpitsidewaystoaltar
—
Font
Used for baptism; often symbolically placed in or near entry of church,
though in Protestant churches in USA sometimes placed conveniently
for baptism to formpartof main service. May be 1 or2 steps lower than,
and separate from, main body of church (baptistry —p182(2)(9)(1 1)),
with room for up to 30 people to stand during baptism. For Baptist
churches immersion tank—p182.
Confessional boxes
Best placed in aisles: separate compartments for priestand penitent
—*(13).Construction mustbesound proof.
550
550 550
Churches
GALLERIES,ORGAN
viewovershoulder
&head Galleries
viewover Increase seating capacity for same area; also improve acoustics if
shoulder suitable distance from pulpit: common in Reformed churches. Have
tiered seating so that congregation at back may see and hear better.
100—140 Convenient positions: opposite altar wall (for organ and choir) or
sidewaysopposite pulpit. Height of gallery determined by necessary
free sightofcongregation beneath itin relationto altar and pulpit. Stairs
and exits from galleries must comply with reg for assembly halls.
RequirementlP 0.7—1.0 m2inclusive ofgangways—(1).
Choir galleries
1 Galleryseatingtiered,riserswith 2 Smallorgan (Walckertype)with Infrontoforgan —*(5) have 100—150 high steps (increasingfronttorear)
lighting:must be possibleseealtar 15stopsforchurchha&smaller and are 1 000—1 200wide.Ifdesirable choiron loose chairs arranged in
oratleastpulpit over headsof churches semi-circle infrontofconductor; if necessaryorgan console canalsobe
occupantsofsecondrowinfront in front ofconductor with orchestra seats built upbehind toachieve unity
between organ, orchestra and choir. Next to conductor's desk and
organ console largecupboard for musicsheets; outsidegallery suitable
1300—1600 cloakrm forchoirmembers.
Organs
Specialist should be called in for organ installation (acoustic specialist
also important). Size oforgan (number of voices and stops) notsimply
relative to sizeof church asvolume variable, butgenerally:
smaller churches 200—300m3/voice
medium churches 300—400m3/voice
3 Chamberorgan (Walcker-Jahn) 4 Organwith manualclosedby largerchurches 400—500m3/voice
with about275 pipesforha rollershutter
Each voice needs width of 2000—3000 and 250 depth. Each voice
weighs 200kg therefore 10-stoporgan needsarea (if 3000—4000)hof10
organ :j:
j±4rgan do'—
I I:
main organbellows
I music
sheets
(3 x 250) = 7.5 and weighs 10 x 200 = 2000kg,therefore approx
m
300 kg/m2. But organ specialists ask for 750 kg/m2. Height deter-
mined by length of pipes. Largest: 32 ftopenvoicepipe 11 m high with
sounding board; is passed through several storeys or may be bent.
Determining factor: 8ftpipe, 3000high with sounding board. Therefore
storey height for smaller churches may be 3000—4000, for larger
churches 4000—5000. Organ may be divided —*(5). Bellows best in
I /
120h
I
\
\\Lorganist
steps (Or choir V,organconsole
conductor
'.W
stepsforchoir
120 h
organist
rgan
harmonium
separate rm if possible. Organ builder should be consulted at planning
stage, also regarding appearanceofvisual pipes.
orchestra
conductor console
In USAorgansoftenelectronic.
5 Organ &choir: organconsolein 6 Organ& choirwith harnionium &
frontofconductor,organdivided organ placedtoeach side,
otherwiseas5
7 SectionthroughVuoksenniskachurchImatraFinland withgallery&
organ Arch Aalto
1J ft
Mosques
m,hr6b Mosque place of prayer forMuslims: not necessarilybldg. Term derives
wall
::;::::: : i from masjid, meaning prostration. Prayer as community act not men-
tioned in Quran but derives from prophet Mohammed's Friday com-
i:::.:j munal meetings. Friday sermon (khutba) set piece, made fromtop of
stairs (minbar), oftenincorporated as feature.
©
L±L Holy mosque at Mecca, most holy sanctuary of Islam, to which all
mosques should preferably face (arrows in illustrations),houses ka'bah.
awtuL;: li • flJL.
,4::::::::
Ka'bah stands inhugecourtyard surrounded byarcaded precinct which
formspattern for many subsequent examples. However, mosques vary
extensivey throughout Islam from square village hall types to great
historical examples in Egypt, Syria, Spain, Iran, Turkeyand India. Few
entrance purpose builtexamples in W: many sects, with varying needs, adapt or
rent existingbldg for Friday prayers and for the twoid celebrations,for
1 Simple mosquearrangement: 2 Friday MosqueIsfahan: Islamic newyearand end of Ramadan.
Tlemcen Mosqueofal-Mansur 8th—I 7th centuriesAD
1303—1306 AD 3 main types oftraditional mosque: early open plan, usuallyto befound
in desertregions; central court, patterned after Mohammed's house at
domedarc,vermihrb Medina; opencourt, with 4vaulted halls (iwans) 1 oneach side ofcourt.
.•... - Mosque bldg have followed climatic needs for shade through use of
arcades, colonnades and courtyards incorporating areas of water —
most important for ablutions but also for cooling. These elements often
I.. used symbolically in designs and heavily ornamented or planned as
- ' court
- landscape features round mosques. Main architectural feature mihrab
basic to allmosques: setinwallfacingMecca (k/b/a wall),oftenemphasised
1•-
I..i bywindows orby dome above. Monumentalgrandeur ofmosque came
I.. largely through need to enclose activities in harsher northern climates
but also related to advances in vault construction in 11th and 12th
m ______ centuries AD; thus domed mihrab area was enlarged by single vault
32 64 tt gateways
prayer hall or 4 vaultiwansor //wans arranged symmetrically around
3 Mosqueof az-ZãhirBaybars: 4 Mosque&courtSehzade court. Tendency usethispatternwithopenorclosed courts according to
1266—9 AD MehmetIstanbul: 16th centuryArch climate.
Sinãn
Minaret
I-+4
• 'Call to prayer' toweroften attached to mosque: name derives from
'lighthouse'. After introduction of loudspeakers little used for calling.
Types varyfromnoneto cylindrical needle minarets inglazed tile with 1
high gallery, common in Iran; typewith 2—3 galleriescapped with wood
conesand based on polygonal plan in Turkey; often 2—6 minarets per
5 Suleymaniyecomplexincluding mosque in somecountries, depending on size.
0 lOm mosque Istanbul; covers6000Cm2
dorne53mh mrhrab & includesnumerousancillarybldg Segregation
Arch Sinän Male worshippers only in most mosques although gallery for women
oftenfound. Some sects, eg Ishmailis,fully integrated.
Ablutions
Requirement ofthefaith; modern western examples—e(7) include these
with other toiletarrangements in partof bldg nextto nearby congrega-
tion hall.
Planning
Because of ranked formation allow 680—1 250/standing P incongrega-
tion hall. Carpets and other floor coverings required as faithful are
barefoot: sto space forshoesrequired. Axial layout common butopen
courtyard forprayers useless inWclimates.
Decoration
Accepted generallyshould be non-representational although notdecreed.
This rigidly observed tradition, however, allows free use of calligraphic
devices from Quran which forms valuablecounterpart to plain surfaces
and basic architectural forms.
b,ns
sunke
garden
makkarl
0 5 10 15
Londoncentralmosque agroundfloor b lowergroundfloor
21) rn
•244 It
_____________________
6
Arch Gibberd& Partners
186 Community
Synagogues
No formal architectural precedent forsynagogues (literally 'assembly);
tend to followarchitectural styleof country in which built. Dual function
ofplace ofworship and of social orcommunity meetings tendsdemand
complex of bldg. 3 divisions of Jewry all require space for prayers;
conservative and reform Jews use choir and organ butorthodox Jews
donot use instrumental music.
Liturgical furniture consists of: ark, focal pointgenerally at E containing
scrolls; paroches, curtain-typecovering; candelabrumtoright;pulpit for
rabbi and cantor. Furniture mounted on berna, raised platform at centre I :
(orthodox) orendof hail (conservative,reform). 12
- .
9 0 2 3pm
3b do
76
9 8 L6
12
.7Ii
2
21
9 1 5 Om 4
ic 14'
1 0 45 don
.3
1
23
2 JewishCentreWestOrangeUSA:allweeksocial, religious&educational
use; chapelseats250—350; multi-purposerm upto750onhighholy days 5 Planofmain floor ParkSynagogue&community centreCleveland USA
Arch David BrodyJuster&Wisnuewski Arch Erich Mendelsohn
Community 187
Mortuariesand crematoria
MORTUARIES
1
Dead kept in cellsseparated by partitions (usually sheetmetal, some-
450—600 times plants) —v(3). In larger mortuariesgangwayforbearers separated
3l0—,
350 from visitor's —(3b), from which relatives may see dead through air-
tight glass panes before funeral service. Protruding piers between cells
preventinconvenience to different groupsof mourners —s(3b). Usual
dimensionsof cells:
780—900
, 750—1100 2200x 3500
2500 x 3750
3000 x 3500
Tempin mortuary: 2°to 12°C; if it fell below mm figure frost could
1 Urn &coffin 2 Mm wneededbybearers expand corpses. This temp range maintained by central heating, air
conditioning and, specially in summer, ventilation. Floorsmutbeimper-
vious, smooth and easyto cleanse; walls best lime washed (frequent
renewal advisable). Larger mortuaries also need rm for guard and
1 ... :. :. .1
bearers 15—26 m2 inclusive oftoilets and lavatories.Stand for hearses
bearers 8 I visitors visitors I
visitors C'J i I CJ also needed.
LLIL!LLIL
a bearers
(::..:.:::.i
I
huH
250O
bearers
In city morturaries special rm may be set aside for unidentified bodies
with sto for their clothing, next to which locate post-mortem rm and
surgery—s(6).
CREMATORIA
Furnace room
Should beeitheron lowerfloorwith liftforcoffins —n(4)orbehindchapel,
separated from it by lobby —v(5)(6). Horizontal transport with hand-
operated winches easiest, hydraulic lifts being necessary for vertical
movement. Lobby door orfloor trap designed to shut slowly as coffin
disappears through opening.
3 Mortuarylayouts In furnace rm coffin taken from transport carriage and transferred to
chamotte grating infurnace. Cremation performed byspecial coke, elor
gas-fired furnace consuming 45 kW per cremation. Height of 2-storey
[acnn T furnace 4300. Cremation completely dust freeand odourless by means
wreaths wreaths
of900—1 000°C dry air; no flames reachdeceased. Furnacepre-heated
for2—3hrand cremation itself lasts 1—1 1/4 hrafter which ashesgathered
j,_,Ob,,j in iron boxforsto in urn. Cremation supervised through peep-holes.
proiestani rails catholic
priest priest Chapel
coffin Cremation installations should ifpossible lie atrear ofcemetery chapel,
whichserves all denominations. Sizeof chapel varies: must be at least
100 seats and 100standing places; also 1—2rm forrelatives(which may
chapel
be addedto chapel rm) and such ancillary rm as may prove necessary
— —
I
drive
Access
admin- taffaccn Pedestrians, vehicles and delivery traffic should be kept separate;
directors canteen shopping centre best restricted to pedestrians, short connexions
personel lockers (covered to protectfromsun and rain) linking parking area and shops.
accounts training Bus stops or underground railwaystations may be adjacenttoshopping
advertising rest rm
lecture rm centrewith direct access. Max distance between shopper's car orbus
medical care stop or station and principal shops should be 201 m and should be
withininnerdistribution road system.
1 Plananalysisofrm& routesofcustomers &goods
Spaceallocation—*(l)
Large stores may have lecture and demonstration rm, restaurants,
cafes, kindergartens, banks, post office, travel agencies, cinema and
garden area.Small shops often grouped in shoppingcentre —*pl 99—201.
Design begins with allocating space to units, conforming to tire and
other reg, followed by subdivision into sales areas, internal service
areas, jointservices etc.
Sales areas
Should be immediately above one another and asnear entranceflooras
possible. Basement betterfor selling than additional upper storey, so
stock rm and staff rm best located on upper storeys, with offices on
highestfloor.
Storeyheights
For largeunits, 4000—5000;forsmall units, 3000dependenton services
2 Free standingmodularsheMng (UK practice). Unnecessary floor to floor heights deter customers and
units makeupmajorpartoffurniture are tiring to staff. Shop units do not rely on natural lightbut on artificial
in modemestablishments mainpassage lightingwith mechventilation.
Structuralgrid
Column dimensions and centres determine lay-out of fittings. Rec-
i200N mainpassage
ommended structural grid: large units, between 7300and 9000width
on frontage and 9150depth; small unitsbetween 5300and 6000width
on frontage, 18to 36m depth front to back.
Aisles
Recommended mm aisle width: 1 980, subsidiary aisles 990. Counter
heights generally 920. Systemmodulesvary accordingto type ofshelving
3 and bracketing used.
J13
—.
EBEB1
§ mainpassage
Elevators—xp4l 0—2
iii
41111111111111111111 Should be in groupsvisible fromentrance; in large stores in centre of
lllllllllllll
IIIII bldg not more than 50 m fromanypart ofsales floor.May be arrangedin
groupsback to back or incombination with escalators —x(5)(6).
In USAelevators onlyused forcarrying goods; notcommon in new dept
stores: nearly all have escalator bands, parallelorscissor.
.1 -
2200
Ancillary rm
Wc,telephone booths, staff cloakrmand lavatoriescommonly placed on
mezzanine floor —u(7); oftenplaced in basement in USA, alsobargains
7 Ancillaryrm onmezzanine level 8 Goods deliveryinparkingbays —(10).
Goodsdelivery
dailynecessities. Separated from customer circulation, frequently in goods yard or by
NocTNNJNJ 2500
restaurant,demonstrations
delivery ramps. Delivery may be made to goods sto connected to
general sf0, perhaps with automatic conveyors. If delivery difficult in
sales 5000 luxurygoods
NfNJNJNJNJ salesservice busy street, parking bays recommended —u(8). Circulation through
receiving rm, sto rm etc, to selling positions —r(10). Refuse and waste
5000 clothes
has to be handled from dept back to despatch through waste disposal
2500 fast sellinglines area.
5000 bargains
---I-
I
backwardsliding downward withhatch 4—
II><IDI2.
— 3000
sliding
—F-
frombasement
°°.
L__J
t6o0
i.— 5000 —.— 5000 —-4 I ......... 5000 —4—-
Back-upstock
Either on 1 floor,preferably top salesfloor,or on each floor in separate
backstock rm areaoron low mezzanine floors—pl89(9).
2000
Goodstransport
By trolley (cart), goods hoist, chute, roller conveyor, conveyor belt,
500500 ramp conveyor, spiral chute, fork-lift,palleted trolley.
500
Displaywindows—(1)—(8)
Interchangeable fitments usual in dept stores. In designing window
— 3400 I— 5650 —
spaceimportant give easyaccess to display, with mm loss of display
spaceat back—p1 89(13)191(1 )—(4).
1 Displaywindowextendedby 2 Very deepshopsoftenpermit Staff entrance
havingshop entrancebehindit & extensivedisplaywindows,
Separate fromcustomers,ifnecessaryinconjunctionwith goodsdelivery;
staircaseto upperfloors set back: impressiveeven ifshopitself quite
internalw of shopmm 2600 small own stairs to cloakr, whichshould be 0.4—0.5 m2/P.Staff rm preferably
on top floor.
Staff wc
-H Shouldbeatmm rate of1 for25females, 1 forevery 25 males upto 100
and 1 for every40thereafter; however, ratio of 1:15 recommended,with
= 2300
6250
washbasins prorata. Staff should beprovided with drinking water, rest
rm, lockerrm, drying arrangementsforoutdoor clothes, control oftemp,
ventilation and lighting, seating (UKreg).
i4
dispay'ndow /
7 Automaticinstallation foropening&closingdoors(1-leafdoorwith 2-way 10 Shopforindividual consult, 11 Flowershop with largewindow
passage,entrance&exit coupled):aphoto-elcell &light barrier; fitting tables,egfortryingon &display ar: rearofshopfor
b contactmat spectaclesin optician arrangingflowers
Commerce 191
LJ
narrow deep
frontage
window
dressing ar
frontage
j
narrow flat
[XI
iDJ
wide frontage
entranceto
yj
wide frontage
SERVICE DETAILS
Stock & despatch rooms
Sto and workshops to be separated from sales areas by fr walls and
floors(UK reg), thesetobe treated as separate sto areasand to comply
with restrictions on compartment size.
Entrance&exits
Inbldg ofover 1 500 m2usable floor areaallyards should have entrances
and exits sited as far apart as possible. Entrances and passages: mm
separate
offover heightand widthclearance 3700on level ground—WK reg: access for
door access fire appliances. Turning circleforappliance 17 m. Roadsto take laden
__________________ weightof 10.1 t. Distance of any point from entrance max 25 m. On
______
max windowat
____________island
max display
showcase [din Li El
maxcustomeraccess ground floor exitsand main aisles for customerstobe 1070wide forfirst
frontage withshowcases 200 people, additional 152 foreach additional 30 people. Where 2 exits
required each opening tobe wide enough for full number ofoccupants.
Exit doorsto openoutwards: nosliding doors —Bib1 17 601. Amounts
1 Shopfront layoutvariations: deepwindowplanssuitableforfashion,
furnitureetc,shallowforjewellery,books,stationeryetc and type ofglazing controlled by reg.
Stairs—*p408
Preferably on outside walls with direct exit to open air or through
shallowest entrance hall etc (UK reg). From each part of upper floor mm 2 stairs,
natural
Iighy. withindistance of 30.5 m. Rm in vicinity of 1 staircase only must be no
beam 'a' furtherawaythan 15m.
from(2)
Width for first 200 people 1070; additional 152 for each additional 30
people. Rise/going 125—250 mm (UK reg). Stairs to basements enter
directfromopenairorseparated fromstairsto other floors by lobbies.
Cold
Condensation and ice on frosty windows can be avoided for windows
connected with shop bywarm aircirculationoverwholearea,if necessary
by ventilator; forenclosed casesventilation slotsin shop frontwindows
required.
Provision may beneeded forfreshair intake intoslip through louvres or
mechintake over shop window or overdoors.
4 Typicalshop frontcomponents
WIOdOWS
above
stock
cpd
I
chang
I
:•::•::::•:•:-:•:•::•:•:•:•:::•:.:-.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:•:
F
'
a
0
worlishopfor
small
alterations
b
T1T{][
5 Bldg with side wing&backyard (typicallayoutofrentedaccninGerman
cities) suitableforshops:goodsforpassingtradeongroundfloor,on upper
floorworkshopsforalteration,fittingrm, stock rmetc; in basementdo,wc&
ancillaryrmforstaff a groundfloor bupperfloor
192 Commerce
-ii!— Ip
very good
excellent Temperature & ventilation
16°C mm after first hour ofoccupancy (UK requirement). Ventilation by
a extract/intake tans orair-conditioning in larger units. Necessarydesign
for heat build-up from artificial lighting and occupancy loading.
Boutiques
Examples of 2 different concepts —n(3)(4)
first floor
groundfloor
key key
1 entrance toboutigue 1 entrance
2 entrancehatoapartments 2 cashdesk
3 displayplatforms 3 showcase
4 bItingml 4 dispiay cubes
5 sb cabins 5 ciothesracks
ek 6 dispiay shelves
7 wc 7 charrgingrm
8 cash counter 8 mirror
9 stokiosks
3 Boutique Istanbul Turkey: exampleoftroglodyticillusionist interior; 4 BoutiqueChampsElysee Paris France: reflecting glass sets goodsoff
reflectingceiling makeshappeargreater,visitorleft guessing aboutshop's againstcomplexbackground; artificiallightingdirectseyetomost rewarding
extent Arch Mehmet Konuralp points Arch IsabelleHebey
Commerce 193
I- staff tlcursto
Generation ago small bakeriesproducedapprox
85% of household requirements of bread and
breadsto
I-. SS
pastries,factory bakeries remaining15%: these
percentages now more or less transposed in
ftn
UK.
bakery
Sales in personal service shops mainly over
counter, which may containrefrigerateddisplay.
Freshly bakedgoodsrequiregood aircirculation.
1 Circulationfor bakery: shopwellventilated, if 2 Plan of small bakery: breadsto withgood FRUIT & VEGETABLESHOPS—*(6)—(9)
possiblewith steamextractor connexiontobakery,shop &despatch
Fresh vegetables should be stored cool butnot
refrigerated: potatoes indark rm, carrots & root
vegetables in sand, fruit in dark rm at temp
1—5°C & 85—95%hum. Deepfreezersfordeep
frozensupplies. Walls tiled or washable.
Sale often from delivery containers (baskets,
woodengrille
crates, boxes) —e(7)(8). Dirt traps below sto
racks —s(8). Fruit & vegetable shops usefully
combined with flower shops.
zinctrough
S.
ments—u(4) vary with loafsize (air circulation)withtins belowto catchflour
c>
staff
1
spices
I aration
prep- I cellart
IlltlllllM
intake —
\ 490(
_l I I
H
I 55d
5 Circulationforgreengrocery: smallstockas 6 Planoffruit &vegetableshop: rmwith 7 Typicalboxesforfruit &vegetables
mostgoodsdelivereddaily machinesfor cutting &preparingvegetables
u1T
——-7 't,=z-_
reg mayrequire glazed shop fronts.
Arrangements forreceiving largedeliveriesand
forrefusedisposal.
Ifdesired, aquarium for eye appeal—÷(2).
1 Circulationforfishmonger 2 Seafood specialtyshopwithoutallied sales
BUTCHERS—(6)—(10)
Work procedure: 1 delivery, 2 cutting up, 3
intake.__]— —[game cr'] manufacturing, 4 refrigeration, 5 selling.
Preferably on 1 level, if possible with rail and
[:sta1_
_________ —f chiihngrm
_________ wheel carriagesaspig halves and beef quarters
heavy: 75—100 kg. Manufacture and cold rm
1.5—2 times size ofshop.
F: prsparasorsJ_ —i deepfreeze.]
Walls: tiles, mosaic etc, washable.
f Table tops: marble, glass, ceramic.
6 Counterwith marbleortilefacing
Stairs tocellar
Ij co" __jII 1
pickling
[9
______ _____
n,achines oithngup
J_ J
— - — -- —
deplay worI<space
wdesececepassage
MENSWEAR& FASHIONSHOPS—*(4)
For self-selection clothes displayed in free stands or wall racks; for
curtain
personal service in glass-fronted and hanging cabinets with special
displays. Arrangement must be flexible, with movableeqp and fitting rm
3 Standardshampoounitwith 1500 x 2000.
2 Space-savingarrangement backwash for beautyparlours&
round servicecore in hairdresser hairdressers
SHOE SHOPS—i.(7)--(9)
Medium size shop, personal service: 8000—16000pairs; polish, stock-
aJIllhJftEIfl ings, socks, tights also available. Allow 1 footrest/2 seats, 1 stool/2
footrests for salesassistanfs —*(9). Carpeting desirable; low level and
FASHIONFABRICS—*(5)(6)
4 Organisationof atailor'sshop 5 Arrangementsforstoofcloth: Often sold in conjunction with ready-to-wear clothes, lingerie, fashion
ashelfsame waslotbale accessories, wovengoods, haberdashery.Merchandise required to be
bobliquestaggeredsystem(for attractively arrangedwith lighting toshowtrue colours—np25 398.
shop) c pairedshelves,eachof
bale w Shelves not higher than 2200 so that they may be reached without
steps; optimum height 500—1 500. Surfaces smooth so that material
slides easily and does not catch. Counters for standing customers
850—950high, forseated customers 550—700; counter width700—850.
Forready-to-wear clothesdept provide changingcubicles 1100 x 1150
and fitting rm—*(10)(11).
36O—i
Jt
a
6 Displaycounterwith shelfabove for materials
men 330 180 110
9 Combinedfoot-rest&assistant'sseat
r4-r-—1 473—-664-
I—i 473—1—864-J---1
_
JLNLli
L—1 524—1
NH
lEle
delivery
waste dairy foods. All goods prepacked and clearly displayed and ticketed
stock
(exceptsometimes fresh foods).
goods lift
Proportion ofancillary accn mayvary between 60% sales 40'/ ancillary
and 48% sales52% ancillary.Width of aisles 2200—2500. Entrancevia
staff restrm basket stands ortrolleys(carts); exit via checkout points. Replenishing
staff toilets &do
.-Hoff byassistants.
i
unpacking
Wall shelving up to reaching height (top shelf 1 650, bottom shelf300
above floor level) .—(8)(9). Free-standing sales display suitable —*(4).
1 Circulationforself-serviceshops
Checkout points —(5)(6) laid outto suit frontage ofunitwith counter top
forpurchases, cashregister, wrapping space with paperbags, spacefor
parking basket ortrolley. Surveillance point essential.
Number of checkout points varies with unit scale and is related to
turnover/m2, as controlled bytrading policy —4(2)(3).
For each 100 m2 shop area: 50—100 baskets and 10 trolleys (carts).
For each 200 m2 shop area: 50—200 baskets and 30 trolleys (carts).
o
in out flout flOut out
display cash
display counter —
____
___ T
0
N
rack r ister
I
baslcetsheff
800—H
j1 N
C.,
sndardw 1600-1
1194 6001 1194 600p 1194 checkouts
991 991 500 991 — —minw 6 Planofcash deskwithmm 7 Stackablebasket&trolley(cart)
checkouts dimensions
customers basket packingar
shopfront
pelmet with ticketing
& lighting
3 Layoutofcheckoutpointsshowingdimensions
—900-1 400—
ventilation' —
dirttraP\
1-600--I
I
10 Self-selectionunit: Ivaries;
specialmerchandiseneedsspecial
inserts 13 Millinerytable
12 Free-standinghangingrack;
hangingrack 11525
11 Backfixturewith shelvesonly
Commerce 197
sto ar
1 oilheating 16 vegetables
2 air-conditioning plant 17 twit
3 airshaft 18 checkout I 15I15I1516I16j16j17I 171
4 refrigerating plant 19 flowers
5 coldstofats 20 trolleys (carts)
____ 20[
[;1
6 deepfreezing 21 wr
7 coldsto meat 22 changing rm,women
C
1 13 111111
8 minced meat 23 changing ml, men customer self-servicear
9 ante-mi 24 wcwomen
10 meat 25 wcmen
11 coldmeats
12 fish
13 deepfreeze
26 fruit&vegetablepreparation
27 fruit&vegetablecooling
28 empties
1IIiIIIIIlIl
14 coffee 29 bottle reception
15 fats 30 heatingoiltank !!lh1!IIIIII1III rwtEJ
4800 t 4800
—— - 55.12
2 Swisssupermarket
0
O II groundfloor
c)
=0 II
II
II
0
0 II II
II
II carpark ii
II
260
I
4800
II
_____
4800 4800 —4
II
Carparking
5.25 cars/100 m2 gross area (av shopping trip 1 hour). Provision for roofover
trolley (cart) collecting. Separate provision for service vehicles and
refusecollection (perhaps with incineration or compaction). Discount
petrol and tyre service forcustomers only.
Planning
Up to 50% gross area for warehousing, cold sto, food preparation,
offices and staff. Main sales on1 floor,mezzaninecould houserestaurant,
hairdressing, offices, toilets, staff accn and some warehousing. Staff
numbers related to sales area: say 3 staff to 350 m2 sales, with shift
working.
Sales area
Self-service principles apply generally—p196. Aisles must bedesigned
for palleted trucks, with 1 800—3500between racking.
Construction
For flexibility wide spans and max column spacing (say 8 m x 12 m).
Firstfloor must be designed for heavy loading if used forwarehousing.
Compartmentation of warehouse areas essential: controlling factor in
design may be insurance requirements. Waivers may be needed to
allow max opensalesarea.
Service
Air-conditioning, high intensity artificial lighting, throughout. Cold sto
refrigerator.
Services —vp383—97
Floors must be hard wear, easily cleaned tiles.
Fireregulations
Consultreg. Subject todistance ofbldg fromboundary, frand compart-
mentregdo notapply inUKto 1-storey hypermarkets: meansofescape groundfloor
provisions mustbe approvedbylocal authority.In2-storey areasnormal
compartmentation reg do apply, subject to possible relaxation by I Diagrammaticplanoftypical hypermarket
appropriate authority. Sprinkler essential.
181.5
key
1 softdñnks.winesetc
2 groceries
3 pharmacy & cosmetics
4 dairy
5 fruit &vegetables
6 children'sclothing
7 clothing
8 householdgoods
9 fancygoods
battery,caraccessories 10 shoes
11 elgoods
12 fumiture
13 fire-fighting& sprinkler
installation
14 etsub-station
I
15 butchery preparation
16 cookedmeats
17 fruit& vegetablepreparation
18 balieraapastryshop
adm&oftover 19 changingnn
—1 20 lay
21 boutique
22 aftersales service
23 furriiturerepairworkaliop
2 Bullock'sSouthCoastPlazaCostaMesaCaliforniaUSA a second
floor bfirstfloor c groundfloor Arch WeltonBecket&Associates
200 Commerce
:
tlLlord&taylor
liii II I
• —.
marshft7d&cO
Lk
b
::::::
*
lord &taylor
- ________ - _________________
• ____________
tmh18co
a b
streetlevel
Shops aridstores:
—Bibliography entries 116 117306340341369 374 450477552 601
202 Commerce
Restaurants
1
PLANNINGFACTORS
waD 50
wall 200
0
-S.
900
4.
2300
ei S a a 4o I I U
circulartables:diagonallayout
local density0.82
squaretables,squarelayout squaretables:diagonallayout
localdensity1.4 local density0.92
+—36s0---$-500
2350M
I _____ 4j counterservice
largeboothinrecess localdensity1.26
local density0.86 itseating10 people dimensionsA& Bincreasedwhere2
orl.1itnnly2peoplesitonbenchseat waitersemployed
banquetteboothseating
localdensity0.8
1 Layoutarrangements
Restaurants should be planned sothat variety otseating arrangements
can be achieved, eg tables tor2 and 4 and placing together oftables to
it
provide 6, 8 and 10 places. Consider also banquette or booth seating
—u(3)(6); but theseshould be supplemented by normal tables to give
flexibility.
—*(1) shows typical table and counter layouts and local densities.
Columns best situated near group of tables or at corners ot table.
Provideacoustic lobby toservice doors between restaurantand kitchen.
Accessforguests should beplanned sothat notconfusedwithservice.
4diners 1person 2diners Service aisles —'(2) not less than 900—1 350 if to be used by both
750 +450+900 + +700+ tt+ trolleys(carts) and guests.
2persons
Waiterstations should be located so as not to disturb guests: number
will vary according to standard of service but following may be used as
Ttaso guide:
restricted menu : 1 waiter/waitress per 12—16 covers
2 Aislew typical menu : 1 waiter/waitress per8—12 covers
a Ia carte &deluxe : 1 waiter/waitress per4—8covers
Ambience an important tactor in restaurant design: decoration, lighting
should be integral part. Large regular spaces should be broken up into
smaller more intimate areas, if necessary by means of screens of
various heights or decorative features. Changes of level not usually
favoured by caterers butacceptable providing they make positive con-
tribution to design, donot involve morethan 2or3steps and main partof
restaurant on same level as kitchen. Where changes of level occur
seating areas should be protected bybalustrades.Cash deskmay beat
+ 1650-1900 1 entrance or by service doors or within kitchen area depending on
cashing system operated bymanagement.
3 Typical banquetteseating Provide head waiter stand in a Ia carte or de luxe restaurants. Hard
wearing floor service in area around service doors. Traditional and
specialty restaurants frequently have aperitif bar associated with them
tor waiting customers and drinks before meal. Such bar should be
planned sothatheadwaiter cantake orders and call forward customers
fl
I
_
I
whentablesready.
DO DO
28seals 22m2
DODD k::::::1[yffffIi
D
5600
Self-servicecafeteria
1.4—1.7 m2/P, long self-set-vicecounter, provide good circulationspace.
Space for clearing trolleys (carts) required. Self-service counters
—p206(2).
0 1 2 3 4rn
1'2ft Coffeeshopservice—*(3)
1.2—1.4 m2/P, usually waitress service, oftenfromforward cooking area
withcounterwhichmay be decorativelyscreened. Main preparationand
wash-up at rear. Counter servicesometimes included.
Traditionalrestaurant—(1)
1.3—1.9 m2/P according to type of business. Should have space for
display table, flambé work, generous seatingand spacing oftables.
Carvingtablerestaurant—*(2)
1.6 m2/P including space for carving table. Display table with hot and
cold positions for self-service of Joints, vegetables and sweets. Prep-
aration, cooking and wash-up donein main kitchen.
01
I
2345678
I I I I I I rn
servioe 12 1'S iI 1 24 ft
2 Restaurantseating124with self-servicecarvingtable
W =waiterstation
012345678 I I I rn
12 I
15 18 21 24
I
ii
204 Commerce
Restaurants
Table sizes vary according to typeofrestaurant; mm forcafeterias etc:2
TABLE SIZES
persons 600 x 600, 4 persons 600 x 1100. Diagrams show tables for
goodstandard of restaurant.
r 110, preferably
150—200
600, preferably
65O750
I
I-— 380—f-—-- 800 —f-- 450 —+— —!--— 550 -H— 850 —i—— 750 —H lottable/P
I
T knee h600
4 4 6 8 12 P
2
8
— —
2700
10
ci[ 3300
12
avdia of circular
dining tables for 5
16 14 12 10 P
Commerce 205
Restaurants
SNACKBARS
1 250
C.)
service diners
service diners
—
F.
500
+ 2100 fl4500-4-i --4-1300--
500
normal — 2700
stoolh -7501- 1200 -f.75Q.4
1300 -I
30
od
rT2 1r'
I I
r1 mediumh
--I-- .C. _.I
,- hstool Wt.:.Tui
4 High densityarrangementwithsmall tables 5 Widertableswith more space 6 Refrigeratedshowcase
Situation
15.0 In centres of cities where accn expensive must be max turnover of
T T
customers. Counters with stools less economical ofspace than closely
spaced tables but ensure speedy service and quickturnover. Avsitting
°9P229P!JjJ time20minutes: 3 occupants/hr compared with perhaps 1/hrin normal
r
0
_____________ 00 restaurant.
_________ Cli
Format
700
Typical U format with 12 seats mm length 600/P = 7200. This length
C
shi
ShortU-formatcounters
servery
area ofcooking, frying, grilling and preparationofsoups and vegetables
cold buffet (meat, salads, fruits, fish,sweets and desserts)
wash-up area
—*Bib2l 7
Other requirements
Toilets for customers, staff toilets, staff cloakrm, small office, food sto
I—. 20.0 —4
including refrigerator and deep freeze, liquor sf0, boiler rm, air-
conditioning plant if required. For scale of sanitary fittings —*reg.
IT Public cloakrm not normally required forthistype of restaurant,hdtand
coat stands or coat rack on wall sufficient. In large snack bars separate
entrance and exitsdesirable. Cashier near exit.
service U) CC)
C\J
ar C'J.
tray slide
50 rail
1150 750
*—750 +
9 PairedU-formatcounters 10 Self-servicecafeteriaservice
206 Commerce
Restaurants
DRIVE-IN& SELF-SERVICERESTAURANTS Drive-in restaurants supply food and drinks
direct to cars so that guests may eat without
leaving vehicles. For access and serving pro-
vide canopies and covered ways; dining hall
O 3 6 9 12 15 18 21m should be separate, with parking space close
16 7 36 45 4 ft
to drive-inservice. 1 waiter can serve 6cars.
Self-service advantageous for snack barsand
to overcome staff shortages. Smooth-running
system (entrance-trays-counter-cashier-dr-exit)
more important than comfortable atmosphere
because diner's stay much shorter than in
ordinary restaurant.
backfittings& hatchesfran,k
I / / // il 'i , 9
J J•1• U.U1. :1 I
fl
IIi.i111 trayslide
=Sat
9.0—11.0
22 21
J
1 fiat 1icf1,c
2 coldsto 13 ter
3 day sto 14 restaurant
4chel l5ha
9 6 12 15 18 21
5 wash-up 16 newspapers
18 27 36 45 4 3
6 bakery 17 beerbar
7 meat preparations 18 maincold5*0
1
8 sk 19 deepfreezerm
2 trays
coldbuffet
9 coldbuffet 20 chiP no
3 beverages
10 hotmeatpreparation 21 preparatiOn
11 wafter'sgangway 22 wodishop 4 hotmeals
S cheese& desserts
12 café 223garbagebins
24 carport 6 cashier
7 refrigerator
8 beverages(cpd)
9 iCe
10 hotcpd
11 streetsalescounter
3 Self-servicerestaurantParis ArchPrunier
Restaurant references
—*Bibliography entries 016 043 045 049 096
4 Restaurantonmainhighway:restrm &layon lowerfloor,wheretheycanalsoserve motel 097147153156176217226243282319341
Arch Neufert 439441 442477583
Commerce207
3 SectionA-A—u(8) 4
-
Section B-B—.(8)
biing
b 1600° 1015
615 Cf)d
for railwaystaff hratirig
1740 air-conditioning
1485 0 corr fulng e[] tcpd
conductorsseat
5 SectionC-C-.(8) 6 Transversesection—u(1O)
12 Sleepingcargroundplandetail 13 Crosssection—.(12)
—u(13)
7 Section D-D—*(B)
1— 1650 -
ksy
1 provisions 5 trig 9 sideboard 13 warrningcpd
2 ck 6 staffconipartment 10 trig 14 deepfreezer
7 foldingseat
3 switctrcpd 15 k
4 refuse bins
8 door tr 11 preparation
12 sk 16 sk
8 Ground planofkitcheninGerman restaurant car: section(3)—(5)(7) 15 'Comet' articulatedtrain double
compartment
208 Commerce
Hotels
C) Location is one of most important factors for commercial success.
0 Depending on market orientationhotels should generallybe conspicuous
type m2/mi gross
2 and sitednear main road ormotorway intersections,airports,commercial
conventionhotelwith largeconference
2 and business centres or resorts.
rm, night club,shopping 55—65
CD Site citycentrehotel 45—55
motorhotel 35—45
C) Following points should be considered: height and plot ratio require- resorthotel 40—55
CD ments, ease of access, adequacy forparking either on ground or within low-mediumtariff hotelwith private bathr
bldg, viewsand aspect, relationshipto adloining bldg, levels. but mm catering 20—30
hostels: singlerm & mm service 18—20
Types
Marketorientation will dictate type of hotel. Construction of new hotels 1 Grossar/miforvarioushoteltypes
of less than 70—80 bedrhardly viable unless they can be run on family
basis.
organisation ofbackof house such that staff and goods are separatefar 2 Space allocations
as possible and control can be maintainedoverboth.
Hotels
service entrance
guest entrance
Flowdiagramoftypicalhotel
210 Commerce
Hotels
combinations or variations of these arrangements would have to be
PLAN FORMS
adopted.
Bedroomaccommodation A Compact development of bedr block superimposed on podium.
As bedr formsgreater proportionofhotel constructionkeytoeconomical Suitable forhigh risedevelopmenton city site. Problemsarise frombedr
design largely in layout of bedr block. —*(1) shows some possible services having topassthrough public rmand fromprobableneed carry
arrangements: bedrblockoverwide spans.
Double-loaded block (A) capable of development into L U courtyard B Bedrblockadjacent topublic rm block: considered to beeconomical
plan; requires only2stairs; considered most economical layout. because optimum structure and services can bedesigned foreach part.
Double-loaded Tshaped block(B)capablebeingdeveloped intocross; Suitable formotorhotel development on large site.
also economical but 3stairs required. C Open layout with public rm and service blockcompletely separate
Single-loaded block (C) capableof being developed into L U or court- from bedr which may be in groups scattered about large site. Suitable
yard plan: not economical solution but may be desirable, perhaps for motel and resort type hotels where plenty of land available and
combined with A take advantage of site conditions; ifdeveloped form landscape conditions dictate.
centrecourtyard can beused provide atrium effect.
VERTICALCIRCULATION
Square block (D) with central core containing all vertical services,
maids' rooms etc, compact and useful for small sites where tower
development may be required. Hotels of more than 2 storeys should be provided with passenger and
service elevators (—(3) —p41O—2). Except in small hotels all elevators
Y plan (E) requires 3 staircases and has more complicated structure should be duplicated provide efficient service and standby in case of
than straight blocks; structural system may cause problems in public breakdownor repair. Numberand speedofelevatorswill depend on height
areas. and populationof bldg and for largeinstallations should bebasedontraffic
Triarc(F) similar to E but more space taken up by circulation; concave studyby specialist.
curveresults in bedr wideratbathr end providing opportunity forlarger Service hoists ordumb waiters notadvised owing need have 1 person
bathr and dressing area. each end: bettermake service elevators largeenough take trolley(cart)
Circular (G) requires careful handlingavoid awkward and inward facing plus personnel.
rm; notcapable ofextension. If possible plan all elevators in 1 bank or towerwith service elevators
Circular with centralcore (H), similarto D; also requirescareful handling opening to kitchen area and passenger elevators opening directly to
avoid awkward rm. Convex curves inGand H result in bedr narrower at guestlobby. Separatebaggage elevators not required except in de luxe
bathr end, causing cramped space forbathr. hotels; but may be desirable to have 1 elevator available for manual
controliflargeamount baggagehandled. In high bldg much depends on
qualityand speed of elevator services as regards both guest elevators
and serviceelevators: not wiseto skimp this aspect.
Relationshipofbedroom blockto publicroomareas
Many ways in which bedr block mayberelatedtopublic rm and circulation In addition goods elevators may berequired inbackareas: should be of
but can be illustrated by 3basic arrangementsshown —.(2). Likely that large capacity and of sturdy, easily cleanedconstruction.
A B
1:circulation &
services
service
A guests
J
L -.1
service
C
servKe
.vemflcal
circulation
bedr
Dsemvice
service
ptr elevator
elevator
S
freight
elevator
Ia
banquetrm
600seats
—
L_ bar bar
royal l4 Idre stairto
projection
booth
service:2.0m2/cover
a a n
=a
banquetfoyer
II
- 8500
--
.—.t-
- vest ___ 0
—- •
r:
vestibule : vestibule
r---1
o
0
I
r S
a
5 20m
1 0 10 15
I__________________
t5 30 45 605
3 Banquetingseating at tablesfor 10: typical arrangements forlarge 4 of
Example banquetsuite forlargehotel
banquets:1.2 m2/cover
212 Commerce
Hotels
FRONT OF HOUSE
Entrance
Arrange drive-insocars can pull off road and with space forwaiting cars
and taxis: waitingspace for coachessometimes needed. Providecanopy.
In exposed positions provide draught lobby or revolving doors (require
pass doors for fire escape and baggage). Where traffic heavy with
guests carrying own bags automatic doors. Separate door to baggage
rm in high class hotels. Special provision for baggage handling for
hotelsexpecting people in largegroups.
Receptionarea
Reception desk —v(1) near and visible from entrance with porter,
receptionist, cashier close by. In largehotels separatedeskfor porter
(mainly supervising baggagehandling).
Hall porter's desk 1 Reception& porter'sdeskfor400-bedr hotel: receptionists, porters,
cashiersnotnormallyseated,therefore worktop heightforstanding
Lengthof counter arranged so porter can go freely into entrance hall.
Depending on size of hotel should be fitted with alphabeticalguestlist, backelevationofdesk
message waiting indicator, working shelf, drawers. Site key rack —x(3)
with slots for keys and letters corresponding with number of bedr in
easyreach receptionists. Am behind forshorttermstosmall items, post
box and slot.
Receptionist'sdesk—v(1)
Fitted with sloping rack not visible by guests for rm states (usually
manual card system but may beelectronic in largehotels), worktop and
countertop for guests registration,section at normal height forclerical
work, shelving, cupboards. Provide alphabetical list. Behind reception
desk reservations office with direct access for receptionists: should
have wall space forcharts and telex(ifany).
Cashier'sdesk—v(2)
In small-medium size hotels may be partreception desk. In largehotels
normally partitioned-off section ofmain reception deskwith small office
at rear for chief cashier. Desk office for: 1 or 2 cash registers, bill tray
spaces alongside registers,lockablecashdrawers, shelvesand drawers,
guestsafe deposit boxes—n(4),deposit boxes for staff floats,telephone
meterdisplay board, airtube system terminal ifrequired, safe.
2 Typicalcashdeskfor400-bedrhotel
Telephone switchboard—(2)
Often placed near reception counter so receptionists can operate at
key 1 safetydepositboxes
2 key & messagerack
—
3 rmstatusrack
off-peaktimes. Otherwise in separate rm, possibly with hatch to public 4 roiaryaiphabeticaiindex
lobby and public telephones nearby. 5 currencyinformation
6 cash register
7 cashier
Fire alarm panel: at reception deskorsomeotherpointwhere all night 8 reception
attendance. 9 concierge
10 switchboard
Typical counter lengths fordifferent sizes hotel: 11 frontoff manager
12 fihng
13 telephoneswitches
noofrm counter length 14 ielephonemeters
50 3000 15 tapestry& decorativeclock
16 pagingrecievercharger
100 4500 17 flreaiarmpanei
200 7500 18 reservabonsoff
19 safe
400 10.5 20 chief cashier
21 clock
Hotellobby 22 advancereservationsrack
23 tapedmusic& pagingeqp
Consider supplying in or nearlobby: housetelephone, publictelephones, t riomiai teieptione
television security monitors, clocks and calendars, news teleprinters, fs servicestationteiephone
d drawer
information desk, travel agents, airline and car hire desks, kiosks and cd cash drawer
shops, lounge and waitingareas,guest secretarialand businessservices, shelf 4 Typicalbankofsafety depositboxes:
cpd varioussizes should be provided
public toilets.
Cloakroom&toilets
In small—mediumhotels where noteconomicalemploycloakrmattendant
space may provided for coats and bags under eye of porter or recep- swilcfl
reservations
panei
Hotels
KITCHENS& FOOD STORES
Should be planned on one level ifpossibleto serve allcatering outlets. If
not possible main kitchen should be on level with main restaurantwith
preparation and stoon differentlevel. Foreconomy 1 wash-up desirable.
Banqueting and any otherfood service area not next to kitchen should
belinked byservice elevators (preferablynothoists) and stairs and have
own forward service eqp. Kitchen, cold rm and food sto area should be
planned to be locked offfromstaff when not in use. In large hotels food
and drink sto should be under control ofstoreman.
.
except forcleaning. Doors to havevision panels and metal kick platesor
automaticopening devices.
f.... Main cooking eqp should be eitherin island or againstwall with extract
1•5o canopies extending about 250over. Extractvelocity usually 7.7 to 10.2
m/s. Should preferably have vertical sidesextending to ceiling. Height
tounderside 2150.
2 Mm spacesbetweeneqptoallow
forcirculation convenientfor max reach Sizesof kitchen sto will depend on type of hotel, location,frequency of
heavyitems deliveries, type of food, ie whether convenience food. Cold rm temp:
3 Limitinghforsto shelving deepfreeze—20°C, chill rm2to 3°C.
Other stores
8O
-t6Th--- t Furniture sto with adjacent workshop, paint shop etc: 0.2—0.3 m2/rm
depending on amount in house maintenance
Servicebay
Should be arranged in such way that incoming goods can be kept
communication separate fromoutgoing refuse and preferably with separateentrance for
staff all undersupervision ofcontrol office. Vehicles back upto loading
dock. Providewashdown, weighing scales,staff clock-in. Allow sufficient
6 Standswithopenshelvesfor 7 Waiter's servery& sk heightand turningspace for large vehicles. Columns and corners to be
goods protected fromdamage byvehicles.
214 Commerce
Hotels
KITCHENS& STORES
meals/day
staffar
wash-up Sr
serveryar
cookin9ar
preparationar
stoar
25 55
meals/day
Hotels
ADMINISTRATION
In small hotels office accn may be limited to general office behind
reception desk, manager's office and chef's or control office at rear.
Larger hotelswill require all or some offollowing:
At front of house associated with reception: reservations office, front
office manager, chiefcashier, sales manager,secretary.
General admin (preferably nearreceptionbutcanbeelsewhere): general
manager, 2 or 3 assistant managers, secretanes, chief accountant,
accounts' dept,duplicating rm, archives.
At back of house: control office at service bay, storeman, personnel
office,secretary and clerk, waiting rm, chief engineer, security officer,
chef (within kitchen), housekeeper, training rm.
Space allowance for offices (UK): 0.3—0.4 m2/rm orin accordancewith
statute(Bib346347).
Staffaccommodation
In large hotels provide staff canteen for approx 1/3rd staff with own
kitchen. Canteen should beaccessiblewithout staff havingtogothrough
kitchen. Senior staff diningrm may be required. In small hotels senior
staffmay use restaurantand junior staffdining rm may be supplied from
main Kitchen. Provisionofstafftoilets—Bib341480.
Lockers: 1 full height locker for each member of staff should be
provided: space allowance0.36m2/P excluding bench space: 1/2 height
lockersmay be used for certain grades of staff. Assume equal number
male and female staff unless otherwise informed.
Staff sleeping accn depends on location and management policy.
Manager's flatmay be required.
Technicalareas
Maintenance engineer's workshop and sf0 required adjacent plant rm.
May include, according to size of hotel, furniture sto, engineering eqp
sto,carpenters shop, paint shop, printingdept. Allunder chiefengineer's
eye. Accessfor replacement of heavy plant to be allowed for. Space 2 Exampleofadminoffforlargehotel: except forfrontdesk,reservations&
also required forel sub-station and switch rm. cashierthese may also besitedelsewhere, egonmezzanine
1 Servicear&staff accnforlargehotel
216 Commerce
Hotels
GUEST BEDROOMS Bedroomcorridors& stairs
Corridorsnot over-long; may be 1 200—2000wide according type of
Bedroom sizes —(1) hotel. Corridorflowcapacity—vp407. Wherewidth lessthan 2000consider
In medium tariff hotels 2-B rm typically approx 15—17 m2. High tariff modulating corridor by recessing bedr doors. Ceiling void often used to
hotelsmay have rm upto28 m2, excluding lobby and bathr butincluding house engineering services: heighttoceiling notless than 2250.
sitting area.
Direction signsand numbering of doors to be clear and well lit. Protect
American sizebed: twin990 x 1 900;double 1 370 x 2030; queen size corners from damage. El socket outlets at 12 m intervals. Provide
1520 x 2100; king size 1830wide.
emergency lighting. Carpet floor for quietness. Space
Most hotelorganisations buildbedrsized totake twin or double beds in forshoecleaning machines, drink dispensers and ice machines may be
order provide flexbiIity and avoid built-in obsolescence as standards required in corridors or lobbies.
raised in future. Some rm may have fold-away beds so that they may
also be usedassitting rm or small meeting rm—.(2).Murphy beds fold Fireprecautions—(4)
verticalclosedwith wall panel. Follow national and local fire codes.
Floor to ceiling height 2500 (mm 2300)with lower ceiling of2000over Doors to bedr tobeself-closing with mm halfhourfr. Partitionsseparating
entryto allow for mechanical services. guest rm from corridors to have 1 hour resistance unless automatic
sprinklers installed. Mm fire ratings for separation of exits such as
Except at resort hotels balconies not usually favoured by hoteliers staircases normally: bldg up to 3 storeys 1 hour, 4 storeys or more 2
because ofcostand maintenanceproblems.
hours.
Proportion of rm (approx 20%)with communicatingdoors. Should be2 In UK self-closing smoke stop doors should be provided every 18 m in
doors, preferably with rubberor neoprene gaskets to reduce sound corridors and at all exit staircases. Max travel distances to exit stairs
transference. Sound transmission between bedr and between bedr and
shown in diagram. Linings to corridors and stairsshould have class Aor
corridors should beminimised bydBreductionof45—50. Where external
noise fromheavytraffic oraircraft provide double glazing for reduction B rating forsurface flamespread.
40—42avdB. All exit stairs must be at least 1 050 wide, be of fr construction in fire
For greaterprivacy and sound insulation additionaldoor may be placed protected enclosure having 2 hour rating. Access must be through
between entrylobbyand bedr. vestibulefittedwithself-closing doors at least 1000wide. Lockeddoors
should beprovided with panic boltsorbreak glass system.
Privatebathrooms
Bathr normally contain wc, washbasin orvanity unit with mirror over, Floor service
bath with shower. Insomedeluxe hotels and in most SEuropean and S Numberof rm perfloorshould ideally be related to number of rmwhich
American hotelsbidetnecessary. Showers in placeofbaths savelittle in can beserviced by 1 maid: willdepend on class of hotel, productivity of
cost or space, therefore not often provided. Shower compartment in staff and size ofrm, butwill comewithin the rangeof 12—18 rmpermaid.
addition to bath sometimes provided in de luxe hotels, as also separate
Maids' rm should becentrallylocated and close to serviceelevators.These
orscreened off wc. should contain space forservicetrolleys(carts),soiled linen hampers,
Bathr should be carefullyplanned in relationto plumbing and ventilation clean linen racks and rubbish sacks. Depending on class of hotel and rm
ducts. Theseshould be located in relation structure and ease ofaccess servicesystempantry may alsobe required: should contain shelves for
formaintenance. setting out breakfasttrays, sinks and worktop, refrigerator, ice maker,
boiler, toaster, space for trolleys.
Following additional features should be included: glazed tiling round
bath tub (at least), grab handles for bath shower and bath, shower There are arguments for and against linenand rubbish chutes. Need
curtain and rail, soap tray, removable bath panel foraccess toplumbing, should bechecked with operator.
shower, mixervalve preferably thermostatically controlled, adequate
towel racks in accordance withclass ofhotel, good shelfspace if vanity Every floorshould also have sto space for cots, extra beds and spare tv
sets.
top not provided, el shaver connexion, bath mat and non-slip surface to
bath/shower, toilet roll holder, clothes hooks. Other items to be con- In hotels where maids cannot get from bedr to staff toilets without
sidered: tissue dispenser, bottleopener, hook for shoe duster, waste passing throughpublicrm, eginmotorhotels and motels, provision may
basket, sanitary bin, stool. Good lighting over mirroressential. be madeforstafftoilets andchangingrmIn bedrblock.
biT
bed size rm ar accesspanels corr access
corr access
1
single bed
double bed
twin beds
1 000x 2000
1500x2000
1000 x 2000
8.75 m2
12.5m2
13.5m2
spaceforrabbisf
144 328 42h tray& china sk sacks
shelves cleanerssk
3 Typicalarrangementsof bathr&ducts: access
over desk/work
-
panels toductsshouldbet/2 hrfr; ductsshould boiler ..._—..—— ptr I II I soiled linen
'c' providemorespaceforvanitytop ±
trig maidstrolley cart)park
maxtam maxl8m
5 Typicalservicearfor50—60 mi/floor;
note: aprovisionofptrdependsonclassofhotel
and rm servicearrangements in k blocal linensb
orcpdmay berequireddependingon method of
control cfloorsto forbeds,cots notshown
ij1ffli
1Jbedr
b sometimes communicating
toiletonly doors maa allowabletraveldistancefrom 4 stage 2escape;no furtherthan 18m
mostremotecornerofrmtodoorway allowedfromexitdoorofmito
2 a basicbed requirements barrangement of 2 inmulti-rn,suitesno singlecross-ire
dimensionshouldexceedSm
entranceofprotectedroute
5 dead endportionofany escapecon
sittingrrnbetweenbedrprovidesmaxflexibilityfor 3 inmuftl-rrttsuites anyassocIated should notexceed7.6m
suites;suitescanalso beformedat corners ofbldg privatecorrshouldnot eaceed 7.5m
orwherestandardisationofstructuralgrid not inlength
possible;luxurysuitesmayalso beplannedas
penthouseorvillasin grounds 4 Fire:max traveldistances
Commerce 217
Hotels
GUESTBEDROOMS
1 Guest bedrdiagrams
Diagrams —(1 )(2) showconfigurations for bedr and bathr. Most new
hotelsplanned with private bathr attached to bedr; examples without
private bathr therefore not included.
a Typical twin bedr in common use: 3600 rm width optimum for
economy/comfort; wardrobe in lobby
b Similarbut reduced in depth for single or double bed
c Narrow frontage scheme againstbathr
d Width of rm increased allow possibility of dressing area & walk-in
closet
e Bathr placed between bedr allow one bathr have natural light
Layout provides for separate wc compartment with bidet if required;
angled window can be applied to any of theseschemes & allows for
extrasitting area &directional view
g Luxury bedr withvanity unitseparated frombathr
h Staggering wardrobes in partition wall can savespace
-rubbish
4 Chambermaid'strolley(cart)
Hotels
BUILDINGSERVICES Centralheating
Ifair-conditioning (normal USA) not adopted bedr should be heated by
—(1) shows salient features of bldg services design (—p383—97) but radiators with individual controls designed for quickresponse. Public
following additional points should be noted: rm, particularly restaurants, should be provided with controlled mech
ventilation tobalance kitchen extract. Bars should have extract fans.
Emergency electrical supply
Certain essential services must be maintained in event of failure of Bathroomventilation
mains supply. Generator willbe required maintainfollowing: fire exit and Generally extract system should be ducted tofans on roofwith individual
emergency lights, approx 20% of public area lighting, cold rm and bathr connected to main riser by shuntducts to minimise sound trans-
refrigerators, fire pumps, cash registers, fire alarm indicator systems, mission between bathr.
telephone communications, sumpand sewage pumps.
Firealarm systems Lighting
Bedr lighting systems to be arranged so that at least 1 main light
Following essential: manualbreak-glass contacts and automatic smoke switched from door and bedhead. More elaborate switching arrange-
or heat detectors with audible warning throughout bldg; automatic ments maybeadopted according totype ofhotel. Fluorescentlighting in
recessed hose reelsthroughout, hoses to becapableof reaching every bathr to be of quick start' type. Each bedr or pair of bedr to have
bedr; external fire hydrants; portable fire extinguishers at strategic consumerunitwith isolating switches. Corridor lighting should be time
locations; asbestos blankets in kitchen; fire dampers. switched sothat sections canbeturned offatcertainperiodsforeconomy.
Public rm should be switched in zones and special consider-
Airconditioning
Central system generally preferred to individual rm units. Should be ation given to decorative effects. Main switches should be located
where public cannotreach them.
capable of being controlled by guests in bedr. Public areas must be
zonecontrolledto copewith peak loads and foreconomy when certain Shaversockets
areas not in use. Good maintenanceaccess toallunitsessential. Thereshould be dual voltage (single voltage USA) shaver sockets in all
private bathr and male public toilets.
screen
I 114
coldwater plant onroofmust
sto 140 I/guest be well insulated
bathr
extracts
•separate flues
foreach boiler
zone forservices
airhandling
plant sited to
minimise nuisance
9
3
18
6
I9
27
I
3611
12m
LEEJ— sto
boilers: at least2
each capable of 2/3
total heating load
water softener probably
required
6250
Location
On major highways, often near largetoxins,
excursion centres and holiday resorts, and
convenient for supplies (water, el, gas, fresh
foodand laundry). Restaurant, petrol and garage
services need not be connected to motel but
should be available nearby. Self-service
restaurant —p205 206.
Approach
Take into consideration stopping distance of
cars: 100 kph— 150m.
Entrance: leads to reception (short stop), then
to parking area (carport or garage) near as
possible to rm. Exit through reception (control
and return of keys).
Size
Motels generally 1-storeyand spreadout since
1 Unitopen to 1 side only;3different layouts 2 Unitwith daylightfrom 2sides (difficultto land relatively cheap.
Arch Polivnick control) Arch Roberto
If run by couple withouthelp10—i2unitsprac-
ticable; 1 helper required for every additional
10 rm.
If affected by seasons,divide motel intosmaller
groupsof 4—8rm with stop-cocks forwater, el,
gas etc. Single bldg cost more than terrace
housing.
If trucksto be excluded construct low canopy
over passage atreception.
b
3 6 2 18 m
1!D 2D 410 6ft
5 Layoutofmotel withparkingarforeach block&restaurantas 6 Motorhotel RevereMassachusetts USA aunitsinblocksof 12with
independentestablishment ArchFried accesstoparkingatendeach bldg bcatering &adminbldg provides for
entertaining,dining,conferring Arch Salsberg &Le Blanc
220 Commerce
Motels
1 Staggeredlayoutofresidential
unitswith reception&caretaker's
flat Arch Williams
Roomsize
Large thanforcity hotel:approx 4000 x 4000
upto 5000 x 5000,withbathrand ifnecessary
kitchenette, even if only 1 bed.
Provide inter-communicating doors between
unitssothat suites may beformed.
Since90% guests stay only 1 night cupboards
and chests unnecessary: provide large coat
racks on wall instead, where belongings hang
visibly,soless likelytobeleft behind.
Ancillary rooms
1 centrallysituated linenrm with 5 sets linen/B
(1 being used, 3in sto, 1 in laundry). Cleaner's
rm accomodates trolley (cart) with compart-
ments forclean and dirty linen, soap, bath salts,
toiletpaper, vacuum cleaner, broom,floorpolish
etc.
If possible direct access from rm to car park.
Efficient drainage ofapproaches, parkingareas
and paths, as guests enter rm straight from
outside.
Play areas some distance away to avoid dis-
3 Entrancewith b/wc, betweencarpark& guest 4 Staggeredlayoutwith approach from 1 side turbingresting guests.
rmforsoundinsulation Arch Hombostel only Arch Thompson
restaurant
resdeflta
units
-
approachfroni fillingstation
hrhway
Convention hotels
Planning and design concept which absorbed large proportion of hotel
m2 occupancy investment in USA during 1970s, often as part of efforts regenerate
innercity areas. Basic characteristic:large amount ofspaceavailable for
595 425 convention business activities such as meetings, exhibitions,seminars.
280 400 Conventions entail dense traffic:400-rmhotel can have population 800
185 185 ormoreat height ofconvention orconference.
restaurant 370 200 Flexibility of space essential —v(1)(2). Spaces for eating capable of
beingserved independentlyatall times butkitchens should utilise same
175 185 central supplies (eg water,gas, drainage).
parlour&cafe 93 75
Staff servicing guests orworking behind public spaces should notcross
520 375
or impedepublic areas —v(2). In addition to segregation of personnel,
space meeting banquet main public and meeting areas require large outside halls for security,
check-in by conference organisers, provision of coffee, literature and
520 800 400 exhibition stalls etc.
390 600 300
3750 5785 2900 Large numbers involved make necessarycontrol oftraffic inand between
5.40 758 880 main convention spaces. Use of atrium as unifying design concept
ballrm 4660 7148 3580 —p223(1) groups ballrm, meeting rm, exhibition spaces, shops, bars,
foyerspace 740 restaurantson 4 levels. Service functions ofoffices, laundry,sto, loading
5390 thus contiguous with space they serve but out of sight; segregation of
vehiclesalso obtained.
meetingrm:
00 P 70 Conferences and conventions generate need for bedr with space and
7930 eqp for daytime business meetings. Small kitchen, tables, easy chairs,
parking) adequate lighting required —vp222(ld). (Rm thus equipped termed
suites insomehotel chains.)
58
520
432
1010
a employee employee
telephone lockers dr
lau linen
I) '
I
I
LL.,... I •!.
meetings
above
banquet
L d ptr
: :
foyer
;i1ç.
ballrm I
StO\ 1sto
entrance
Convention hotels
EXAMPLES
9 6 12m
a 20 40 ft
summitrestaurant
hoteiguestfloors
ofttower
iuflior balirmIeve
ballrTn veI
-podiumbael
_—otttower Wnmediate level
Streetlevel
I,
--.,---
a
01.53m d
9 9 9 12m
5 lOft 10 20 30 40ft
1 Hyatt RegencyHotelHoustonTexasUSA
a lob floorbfirstfloor ctypicalguest rmfloor
dexamplesofbedr suitesshowingprovision of
meetingspace;note possibleuseof dividingwalls
to createsmallerrm Arch JVIII
2 RenaissanceCenterDetroitUSA:convention
center & 1400 mi hotelwith 2650m2 ha,
13 restaurants,offspace, commercial retail space
&rentableflats(orcondominium) asection
b streetlevel plan ArchJohn Portman
Commerce 223
Convention hotels
EXAMPLES
E Jcrc.
?
pool°°
r
:
U'.•
___PIaZa__1 fastfood'
/5\ I I:
IL
r
ew
dr
restaurant
I bei<'
bac ow
b
036912 m
10203040ft
b
9 121824m
204b600 ft
Hotel references:
—Bibliography entries 001 011 043 049 050 147 176217223226243
255 272 273 274 319 324 341 346 347 363 377 439440 441 442 477
480583645
224 Commerce
Public houses
English pubsfamous associal institutionsthroughout world; very difficult
create afresh. Being increasingly copied as special attractions in large
European and Americantowns. (Evenprefab pubs availableforexport.)
Few moderndesigns have satisfactorilycaught right atmosphere; many
originals have been brutally altered, often first to so-called modern
design, then back again to spurious Edwardian. Constant feature of
successful pubs seems to be breaking up of space into small intimate
rm whichnevertheless retain feeling of bustle all round. Traditionalway
dothis centralservery with bars radiatinground. Good pub hassomething
oftheatre about it: good taste should be used sparingly; brashness and
vulgarityhave place in interior fittings.
Regulations
Apartfromstatutes, for purposeof firesafety UK pubs mainly controlled
underliquorlicensing law. Applicants opening pub must apply to local
magistrates for licence. Must also notify fire authority,whichhas power
inspectpremises on questions of adequacy offire separation, between
such areas as kitchens and bars, and means of escape. Fire authority
inspectorhas power objectgranting oflicence ifdissatisfied.
For pubs catering for less than 50 people 1 exit generally considered
b enough when pub 1 -storey. Elaborateformula,takes into accounttravel
distances, door widths and numbers of people, to calculate number of
exits needed for pubs serving more than 50people.
Unless pubs employ more than 20 little affected by (UK) Shops &
OfficesAct; but ifpartsof larger structures full rigour ofbldg reg apply;
could dictate, eg, provision of sprinklers at base of multi-storey block.
Finishes on wallsand ceilings also controlled by reg to prevent flame
spread.
2 Groundfloor plan TheFanciersNorthampton England; bright&breezy 4 MarkhamArms ChelseaEngland; sympathetic conversion of existing
workingmen's club;colourfuluseofmaterials, stripedglass panels & Victorianpub; originalbowfrontremains;addition hasbeentackedonat back;
curvedcorners Arch Roscoe MilnePartnership geometryof bow repeatedin built-in seating; a ground floor b section
Arch RoderickGradidge
first
floor
plan
b
1 Shell
iHi
1' 1' 1' 1'
r- -I
2 Shell &services
workplace anciIiay
3 Scenery
primary
circulation,coreetc
I I I 1
I I I_j
I I I I
1
office area to grossarea of bldg. Real estate definitions vary but basic
unitsalways same:
— ia5 ,-
,5d Workplace area (oruseablearea): spacesin which possible forpeople
fl,e ,
B
5 to workatdesks;includes secondary circulation,
Primarycirculation: circulationessential toprovide accessand means
ead,oftfloor ofescape to workplace areas,
thicknessofexternalwalls •• ••
columns
•S Special areas: space which cannot be used for office workers but is
staircases
lifts
lax •• S
••
S
option
I•
S S
S
S
dedicated to particularfunction, egarchives, restaurant.
ducts S S Core:space needed forsupport of bldg, eglifts, stairs, ducts, lavatories,
S S S •S
plantrm
circulationwithincore S
•S •• S Gross outside area (GOA): —a(2a)(2b) sum of all constituent office
publiccorr S
privatecorr
internal walls required for
S S • areas including core,structure and perimeter walls,
bldgpurposes—not influenced Netusable area(NUA): —x(2c)(2d) what remains when core,structure
byspacease— S S and perimeterwalls subtracted fromGOA.
internal walls tenant's own
subdivision •S •S •S S
S
S
S
Core in multi-storey office bldg should occupy no more than 20% of
floor recephon
oft space/deskar • S • S
GOA—4(2e). Obviouslysmallercore more efficientbldg—xp228—9.
S
Primary circulation usually takes up between 10 and 15% of net usable
wtelddg area. Special areas vary enormously depending uponfunction ofoffice
bldgplantrm •• S
•• S * •* • organisation —v(3). NB in multi-tenantedbldg primary circulationsome-
bldg reception
coveredparking S times excluded from 'rentable' area.
sf0forwholebuilding
iienclosed) (if enclosed) t t
eginbasement • S • * * Special areas should be convertible to workplace area. Not all work
*t
optionifsingleletting Upartiallyincluded
place areaequallyvaluable. Common design faults—x(4)whichresult in
insufficient use ofspace:
subjecttoseparaterentalcalculation S whollyincluded
columns too closeto perimeter walls
1 Definitions of termsusedtodescribeofficear:precisedefinition wasteful modules
sometimesdifficultbecause of differentusages, variations in bldgdesign dominant columns fixingprimary circulation routes
(eg slab ¢recore), differencebetween letting floors,partsof floors& space ofwrong depth
wholebldg
provision of services onlyat perimeter
2 a forplanningpurposesgrossfloor aristotalof
bldg measuredfrom outside edgeofexterior
walls b forcost purposesgrossfloor artotalof
in
bldg measuredfrom insideexternalwalls
C NIJA:UKpracticeexcludesallcorr between
-0
tenancies d NUA:USApracticeexcludesonly
circulationincore e bldgcore:example has
major& minorcore
C
DE.
d
L±L e
intrusionot
/I7\
structureintowork place
wasteful badlypositioned pesmeterserocesonly
module radiators wastedspacearoundcolamns
IJ
,1 11wrongdepth
"—....— space—
oft
toodeep / ,.--——'
\ / -' '.\ difticubto
adover
( \\
entranceto/
—pnmaty circulat: fixed bycolamns
Office buildings
TYPESOF OFFICESHELL Positions of primary circulation: fixed? does it serveto 1 side or 2
(single ordoubleloadedcorridors)?
3 factors determineshape offloorofofficebldg —s(1): Position of core: placed centrally, orat 1 end, ordetached.
Depth of space: depth of any work place area measured between 3 major bands ofofficespace depths can beidentified —*(2):
perimeter orcoreand primary circulation. narrow, 4000—6000: suitable for single office rm or for 2—3 open plan
workplaces
medium, 6000—8000: suitable forenclosures larger than single rm or
11111111111110 11 II for3—5open plan workplaces
oflspace deep, 8000 + : more than 5openplanworkplaces deep
cellular
open These depths can be combined in various ways and together with
structured
position of core and circulation generate wide range of office shell
configurations —*(3).
CELLULARISATION
/-
for individual office but increasingly for other functions, eg noisy or
confidential machines such asterminal printers ortelexes. Capacitycan
be measured by number of rm of various sizes which can be provided
)
in given shell —s(4): this can be matched with demands of typical
organ isations for rmofvarious sizes _a(5).
I-Ii =
integralcore detachedcore
/ \/
()
\ I \'__/I IN_JI
( '\} (-
,iN
______ 0 0
rn
K— —-
/
deepspace6000+
\
/__
___
-
\\ (/
/ f
__/ \_// \_/
4 Shell array
2 Spaced
o indivkiualenclosed rrn
O groupsharedenclosedrm
0 open
shallowspace
lOO%fl
100%
67% 67%
mediumspace
Ill Ill
::
III
11111111111 33% 33%
I
100%
deepspace
Ill I
f111
Officebuildings
CORE
Office bldgcore—.(1)(2) p229(l )(4) must providetor: telecommunications & telephone
Elevators: number and size depend upon population ot bldg, number drainage
of floors, and required waitingtime. Elevatorsshould begrouped sothat watersupply
Services p383—97
availability ofanyelevator in bank on anyfloorcan be easily observed. In
tall bldg elevatorsusuallygroupedtoserve 10ormore tloors—.p410—12 Lavatories:Proportion men and women on each floor may change:
Ducts: vertical ducts required forheating, telephone,electrics, drainage desirable that male and female wc be adjacent so that replanning
andwatersupply; alsoin air-conditioned bldg forairmovement. Provide possible using sameducts—(3).
on generous scale, particularly for increasingly important electrics and Cleaners' cupboards: oneach floorof multi-storey office bldg provide
telecommunications, In large multi-storied air-conditioned bldg allow cleaners' cupboard (mm 2m2)containing sto and slop-hopper.
for.
vertical air movement Stairs: width of stairs determined by reg on means of escape and in
el particularby numbersofstaffto be providedfor—.p407—9
© ©
1 AmericanExpress BankingCorporation
London England Arch DuffyEleyGuffone
Worthington
2 SW ElectricityBoardBristolEngland Arch
SWEB PropertySection
ii
nals male
9 female
3 Groupinglavatoryprovision toallowfor
changingproportionsofmen&women
Commerce 229
Office buildings
CORES: EXAMPLES
1 DobsonHouseKillingworth NewTown England Arch Faulkner-Brown 2 Deptof Environment LondonEngland Arch PropertyServicesAgency
Hendy NatkinsonStonor
\
/)
/
/
/
3 GreaterLondonCouncilislandblockLondon
England Arch GLC ArchitectsDept
Office buildings
/7/77/"C
I, _ RELATIONSHIPS
Office bldg can be designed provide best relationship between parts of
organisation;travel distancesboth horizontaland verticalcan be reduced;
visual links between component parts can magnify sense of close
relationship. Other bldg forms can be used toachieve preciseopposite:
max autonomy of component parts—(1).
INTERFACEWITH OUTSIDEWORLD
2 3 Organisation'sinterfacewithoutsideworldreflectedinhow
approached& degreeofpenetration allowed topublic
Office buildings
MEANS OF ESCAPE
Means of escape important determinant ofoffice bldg shell.In bldg over
2 storey travel distance from any point on office floor to escape stair
strictly regulated (30 m). Alternative means of escape on each floor
usually demanded. Design ofaccessfrombldg tostreet controlled. Reg
also affect scenery planning: eg rm may not openoff rm. Each space
must have direct access to means of escape —*p(1)—(3) —p91 —
Bib346 347.
1 Altemativeescaperouteswith limitedtraveldistancemustbeavailable
fromfiretoprotectedzone
Office buildings
OFFICE SERVICES
Demand for services in offices increasing. Each work place must be
next to outlets for power and telephone. Coaxial cable access for
terminals frequently required: with increasing automation and tele-
communications will become common seeworkstations with 6 oreven
8wiresofvarious kinds. Already some organisations provide 1 terminal
for every 2 work stations. Precise need for connexions cannot be
predicted: essential provide grid to whicheach workstation can have
easy access without dangerous, trailing wires. Such grid can be pro-
vided infollowing ways:
distribution at perimeter and through partitions
distribution throughfloor grid (usually 1 800—2000centres)
distribution throughfalsefloors(height should be 50—500)
distribution fromceiling (NBproblem with safety)
1 Perimeterservicing
distribution throughfin walls (points at desktop height)
2 Floor grid
Office buildings
INTERNALENVIRONMENT A shallow, l2mdeep,naturallyventilated
B shallow, 12 m deep, mech ventilated
Quality of internal environment become major consideration: rising C medium, 14 m deep, mech ventilated
energycostsmainly responsible, leadingto reconsidering design of: D deep, 50 m deep, mech ventilated
ventilation (natural— mechanical—air-conditioned)
Each bldg form has same gross floor area, construction and amoint of
lighting (highgeneral levels—tasklighting)
heating (single source — optionalsource) glazing, with vertical dimensions adjustedto suit each.
—.(1)tor difference in energy use before and atter energy crisis (c1974). Requirements for heating each plan form shown separately. Can be
Environmental system should allow for: seen that relatively little difference in energy consumed with respect to
variations in form, increased energy going into lighting as depth of
Adaptability: servicing systems may beexpected tohave liteotapprox
15years. System should be adaptableto space increases, compensatingtor reduction ot energy tor mech plant
because of more compact shapeof bldg.
varying degrees ofcellularisation and screening asoccupant changes
possible changes in tuel sources Each plan formtested tor2different overall lighting levels: 400 lux, 700
changing expectations and standards lux. Can be seen lighting and fanpower canaccount for approx 70% of
Control:individuals may be able control their immediate environment energyconsumed.
according to nature of work: providing some control over lighting and If prime oblective conserve energy attention must be paid to reducing
ventilation can help. Acceptable level ot lighting and ventilation in 1 artificial lighting requirements by:
location must not create glare or draughts in another. Solution must providing mm overall lighting level of 400 luxforoffice work
recognise no 2 people equally comfortablein single environment. reducing lighting further and introducing task lighting
Management& maintenance: environmentalsystems shouldbesimple, making greatest useof naturaldaylight and providing localisedswitching
maintenance tree, easyto change. Depending on size, bldg manager! Fanenergyusemay be reduced byattention to design ofmech systems
supervisorwill probably be needed, ideally appointedduring construction and byusing low pressures and velocities for distribution of air.
and betore commissioning
Any economic environmental system must be designed for specitic
Economicfuelconsumption:flexibilityto adaptto alternativeeconomic bldg toensureenergy usage kept low aspossible.
tuel sourcesin future. —.(2) for comparison of energy use in 4 generic
bldg: However, first2 questions any user must ask are:
whatoffice plan formis required?
does this form orits location make air-conditioning necessary?
beforeenergy crisis
complexcentralised control
mm externalglazing
heat recovery
highthermalcapcity
excessheatsto
singleenergysource
deepplanbldg
afterenergycrisis
loweroverall illumination E
levels
task lighting Em
moreindividual control a
moreexternal glazing
heatrecovery
lowerthermal capacity
excess heatsto
possibility ot additional
energysources
variety of bldg torms NB 10.76Ix = 1 foot-candle
5m
30m2 22.5m2 15m2
modular Integration
1 Non-modular&modularintegration
5m 36m2 24m2 12m2
I1HHH IIHIIHHHI
3 Nogrid, smoothfinish,exposed concreteslab 4 Nogrid, smoothfinish,suspended ceiling, 5 Lineargrid, drysuspendedceiling, continuous
ordirect finish ceiling,surfacemountedlight surface mountedlight fittings 1-directionaliecessed light fittings
fittings
Office buildings
SPACESTANDARDS
workplaceare knownanciiiary
Am sizes determined by space standards which allocate area and popsiatron (egcomputer)
enclosure todifferent levels ofstaff. Manycompanies usesuch standards 10%aiiowanceforanciiiary
but widevariation in:
numberof levels ofstaff nettasabie
at which level enclosure required
allocation ofspace to levels
Thesefactors, and even greater degree of variation in ancillary needs, +primarycircuiation
make extremely difficultpredict amount of space/head whichshould be
used to calculate roughly amount of space needed to accommodate nettrentabie
given number ofstaff. Certainly 10 m2NUA!head very low; 25 m2/head
high. Any figure in between could be relevant to given organisation. 1
UK statutory mm of workplacearea excluding anyancillary approx 4 m. +aiiowanceforcore,stairs,Uty,corr,iobetc
(No statutory mm USA.)
gross
CALCULATINGSPACEREQUIREMENTS
Office area requirements calculated in 2parallelways: 3 Methodofcalculating spacerequirements forwholebldg; adjustments
people space (le individual space standard x numbers)+ allowancefor should be madeforsharedcommon spacesinmulti-tenanted bldg
immediateancillary + factor(usually15%) forprimarycirculation;
non-people space, eg machine rm, libraries, which depend more on a'
+
eqp than on staff numbersfortheir area should be calculatedby informed
estimatesbasedonexistinggood practice or comparable examples: a
daie E .L
°
again factor must beaddedfor primarycirculation. department comments a + a
aworkplace
1 manager
2perSonai assistant
CALCULATINGRELATIONSHIPS 3secretary
4
5
To prepare stacking plans te relating 1 department to another in an 6
totai workpiace
existing bldg. or even to work out configuration of new office bldg. bancillary
interconnexions between parts of organisationcan be studied by more 1 tiieS
2iib
or less detailed surveys of communications. 3
totalancifary
totairequirement
5 Stackingplan example
HE.
cnmssoeares resteroi
11111 II IUIThU
tIIIIII companies
receç,on p41Øfl;.
board1
UU recephOn
desk
1Bn1 data
identical
O controlted
environment
provision atworkplace 2—3 m2 shortdiscussions brieting 1 or 2visitor's chairs atwork located in screened urif in
meeting atdesk 2 0—275 subordinates, personal station planned open off
interviews environment
C
0
meeting ur 1.5—2.5 working discussions with conference table &chuirn;
members otntsff or related eqp pinboard,
C visitors chalk board
cOo
0
provision forgroupof 6—6 t 5—2.5 working sessions conference table & chairs tocuted ingrouparudtucent
workplaces between members within withsome screening from toprimary circulation, to
meeting ur group otpersonnel from surrounding workstations; limitdisturbance of
outside involvedwith related eqp: tipchartn, pin individuals
some prolect. may last up space, chalkboard;
severalhr provision otpermanent
notice board orchart board
foruseotgroup
provision foraltmembers 2—3 t.5—2 0 interviewing personnel or aural & visual privacy clone to mum entrance &
of staff salesrepresentatives;
interview rm
required deptwith malor usage; may
discussions withmembers require waiting uradtacent
olpublic shortperiods of ifused frequently
use up to ¾ hr
rm 8—t2 t.5—20 meetings withoutside slides, overheadprolector, ease ofaccess toatt dept
visitors orinternatpolicy flipcharts,dimmer lightn, easily serviced with
making & planning meet- good ventilation; sto for refreshments; access for
ings 2—3 hrmeetings drinks, audio-visualeqp outside visitors without
going through workar;
K°°00 04
conference rm 15—20 t 5—2.0 presentation; working audio-visualeqp; dimmer easyaccess forvisitors
discussions with outside lights&black out; uto for
visitors eqp & furniture, allow
satficient spacefor
alternative layouts
lecture rm 50—100 large conferences, closed circuit tvsystem, adlacent ar foraudience to
presentations, lectures & control rmfor prolector, assemble beforemeeting;
training sessions lighting, curluins,tv& several entrances
audio systems, stospace
forfurniture display systems
% % % %
meetingsi5aces 3 3 4 2
sto 4 4 6 2
refreshment/rest 5 3 6 —
do 2 2 2 —
generalservices 7 7 4 8
circulation 18 15 19 15
1 Percentage of space allocated in
openplan offformeetingaras total supportspaces 31 34 29 31
headquarters accn for 1 per 15 1 per 10 1 per80 1 per 280 t per 120 none 1 per 1200 1 per 1200
office stall office staff office Stall office staff clficestaff officestaff office slatf
engineering organisation
Ipopulat ion 1 2001
1 per40 1 1 per 45 1 per 80 none 1 per60 1 per200 none
manufacluring admin per 12
organisalion oflicestall office staff office staff office staff oiliceStat) officestaff
populat ion400)
1 per18 1 per 26 1 per55' 1 per400 1 per 280 1 per230' 1 per 1 400 none
headquarters accnfor
clerical organisalion officestaff office stall office stall officestall office stall officeslaff officestaff
Ipopulation 1400)
consultancy organisafion I per 16 1 per 20 none none none 1 per80 none none
officeslaff office slut) office staff
)populafion80)
!
I
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Office buildings
OFFICE FURNITURE
Once simply element in workstationsforclerical
staff and managers office furniture has become
more specific and also means of controlling
use ofspace, eg:
screens to separate
linking unitsto allow workplaces to be ganged
in various ways
services carried byfurniture
use ofvertical surfaces for sto
use ofsto tosub-divide
fin walls
2 These developments have beenbasis formany
1 Typicalclericalworkstation Secretarialworkstation
proprietary furniture systems. Many types of
layout possible but principal controlling factor
density. Densities in openoffice planning at 8
m2lhead, 12 m2 and 16 m2—.p240(3)—(5) give
someidea of range of possibilities.
3 Supervisor'sworkstation
6 Gangedworkstations:screened (carrel)
4 Gangedworkstations:open
5 Free standing
furniture 7 Free standing enclosed
240 Commerce
Office buildings
OFFICE FURNITURE
Office buildings
STORAGE
Filing cabinets still predominant method of storing office paper: but
manyother possibilities, including suspended and lateral filing, which
can be considerably more efficient in space use—*(1).
Microfilm—p7 can be used to reduce bulk of paper held in offices: may
rft not always be acceptable substitute because of:
hanging complexity ofinformation stored
files frequency of retrieval
cost
legal requirements to keep original copy
Drawer type filing cabinet still predominant type of sto unit but not
always mostefficient in space use —(3).
box files:
Spacerequirements
ledgers Deeper the cabinets, wider the passage required between them. High
onshelves shelves not easily serviced: time saved because access easier to
vertical sto. Hanging files utilise wall area87% more efficiently than box
files —*p242(1). Filesmay have betransportedby conveyor;desks in filing
rm should have shelves for sorting; provision ofsmall tables and chairs
on castors for convenience ofclerks desirable.
Registry (document entry) should be centrally situated. Since clear
shelves height of 2100 only required, 3 storeys of registry could be fitted into
hanging equivalent of 2 normal office storeys. Dryrm essential. Deep registries
more economical. Provide writing on reference surfaces next tostacks.
Trolleys may be needed for moving files. Moveable registries make
plan- possible 20%greater utilisationofspaceby doing awaywith intermediate
hanging passages—*p242(3)(4). Layoutsnotstandardisedbutadaptedtodifferent
needs, such as archives, lib, sto. Paperstovery heavy; can createacute
floor loading problems.
Space required and capacity of 3 types of filing system compared
—*(3)(4).USA dimensions filing cabinets, lockers, sto cabinets—*(5)(6)
p242(6).
480' 900'
4 Comparisonofcapacityoffiling systems
iI,j(I
1 TI
c , i,,i i,,,, d I,,,J,,
5 USAstandardclearances forfilingcabinets apassage drawersclosed
only bpassagedrawersopen ccabinetsfaceto face passage drawers
closedonly d cabinetsfaceto facepassagedrawersopen
3100
3100
/
4-drawerfiling lateral filing open
cabinet cabinet shelving unit plan - extended plan
Office buildings
STORAGE
3rowsoffiles 6rowsoftiles
—1T——-r——T-T
;ii 1i41f
11
11T1Tm—T—i
i1Lt;;Ii11 I [.
T
ml w w twi lockerdimensions
[
Co
(0 rri
HI I —
1 2 3
L I H 1524 762
—
II II
= 1830 914 305
II
UH
I 1067
=
1 2 3 229 229
1300 lockers W to to 305
610 457 381
—
plan <ITTi D 305
- to 305 305
a a
533 381 381
2 Largedocumentchest: section& plan —
plan
ir 1
UUU
U
U
UUEIIEJ
EJ EJ U
6
stocabinets
:.::::.:.:.::.:ID
gl4maxfor 1 drawer
Locker&sto cabinetdimensionsUSA
cabinetdimensions
H
W
D
C
762 1067 1676 1981
457
457
610 914
559 610
457 max tor2drawers
officespace saved
eltypewriter . . .
telex . . . .
word processor . . . 5 Telex
copier . . .
terminal . . . .
telecopier . . .
micro-computer e . . .
microfilmviewer .
telephone . .
vendingmachine . . . .
video/tv monitor e . . h = 500
w= 500
1 Basic requirementsofofficeeqp incurrentuse d= 600
6 Microfilmviewer
h = 1200
2 Elgolfball typewriter w= 1700
d= 680
h=350
w=600
d = 450
7 Large(15 collator)copier
3 Smallphotocopier
h = 125
w =550
d = 375
distribution
frame I
I
I I
rectifier unit N
4 Small(4line) telephoneswitchboard
battery h
maintenance
workbench
I"
1, 4000
1 Privateautomaticbranchexchange(PABX) rmrequirements
h = 950
w=600
d = 360
h= 1850
w= 780
d= 650
7 Microcomputer
partition
bank; but ingeneral banks places where money paid in orwithdrawn by
customers. Procedures needbe transactedquickly, securely, simply as
commussionaire securitiesdept possible. Mech conveyance and similar systems notnecessary orworth
while except for really large institutions.
bankingha
(
siairstostrongrm
Route followed by customer: from street outside through lobby into
writingdesk
'--- banking hall, sometimes fitted withbench seats or chairs forwaiting and
writing desks forcustomers, andvarious positions forpaying in, drawing
deposiiboxes partitinri
desk. iedger clerk
ieadin9tosirOng en out, security, savings and (in Europe) giro transactions,or 'uniqueue'
cashcounier 4$]iob Desks for accounts and book-keeping (check on state of drawer's
I account) usually behind cash counter—.(1).
Other offices serving customers, eg manager, credit dept, auditing
1 Customer'sroutesin major 2 Routestostrongrm dept, usually next to banking hall with separate ante-rm, or on upper
Europeanbanks floor—.(3).
Route to deposit boxes (often in basement): frombanking hall through
partition into passage, usually past securities dept and safe custody
deptdown stairs to protective grille in front of lobby leadingtostrong rm,
where customers' deposit boxes and strong rm door; sizes ofboxes: for
stafisideentrance lpersonl000xl500uptol500xl500,for2persons2000xl500
Larger institutions normally have separate bank strong rm next to
customers' strong rm, while safe custody dept has offices in front of
entrance to this, with separate staircaseto banking hall or special cash
elevators —.(3).
Basement reached by separatestaircasecomprises cloakrm,sto space.
heating plant, plant for operating elevators and pneumatic despatch
tubes, elecfromech communications eqp and so on, as well as registry
and elevator for documents.
In mortgage banks must be possible for all mortgage business be
completed conveniently onground floor.
clock
tower
world
savings
[ L
parkinglot
0
i,/
10 20 30m
'z
I
un
LIII Li
machine rm
u 0
sf0
'I
[
326498 ft
b
9
è
? '
12
6
18 24ff
\, bankingrmN
', couporbooths I
_entrance
conference teller counter
C
1entobelow
p
Banks
Strong rm doors and armoured doors pivot gently on steel hinges
withoutdropping; canwithstand anyattackand fitted with unpierceable,
indestructible steel plates, with fire-proof and non-melting reinforcing,
with additionalfireproof, non-melting and unpierceablecompound cast-
ing. Total thickness approx 270—300. No keyhole: elaborate locking
device (eg miracle lock, remote-control lock) and el-operated alarm
system, whichsounds atslightest vibration ofdoor.
Cashier positions —(2)—(6) nowadaysin Europe usually completely
protected with bullet-proof reinforced glass, 4 panes 250 thick.
Similar protection oversunken drawers. Alarm system operated byfoot
or knee.Underneath counter normally standardtype steel cabinets.
Exceptions still exist,particularly in USA, in bankswishing foster informal
'non-authoritarian' image. In USA many banks still retainteller positions
either behind grilleoreven open.
1 Strong rmwith innerdaytimedoor Intercommunications system now more usually by means of tele-
visioninstead ofby pneumatictubes, belt conveyors etc.
Customers Customers Drive-in banks: to save time customers do not go into bank butdrive
EJ ET1 up to cash point—(8). No parking problems: cash points can be incor-
bankstaft
lo
(0
rufL
bankstaff
porated in bank bldg —(10)(11), separate islands —.(12)(13),orbelow
pavement level, with shaft by kerb containing reflecting mirror, loud-
speaker and cashconveyance device —.(9). Each cash point can serve
up to 250 customers/day. (Eachtransactiontakes approx 60 seconds.)
Not all banking transactions can be at drive-upcashier's desk: even
2 Parallelcounter arrangement 3 As—(2)with desks where this system operates normal banking ha also needed for
lengthierbusiness.
r(01-r NB diagrams this page apply totrafficcirculation on right
10
5OO
II 4 Sawtoothcounter arrangement
with desksatsides
ii
f! çi Ei;i ci
T_
10 Drive-upcashpoints
H- 12.0 .1
--
L --L]1--i-{
::
5 Germancashdesksas in big 6 Swedishtype cashdesk
Berlin banks 11 Cash points incorporated inbankbldg
microphone
a-b
bullet
28.0
8.0
7 Drive-upcash point,noparking
8 Drive-upcashpoint inkiosk
Banks
EXAMPLES
9 1.5 3m
a loft
1 Bancocli NapolibranchNewYork USA;interiorplan conversion of1070m ground flooroffspace in offtower
block Arch SkidmoreOwings& Merrill
key
1 conference 2reception 3lob 4elevator
5toilet 6lunch rm 7do 8lockers 9refuse
10 planting bed 11 tellercounter 12 strong rm
13 safedeposit desk&booths 14chequewriter
l5fountain l6newaccountslldistrict
manager 18coveredentrance
6m
b 5101520tt
a
m
10 20ft
4
unid
Albany SavingsBank: smallbranchbank
NewYork USA agroundfloor b firstfloor
Arch Feibes&Schmitt
3 FederalReserveBankBostonUSA,
arrangementof aexecutiveoff32ndfloor
bexecutivedining &meetingrm 31stfloor
Arch Hugh Stubbins
Banks references:
—*Bibliograhpyentries 007 249 254 374 477
248 Commerce
Vehicle services
0 CAR PARKS
a
c,J
footway
edge of premises
9 Parkinglanesformotorcars
5 Rightangledalignment
3.5
6
3.0
\\\\N
Obliquealignment
footway
Ipumps
14 cars/i00m
— 7.0 —— 7.0
-- 5.0 -- 5.0 -
1DL LDLcD
- 4.75 -l--- 4.75-
I :içf lit 1111111111
7 Segregatedapproach& departure L IT!! r1
10cars + 9spaces 11111111 [1 1
Ii
59.5 1—
500
— 5.5 —' - 500
5.5 —— 5.5 -
500
s—
L
H b
footway
10 Enclosedparkingspaces a neighbourhood garage barrangement for
narrowsite c road at anglegiveseconomical useofspace fordifferentcar
8 Settingdown: continuousapproach &departure (eg theatres, taxis) sizes, savesapprox 10% floor ar
Commerce 249
Vehicle services
CAR PARKS
USAstandards —op250
Off streetparking
In permanent car parks, lanes and baysshould be clearly marked with
safetystrips for pedestrians —(10)(13). Enclosed parking spaces also
—*p248(10).
Spacerequirements —(8)—(15)
Space/car withdriving lanes but without main access and exit:
44— 7.5 ± 10.0 1 7.5 14 44- 5.5 -s- 7.5 1-5,5-44 90° parking approx20m2
800 800 600
45° parking approx23 m2: usuallypreferred forease of parking.
1 45°parkingforbuses 2 Truckwith trailer 3 Smallbuses
Parking bays—(8)—(10)
Space/car (medium—large) 5000x 1 800. Forcarparkslargerthan 800 m2
provide20% baysfor larger cars (6000 x 2100) if park attended. Pro-
vision for motor cycles, bicycles,disabledaccordingto localrequirements.
4.0
Truck & bus parking
Fixed bay sizes advisable because vehicle size varies greatly. For
truckswith trailers provide for parking without reversing —.(1)—(6). For
articulated lorries reversing usual.
For long distance traffic provide yards at town approacheswith driver
— 12.0 -4-———- 20.0 —4— 12.0 —1
accn, workshops, filling stations etc.
4 90°parkingfortruckswithtrailers 5 300 parkingfortrucks NB diagrams on this page apply to traffic driving on right: data
withtrailers based onGerman practice
6 90°parkingfortruckswithtrailers 7 90°parkingfortrucks
i
T2.3 '
12.3 — I — .°
I I 3.0
+
— i —
,0
— '44
:— I
¶ -carsize —
500 500
'
390
soo sco 500
26.5
soo 500 500
_____ 21.5
13.54'--10.25—143.544-—10.25-—143.5°-6.0 -II 43.544-- 8.0 —443544—- 8.0 —44354
2.5 45 2.5
2.5
M
[
— dayparkeruse
lL1_L'[I
H-H
2.43
II
I III
2.74 3.05
Ill!II
I
3.35
I
I
I
Turning dimensions
—v(1) shows USA dimensions at intersection of private with public
standarduse roads. 'U' drive --a(3) illustrates procedure for designating any drive
& Lse
luxury elderly
supermarket& camperuse configuration given vehicle's dimensions —vp2l(1) and turning radii.
Ihandicappeduse Tangent (T) dimensions approx mm only: may vary with driver's ability
nunrequirements=1 or2/100stallsorasspecifiedbylocal,state,ortedemallaw;place and speed.
convenienttodestination
Roadways —vp2l
b NB: diagrams onthis page apply totrafficcirculation on right
sungle loaded
waNtowafi
(with burquers)
doubleloadedwail to
wali(withounhinuous
concretekemb)
dqubleloadedwall
toltiwfttlsawtooth
concretekerbi
doubleloaded
ittoltiortt
towalkedgei
l0$bayor
edgeo$walk
C
dangle of park
SW w 450 50° 550 600 65° 70° 75° 80° 85° 900
2743 1 9.75 9.98 10.36 10.77 11.43 12.09 12.8 13.51 14.07 14.63
2 15.03 15.54 16.2 16.91 17.63 18.29 18.85 19.61 19.74 20.12
3 14.12 14.88 15.65 16.41 17.07 17.88 18.59 19.2 19.66 20.12
4 13.61 14.17 14.94 15.7 16.46 17.37 18.19 18.9 19.56 20.12
2896 1 9.75 9.96 10.36 10.67 11.23 11.84 12.65 13.31 14.02 14.63
2 14.99 15.39 15.8 16.31 16.87 17.68 18.44 19.1 19.66 20.09
3 14.33 14.68 15.19 15.7 16.43 17.37 18.19 18.9 19.58 20.09
4 13.61 13.97 14.48 15.19 16.0 16.99 17.9 18.74 19.46 20.09
vehicle R Ri T D C
small large
F 15.52 26.59
A 46.71° 35.58°
B 273.42° 251.15°
Ra 9.75 30.48
Rb 11.58 15.24
La 7.95 18.8
Lb 55.27 66.8
NOTE Rvaiues brvehicles
intended to usethesecuis-de-
sacshould not exceedRb.
'Standard designcar'—*(l)
UK 95% of all new vehicle registrations: USA large car dimensions
column 2:
A 4750 5500
w B 1800 2030
h C 1700 1630
dooropening clearance D 500
wheel base (worst cases) E 2900 3250
F 900 890
G 1100 1350
turningcircle (dia)
kerb H 13000 6550
wall J 14000 7010
ground clearance K 100 1 220
Recommended rampdesign
1 Standardcardesign' upto 1 500rise 1 in 7 USA: ramp1< 19.8 m
morethan 1 500rise 1 in 10 max slope 1 in 7
used forparking 1 in2O > 19.8 m ramp I
max slope 1 in9
gradients, max, on helical ramps:
L N L upto 3000rise 1 in 10
:1 morethan 3000 rise 1 in 12
w, mm, straight ramp, noturning:
between kerbs 3000 4000
clearance, kerb to structure 300 75
3 Typicalcarpark arrangement(NBlefthandcirculation)
252 Commerce
Vehicle services: multi-storey car parks
DESIGNGEOMETRY(cont) Barriercapacity
2 barrier typesavailable:rising arm orrising kerb,having recommended
Split level layout—*(1) capacities:
Arrangement widely adopted. 400vehicles/hr
entrybarrier
2 bins soarranged thatadjacent parking levels separatedbyhalfstorey exitbarrier
height. groupA 250vehicles/hr
Shortinterconnecting ramps used between levels. groupB 400vehicles/hr
highwater372.5 iowwater37O.55
221
2.21 ___________________ _____________________
2.2!
a
2
emergencyexit
NB right handcirculation
4 FIatslablayout 5 Underlake carpark Geneva Switzerland asection b siteplan c plan offirstfloor DesignCZschokke
Commerce 253
Vehicle services:petrol stations
Self-service station nowdominating influence on design,as result partly
of high labour costs, partly of availability of new electronic pumping
systems with memories for storing pump information at control counter.
In UK self-service basis adopted by oil company petrol station net-
works: approx 75% of petrol sold in UK through self-service. Practice
spreading rapidly in continental Europe. Proportion lower in USA but
growing; motorway and inter-state stations increasingly self-service
operations. Whether self-service or mannedpetrol stations usuallynow
include shops or selling areas exposing customers to wide range of
goods as they pay forpetrol.
DESIGN& LAYOUT
Basic principles same whether forselforattended service.
Preliminary
Tradingarea: detail study will establish needfor site.
Road pattern: whether single, dual or three lane roadway will deter-
mineease of entryinto site.
Traffic flow: number of vehicles passing site per hour per day to be
established.
Vehicle roadspeed:will influence frequency of customers visiting site.
From these factors estimate number of vehicles/hr/day calling at site
and ofexpected peak periods forwhich site will have toprovide.
Basic
Initialcommunication:visibility; pole signvisible atleast 300 m before
siteentrance —*p254(2).
Visibility:pricesign readable 100 mbefore siteentrance.
In and out: easysteering on to site and space for cars to line up while
waiting for place at pump; easy steering away from pump with no
blocking ofexit and goodvisibility fordriving out onto road —*p254(3).
1 Typical startinggate' layout allows2 carsto enteratsametime Site traffic: 1-way flowonlyon site.
Pumps: thinkin terms offilling positions —(1)(2)p254(4):
consider filling at peak periods, usually 2/day, morning and evening;
note that car is at pump site before starting filling for 4.5 minutes, and
actual filling for 1.5minutes;
memory system atcontrol counter imperativeto allow forquickrelease
ofpump;
capacity of1-hosepump with allgrades offuelavailableapprox 3201/hr.
Pre-payment:consider whether volume of cars at peak periods or at
night warrant money acceptor or card acceptor unitsto relieve control
counter operator.
Shop: commonly 20—40 m2depending on retailing activity envisaged.
Control counterareaadditional 4.5m2: sited to supervise refuelling area
and shop activity.
Air, water: site away from pumps with adequate parking spaces
according to size ofstation.
Other services: should be kept separate from petrol filling area, eg
dervfilling, carwash, sale of liquefied petrol gases.
NB diagrams on this pageapply totrafficdriving onleft
2 Typicalechelonlayoutsuitsnarrowersite
254 Commerce
Vehicle services:petrol stations
SITE ESSENTIALS
Accommodation:shop and control counter,office,toilet(s), sto, perhaps
staffarea—p253(1 )(2).
Petrol sto: underground steeltanks cased in sulphate-resisting con-
crete 1:2:4 mix. Consult local codeforthickness ofconcrete surround.
Tanksizes (UK) vary 13000—360001,in 45601 increments.
Supplytanker: easyroute todischarge pad on site. Discharging must
not obstruct cars. In case of emergency tankers should be able drive
directfromsite. Lighting required for night deliveries.
Canopy: required to coverallfilling positions with approx 3500projec-
tion beyond pumps on both sides: height above filling area 3850. On
lightingfor night time retailingconsultcodes; in UKzone2type (vapour
proof) if fittedtocanopy ceiling; zone 1 type (flame proof) if fitted within
750ofpumpsightglass; USA requirements similar.
8000 Levels: avoid variation ri level beyond 1:80 on filling area and tanker
discharging pad.
Drainage: consultcodes; in UK from all areas within 4250 of petrol
Hioo1-8ooo source (ie pumps, tanks) ventsto be taken to 3-chamber petrol inter-
ceptorbefore processing to main foulsewer.
Site size: dependent on number of filling points and future marketing
needs; preferred sizes—(4)p253(l)(2).
Forecourtlayoutofpumpsiteswith preferred dimensions
NB diagrams on this pageapply totrafficdrivingon left
site
boundary,1
•l3000----
50
—'7/
imin
I —
sight ilne
I. min6l.0- 40—70mph road
outa
4 Typicalfoursquarelayoutsuits
deepersite
Commerce 255
Vehicle services: bus stations
1
r1T3Ji5500
110
-' Li
1— 12 0 —4—-—--- 200 —-
i—1I}[] 32.0/trucktrain
1.... wayin
1
-
FORMSOFPLATFORM
Buses increasingly taking over from trains, demand ever increasing
attention in relation urban traffic. Need take corners especially wide:
turning spread needs special watchfulness—*p256(1). Bus parks large
and small an essential partof traffic planning. Forms of platform—*(1)—
(18). Bus stops should be under cover —+(19)(20). Consult bus
companies ondimensions.
Town centre squares should be designed or adapted serve as bus
500 stationsaccording natureofrequirements—np256(1O)—(12).
500
scratchkerb End ramps and convenient boarding steps of300—400—e(1O)—(11) and
i8 350k linemarker 8000 forloading baggage tofloor level.
Service rm needed in connexion with bus stations —np256(1O)—(14).
F0 Provide space for temporary car parking —ep256(9). Keep in mind
possibilitiesofextension—ep256(8).
NB diagrams on this page apply to driving on the right (German
8000
' r,s 5000
8000
500
data)
500
2 Parkingplacesofvehicleswith
trailersorcoaches
3 Obliquely(45)todirectionof
arrivalforcoaches I ----l ri - I
> 36.0
14.0 3.6
3030
parking
—IL_______
10
14
24.0—36.0— --4
L / 8.0
/
3500
13 Withoutpassinglane 14 Obliqueplatformalignment
6 Obliquelyiodirectionofarrival 7 Platformalignmentparallelwith
directionofarrival
15 Longplatforms 16 Departureatright 17 Departureat
with passinglanes angles;arrivalat obliqueangle
-- 1_ obliqueangle
-3030:
1.5j
0
24.0
ri'iiith 55°
1111111
i6.5 65— r20
jJ-
-
1.51
14.0
.
ofarrival arrival
18 Positionatrightanglesto
directionofarrival
_________
5400,
+300—400
2250
3000
,sathkt !1EE 4000— —
—30.0—————
- reintorcedl—
surtace (
"-
,R1=7.0
Ku)
rein- 42,0
• 60f /,
fl
e a a
ni ar 22
24 24 24 36— 36— 36—
plattormllrnl
plattorsiw)m) 3 3
60 60 60
3 35— as— 30—
tU §
40 4.0 4.0
7 Semicircular no ofloadingporrts weachparking place(ml 3.5 35 35 3b 35
a coacses 2 2 2 2—3 2—3 2—3
platforminsideloop bvehicleswith trailers 1 1 1 1—2 1—2 1—2 warrivalspur irs) 4.0 80 8.0 14 14
accessibleonly by arviplatform& arrival arwith
parking
crossingroad spar (m2)
a coaches roadwayirs2)
138 170 189 293 296 313 avehiclewdhtrailer 176 178 182
vehicles
withtrailers 276 340 378 439 444 470 bcoach 68 135 89 140 91
town
rightofway centre
sales605k
V
0 -A-
11121314151
6
-'-'it
'•-,,ftV'
®.;r-i
mainroad
1 departurePentrance
2 amealP esit
3 vestrbule
mainroad 4 baggagedespatck
5 arrival Pentrance
6 baggagein arrival
7 departurePexit
8 baggageoff
9 baggage deposa
10 managersoff
11 off
&airtidrets
12 intormatron
13 an
1 wcrnes
2 wcwomen
3 nursery
fromparking 4 do
5k
6 canteenstaff
7 drivers'rm
8 metercpdsto
9 registry
12 Transitstationwith separatearrival &departure platformspositioned 10 pumps
obliquely,parkingarinseparatelocation 14 BasementKLM
Commerce 257
Rail stations
PASSENGERDETAILS
HiH 2200 -
1 to 4 Space taken upby people
1100 '
H
60O
Tempbooking hall 12°C
Daylighting 1/5 surface area
Ticketofffrom 1 500 x 2000upwards
Typeofsurface: rough, hard sintered clay orgranitictiles
Walling up to 1 750 high with impact-resistant lining: tiles, hard plaster,
boards
Baggage deposit: doors for baggagetrucks 1 900—2300wide: alldoors
preferably steel to withstand heaviest demands. Opening at deposit
counterupto 1 200high; sliding window or protected bygrille.
Baggage despatch cabin 2000 x 2250
Arrangements for storing bicycles verysimple and space saving: hung
up neatly by front wheel —(12)(13)
Easy to hang up if first raised on rear wheel, then liftedup with knee
fN f/I
iooc
behind saddle
iooo-4
—1000+1000-4-1000-4-
6 Cabintrunk
30
1
I turntable
850nomiat h
train
scheduta 14 Bookingoffsection—.(16)
15 Baggageoffsection—.(17)
dmphragm
ticketmachine
lT \j T
__
3750
11
1
16 SectionA-A 17 Section B-B
10 Baggagestand 11 Baggagerack
*
100
530 530 500500i
T T
I— 1100+
H
1500
3700
±1 100—I
H
j tt
1-600 -600-
1 18 aStraightbarrier boblique
barrier
Vehicle seivicesreferences:
—aBibliography entries 086 225 276308348424435513555567
Bicyclestands Abreaststaggered 636650
258 Commerce
Airports
Primefunctionprovidepassenger airtransport.
-airport boundary
future During short history has had respond tremen-
approachlight dous growth and technological change.
,_/runway
system Should be plannedand developedprogressively
crash/tire structural expansion
rescue serviceroad meetchanges and newdemands —(1).
PRELIMINARYWORK
Planning and design of airport should evolve
according to sequence:
preliminary study; examine indetail whatexists
and identifyconstraints
physical: land boundaries,topography, geology
access: airside and landside
environment: noise, pollution, landscaping
cross overtaxiway serviceroad
resources: finance, labour, materials
assess economic, demographic characteristics
runway of population: gauge impact onairport; forecast
traffic demands 5—10 and 20 yearsin future,
showing annual and day, peak month, peak hr
1 Airport layoutfor parallel runwaysystem trafficforpassenger boardingandaircraft move-
ments—(4)(5)
developmaster plan forwhole airport
develop plans for each component airside/
landside:
runLay airside:
runways,taxiways —*(3)
landside:
passenger terminal with apron (1)(2) —*p260(1)
140.0 ground transport
152.0 216.0 237.7 259.0 air freightterminal with apron —*p262(3)
aircraftmaintenance with apron —p262(l)
aircraftcatering —*p262(2)
other components: car rental, hotel, motel,
offices
2 Passengerterminal& aprondistancesfromrunway centreline forvarious bldgh; 1:7 = imaginary
surfacecannotbe penetratedbystationaryobjects(aircraft atgates)orfixedobjects(bldg) surface access:road systems,fixedguideways
Reg standards, mm criteria —8ib391 392 393
394395396.
3 Runways&taxiways
2000
3.6
phaseIll 1600
,-
'
passengers
O 284
phasel
.514CC total
IfTfJ[fJTIf
0.7
yr 5
2OC. .I-
hr 020406081012141618202224
4 Planning&projectdesignschedule: start
0
• 5 Derivepatternav/day peakmonthdepartingP
planning4yrinadvance forecastupdate: 1 start and visitorsfromsurveys;preparesimilargraphs
design &working drawings 2revise3defer forarrivingPand visitors,groundtraffic etc: major
data fordetermining sizeofbuildingar
Commerce 259
Airports
AIRSIDE
Runways&taxiways—*(1)
Length ofrunway depends on prevailingweather, topography, altitude,
:— ±:::
________________ _________________
ill b temp, environmental restrictions, aircraft type and weight expected
______ operate fromairport.
+-.—.--.—.—-.4
______ _______ Orientation of runway in direction of prevailing wind. Modern aircraft
canusually land and take offwith crosswind upto20knots. Light aircraft
._.!1L_÷ seriously affected by wind: if airport to be heavily used by this type
r—i : lane Layout & design of runways and taxiways: essential consultexpert
advice.
I I _<. ___j_ar&tParkmn
-I_-satellite LANDSIDE
Passenger terminalconcepts
Aircraftgate configuration and way aircraft gates connected with one
——— ___________
-
_______________
—
sateilite &terminal
-- - —serviceroad of which 4 can be distinguished. Concepts nearly always occur in
_________ _________—concourse connecting variations andcombinations.
I terminal units
— —
_____________________________ terminal
SateIlite—(2):aircraft parked in cluster surroundingstructureconnected
with main terminal bypassengercorridor orconcoursepositioned below,
ierminairoadsystem on orabove ground level.
2 Satellite Satellite structure cantake severalgeometrical shapes.
Pier—(3): aircraft parked in line ateitherside of structure. Passenger
—-- —-. -— -
"—inner taxiway corridororconcourse attached to main terminal.
—] ———aircraft manoeuvnnglane
(In both theseconcepts passengerticket,inbound andoutboundbaggage
— handling usuallyceritralisedin mainterminalbutvariationsand exceptions
.44 aprontaxilane occur.)
)_j)._ aircraftparkinglimit line
Linear—(4):aircraftparked in single line at structure,passengercorridor
concoursepier
connecting functional elements ofterminal. Formerlywith aircraftparked
3 Pier
4+ I
innertaxiway C_aircraftparkinglimitline
—---—---— -
l—aircratt manoeuvringlane I—flightline
L_aircraftparking I I —groundhandling
L_light line
terminal
1 1
- CODO 00 transporters(busesetc)
—terminal roadsystem
—'--terminai
terminal
road system
4 Linear 5 Transporter
260 Commerce
Airports
FLOW& FUNCTIONS inward(terminating) and transfer passengersarrive at terminal by
Flow of aircraft, passengers, baggage and vehicles can be shown in aircraft; major operations:
aircraftdisembarking (stairs, loading bridge etc)
compositeandsingle diagrams, used toidentifysequence of functions
for preparation of schemes in plan and cross section —*(1). Series of immigration control (international)
customs control (international)
diagrams can be developed asgraphic model to identify effect ofchange
in events, testdifferentarrangement offunctions orsub-functions. baggage claim
ground transport
Flowinterminal complex takes place in 3major areas:
transferpassengersfrom1 flightto another; inter-line from1 airline to
apron: area between runway/taxiway system and terminal; serves anotheror intra-line on same airline; baggagehandled byairline except
aircraft flow toand fromgates and flow ofaircraft ground handling eqp. for passengers transferring from international to domestic flight who
terminal: area between aircraftgate positions and vehicularkerb; serves must claim baggage and pass through immigration and customs
inspection.
flow of passengers and baggage.
Outward and inward passenger traffic generates visitor traffic. Visitor/P
ground transport:area located between terminal and points ofaccess ratios vary byairport;need be establishedas partofquantifyingpassenger
at airport boundaries; serves 2 flows, ie passenger vehicles, service flowduringpre-determined times ofday.
vehicles.
Transfer passengers seldom metbypeople at point oftransfer.
Flow of passengers & baggage Through passengers continuing on same aircraft domestically rarely
Both domestic and international can be divided into 3 categories each disembark except, eg, occasionally fortelephone calls.
requiring sequence of operations as below (based on USA practice):
outward (originating) passengersarrive atterminal byground trans- Secondaryflow—p262
port forwhichmajor operations: Airfreightflow between freight terminal and aircraftpassenger terminal/
kerbside baggage check in for passengerswithtickets —n(2) apron.
ticketprocessing at counters with baggage check-in —(2)(3a) Mailflow between mail depot and passenger terminal/apron.
outbound baggage —n(3b)
Catering flowbetween catering serviceand passengerterminal/apron.
security check—*(2)
passport control forinternational flights Fuel flow between fuel depot and passenger terminal aircraft apron:
ticketcontrol ataircraft gates; passenger waiting rm—*(4) takes place increasingly by pipeline (hydrant fuelling), eliminating large
aircraft boarding stairs, loading bridge etc—*p261 (4) fuel trucksand requiring onlyhydrant pump vehicles on apron.
19 8—22.9
tL
é98
79855-6.1t
tr co
Clast
DG
minute telephones
Dbaggagedrop
sign;tobagclaimterminal&
groundtransportation
2 Schem ticdiagramofdepartureleveloflarge
terminal: 1 countercheck-in ()security check
a b
3 Diagramof2levelterminal asecondlevel 1 carparking, kerbsidebaggage check,ticket lob
1 Airportflow diagramsbasedon USA 2 securitycheck 3Pwrwithticket andbaggageprocessing capability 4parkingatgate positions
procedures adeparture barrival: brokenboxes bgroundlevel 1 carparking 5outwardsbaggage make-up 6baggageclaim 7off,groundhandling
indicate internationaltrafficfunctions operation
Commerce 261
Airports
Baggage handling
jirculation
U
a
rn
•
baggage trolleys
2. canbearranged
perpendicularor
parallel to belt
7 - 52-6.
circulation _____________
7.9
2 Baggagemake-up/outward(outbound) —.p360(3b)
Aircraft parking
1 Baggageclaim/inward(inbound)—p26O(3b)
___________ ________ 9.1
ground level
gatecheck
Terminals 3 Aircraftparking
iL
parkinggroundlevel
—
kerb
I
ticket lob
Lbaggageclaim
outward
L.concourse
boarding
baggage landing
a
DC-b
DC-9
structural
gar claim ar
I L
space for
ground transport
systems present
b & future
Airports
SECONDARYSERVICES
UHIIIHIIIIIIHIIIIU
carparking
-—.—
—.—
150
=-.—-—. ticp —_ —_ —i-i:
runway
1 Aircraftmaintenance 2 Cateringbldg
FREIGHT
ry'TrT
dockhapproa 1170 clearS vanes
4.22 Smallterminals 544—610 largeterminals clearhvanes
3 Airfreight
Airportsreferences:
—vBibliographyentries 048 067 165 186341 370 391 392 393 394 395
396653
Industry 263
Industrial buildings
SITE SELECTION DEVELOPMENTOPTIONS
stage 2
F'
Li
factory
V//47/I
-_J :_
1 Locatefactories&warehousesonsite to allow expansion, preferably in2 2 'Nursery'unitdevelopmentsshould alsoallowforexpansion butwith
directions:considervehicleaccessduringphased expansion urbaninfill sitesthis may haveto beatexpense ofyard ar
264 Industry
Industrial buildings
BASICBUILDINGTYPESELECTION AREAS FORSOME INDUSTRIALOCCUPANCIES
Factoriesand warehouse bldg types only economicallyand operationally For feasibility studies before detailed brief (program) from user these
interchangeable where structural frame has column spans that will not areas can be used asapproximatebldg areas.
conflict with spacing of pallet racking, clear height permitting use of
modern mech handling eqp, roof structure that can accept loading of Serviceindustries
15 m2!P (smallest) to30 m2 medium size
production and environmental services. This normally only economic
forsmallscale bldg orwhere companyhasmixed stoand manufacturing el repairs
useson site likelyto change. builders
engineering contractors (eqmachine tool movers)
Keyfactors in buildingtypeselection appliance repairs
Factories —p266—8: instrument repairs
operationalflexibility for rapidresponseto changingproductiondemands: reprographic services
clearheight column spacing,roofand floorloading,roofconstruction for printers
services routing fortype of manufacturingprocess involved machine tool repairs
energy and environmental control: natural or artificial light; environ-
mental needs of/from process: good working conditions forlabour Manufacturingindustries
durabilityand firecontrol: selectionofmaterialsforstructureand envelope Av 28 m2/P; range 22—33(33m2/P under 664.5 m2)
related to fire riskand anycorrosive effects fromprocess anodising
resale potential sheetmetal work
promotional value for user company polishing
furniture manufacture
Warehouses —p269—72: shop fitting manufacture
structure commensurate with sto demands: structuralspans tosuit rack
clothing
spacing and height and floor strengthto allow more than 1 arrangement textile (made up)
energy and environmental control: to keep stored products in good
condition: insulation and cooling in somecases, ventilation in others; Distributivetrades
good working conditions for labour (eg avoiding loadingdocks tacing av8Om2/P
into prevailing wind) builders merchants
fire control:compartmentationtominimise fire spreadassessed against timbersupply
hindrance to stoand handling and cost ofsprinklers books & magazines
machine spares
Selection strategy electrical goods & spares
Single ormulti-storey development antiques/furntiture
modern production and stotechniques make full use of bldg cubewith upholstery/textile
inherent multi-level characteristics
multi-storey development (or conversion) can be efficient for lightand
high technology industry, particularly where landcostlyin urban areas: Average area/worker
consider personnel circulation and escape, national and local reg, fire m2
control, goodscirculation and process, services routing and trucks and clothing 11
private vehicle access and parking, particularly in dense developments research & development 13
consider cost and environment impact electrical components & assembly 17.5
surgical instruments/appliances, scientific instruments 19.25
miscellaneous manufacture(eqplastics products, musical
instruments) 23.5
leatherwork 24.0
metal goods, cutlery, jewellery, forging, small tools 24.25
made uptextiles (egbags) 28.75
packaging, stationery, printing 32.5
pottery& glassblowing 36.75
motorrepairs, reprographic services 45.5
joinery, furnishing upholstery, shop fitting, timbergoods 46.75
a 4
— .7,7,,r,/7,,,///z,//' Typicalarea distribution
Includes circulation space
—ir4-- Manufacturing
production 60—70% (decreasesas size increases)
00 sto
off
amenities
20% & less (increasesassize increases)
10—15%
5—9%
(increasesassize decreases)
(increasesassizeincreases)
01 0 Distribution
80% +
I4i
sf0
off 10—20% (greater need in some types ofdistribution)
o o amenities 0—5%
b
0
Key: 1 verticalservicesrisers 2goods
elevator 3access&escapestairs(check
local reg formaxdistances) 4 plantar
00
00 1 Multi-storeydevelopmentor
conversioncanprovideefficient
accnforlight &hightechnology
industry,particularlywhere
differencesbetween production, lab
&adminhardtodefine:example
shows potentiallydivisiblespace
Industry 265
Industrial buildings
0 0 0 SELECTIONSTRATEGY 0
Building shape inplan. Selection ofplan shapeis function of: C')
demands of production or sf0 system
climate, size, shape,
topographyand geology ofsite
location ofutilities
expansion potential ofprocess in relation to site _-*p273(l)(2)
i: : : :[:
p4
Some production processes can demand long, narrow bldg:
intensive line production methods, eqmetal rolling, papermanufacture
factories using overhead gantry cranes, eq heavy engineering
ground level
high-bay automated warehouses: function ofeqpmovement efficiency
multi-storey development, flatted workshops for natural light and
p •____ ventilation
[Z1
a
Z2
:::7:.
r
± 4 7
I I
[Thi
Key: 1 offar 2labar 3amenity ar 4 production ar
!H! JW
L±_L1
L
J
—
should be designed to serve broad range of useswithinthat general
production sector.
Basictypesto be identified are: 2 Light dutyindustrialbldg mainlyforsto purposes:portalframedstructure
typically4.5mtoeaves;spans mm 9m,typical12m;roofloading0.35kN/m2
Lightduty (no hoisting);floor loading 16kN/m2
Impliessmall scale (also —p285—90workshops). Industrialbldg where
operational demands of production or sto process place few demands
on structural frame or floor. Interchangeable between light production
and distribution duties. Typically up to 1 860 m2. Light metal work,
packaging, clothing, consumer durable repairs, small printers. Distri-
bution of el goods, builders' components, sub-depots for local retail
distribution.
ru L . .-i -
V
n. ,
.-
Lifi
Industrial buildings
FACTORYBUILDINGTYPES(cont)
C
Heavyduty (I)
Designed to accept large scale batch or mass
production systems, which have intensive
demands for overhead productionand environ-
mental service and materials handling, and
dense floor layoutswith some heavy production
machinery and inter-process sf0 areas. May
need high bldg to exploit multi-revel ability of
materials-handling eqp. In heavy engineering
sector somespecial types to exploit heavy lift
overhead gantry cranes.
possibleparallel
sub-assemWy
process
may be multiple
subassembly
stages
content of bulk handling; powders, liquids, gases. Interchangeability heavyduty S S O(b)cS S S S S S)c)AS
between production, lab and admin areas: rapid change demand with
technological innovation and volatile markets. hightechnidogy S S • CS S AS
S CST S CST
• ••
smallscale
generalpurpose S CS •S S CS S CS
termerhate
.S S(c)AS
3 Factorystructuraltypes
. appropnatestnicture
appropriateslnicturein
0 notedcaseonly 4 Structuraltypes: asingleaxis
A aluminium solid beam,long span purlins
C concrete
b singleaxiscastellabeam,long
spanpurlins:forservicerouting
S steel cportalframe forusewhereservice
possibleseparate loadingminimalorgantrycraneage:
secatdary processsto T
typical pitch6°, rooflightsbuilt into
timber
STRUCTURALSELECTION
Check nationaland local (state) reg forconstruction and performancein
fire relating to required occupancy andwith client's insurancecompany:
thiswill affect materials choice —sp277.
SERVICINGSTANDARDS; STATUTORY
REQU IREMENTS
Forgeneral servicing standards in industrial bldg —up383—397.
Industry 269
Industrial buildings
WAREHOUSES
ci
Warehouse bldg selection depends on scale and type ofsto operation.
Different methods of sto unit loads imply various levels of efficiency in
c
C,)
filling bldg volume and accessibility to load. Equally these decisions
affectselection of mech handling eqp —vp278(4)(5).
Warehousing operation usually involves bulk sto and order selection
functions. Thesetendhave dissimilarstoand materialshandlingdemands
except when small scale installations: typically high dense sto for bulk
stockto exploithandling techniques with lower 'active stock' areas for
orderpicking. Typical proportion divides warehouse: 1/3 high bayarea,
2/3 lower area for order picking and assembly and loading bay zones
Key: ahigh bay palietsb efficientmechhandling blow —v(1), ie can combine 2 of bldg types described below. Because of
bayar:Order picking&load assembly cloadingbay densityof stock bulk sto area may not needto expand so rapidly as
processing zones.
I Typicalproportionsofhigh& lowbayarfordistribution warehouse
WAREHOUSEBUILDING TYPES
L
I? I, Small scale
—vp266lightdutyfactory and —vp268(3) entries 1 & 2.
General purpose
U I _in1 Forfork-lift,reach truckand narrow aisle stackeroperation. Bldg acts as
weather-proof envelope to sto operation. Importantthat spans, height,
check-of1/
sort
U floorstrengthallow forflexible installationofsto methods —ep272 types
check-off!
[ sod 3—6, 7a & 8a; also—ep266 medium dutyfactory types and —*p272(1 0).
U
k-outloadirigi
despatch
r S supphersgoods
U 3 Wheresf0arlimited&throughputspeednottoppriorityintense useof
volumecanbemadewith mobile racking; double-sidedrackingmounted on
rail-bornecarriers: racksnestfacetoface, only 1 aisleopeningat time;
imposeshighfloor loadings
+
+ f
1-
-1-—
f
1 Typicalsto flow diagramfordistribution warehouse, eg retailfood
distribution
ii IIi[IIHU
ii iii Hi
7zzfr2
lii
I
a' a 1: [Cflbfl
1(
5 Forbulkpalletstoin long aislesstockshouldbearranged innotional arso
[—snj
that fastestthroughputstock closest toassemblyar: noterackorientation at
900to assemblyzone
—
BB'1
__s 2b
— . p p7 •
[3
_ . —
0 0 0 loadassently
— —
6 Fororderpickingdiversestockrackingarranged parallelwith load
assemblyzone with rackardevotedto stockwithvariousthroughputspeeds,
2 High baywarehouse, bldgstructure fastest nearestassemblyzone: reduces slowmoving pickingmachinery
integral with palletracking; h 30m;
floor loadingscan bemorethan 60kN/m2distributed blockingmovementofothers
Industry 271
Industrial buildings
WAREHOUSES
Fork-lift dimensions C
In design for best use of sto space note interaction between aisle (I)
spaces and fork-liftdimensions: decision on stacking may decide size
and make of fork-lift, choice of fork-lift may decide stacking. Relevant
details for somefork-lifttypes and pallet sizes —(1 )—(6).
/'\l_____
./ \-
2500kgat 610 load centre
I withoutpallet
wwithout pallet
3246
1118
// h: mastlowered
weightwithoutload
2286
//
4500
wheel loadsladen1: front(drive) 6000
rear(steer) 750
90°stackingaisle (1 200 pallet) 3480
turn-out aisle (1 200 pallet) (dotted)—(1) 2000
1
fordistributedrollingloadsdividebywheelcontact ar, available from
/•/ 4
trade literature
extendingmastreachfork-lift:loadcapacity
2040kgat 610 load centre
Iwithoutpallet 1 930
wwithoutpallet 990
2 Reachfork-liftcapacity1 500kg, palletcarriedwithin wheelbase;stacking h: mast lowered 2667
aisle 90°with 1 220 squarepallet2400;intersecting aisle (dotted) 1 900; weightwithoutload 2722
Iwithoutpallet 1 600, w 990 wheel loadsladen1: front (mast extended) 4282
rear(mastextended 481
90°stacking aisle(1200 pallet) 2362
turn-out aisle(1200 pallet) (dotted)—.(2) 1 905
1
fordistributedrollingloadsdividebywheelcontactar,
available fromtrade literature
5 Extendingmastreachfork-liftdimensions&weights
poweredP-controlled palletfork-lift:load
/ capacity 1815kg
Iwithout pallet
w withoutpallet
h: mastlowered
1 854
762
notapplicable
wwithout load 372
wheelloads notapplicable
\ 90°stacking aisle (1200 pallet)
turn-out aisle (1200 pallet) (dotted) —(3)
1 752
1 498
3 PoweredP-controlledpalletfork-lift: stackingaisle90°with 1220square 6 PoweredP-controlledpalletfork-liftdimensions&weight
pallet1 750; intersecting aisle(dotted)1 500;Iwithoutpallet1 820,w787
272 Industry
Industrialbuildings
WAREHOUSES
Storageefficiencywith varioushandling methods
Takingtypical stacking areas 33m x 33 m, volume efficiencyassessment includes 1 repositioning
aisleat end of rack runs; pallet size: 1200x 1000 x 200 tall—*(1 )—(9); figures in column 2of (10)
relate to numbers ofpicture captions. USA pallet sizes —*(11) and p27l(4).
1 Fork-liftinblockstack:3SOOaisle;3600stackh
(4.5m bldgh dotted)
LE
2
±E E E
Fork-liftin palletracking: 3500aisle;7500
stack h
-
4 Reachfork-liftin palletracking: 2600aisle;
j
7500stackh
F_______________________
uflu
stack betweenframes:7500stack h typeof sto stack pallets volume access sto increase
eqp
h stored efficiency overfork-lift
equivalent
% %
fork-lift: bldg h Smto 1 blockstack1 3 1452 24 poor
undersideofstructure 2 beam pallet 5 1 200 20 100
racking
6 Reachfork-liftindoubledeepracking, has reachfork-lift: bldg 3 blockstack2 3 1 584 28 poor 9
extendingfork attachment: 2600aisle h8m to undersideof 4 beam pallet
structure racking 5 1400 35 100 17
Sdrive-in 5 2400 58 istin
racking laat out
6doubledeep
racking 5 2400 49 50
narrowaisle stacker: 7a beam pallet
racking3 5 1800 46 100 50
lb beampallet
racking4 7 2520 46 46 110
7 Narrowaisle stacker,movesparallel with rack: 8a double deep
astackh7soo bstackhdottedlo.5m racking3 5 2400 59 50
8bdoubledeep
racking4 7 3360 60 50
automatedhigh bay stacker 9beampallet
crane,rail guided:bldg racking 15 5400 32 100
ft 24 m toundersideof
roofstructure(can be
30m+)
'volumeefficiencyincreases iflowerbldg used (4500 mm) 2 volume efficiencyincreases
8 Narrowaislestackerin doubledeepracking, iflowerbldg used bldg fttounderside roofstructure 8000 bldg hto underside of roof
l600aisle: astackh7soo bstackhdotted 10.5 structure11 m assectionof longeraisle: typically 100m+
m
10 Stoefficiencywith various handling methods
Planning grids
To coordinate building's structure,services and
circulation in formulating siting and expansion
strategy and to integratetheseelements during
2 bldg design, discipline their disposition by
Option2:narrowaisle highbaysto:trade-off= costofsiteworksagainst increasedoperational
employing planning grid.
flexibility& lowerenergyloss
3 Tocoordinatestructure,services& movement
indevelopmentstrategyworktomastergrid;note
3-dimensionalimplications
274 Industry
Industrial buildings
LAYOUTOF MULTIPLEUNITDEVELOPMENTS
& ESTATES car parking for workpeople and visitors (check local standards)
Small scale nursery' and 'seedbed' units: meetneedto integrategroup off and amenity accn: either integral within volume of bldg (where site
of units into existing urban or rural community. Illustrations —(1)(2) area restricted) or as attached block (where developer requires max
show small 'seedbed'group combined with landscaped open space rental fromproduction/sto area)
and 'nursery'unitswith expansion capacitywith grouped goods access. mixture ofsizesofunit in estatecan beachieved byvariable location of
cross walls in terrace or by providing 2 or more groups of bldg of
Speculative developments forrental: built in variousforms ofterrace to increasing size: decision depends on scale
allow flexible space allocation. Note:
sufficientheavy goods vehicle manoeuvring and parking area (see also Trade mart concept may be used to revitalise urban areas: divisible
space undercommon roofallowing high degree of planning flexibility.
// ////
loading bays)
9 12 24rn
39 785
41V
—i:
wt
3
1 'Nursery'& 'seedbed'industrial unitscanbe integrated intorural 3 'Trade mart' typedevelopment, attractiveinnercitypossibility mixinglight
community,bringreliefto crowded innercity industrial,craft & retailuserstostimulate workingcommunity: common
envelopeprovidesmulti-divisiblespace
tOrn
14 ft
Industrial buildings
INDUSTRIALPARKS ci
C')
\\-it t
' "\ // )
I /'I
1)1/I
- - —
/ hillwaterS
/
—:-
,/-'
1 —'-
— diversion
channel &
lakeoutlet
minutes
sunlight raising tempand causing package fade.
102 30
Artificial lighting 105 15
108 71/2
—.p398—400;—*(1) 111 33/4
Noisecontrol continuouslevelsover 85dBA should be avoided
Noisemajor pollution and limit on working efficiency: noise damageto
hearing, humansensitivity tovibration —p18; max levels inworkplace 2 Maxexposuretonoise
Designing factory orwarehouse to meet potentialfire hazard involves: UK bldg reg relating to compartmentation for fire control and cubic
C')
measures to limit spread of fire within and outside bldg by compart- capacity of bldg, covering eg rules for measurement, periods of fr for
mentation, detection devices, sprinklers and choice of materials for elements ofstructure —Bib116590592593594601.
structure and cladding In USA areas, construction types, egress or exits, compartmentation
providing readily accessible and identifiable means of escape with and all matters concerning fire safety and fire control are regulated by
alternative route in everysituation
bldg code administered by city or municipal inspection dept (—*Bib027
providing ventilation in roof to reduce heat and smoke build-up to 505 509 510). Matters concerning fire insurance ratings of hazard and
prevent fire 'leap-frogging' underroof cladding and enablefire service bldg covered bystandards ofNational Board of FireUnderwriters.
rapidly vent smoke: typically 1 vent per structural bay, with curtains of
non-inflammable material forming smoke reservoirs in roof space
extinguishing fire or at leastcontrolling seat of fire until brigade can
extinguish it, by means of sprinklers, high expansion foam or gas
drenching
Firedesign decisions involve consultation with:
user: compartmentation may significantly affect layout of process or
warehouse
fire chief/officer: local reg and practice, particularly on fire appliance
access, water supply and means ofescape
user's insurance company: predominant influence on fire control in
USA. Insurance company can demand compartmentationon basis of
calculated maximum forseeable loss' (MFL fire wall). Reduced com-
partmentation can be negotiated against designing roof structure of
greater fr and installation of sprinkler system. Insurance companies
usually allow 50% premium reduction for sprinkler system.
Statutorycontrols
On national or state basis. In UK controls affect max cubic capacity of
compartments for single and multi-storey bldg and fr of elements of
structure forfactory and warehouse bldg of certainfloorareas.
Warehouses
Warehouses with pallet rackingcan provide particularfire hazard,aisles
acting as flues. Reg forinstallationofsprinklers,accountingforfrequency
ofoutletand flowratesbasedon degreeof hazardforstored material. In
USA apply rules from National Fire Protection Assocation and client's
insurer. In UK Fire Officers' Committee Rules forAutomatic Sprinkler
Installations should beadhered to.
Site planning
Control offire spread canalsoaffect location offactory orwarehouseon
site, particularly in relation toadjoining users. This can affect bldg costs
as there are rulesset down formaterials and frof walls when adjoining
otherproperty at particulardistance. ForUK—unprotectedarea require-
ments in Bldg Reg ES (Bib592); for USA —*state bldg codes and
requirements of American Insurance Association (Bib026); in general
codesprovide fire safety for people and underwriters protect bldg.
IIIII
1 Factorieswithoutsmoke ventscan become
rapidlysmoke-filledwith fire spreading under roof
surface
Ergonomics
Work people's relationship to machinery and work actions to reduce
fatigue and increase safety.
Mechanical handling
From most basic, low cost handling devices, scissor lifts, hoists and
counterbalanced manipulators,whichcan revolutionise manualwork, to
accumulating conveyors, automatically routing mobile work stations
and robotassembly machines.
Work organisation
Grouping people for certain tasks. Traditional isolation of machine
operatorsand line assemblyorganisationunder reviewin severalcountries
in Europeand in USA; team organisationcanoffer greatercommunication
and production flexibility.
Environment
Positive demands:
temp suited to activity—USA: AmericanSocietyof Heating,Refrigeration
& Air-conditioning Engineers (BibO3l), UK: Institution of Heating &
VentilatingEngineers (Bib164)
2 Environmentalfactorscanbeconsidered forpurpose designedfactories: airflowand air cleanliness
with noisy &dirty processesoff andamenityaccncan besegregatedfrom
lighting: backgroundand task —p398—4OO
productionzone
Defence against:
glare
noise
vibration
harmful gaseous or dust products: explosions
IQDL
4
II II Hli Li2
Simplehandlingaids suchasscissorliftcanimproveworkingconditions&
II
5 Counter-balancedmanipulatorcanenableoperatorplaceheavy loads
productivity accurately
Industry 279
Industrialbuildings
WORK PLACEDESIGN
Amenity
c0)
Washing, changing, wc and smoke/rest provision related to workplace.
Location and scale depend onworkorganisation—.(4):
traditional line production will require centralised services accessibleto
numbers of people
team organisationimpliesamenityaccnclose byorlocaltoteamoperating
area; with changes in production organisation depending on manufac-
turing methods and volume, both are likely to change with increasing
frequency.
uiu
a
b
c
a
3 Typicalrack& shelfhforfloorlevelorder picking 4 Wet services,washing& rest ar: a small divisibleunitsas stripalong
boundary bmed & largesizefactorybldgwith 2possiblezonesforplacing
wet services,eitherallowing freelocationineachzoneorgroupingintoflexibly
positionedbutdistinctwet serviceunits,egforteamaccess cforlargescale
factoriesanotheroptionisislandwet serviceand amenity ar; advantages:
singleundergroundservicesrun &accessibility fromall sides
280 Industry
Industrial buildings
HYGIENE
,'
1••••
unnals
washtrough
Washing general
UK law requires that adequate and suitable facilities for washing,
conveniently accessible,beprovided and maintainedforuse of employed
persons in allfactories. Where nospecialorderofficial recommendation
not less than 1 washbasin/20P doing clean work, 1/lOP doing dirty
—i
work, 1 /5P handling poisonous substances.
Provisionofwashbasins—vBib6O8
Lavatories
UK factory laws do not specify numbers of lavatories: provision con-
sidered 'suitable and sufficient' foroffices, shopsand railwaysequally
ii, relevant for factories—vBib346 347 604.
Lockers
1 Layoutofdo, washr, drinfood 2 Changingmiwith strict Forclean trades 1 locker/P must beprovided; fordirty 1 double locker/P
productsfirm separation ofclean&dirtyclothes to keep workand street clothing separate.
vents
shell
—
*
1120
towelholder
o•
11 Sho cubicleswithclotheshooks outside
Industrial buildings
SANITARYINSTALLATIONS a
C
Sanitary installationsaccording to German standardgiven here. 1 tloor
ID ;7N outlet with smell trap per closet and 1 tap connexion with 1 socket
spanner and hose union. Cleaner's sink. Floor surface non-slip, water
C',
iD 7
—125—"———1.55—i __ H
is......
resistant, easyclean.
\N
___________ Walls washableupto2000high. Floorand wallssealedagainstmoisture.
i— 1.5 —"-—1.15—-, h
LDH 1.5—44———1.55 —t
Iii
1 Singlerowclosetsdoorsopening 2 Singerow closetswith urinal on
outwards(above),inwards(below) oppositewall
7N {D7K
D
—1.25
: 7i\2.05—
h
l.25
500+— 1.1 —t-600-
:*
r 1
Al
Lit '— —900-i
r IL
wwstodssickngunder —5Xi—4 1.0 1.3 1.0
slo4ffl I
[I] HI U [Istool
450s-ô--r--6OO-i—6OO-i
ftj
H±H
DH[IIE E±1:d
i—9-H 1.0 t—500—4 i—900—4
I
1.0 I— 9—
5 Washrwithhb 6 Washrwithtrough
13 Mm dimensionsforchanging rm
4
'a >2,05
_—105 —500
Al
__Ff14
1.05— 1.5 —±1.05*1.05°--1.1-'
3.6 — -°2.15 -H
720-800-'
9 Gullydrainage,individual 10 Bath cubiclewith changing
drainagetorhalf-opensho alcove:mm dimensionstorsho& 15 Vendingmachines
compartment bath units
282.Industry
Industrial buildings
LOADINGBAYS bution warehouse: bulk loads of single product delivered, mixed loads
oforders despatched indistributors' ownvehicles; here segregationfor
Link between production or sto process and distribution system. Much traffic management and materials flow in warehouse, particularly as
effort toreduce production costs can bewasted throughdelayed vehicle vehicle handling peaks may coincide.
turn-round and increased manning if loadingarea notcarefullydesigned. Number ofloading bays, spacing and layout:
Decisionsin loadingbayplanning loading bays must never be considered in isolation; mustbe related to
circulation and check-off area behind them. Decision on numbers
Raised orgroundlevel dock?Generally, forend-loading containersand
box bodies vehicles, as in retail distribution, raised; for side-loading question ofthroughput patterns and availablearea next todockfor load
curtain sided and flat bed vehicles, ground level. preparation. Clearly ifvehiclescan behandledfasterwith pre-assembled
loads, less loading docks required than for slower turn-round with
Separate loading baysforincoming and despatch —v(1): separate bays, material being assembled as loadingoperation continues.
together with vehicle marshallingareas, where manufacturing system loading bay spacing and layout influenced by depth of manoeuvring
involves differentcharacteristics between raw materials and finished area available and depth of load accumulation space behind dock.
products, with raw materials calling for side handling at ground level and Choice of which should have more spacemust be basedon assessment
palletised for despatch needing end loading. Similarly for large distri- of individual throughput demand.
I I It
o 10203040 m
3366 99132 ft
2 Manywarehousescanusedockforincoming &
despatch goods; in factories sharing type of
loadingbay maynotbepossiblebutgoodsvehicle
manoeuvringarcanbe common
15marticulatetruck
a4.7m b5.7m c7.3m d8.3m
I 23 m(75 6
efl.8m t7.8n1 g27miunmingcircleat
900fulllock
20 25 30 35 40 45n1
-— - -ltorclockwise.
trafficflow A) waitingar
5 Truckloading& manoeuvring, USAdimensions a loading, manoeuvring andwaitingar b& C apronspace requiredfor 1 move intooroutof
position
Industry 283
Industrial buildings
LOADINGBAYS (cont)
Spacing
Directly related to yard depth; conditioning factor: distance closely
parked vehicles have to pull out before turning —.(1). Angled, raised
docks reduce yard depth at expense ofnumber ofvehicles handledat 1
time: ground level drive-through bays reduce circulation width but
increase length. Finger dock compromise for side and end loading
where manoeuvring area limited.
Loadcheck-off/accumulationspace
Behind cross circulation aisle load handling zone (dock levellers with
raised docks). Should have capacity of 1 .5 vehicle loads. Remember
end-loadingraiseddock:
drawforwarddistance space for broken pallets, relected loads, rubbish: at least 1 load area.
Crosscirculation aisle4000 allows 2 fork-lift pass and for turnout from
docklevellers. Keep thisarea clear ofcolumns.
Raised docks
Equip with docklevellerplates accommodate both changes in vehicle
bed height as they are loaded and different types of vehicle. Standard
loading dockheight in USA 1220, common with 1 200 in Europe: with
European vehiclesgreater variationsinbed height.Dock levellers should
not exceed gradient of 1 in 10withhighest orlowest vehicle.
Energy
Do not face loading bays into prevailing wind. Raiseddocks: use dock
shelterswhere vehicle forms hermetic seal with bldg and segmentalor
roller shutterdoor closes on to leveller when vehicle leaves. Ground
levelor finger docks can be completely enclosed (straightthrough flow
ortail in). Alternatively, hot orcold air curtainscan beused butthese not
substitute for enclosure.
Security
finger dock: raised Drivers should not be able gain access beyond dock, except in some
end& sideleading distribution operationswith company'sownvehicleswheredriver arranges
order of loading. Generally, raised docks with dock shelters provide
inherent security: separate lavatoriesand access totraffic office should
beprovided forvisitingdrivers.
Weather protection
If docksheltersor enclosed dockcannot be installed canopy required
overloading area: should allow at least 5000clear height.
Gradients
Ground should beflat(except forlocal drainagefall) for lengthofvehicle
checkoff in frontofdockor mm oflength of articulatedsemi-trailer.
buffenat
1.5toad
equivalent Heavy goodsvehiclemarshalling & circulation
gafew foraccess Segregate light vansfromheavygoods vehicles: to use differentdocks!
,I' \
21.5
frombothdirections partsofthe dock
Provide heavy vehicle waiting bays before loadingbayarea and clear of
7mcanopy
L :—-------
_
3800 mm
5000 nun
- 1100—1500 - II
ml 1220standard
K
12.0 levelsection 3000typicalfor4000laming/passing
(55 ftinsomeliSAslaten) levellerplate aisle
(—23.0—
truck
loading
61.0
rail servicedoor
bldg
2590(typical)
1 520 walkway
21 3
parking
!,
C-
a
0
r
-'
I
truck
loading
23.0—
61.0
rail servicedoor
bldg
2590 (typic&) -21.3
1 520 walkway
parking 9. .
orlandscaping F V orlandscaping
______________ 91 91.4
___________________property line¢reline
23
:
12.2railright ofway 12.2 raileasementi of lead track
leadtrack- 6100min — I
- eli
Il
.1111,! Sm!
rail spurinside bldg •
railspurinside bldg
2590from inside wall 21 23— 25gOfrominsidewall
21 3 1
c
Is,
I
1
61.0 IC)
tWCI( bldg
parking 61.0 bldg
loading parking
.l
I loading
0
stH
n
5,
CS1I
1 520walkway
orlandscaping H -.j F
I 1520 walkway
orlandscaping
j___________ 5, I
V
co
J9l4osetback(Iandscaped)
c street right-of-way — f9l4osetback(landscaped) —
Industrial buildings
WORKSHOPS Rental unit ci
Great variety in shape and size: workshops classifiedhere by location, C')
circulation requirements —*p286, tenancytypes —p287, and technology
theycan accommodate—*p288. Most ofdetailedstandardsand examples
given thoserequired fortypical inner cityflatted factory (rental unit).
Most common locations —.(1)—(5).
Domestic
1
garden
IK
1 1 or2 peoplecarryingonhobbyorpart-timeoccupation inextension of
home
Educational institution
4 Standardunitswithsharedaccessinmulti-storeybldg
wc
sto
workshop
I
off
—
photo wood
I I
lab workshop
I I
metal
workshop
onference gar
I
5 Specialistworkshopsforusebystaffmaintaining company'splantorbldg
3 Groupofnon-specificunitsfor range ofverysmallbusinesses itself
286 Industry
Industrial buildings
innercity suburbs&rural WORKSHOPCIRCULATION
spaces/floorar
distribution m2 m2
Parkingoutsidebuilding
Standards depend on location as well as on type ofuse—.(1).
heavy goodsvehicles 1/1000 1/500
light commercial vehicles 1/1000 1/500
cars 1/400 1/1 000 Elevatorsinsidebuilding
Related toexternal parking and totenancies —.(2)(3).
light industry
heavygoodsvehicles 1/4000 1/2000
light commercial vehicles 1/1 000 1/500 Circulationwithin workshop
cars 1/200 1/50 Derived fromtechnology used aswell astype oftenancy —+(4)—(7).
offspace
light commercial vehicles 1/1 000 1/500
cars 1/150 1/30
5 Overlapping:similarto4 butformuchlargertypeoffirm
2 Shared spaceII—*(4)
Open plan
Typeofbldg:any building type.
Type of management: head lessee relinquishes no responsibility for
space: may provide telephone, secretarial services on time sharing
basis.
Type of user: newly founded tiny firms (1—5 persons) requiring low
overheads and mm commitments.
Subdivision: space rented from another firm usually on somekind of
licence.
Compan'mentation: separate subdivision only required if sub-tenant
represents high riskof fireorexplosion.
Escape routes: considered same as for main tenant unless special fire
risk.
3 Sharedspace
A
J
4 Sharedspace
288 Industry
Industrial buildings
type passengers heavy light machine pit external access WORKSHOPS:EQUIPMENTSPACE
goods goods rrn fittings
—(1) shows requirements for some suitable handling eqp for small
elelevators yes yes yes yes yes yes 3sides premises. —.(2)(3) showtypical space needed per machine in tightly
hydraulic lift yes yes yes no yes yes 3sides planned layout: does notnecessarilyallowforgeneral circulation,process
manually yes no yes no yes yes 3sides sto or initial installation of machinery. —v(4) shows percentage of total
operated lift
platform hoist no yes yes no no yes 2sides area required foroperations invarious types of workshop.
elservicelift no no yes no no yes 3sides
scissorslift no yes yes no yes no 4 sides
dock leveller no yes yes no no yes 2sides
elbelt no yes yes no yes no 2 sides
conveyor
gravity no yes yes no no yes 2sides
conveyors
elwinch no yes yes no no yes 4sides
manual winch rio no yes no no yes 4sides
manual floorcrane no no yes no no mobile mobile
1 Suitablehandlingeqp forsmallpremises
4 Repairshop: electronicsrepair;employs2;approx47m2
. general
woodwork
ii
sander
ri
U organassembly
& wiring
—V
5 Machine workshop:
lithographicprinting; employs3;
approx93m2
6 Small factory:
women'sshoe manufacturer;
employs47;approx 370m2
290Industry
Industrial buildings
Workshopdesignfactors
Factors affecting fabricdesign and services requirementsforrepresentativecategories ofworkshop —(1).
E
1 Factors affectingfabricdesign& z a
servicerequirementsforworkshops ma
poBe
rjsssDiowniri
A timber furniture
film production
furs, skins
film processing
B
electronicrecording
engraving
toys, musicelinstruments
metalwork,plating,casting
C
clofhrig
tight engineering
valves,tools
D
deskaceessories,plastics
food processing
pnnting
rnenufacturing
stationery
E
brewing
spinning
electronicrepairs
motorcar repairs
F
bicycterepairs
meamcaiprops
SERVICINGSTANDARDS Watersupply/plumbing
Cold water supply for domestic needs only to be carried into bldg;
Check all applicablebldg codes and municipalplanreview requirements. tenants'process orsprinkler requirements notallowed for: supplemen-
Fornew industrial bldg following standardsapply: tary serviceto be laid if excessive need indicated. Cold and hot water
supplies tobe connected to allwashing installations: hotwater supplied
Electricity from either wall mounted el 3 kW sf0 heater (capacity54 I) or if more
UK: Each unit to be provided with separate 415 V 3-phase supply, economic central hotwatercylinder having capacityapprox 351/basinor
including, sitednormallywithin production area,main distribution board, sink. All stotanks tobe adequatelyinsulated.
ofadequate capacity fornormallyanticipatedunitneed ofabout 70kVA,
fitted with fused switchboard. (70 kVA units in range of 1 000 m2 and Drainage
upwards need separateloadcalculations.)Lightingcircuitsto beprovided Surface waterdrainage down pipes should have traps accessible from
within offices and lay in appropriate locations. Power socket outlets to ground floorlevel and be locatedinpositions to avoidaccidentaldamage.
be provided in offices. Fused switch socket outlets to beprovided in lay Ample external surface watergullies should be provided in service yard
where el sto heaters used. In offices —vp234 lighting wiring should to avoid waterstanding and grid channels should be provided across
followlikelyoffice subdivision and should finishwith fluorescent fitting serviceyard entrance where levels ofyard could allow surface water to
but in lay and do should be batten ceiling typefitting. Provide external run off into bldg. Foul drainage should allow for domestic demand;
flood lighting atbackof bldg over service door wired to each individual sealed gully in production area for process effluent. Trade effluent
unit to illuminate rear service area: may be supplemented by street certificate required for individual trade needs.
lighting where layout permits.
Note: no provision to be made in standard specification for lighting
Ventilation
Mech ventilation tobe provided forwconlywhere layout makes imprac-
trunking or 13 amp ring main in production areas. tical natural ventilation. All offices naturallyventilated. Productionareas
USA:currentcharacteristics ofservice vary with process. El eqp forair needonlyhave separate provision for manuallycontrolled roofmounted
conditioning may be required for some processes orlocations. extractors where chosen form ofheatingwill notachieve this result.Any
extractor fans to be completely weather proofed and capable of being
Telephone serviced at roof level.
Underground service ducttobeprovided intoground floortoallow easy
cable connexion. Fire alarm
Alarm systems to be installed toeach unitthroughout office production
Gas/gascentralheating areas. El operated systemwith manual initiation. Supplementary brief
Services to be carried into bldg and sealed off in production area. (program) to advise if provision to be made for sprinklers, smoke
Supplycapacity to be designed toallow provision ofcentral heating to detectorsor emergency lighting. Hosereel pointsonly to be provided
production and office areasto normalworking standards.Centralheating whererequired by reg or statute.
to be provided only when required at landlord's cost: may be in office In USA sprinkler design approved by state insurance commissionorfire
areas for larger units using conventional hot water radiator system
marshall's office.
incorporating provision for hot water for domestic uses. Boiler to be
sitedin production area. Industrial buildings references:
—eBibliographyentries 031 036 052 053 164 177 178257280284301
305 331 332 333 338 341 346 348352 354 363 374 382 387418456
470 477480 481 486 505 534 539 590 592 597 600601 602603604
605 606 608 616 627 634 642651
Industry 291
Laboratories
CLASSIFICATION
________ linkto adjoiningunit
&/orfireescape Lab differwidelyin layout and service requirements according to use.
Classificationcategoriesincludetype ofdiscipline(eg chemistry,physics,
biology), level ofstudy(eg routine, teaching, research),provision of eqp
(egbenches, rigs), level ofservicing (eg wet, dry).
aM bE2] Hospital lab —+p176
TRENDS
IL] dE2i
In past lab designed for specific, fixed use; now growing tendency
ii
advocate 'multi-purpose' where worker has permanent station. Rapid
changes in technology create new fieldsof study and demand costly
sophisticated eqp which must be fully used: consequent need for
adaptable labspaces which may bechanged during life ofbldg.
r;i
—(2b). Normal workplace can beconsidered as being approx 1600 x
800. Modulewidth may vary from 2600 to 5250; av approx 3000 to
3600, which allows 2 parallel rowsof benches with centre gangway
giving room to pass between 2workers.
Modulew = 2workspaces + centre passageway
3000—3600 2 x 800 1400—2000
Typical bldg dimensions include:
I.
modulew 3000—3600
!Tn1T1t moduled 5000—8000
hiflfTTTTTflrfl corrw
storeyh
2000—2500
3600—4200
FtiIiiIL Li:'1 L.
4 Typical plan showing flexible lab with grouped central services (pre-
clinicalsciencesSouthampton UniversityEngland) ArchJohn S
BonningtonPartnership
key 1 teachinglab 2post-graduate & research lab 3preparation&
servicemi 4rmwith specialisteqp
key
h hotwater
coidwater
m main
W waste
g gas
twp rainwater
wvp waste ventpipe
te telephone& at
le iume extract
I lightingtrunking
heatingpipes
as air suppiy
400
iFmn -
wUP .
LjL oljHlL
worktop sto cpd
o 400
Laboratories
SPECIALREQUIREMENTS
Some operations need special eqp or techniques calling for particular
a
controlled environment not availableorappropriate ingeneral lab areas. ci)
These include:
cold sto & lab temp control important
warm & incubator rm
sterile/dust free rm air locks & cleansing provision needed
dark rm entrycontrol needed
fumeproducing techniques cupboardsusuallysufficient: largescale
need special rm
chromatography rm special rm: fume extraction
chemical distillation
steam production extraction needed
vibration/noisy eqp structural & plan isolation
animal rm environment & security control
radiation & x-rayrm screening & security
RELATEDSPACES
Space for related activities needed in addition to general lab provision:
staff, seminar, small off, lib, do, sto, plant, preparation, some or all of
suchrm will be needed
1 Detailsof lab benchesinscienceblockWellesley College
Massachusetts USA
FINISHES
2 Mobile fumecpdshowingserviceconnexions
Laboratoryreferences:
—.Bibliographyentries 039 122
206 278 283 336 337 341 349
354362 524571
3 TypicalteachingarTeacherTrainingCollegeTeesideEngland
294 Industry
Farm buildings
partsper million PURPOSE
hydrogen carbon ammonia NE-I3 Function of farm bldg to modify effect of climate on livestock, crops,
dioxideCO2
sulphideH2S agricultural eqp and man atwork. Housing also allows easier handling
upper limitconsidered and storing of feeds, products and waste materials. Decision to erect
acceptableforman to 10 5000 25 farm bldg may also be influenced by other considerations, eg invest-
breath duringworkingday ment, taxation, personal motives etc.
I Toxic gas limits Design data presented here are based on human and animal require-
ments, animal housing technology including labour use, crop sto and
illumination (lx) —.p25 processing, waste handling and legal controls.
5 Reachofmouthofcattle
Industry 295
Farm buildings
CA1TLE
a
Wasteproduction
Cattle defecate and urinate indiscriminately:canonly be madetodeposit 1200kg/rn2deadload (I)
waste in particular places by useofphysical restraint,egcubicles. —*(1) 200 kg/rn2 live load
showsquantities ofwaste produced by different classes of cattle
HOUSINGELEMENTS
Housing systems canbeclassified bymethod ofcollectingand handling
waste products. In slatted floor systems waste passes through perfor-
ations in floor to be collected and periodically removed from cellar
beneath. In straw-bedded pens dung and some urine absorbed by
straw. Resultant farmyard manure must be removed periodically. In
cubicle systems use made of inability of cattle to walk backwards up
step.Raised cubicles can thereforeonlybeentered headfirst; dungand
urine deposited into cubicle passage, scraped regularly, or may be
slatted.
Slatted floorpens
Slatted floorsystems eliminatebedding and save labour. Proper space
allowances —(2) should be maintained to ensure sufficient animal
3 Reinforcedconcreteslatsforcattle
treading action. Totally slatted floors normally used for beef cattle or
suckler cows only. For dairycows useofslats limitedto cubiclepassages,
feeding stances and circulationareas.
125 slat laid with 40 gap suitable for all stock above 200 kgliveweight or
6—8months —*(3).Foryounger stockqualityand conditionofslats more
critical: 25 or 30gap preferable.
Slurry cellars should be flat floored with draw-off points orreceiving pits
for vacuum tankers orpumps at gable ends orperimeter walls. Sluice
gatesliftedorpusheddown allowing slurryto fill receiving pit; overflow
lip system —.p304(4) also used. Sometimes necessary agitate slurry
before emptying. For this purpose slats may have to be removed for
access with recirculation/agitation pump. Some designs incorporate
suspendedcentral passage with several access points. Some pumps
require 0.5 m sump to work efficiently. Examples of slurry draw-off
points—*(4).
Sto capacities of slurrycellars —(5). Externalwaste sto—p301 (3).
(kg/day) (m3/day)
1 Tankcapacityrequiredfor2monthsstoof urinefromhigh level slattedbldg Fortypical arrangement ofhigh-level slatted systems —(2).
Straw-bedded pens
Resting area bedded with 2—4 kg of straw/animal/day. For space
allowance/animal —(3).
Farm buildings
CATTLE
Calf pens(cont) C
(1)
In grouppens with bucket feeding pen front oftenequipped with simple
manual trapping yoke.
Alternativeto buckets cascadetrough: allowssimplified pipeline delivery
of milk with individual rationing.—(1)shows details ofcascadetrough:
system suitable for larger scale operations where labour spent on
feeding tasks often reduced to mm. Self-trapping yoke installed to
control calves during feeding reduces subsequent cross-suckling.
'Automatic' feeders mix and supplymilk substitute feed to groups of
1 Cascadetrough 10—15 calves on adlib basis: allow more flexible labour routines but
formilkfeeding feed consumption (and hence cost) higher.
calves
Feeding
When feed rationed or restricted sufficient trough space must be pro-
weight (kg) approxage mm troughspace vided for all animals feed simultaneously. Trough space requirements
(months) (mm/animal)
150 5 360
300 12 When teed continuously available (ad/lb feeding) notall animals require
520
400 16 600 teed atonce.Trough-space/animal depends on typeof feed aswell as
450 18 620 sizeofanimal. Lessspace required forcereal feed than forforage:
2 500 20 640 grainor concentrates: 75—100/animal
Troughspacefor 550 23 660 self-feedsilage: 100—175/animal
restrictedfeeding
mechanically-filled trough maintainedfull: 175/animal
J:L__ i5 jpj
130° 300:otoer stock Feeding barriers —(3)essential prevent feed wastage.
25
250:youngerstock
Self-trapping feeding barriers (yokes) designed prevent animal access
tofeed,or restrain or releaseselected animals—*(4).
Dimensions of trough and feeding passages for mechanised cattle
500 180 feeding —*(5). Inclined floortrough allows animals reach further; sub-
nmn
sequently less secondaryhandlingoffeeds required—.p294(5). Forunits
housing over200animalsflat floor feeding passage4400wide preferred:
feed left outside reach of cattle can be pushed forward nearer to them
using specialised tractor mounted plough or brush attachment. Feed
residuals can be also removed using this machine. Feed bunkers for
3 Feeding barriersforcattle complete (mixed) diets—*(6). These hold2—3days' supplysince denser
feeddeteriorates less rapidly.
120 1600
j
4 Self-feedingbarrier
,
:/LZ,//k
6 Feedbunkersforcomplete(mixed)diets
5 Passagesformechanised feedingofcattle
298 Industry
Farm buildings
CATFLE passages). Lower (inlet) area twice this. Ifdifference in height between
inletsand outlets different from1 000, areas multiplied by height factor
Feeding (cont) obtained from—(3b).
Typical dimensions ofmobile feeding eqp —(1); turning space require-
ments —*(2). Example 1: 30 x 100 kg calves in bldg 750 x 10000 with 2000 h
difference between inlets& outlets
Feeding stances should allow space for animals pass behind others floor ar/calf 75/30 = 2.5 m2
feeding. Foradult cattle allow 2400mm forslatted stances,2700mm for outletar 0.042 x h factor 0.7 = 0.03 m2/calf
solidscraped stances. inlet ar double this = 0.06 m2/calf
Watering Example 2: 100 x 400 kg cattle in bldg 10 x 30 m, 2500 h difference
Should be 10—30 animals/water bowl. Water troughs should provide between inlets& outlets
0.02 m2 of water surface/animal or 300 of water trough frontage for floor ar/animal 300/100 = 3 m
40—50animals. During winter water should be heatedto 10CC.Provision outletar 0.087 x hfactor 0.57 = 0.05m2/head
to prevent cattle fromdefecating intowaterdrinker required: install floor inlet ar doublethis = 0.1 m2/head
curb200highor rail about 300 fromdrinker; ordrinkers can be recessed
Design procedures also available for bldg with single openings, eg
into wall or covered with cattle operated flaps. Water bowls ortroughs
open-fronted bldg, and slotted roofs (—+Bibl08). Type of ventilation
usually installed at height 700—1 000: should be located where do not opening can be chosen suit method of construction and size required.
obstruct otheranimals feedingor movingto and fromfeeding area, and
Simplest has continuous opening at eaves and open ridgeformed by
preferably wherespillage will notwetbedded lying areas.
omitting ridgecapping—(4).
Ventilation Mechventilation should notbeneeded ifnaturalventilation designed for
Natural ventilation suitable for ventilating all cattle bldg, including calf in newworkorconversions. If required, provide capacityof 1.4 m3/h kg
bldg. Fan-assistedventilationsystems only justifiedinexceptionalcircum- live weight= 0.39 I/s kg live weight. Design openings to provide inlet
stances eg USA in heavily fly infested areas to supplement fly spray speed of0.5—1 rn/s.
system; exhaust fan system not continuous running but worked on
times.Sizesofopenings fornatural ventilation basedonbldg floor area, Animal handling&veterinarysystems
weightof cattle and difference in height between airinlet and airoutlet. Efficient handling systems essential for speedy and safe restriction of
—*(3a) used to obtain area/animal of upper opening (outlet) from av animals for veterinary, breeding or management purposes. Important
weight of animal in bldg and total bldg floor area/animal (including elements ofcattle handlingand controlsystemsare shown—p299.
E
S
E
'0
t0
S
0
1 Dimensionsoftractorwith fore-endloader&of forageself-emptywagon
hd,ffe(er'ceinIe&outlet
+24t
t/////////////Z '/,'2'
Farm buildings
CATTLE
8000
''
race
________ Animal handling(cont)
Isolation pens forveterinary treatment,disease diagnosisetcshould be
33°E1____ provided. Pens (3000 x 6000) should be bedded: feed should be
330[H____
__________ delivered totrough fromoutside pen; for dairy cows milking line should
torcingpen 255El __________
l75:1 _____
IiII
iii iiii
iiIi
' I
it IiIi
IiLi
beinstalled. Drain separatelyfromother animal areas.
Calving pens should be separate from main resting area; floor should
be bedded; tractor access for mucking out required. Pen size 4000 x
I2I
Li II
Li U 4000adequate.
Holding pens space requirements: beef cattle 0.95—1.4 m2/beast mm
______________ adult cattle 1.7m2/beast
:TT60 cows and cattle 1.85 m2/cow and calf
catwalk Forcing penleads fromcollecting pen to race;should befunnel-shaped
crush & vetgates and should hold not less than 12 cows plus calves or 15 adult cattle.
vet Single sided splay preferable, with 30 angle.
gates —
Race(chute): 18mlong 680 wide internallyand 1 680 totop rail will hold
race crush 10—12 cattle. Catwalks should be provided on both sidesof race 760
J_______ J ______
pen2 above ground level and not less than 300wide.
3—way shedder pen 3
Crush (squeeze chute): race terminatedbycrush which may be metal
race proprietary make orconstructed in timber. Weighcratesometimes used
ascrush. There should be goodaccess at bothsidesto head,neck, feet,
underflanks and rear ofanimal. Crush should beunder cover with good
daylight and artificial lightand provisionforhosing down whole area.
Shedder gate: should be installed after crush wherever need to sort
recircijlationalley animals for weighing, separation for pregnancy, loading etc. Gates
catt race should be installed at far end of all holding pens allow recirculation of
groups or individual animals. Dimensions of cattle handling systems
1 Cattle handlingsystems: dimensions —v(1), typical Iayout—*(2).
Milking
In loose housing systems cows milked in parlour. Milking in cowsheds
using bucket or pipeline not practised in new dairy units because of
hygieneand high labour requirements both in milking and cleaningeqp.
Examples oftypical milking parlours—v(3).
access
abreast
hernngbone
I II
LI
tandem
III
1
chule tandem
300 Industry
Farm buildings
CA1TLE
length'A'
Milking (cont) noof
Pit depth —(1 )(D) ideally 950 for tall milker, false floor being used for cows
6 6050
shortermilkers: compromise depth of750oftenused. 8 7050
8050
Pit width—.(1 )(C) for2stalls/unit mm 1 515, for 1 stall/unit 1 515 mm for 10
9050
12
1 operator and 1 828mm for 2operators. 14 10050
11050
Use only high-level jars in pits less than 1 515 mm. 16
18 12050
Parlour length —e(1)(A) 3050 + 500/rn standing. 20 13050
22 14050
24 15050
Rotary pariourdimensions vary between individual manufacturersas well
as with type and number of standing.—n(2) gives guide; use manufac-
turer'sdata fordetailed design.
Collecting area: before milking cows moved from resting and feeding
area tocollecting areanext milking parlour.Space allowancein collecting
area should be 1.35 m2/cow, but 1.1 m2 usuallyadequate with straight
herringbone parlours where initial batch of cows removed almost
immediately. In rectangular yardswidth usually equal that of parlour.
Cows should enter at farther end so that all movement in 1 direction.
Circular yards make backing gate easier install: usually either full or
three-quarter round. Capacityshould be coordinatedwith size of herd
orgroup. When at grazing in summer herd maybegrouped differently or
not atall.
Dairy: normally attached milking parlour reduce length of pipe runs.
Should be sitedso that rear of milk tanker can be parked within 3000of
door; adequate tanker turning space must be provided.900clear space
should be left all round bulk milk tank(s) (mm 600). Space must be
provided for working and for eqp as required: washing troughs, water
heater, cupboard, cleaning products etc. Ifexpansion of herd may take
place space should beprovided for replacementoftank by largerone, or
installationof second tank. 2600mm ceiling height may be required for
use of tank dipstick. Wide external doorway (2000—2500) with no
astragal should be provided for installationor replacementoftank.
Tank capacity can be calculated by taking av daily yield and adding
40—50% to contain fluctuations and possible future yield increases.
Alternatively, workfromfigures of 181 asdaily yield, to which 20% may
be added to allow forall cows reaching peak yield at same time.
Internal finish of dairy must be smooth and easily cleaned eg walls
cementrendered and paintedwith chlorinated rubber or epoxy paint to I Herring-bonemilkingparlourdimensions
height of at least 1 400; non-slip concrete floor draining to trapped
gulley; rooflinedon underside ofjoistssothatitcanbekept freeof dust type numberof standings approxdia (m)
and cobwebs.
tandem 8 7.6
Dairy must be lightand airy: windows one-tenth of floor area; opening tandem 16 13.5
windowsorventilators fly-proof; illuminationof 100 lx required. In USA herringbone 12 7.0
reg require screened openings; lobbytype entryalso necessaryprevent herringbone 18 9.2
flyspraymist contaminatinganimals' feed or utensils. abreast 14 6.1
abreast 20 7.7
Motor rm should be separate from dairy, area 3.5—4 m2. Provision for abreast 30 11.4
tractor pto to operate vacuum pump in power emergencies may be
required. 2 Rotary milkingparlours: approxdia
Office to accommodate table, wall charts etc should be sited with clear
viewofparlour and area next to unit. Modern dairy unitshould have wc,
changing rrn and rest rm for staff.
Feeding: concentrate often fed in parlour from automatic dispenser,
oftenfeed stored in loft over parlour. Sometimes bulk bin set outside
and feedstransported to parlourbyauger.
Footbath:provide forfootbathfarenough away from parlourexit prevent
slow flow of cattle leaving parlour. In such situation footbath does not
require to be more than 1 200 wide butto be effective should be at least
3000 in length and have drain outlet. Possiblearrangementof services
in 120-cow dairy unit—*(3).
3 Servicesin 120-cowunit
Industry 301
Farm buildings
CAULE :3
Bull pens C
(I)
Pen can be sitednear collecting areasothat cows ontheirwaytomilking
parlour may see bull. Stockman can thus observe cow behaviour and
look formanifestation of heat' or readinessto mate.
Feeding and watering of bull mustbecarried out from outsidepen. Wall,
gatesand feedersmust beofsubstantialconstruction. Cowservice area
should be incorporated within pen layout. Dry lying areashould slope to
drain, usually raised by 50 from concrete floor and well bedded with
straw or sawdust. Feeder should be provided with strong trapping yoke
to restrain animal for routine veterinary treatment or restriction during
cleaning. Refuge' must be installed ineach corner of pen—.(1). Tethering
ringenables bulltethered independently ofyoke.
Exercising yard (unroofed) oftenprovided next to bull pen (20—35 m2).
Service pen should include foot rests to take weight of heavy bull
especially when used with young heifers. Footrests are 2sloping timber
ramps 225—300 wide, fitted to inside of pen walls. Length of rests
approx1 500, height 530atrear to900 at cow'sshoulder. Typical layout
and dimensions for twin bull pens —n(2).
External wastestorage
Slurry sto —ep295 304 requiredfor wastefrom scrapedareas in cubicle
1 Bull pen refuge detail units oras extrasto for slatted units with shallow channels. Slurrysilos or
tanks (above and below ground) lose moisture ony by evaporation.
Dungsteads and middens designed drain off excess liquids and used
for more solid waste, or help solidify semi-solid wastes(not used USA,
where muck collectedbycontractors). Examples—n(3).
2935
lagoon
dependson lagoon
Capacity
IT I 4—
/110ramp ///////// /
/ butylsheet
channei\
,.f//fl/7 \ 25 spacing
/////Z/ZZt7f///Zi/Z/////////
ramp
// flZ/ ///Z.
melden
tank
3 Externalwastesto
302 Industry
Farm buildings
CATTLE Sucklercow housing
Calf production from suckler cows usuallyrelies onsmall, early maturing
Beefcattle housing cow,well adaptedsevere environments.Provisionofcalf creep (nursery)
Beef cattle normally housed in slatted, bedded or part-bedded pens, pens (where calves receive food without competition from cows and
occasionally in cubicles. Linear plans usual, with pens arranged either rest)major design point of difference fromother formofbeefhousing.
side feeding passages. Pen depth determined by ratio of floor space Cows housed in cubicles, bedded pens or slatted pens. In slatted pens
—np294(5) 295(2) to feed trough length animal —.p297(2). Typicalplans
allow 2.5—3 rn2/cow. Cowareas communicate with calf creep pens by
-a(1).
creep gate through which only calvescan pass.Creep pens dimensioned
In some low rainfall areas possible house and fatten cattle in roofless according avsizeof calf, which depends on calving date—o(3).
unitson sheltered sitesorwith sheltered wall. These units have slatted
Should be visual contact between cows and calves in creep; inspection
pens or sometimes cubicles. Slurry sf0 must have additional capacity of and access to creep pen for supervision, feeding, cleaning water-
for rain falling on unit. bowls and mucking out (in bedded pens) should be good. Provide 1
Ifentiremale cattle (bull beef) kept pens must berobust with divisions at waterdrinkerforevery12 calves.
least1 600high: cubicles should notbeused. For safety ofstockmen all
If cows tocalve indoors, provide separate calvingarea, preferably straw
fittings, eg waterbowls, should be accessible from outside pens and bedded pen.
goodanimal handling and loadingarrangements(race (chute) etc) must
be provided: example of bull beef housing —.(2). Typical arrangements of suckler cow housing—.(4).
NB: beef cattle not normally housed in USA apart from loafing Calf housing
barns—.(6) General arrangement of calf housing units—.(5).
I,
126
tM14 4
5400 3000
I 1.... i,
36
_____
1 Beef housingunits:typical layouts
Vslattedpens j J I
I 'L J cainp
creep J pen
385 — .1•
kiI
space tractoraccess
1f,anei r 81
floor type thermoneutralrange(°C) forvarious live animal 1(m) w(m) h(m) rumpto approx breed
weights(kg) shoulder(m) weight(kg)
Farm buildings
PIGS: BASICDATA (cant) but also sawdust, peat, woodshavings etc, to faeces and urine. In
general housing systems based on solid waste (farmyard manure)
Watering demand more labour for bedding tasks but no problems should occur
Forvarious typesof drinkers and theirrespective water wastage—*(1). where access, sto areaand run offdrain properly designed.
There should be 2 drinkers/pen in case 1 gets blocked. In general 1 Bedded systems
drinker/6 pigs required. Bowl type drinkers should be sited where Straw bedding oftenused for pregnant sows (1.0 kg/day), boars and
faeces contaminationminimised.Pig-operatedflapscan be used prevent weaners (500 g/day)
contamination.
Bedded pensshould be at least3000wide.All internal partitionsshould
Variation on trough drinker sometimes used: 50—75 pvc pipe set in be removable to allow tractor access for mucking out.
raised concrete floor and top cut open, discharging water into shaped
concrete within concrete floor: water supply controlled with ballcock Floors should be sloped 1:20 towards drain leading to sumpat side of
valvelocated atbeginning of line. bldg accessible for slurrytanker.
Some bedded unitshave chain and paddle manure conveyor including
loading elevator at one gable end. Manure removed twiceweeklyinto
PIGS: WASTE muck spreader and then tofieldsor sto(not usualinUSA).
Wasteproduction Slurrysystems
Pigs fed dry meal with adfib water produce quantities ofwaste asgiven Pigs housed on perforated floors, eg slats, expanded metal ormesh; or
dunging area onlyeither perforated orregularly scraped toholding tank.
Faeces and urinestored inchannels below perforated floors. Channels
Wastehandlingsystems emptied eithercontinuously oronce in 3months intoexternal slurrysto.
Typicalsystems —(3). Channels emptied periodically have sluice gateand receiving pit.
Solidwastes produced byadditions of bedding material, usually straw,
Flushing system where liquid fraction of slurry pumped into tipping
type ofdrinker % of waterwastage buckets holding several hundred I sometimes used. Flowremoves solid
faeces and feed residuals intoexternal sto. Some slurrychannels have
indirectnipple (bite type) 46 sump at end directly emptied with vacuum tanker. This system not
directlyoperatednipple 56 recommended as oftendifficult remove solid sedimented at far end of
bowl 6 1 channel. Continuous emptying ofslurry channels intoexternal storelies
Waterwastageof
trough 12
drinkers on hydrostatic pressure gradient which causes slurryto slide over lip
into pit. Only narrow (1 000) channels not longer than 20 m should be
used. Depth determined fromequation given —(4).
animal live waste
weight produced
kg kg/day
piglet 15 1.04
weaner 30 1.9
growing—finishing 70 4.4
growing—finishing 90 5.8
drysow 125 4.03 2 Waste (urine &
sow&litter 170 14.9 faeces)producedby
boar 160 4.9 pigs
4 Continuousoverflowslurrychannel
6 1 1 y 2
slurry handlingsystem
lending
system I
a b c d e I g S
2 1 2 2
I
38 1 1:
2 2 7(Th
24
3
I
iv
51 22 <
fendingsystems: dry feedingon floor IIdryfeecting fromautomatic
trough&bowls dry feedingfrombowls Vdry feeditrg fromtroughs
15
feeders Illliquidfeedingfronr
40
3 Typicalwastehandling &feedingsystems
Industry 305
Farm buildings
PIGS: MANAGEMENT Sow & boarhousing
—(3)(4) showexamples ofdry sow housing and service bldg. C
Ventilation Sow stalls:
Forced orfan ventilation should be designed according to mm and max (I)
w: 600—650 (if divisions open to 150 above floor level) or 700—750 (if
ventilation rate required, inlet air speed and subsequent air jet and air divisions solid fromfloorlevel)
distribution pattern withinbldg. Free airoutput offans can be found from I: 2000, with orwithout trough according todesign
manufacturers' data sheets. Allowance should be made for resistance h: 900
of ventilation ducts, usually 0.5—0.7 of their free air output. Inlet air gate forentryand exit ofsow: usuallyat rear
speed or jets can be used to determine air movement within house: floor:rear halfusually slatted.
specialised technique and assistanceofspecialist should be sought. Boarpens:
Pressurised systems usually blow air into roof space and use false should extend to at least9 m2; 1 side of pen should be approx 2500
ceiling ofglassfibresupported on netting foreven distribution ofair. Air long; divisions should bevertical tubular railing 1 400 high, allowingboar
outlet often below slat level thus removing most air pollutants. In air observe other animals and general activities within bldg; vertical
extraction systems fans housed in central shafts terminating above arrangement of railing prevents boars from climbing and jumping on to
divisions.
apex or alternatively in side walls suitably baffled and terminated in
neutral pressure area to minimise effect of wind. Location, area and Farrowing:
numberof air inletswill determine air distribution and air velocities in —a(5) shows farrowing crate and creep area for piglets. Function of
bldg. Manufacturersoffans who specialisein animal housingapplications farrowing crate prevent piglets from getting injured orcrushed bysow.
oftenprovide design assistance. Creep for piglets ofupto5weeks ofage should be 1.3m2 mm and from
5 to 8 weeks 1.75 m2. Mostof farrowing accn designed for weaning of
Mm ventilation rateshould be0.000052 m3/s per kg liveweight, summer piglets at5weeks ofage. Approx 1.0m2ofcreep areashould beheated.
ventilation rate 0.0003 12 m3/s per kg of live weight. Max airvelocity at Farrowing house —*(6).
pig level to be 150—200rn/s.
Withnatural ventilation systems air inlet area should betwice as largeas
air outletarea. Air outletcan be either open ridgeor several chimney-
typeextractors withflatcapping. Air enters through baffled inlets round
wall, at least 1 000 above pigs. Ventilation extraction area should be
3.6 cm2/kg live weight. Air inlet area should be 7.2 cm2/kg live weight.
Typical ventilation systems—(1).
Handling
Pigs, particularly fatteners, regularly weighed, usually by mobile crate/
weigherin feed passage. Some arrangements have permanentservice
area for weighing, cleansingand veterinary tasks with holding area. Pig
movement should be controllableby 1 man. I
Pigs canwalkthrough 600 widepassage.With 700 baconerswill be able 30.5
turnaround. Mature sows and boars require 1250—1 450wide passages
to turn round. Corners should be wider (900).Wherever pigs, particularly
sows, required reverse round corners passageshould be increased by
300—.(2).
3500
For loading and unloading into animal road transporters provide ramp
(1:7) with battens or deepgrooves toprevent slipping. 250
I r 0
heated
3
Cr]_,
LJ U 2750
HI iii JiHHI
-•
I
I HI
11.6
I 4200
ih111I
11.6
1450
Farm buildings
PIGS: REARING& FATTENING
liveweightkg totalarm2 daily consumption of beddingkg
0.75 0.3
Group size & pen shape
10—30 Formation of stable social hierarchydesirable. Fattenerson ad/lb floor
30—90 11 0.5
sows 2.5 1.2 feeding should be kept in groupsof 15—20. Pigs lying down should
coverfloor area, so that excreta will be deposited elsewhere (dunging
1 Individualspaceallowances &strawconsumption area). With part-solid, part-slattedfloors, pen should be twice as long as
widewithapprox900 wide slatted dunging area.
08 c
Troughspace
07 B Trough space/pig for ad lib feeding should be 100 and for rationed
feeding300.
.—
..
O
— .—. .—-..-D Spatial requirements
o .—- .—.. —.(1) shows individual space allowances for bedded systems, ie total
2 —-
-_ —.. floor areadividedbynumber ofanimals occupying it;—.(2)shows space
0, 04 .—
6 allowances for systems with solidfloorand slatted dunging area.
-.....
03
—.(3)(4)showexamples of rearing and fattening houses.
02
.... —. .—
01
,
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 110 20 130 140 (kg)
IveweiglrI
4
wallsto
_— ceIlIng --.-,
a 1
__
__L20
tng
ar 4900
_________ ________
00
.
01L
6000 6000
200k
000 j) 2O0,
3000
[IHili
1100 1100 1200
1200
3 Rearingaccn 4 Fatteninghouseforpigs
Industry 307
Farm buildings
SHEEP Feeding
Hayracks and concentrate troughs required. —v(3) shows rec-
Housing ofsheep prevents poachingofland, allows better management ommended trough length. Simplewooden trough with hayrack —÷(4)
and labour use, can lead toincreased stocking rate on land, may release sufficient.
pasture for cropping and can reduce lamb mortality during lambing
period.These potential benefits are offsetby high cost of housing as Water
well as costof providing additionalfeed. Sheep prefer running fresh water. This can be provided by trough
equipped with overflow to drain: 600 x 300 water trough surface
Space requirements sufficientfor up to80ewes.
Individual floor space allowances forsheep —v(1).
Ventilation
Solid floor Natural ventilation system based on 450 open ridge and 1200 deep
Sheephoused on bedded floor seem to have more foottroubles than spaceboarding with 100 boards and 25 gaps satisfactory. Sheep in
those kept on timber slatted floors. Solid floor should be well drained open-fronted bldg can be protected bystraw bales.
consolidated hardcore with 150 ofstraw.
Illumination
Slatted floor Illumination of20 lx—.vp25 required during lambingperiod.
Pressure treated timber slats rangefrom63 x 32to38 x 25with 20gap
forlarger sheep and 16gap forsmallerbreeds. Slatsusually arrangedin Feedstorage
removable floorsections 1200 x 2400. Slattedpanelscanbesupported Feed sto area at gable end or close by should be provided to minimise
on dry blocks for easy removal and so allow easy tractor access for handling time.
mucking out. Floor panel joists 75 x 50should besplayed foreasierself
cleaning and set at 450 centres. Depth of500 issufficient for 1 housing Sheep housing
season waste sf0. Example ofslatted pole barn type sheephouse for 320 ewes—v(5).
Layout
Ewes preferlamb in groups rather than individual pens. Creep area for
lambs after lambing can be provided. Feeding should be carried out in
pen passages. —v(2) shows 2typical layouts.
1 Floor spaceforsheep
4 Troughforfeeding 675
.1'
Dutchbarn hay&concentrate
polebarn
slaa
spaceboarding
ding 9500
1600
frOugh
i
a
—
— I
I
//
I
individualpens
2 Typicallayoutsforsheephousing
typeofsheep trough1*
largeewes
smallewes
475—500
375—425
4800
1200
1 L 4800
4800
21.6
12
4
hoggs 350—400
* onself-feed silage100—250
adequate for allsheep 3 Recommendedtrough I 5 Slattedpolebarn sheephousefor320 ewes
308 Industry
Farm buildings
SHEEP (cont)
Sheepshedder Sheep handling
j
1
Handling eqp usually constructed from 950 high, 125 x 125 timber
5000 900
(splitter)
1-
posts set at 1 500 centres with either complete dressed boarded sides
46O or4 x 100 wide timberrails. Should consist of following:
8
staggeredshedding(spieer)gates --_________ holdingpen: spaceallowance/eweand lamb 0.65 m2
shedder (splitter): width 460 and length 3000—5000; should have 2
[th
1800 2100 anti-wavegroove A staggered gates —v(1).
deco
Sheep dip
Sheep dip bath and swim-around dipper often used when sheep enter
bath on side-slideprinciple and walkout on ramp. —v(2) shows dimen-
thu1?ifi
3bath controlisland ft
—
-Jllffii sionsand layout of such dips.
appros
dimensions 0 Drainingpen
capacityQ) A B C 0 E F 2draining pens required side by side with shedding entryand guillotine
955 610 1168 381 2743 1219 305 exit gates —v(3).
1090 686 1168 381 2743 1219 305
1365 686 1245 381 3200 1372 229
Forcingpen
2 Sheepdip 2 forcing pens or circular pen leading to dip with exit shedder gate
required. Forcing pen usually8000 long and 900 wide with solid sides.
6700
Footbath race(trough)
Footbath race should be 10—12 m long, 900 wide at top and 350 wide at
bottom —v(4).
Typical layout for handling 200 ewes and lambs —a(S).
3 Sheepdrainingpen 4 Sheepfootbathrace
--
/ I drattingpen /_
race& tootbath
holdingpes -
5 Typicalsheephandling layout
POULTRYHOUSING
Poultry houses should be well insulated (0.6 W/m2°C), equipped with
fan ventilation, feeding,watering and mechanicalwasteremovalsystems.
Deeplifterhouses suitable foralldomestic fowl. Layers normally kept in
cages. .—a(6)shows typical designs for poultry houses.
Light requirements
Light levels of 0—20 lx —ap25 required; for most poultry control eqp for
manipulation of artificialday length required.
Ventilationrates
7 Typicalventilationsystems, poultryhouses
Industry 309
Farm buildings
POULTRY Space requirements: hens a-
deeplitter 0)
system density(live weightper unitof qualifications
floor ar)
laying birds
upto3.2kg liveweight 14.7kg/rn21 floor artoincludethat occupied
over 3.2 kg live weight 17.1 kg/rn2J byfeeding&wateringeqp
broilerproduction units 34.2 kg/rn2 floorartoincludethat occupied
byfeeding&wateringeqp
cages
strawyards
rearing
breeding
on floors
hens kept for insemination, hens 19.5kg/rn2 floor arto excludeanyfloor nest
&maleskept togetherfor natural boxesbutto includeallothereqp
mating
maleskeptforartificial 0.84 rn2/bird
insemination
in cages
hens 29.3 kg/rn2 hensshouldbe housed
males 0.84 rn2/bird individually
in enclosed range ar 16.7 rn2/bird (617 birds/ha)
310 Industry
Farm buildings
SMALLDOMESTICANIMALS:DOVES hayracksshould notexceed 20.Metal orceramictroughs used forwater
and grain concentrate: should be fixedto prevent overturning. Trough
Specification frontage 50—60/rabbitsufficient.
space requirements 0.4—0.5m2/pair Pens
dry and clean
Fur rabbits often kept in pens (2 m2/pair) constructed fromgalvanised
protected fromexcessive sunshine, windand rain
safe from predators netting —÷(3). Side netting should be sunk about500 belowground level
demountable forcleaning to prevent rabbits from burrowing out. Pens should have sidesabout
600 high and be covered over with netting. At 1 corner of pen box
goodaccess for keeper
consisting of 2 compartmentsforfeeding and nesting.In some instances
Location penscan beraised 800above ground.
on SE-E facing wall, usually underprojecting eaves behind perimeter
walland in roofspaces. DOGS
Construction Domestic kennels should be roomy enough allow dog stand upand turn
Dressed T&G boardingwith waterproofroof, internally2compartments, round. Construction usually dressed timberwith waterproofroofing, eg
1 with nest. Partition between compartments with 40 wide top for
roofing felt. Kennel should be demountable for easy cleaning. Floor
roosting. Floor level 100 below entrance to prevent young fromfalling should be raised 60—100 above ground level, often bedded with straw
out. —(1) shows layout and dimensions ofdovecots. or wood shavings. Floor and roof can project in front of entrance,
forming sheltered lying area. —.(4) shows typical design for medium
RABBITS sizedog.
Professionalkennels—*p31 1
Spacerequirements
SMALL POULTRYHOUSES
breed spacear hofcage
Poultry houses for layers should be situated in sheltered locations
small 0.56 500 surrounded by fenced area allowing 15—20 m2/layer.
medium 0.72 550
1.2 650 Internal space of 1 m2 sufficient for 3—4 layers. Volume of 0.65 m3
large should beprovided per hen, with at least200 oflinear space on roosting
rail. Rail should besituated about 1 600 high with gaps between rails of
Design ofcages 400. Below roosting rail is waste collecting board which is periodically
Depth should be 800 for easy cleaning or catching rabbits. Cages cleaned. Nests should be 300 wide and 350 deep; often located in
usually arranged in 3tiers, raised fromground level by 150. Single tier groups along wall. Nests bedded with straw; if production
cages should be800above ground level. Height oftop floorshould not control required, folding, self-trapping flapsfitted tonests
exceed 1600. Floorshould beslattedwithtimberslats,30wide with 10gap:
waste collected on sloped floor underneath, urine stored in collecting Feeders &waterdrinkers
tank or bucket. —(2) shows details of 2-tier rabbit cages. Cages for Hoppers or feedingtroughs with wire above trough to prevent hens
nesting should have front half of floor area solid. Frame and walls of defecating into feed. Drinkers usually heavy containers 400 high with
rabbit cages usually dressed timberprotected with timber preservative. rail round.
Felted roofshould have good overhangsforweatherand sun protection.
Construction
Feeders & waterdrinkers Hen houses oftentimber-built with felted roof and resting on concrete
Hay racks with small trough below usually fixed on front gates but base with DPC throughout. Structure should be insulated; provide
should not occupymore than 1/3 of gate area to maintain good lighting proper opening for air inlet and outlet for natural ventilation. Typical
and ventilation. To prevent young escaping gaps between wiresand layout and dimensions ofsmall poultry house —.(5).
.—\
k
hay
i
j
II
'IS _______
________ S
550 2000
Ji, ______
1000 1000 840 pen
f
sheltered
Ing
art) I
td I ______
Li 850 __j bed
Farm buildings
KENNELS concreteblock
sto I
Professional kennels include sleeping quarters in conjunction with
adequate exercise runs. Area of individual runs varies according to
breedand size of dog.
I
gutter
LI IT[1d09 _______
fioorriraunU
}(}4
..
ventilation between ground and floor. Burlap bags provide washable
bedding and may be stuffed with cedar wood shavings for severe
weather protection. Dog house entrance should be baffled against
directwind draughts and driving rain, snow.
run
1220
fUfl
. run
t
run run
I
run run run
•
run
;-
rugs serve as beds in eachenclosure—n(1 )(2). __________________________ ___________________________
Fencing for exercise runs mm 1680 high should be fully fenced across
4__
top unless sides 8440 high. Gravelsurfacepreferedforruns but concrete
IH
more easilymaintained and offers better sanitation. All exercise runs
should have full man gate with patentedkennel hardware. Mm run 1 070
wide and 3050 long. Food and water dishes stainless seamless steel
mounted on runfencing with steel bands.
BEEHOUSES
Though bees normally kept in hives beehouses equipped with sto and
_____ Lj4I
honey extraction and bottling rm sometimes constructed. In general 30
and more bee colonies would justify provision of sto and processing
area. Sto area3000 x 4000should benext tocovered loadingentrance 2 Kennelswith commonshelterbldg aelevation bsection
or patio. Honey processing area (6000 x 7000) should have outside
door. Layoutofworksurfaces—n(3).
7000
Example of timberbeehouse set on stoneor concrete foundations for 1L
small bee-keeper —(4). Beehouse could be insulated for operator
comfort.
°hy workbench
DUCKS
honeynpening
&bottling
§
— '
]
______ _______
I
open drain covered with timber slats 40 wide with 20 gaps. Space
allowance of 1 m2 required for 3—4 ducks: 1 duckhouse should house ru extrac/_lJ
_______________
nomore than 20ducks and 4drakes. Entranceintohouse should be300 __________________________________________________________
wide and 400 high. Ducks must have accessto water. Nests should be 3 Layoutofsto&honeyprocessing rmforup to 100 beecolonies
x
450 450 with 300 high partitions and placedonfloorwith no bottom so __________________________________________________________
that ducks do not damage eggs as they enter nest. Good natural
ventilation and lighting required. Water trough should be located near
slatted drain. Structure maybe insulated.Typical layoutand dimensions
of duck house—n(S).
GEESE
sleepingar
6 Housefor30geese
—/
5
I
I
nests
Housefor20ducks
3000
I
I
I
—
312 Industry
Farm buildings: crop storage
taneous combustion. Mechanisation of hay feeding difficult unless
GRASS
chopped, driedand ted as processed teed with other components of
Towersilos ration.
Glass coated steelorconcrete,hermeticallysealed sto torshortchopped Barndrying: cold or hot air reducing moisture to 20% used to ensure
(10—12) wilted grass (35—50% moisture content). Rapid tilling and
good quality hay during rainy weather. Hay in bales or blown loose
emptying possible using blower-loader, cutter unloader, auger and stacked on wooden slats ormesh over main and lateralair ducts (600 x
delivery conveyor belt. Av density ot silage 1.2 m3/t. Estimated losses 800). Overall height ofdriedhayupto 3500in barnswith space boarded
10—15%. Silo dimensions vary from 5500—9000 dia and 12 to 21 m sides.
height. Site requirements: adequate soil load-bearing capacity, space
for dump-box, access for tilling and turning of tractors, trailers and
elevator loaders. Animal handling, feeding and waste removal should POTATOES
not be affected by tower filling operating. Space for future expansion
may berequired. Bulk store
Bldg usually portal frame, 4800toeaves, insulatedto 0.5W/m2 °C with
Clamp silos thrust-resistant wallsforbulk sto. Concrete floor with DPCstrong enough
Usually openconcrete pools withdrainage ofslurry liquor topitholding support heavy vehicles; doors normally sliding, insulated (4500 x
150 I/f of silage. Walls capable of withstanding lateral pressures of 4500) with personnel door. Ventilation system based on under-floor
unwilted shortorlong cutgrass. Lateralwallsofrailwaysleepers (orties) lateral ducts(350 x 350) at2000centres running at right angles to main
held by vertical steel shores or columns, mass reinforced concrete or air ducts. 75thick spaced timber slats used to coverducts. Surface 'A'
sloped timber. Detailed designs should be by structural engineer. Cut frameducts cheaper but inconvenientduring unloading.Fanstosupply
grass deposited onconcrete apron stackedwith tractor mountedloaders air flow of0.02 m3/s pert stored including mixing chamber for recircu-
and compacted by tractor: compacted density 1.1 m3/t. Silage depth lation and thermostatic control system required. Bulk sf0 volume 1.5
2000for self-fed cattle upto3500fortractor cut-and-cart to cattle.—u(1) m3/t; height up to4000.
shows examples ofopenclamp and towersilos.
Pallet box store
STRAW Suitable for sf0 of different lots, varieties or seed crop potatoes. If
potatoes harvested directintoboxes less handlingdamage totubers.
Baled straw avvolume 1.4m3/t; bales 1 000 x 600 x 500 weight 22—27
Bldg specification similar bulk sf0 but6000hightoeaves and of narrower
kg.Simple open-sided Dutch barns with dry floors positioned near span. Because nothrust on walls, timber frames and panels oftenused.
livestock bldg with vehicular access adequate. Sometimes bale stacks Ventilation based onfloor level ducts forair distribution and extractfans
orroundbig bales leftoutside. Loosestraw can be blown into barnswith located at 1 gable end opposite air intakefan. Recirculation duct required
space-boarded open sides. Mechanisation of handling difficult: av to maintainair recirculationduring periods oflowventilation rate: usually
volume of loose straw 23 m3/t. of plywood suspended from ridge, fitted with adjustable apertures.
f
Ventilation rate of 0.01 m3/s per stored adequate. Pallet box 1 200 x
HAY 1 800 x 900deepwill hold it. Boxes often stacked 6deep. Allow 3000
freefloorspace at 1 gable end.
Bale sizessimilarto straw. Av volume 9 m3/t; loose hay 12 m3/t. Dutch
barn or pvc heavy duty sheeting required protect hay from rain. Good Goodsf0 management required to minimise:
ventilation and moisture content below 2S% required prevent spon- bacterial rot& loss of colour
moisture loss
loss due tosprouting
loss ofcooking qualify, and
to prevent frostdamage
..eutemaichute —u(2) shows examples of bldg forbulkand pallet methods of sf0.
topcutter—auger recircuiation
unioader
biower
ioad
conveyorbeft
§
j .11 : 1 4i2.O +
E
8
0
Ca
".>_siiaeiiuortank
tO—40m 1
TI I I
1 1 —r
outlets
elevatoi
L_
-,
--
[conveyor portabie
augerin
tube
Sto: wheat 13, barley 14, oats 2 m3/t.
(i) bulk: withinthrust-resistant walls, usually steel, approx 2500 high,
plus asbestos-cement sheets to eaves 1 200; waterproof floor, with
grain coned upat30°to centre ofbldg; normal spans 14—18 m; filledby
I_______________________ [T n S
h1 blower-auger or overhead conveyor and emptied by portable auger;
uninsulated roof; small gable vents; artificial lighting; doors 3700 x
3700.
bottom (ii) bins: (mostly for small quantities orvery mechanised units) —(1),
conveyor(in trench:binoutletsover)
square or circular thrust-resistant steel ortimbersides seton3500grid
longitudinalsections and 3800 high; usually bins support roof; filled byconveyor under ridge,
(alternativegrainflow)
emptied by gravity and shovel into below ground conveyor or by floor
sloped at35°.
top conveyorwith outletstoeachbin (iii) hermetically sealed bins: using glass-fused steel or reinforced
plastics rings for wet grainof 25% moisture content; 9 dia x 12 m
high (sometimes 18 m); reinforced waterproof concrete base; filled by
blower throughtop dome, emptied by bottom outletauger.
Drying
bottomconveyorin trenchorlunne (i) insitu: forbulk, in principle generally asforpotatoes —vp3l 2; for bins
crosssections(binsmay nothavesloped floors) —v(2) (more normally predried) 4500 high; slotted metal floor over
plenum chamber approx600 deep (special slots canblowairtoliftgrain
withoutmanual workintobottom conveyor)connected tofan rm(eloroil
fired) by airduct, usually combined with bottom conveyor. Some circular
bins have perforated sidesand central plenum vertical duct of < 1 000
i) dia —v(3).
(ii) predrying: mostly by continuous floworbatch driers (el or oilfired)
for < 10 t/hr. Former may need 10000 x 3000 x 2500 high plus
perimeter access and Iatter3000 x 2500 x 4000 high. Intakepit—v(4)
(from bulk tanker truck) slopes to elevatorwhich raises wet grainto drier
(possibly through pre-cleaner) and/or to sto. Work space for drierand
eqp may need 80—lOOm2. Elevator will need 2000abovetop conveyor,
probably as penthouse (vented). Driers need dust extract pipe(s); intake
trench trench
doors should be 3500 x 4500high.
circularbins (iii) refrigerated: betterquality ifgrain kept at 4.4cCbymeansofcoldair
squarebins square bins
blown through bulk or bin sf0. Most layouts similar to warm airdrying:
some have lateralducts at 3000centreswith external mobile refrigerator/
blower connected to each in turn.
Layoutsforgrainsto bins
nomial mm normalmax
3000x3000 , 4575x3800
asbestosi
roof
4 Intakepit
314 Industry
Farm buildings
MACHINERY& IMPLEMENT STORAGE
concreted
turningar
Farmbuildings references:
—÷Bibliographyentries 108115118137288325333334335340341 347
348351 352 356357358359360363364365 415 582 589 601 646
Leisure 315
Sport
STADIA:GENERALDESIGN CD
C')
Sportsdata on following pages compiled with C
help ofBritishSports Council TechnicalUnit for
Sport: basic technicalinformationgathered from CD
governing bodies ofsports and gamescovered.
Activities divided into 3 categories: outdoor;
those which can beplayedin common spaces
indoors; thosewhich essentiallyneedseparate
orexclusivespace. Governingbothèscommonly
specify dimensions for 3 standards of play:
international and national; county and club;
recreational. In some instances standard
dimensions available for olympic competition 1 USA: segmental 2 Amsterdam:semicircular
and forsports fordisabled:forthese dimensions
forall standardhave not been included; unless
specified they are inadequate for national
standards.
Combined soccer pitchwith running track roundit 3 Rotterdam: sides& corners curved; 4 Budapest:horseshoe shapeabouttransverse axis
conforming to recognised international athletics forfootball only
standards may determine size of sports area:
basic shape ellipse—(6).
Stadium usuallypartexcavated:earth so gained
built up all round. Combination of grandstand
with changing rm, shower, first aid rm and pro-
vision for police, fire service, admin, press,
broadcasting now usually avoided (economy
and hygiene). Dormitories fortraining courses
in separate bldg.
Townplanning: stadia should be well integrated
with surroundings, with easyaccess for traffic
and supplies (rail station, bus stops, car parks
etc). Neighbouring industries with smoke, smell
and noise undesirable.
5 U-shaped plan
Group together covered and open-air instal-
lations for different sports: if possible in town's
greenbelt.
Sport: stadia
SIGHT LINES
In Europe axes of stadia usually NE-SE —(1) ensure most spectators
havesun behind them. According toVitruvius (1st century BC) rowsof
seats and standing terraces should rise atsteady rate 1:2 for acoustic
reasons also.Today useofamplifiers makes good viewonlycriterion for
tiering. For staggered seat arrangement every other back row should
look over heads of corresponding front rows: gives parabolic curve
—(26)starting with rise of 380 and ending with rise of 480. Best
views on long sideswithinsegment; hence stadia of this shape, first
built by Hadden (USA), whichgive new and convincing impression.
2rows 2 rows
— -4- -1
a b
150 for peoplewithhats
100 for peoplewithout hats
edge of
arena
+22.3
constructionof
sighttinesfor(a)
+12.7
+6.7
TRAFFIC
Stadia should be near traffic arteries, accessible by road and rail, with To determinestair wtoevacuategiven numberof spectatorsfromstadium
projecting turnstiles sothat spectators candivide intostreams fordiffer- withingiventime: stair w =
number of spectators
ent entrances. These usuallyat half heightofgrandstand, giving access departure time ins x 1.25
to rows higher and lower by ramps or stairs —(2). Calculate widths of Stairs and corridorsflow times—p407—8
passages and stairs according number ofspectatorsleaving stadium as
all leave at same time in contrast to gradual arrival. According van Check applicable codes and standards.
Eestern's investigations 5000spectators at Amsterdam stadium need
420sto leave by 9500stairways (Los Angeles 720s Turin 540s).
9500x420s= 0.8sor
1 spectatoroccupiesl000stairwin
5000
in 1 S = 1.25spectatorsoccupyl0000fstairwayw.
95O002o
Heisinki
3 Circulationroutesin stadia
Leisure 317
Sport: stadia
Standing terraces: proportion w: h400:200—v(4)—(9) CD
natural
spectatt_
_____________ ground level
3 Sectionthroughstadiumwith
1 SectionthroughOlympicstadium Berlin ArchMarchBrothers partialexcavation,earthmound&
superstructure
-
SEATINGTERRACES
— 900
11 Woodenbencheswith plank
- 8000
-
-- 6370 4- 6860
— 29.44 -—_______
-. 6860 -4 step
4— 780 —4 i— 780 —i
2 SectionthroughViennastadium
31 0 470
STANDING TERRACES
43304450 400
4—1250-—.-—4-—I
400
12 Woodenseatsonconcrete 13 SlopingRC deckwith stepsin
uprights concretetopping
I —-
330-450 330—
450
I— 760 —I
6 Angle steps 7 Movableconcreteunits
330—450l
I330—4504
9. 16 On metal bracketsset in
concrete
17 Seatingwith backs
--i i20—.-72O--72O
Sport centres
CD ORGANISATION
(I)
crcuiar
track
CD
7—
pools S.
o
••
o
••
50m
25m
20m
• . 0
0
tree shape
learner
diving
••0 .. 0
0
sportshall(s) ..
• .• •.
0
S.
0
.5 ..
large
medium
small o
S
o
0
5 . S
small community S
ancillaryindoorsportsaccn
practiceha
•• S•
•• ••
. ..
.0 0
0
weighttraining/conditioningrm •0 o
0
0 0
projectileha
squashcourts
climbingwall
•0 •o •0 .0 S •
indoor bowls 0
billiards/snooker 0 0
ice rink 0
theatre/multi-purposeha 0
ancillaryaccn
changing
••
•• •• ••
SI ••
•.
•. •. .•
S. •S
0 0
spectatorseating: fixed
informalviewing
occasional •
5
S
•
S
•
I• . .
club meetingrm 0 0 0
firstaid IS IS 55 0
firstaideqp
crechesto • 55
0
••
0
•1 •• •I
creche(alternative use, sto) 0 0 0
saunasuite 0 0
refreshments 55 IS ..
•• .0 I
cafeteria
bar
vendingmachine
I0
S
I0
S S
5
0 o
0
I 0S
staff& management
reception •5
S.
••
•• •S
•• ••
S•
SS
• ••
off
staffrest rm
staffchanging
..
• 5. 0
. 0
0
0
S
outdoorgrounds
grasspitches 0 o 0 0
hard porous/syntheticpitches 0 o 0 0
floodlitpitches 0 o a 0
tenniscourts 0 o a 0
3 Mainfeaturesrequiredfor6sizes of sports
key: SI essential S typical/desirable bldg:general recommendations onlyallbldgbeing
0 possible influencedbyarserved,population &other
resourcesavailable
Leisure 319
Sport centres
EXAMPLES
bowlsha
iti
-J
1 Dry &wet leisurecentreonschoolsite DunstableEngland
Sporthalls
USE OF UNDIVIDEDSPACE
courts of same kind;critical heights which in some instances degrade
—'(1) shows number of sport playing courts or other spaces which fit standard for which otherwise floor space adequate; need for some
into various sizes ofsports orcommunity halls. Number ofspaces given additional tree circulation space inside hail entrance.
foreach sportoptimum willfitintoundivided hall spacefor3 standardsof For most sports possible provide spaces for mix of 3 standards; in
play:N internationaland UKnational;CUKcounty orclub;R recreational. practice several differentactivities may beprogrammed at same time.
Required mm space allowed for each takes intoaccount not onlyactual
playing area but: necessary run-outor safety margins, team bench and Fire: check fr reg and max component value; in UK halls 7000 m3 or
officials'space round playing space which amount to overall areasused over need DoE waiver; 'volume' can include unenclosed structuralroof
forassessment; where practicalsome overlapof marginbetween parallel space.
sports nostandard nostandard nostandard nostandard nostandard nostandard nostandard no standard nostandard nostandard
4 N 4 N 4 N C 2 N 2 N 2 N 1 N 1 N —
aikido 2
6 C ±3)1*) R 3)1*) n 2 A
7 A 5 A 5 A' 4 A 3 A 3 A* — — — — — —
bowls)portablenon-
competitive rinks)
boxing)trainingr'ings) 9 N 6 N 4 N 6 N 3 C 3 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 A
12 A 12 A 9 R 8 A 6 A 5 A 5 A 4 A 4 A
crickef6-a-side 1 N 1 C — — 1 C 1 A — — — —
pitches 2 C
cricketnets 8 N 6 N 6 C S N 4 C 4 C 4 A — — — — — —
gymnastics)olympic)
— N — C — P — C — P — P — P — P — P — —
handbat 1 N* 1 C 1 A' 1 C 1 A 1 A* — — — — — — — —
mini-handball 1 C 1 C 1 C 1 A* 1 A*
C' 1 A 1 A A 1 A A 1 A 1 A — — — —
hockey 1 1 1
judo 4 N 2 N 1 N 2 N 2 N 1 N 1 N 1 N 1/2 A — —
6 A 4 C 4 C 4 A 3 A 2 C 2 A 2 A
keeptitmovement
I V 1 1 7 / 7
& dance;Yoga
kendo 4 N 2 N 2 N* 2 N 2 N 2 N' 1 N 1 N 1 A — —
6 A* 4 C 4 C 4 A 2 C 2 C 2 A*
lacrossetemale 1 N 1 C* 1 A 1 C* 1 C* 1 A — — — — — —
netbat 1 N 1 A — — 1 A 1 A — — — —
2 C'/A
tabletennisc/c 10 N 6 N 6 N 6 N 7/9 C/C 7 C/C 6/7 C/C 4 C/C 3—6 C/C 4 A'
15/21 C/C 10/15 C/C 10/12 C/C 10/12 C/C 14 A 12 A 10 A 8 A 6—8 A
tug-ot-war — N — C — A — C — C — A — — — — — — — —
Sporthalls
USE OF UNDIVIDEDSPACE(cont)
largeha mediumha small ha communityha
36.5x32x 32x26x 29x26x 32x23x 32x 17x 29.5x16.5 26x 16.5x 22.5x16.5 17.0—20.Ox 17.0x8.5
9.1 7.6—9.1 7.6—9.1 6.7—9.1 6.7—7.6 x 6.7—7.6 6.7—7.6 6.7—7.6 15.6 x 6.7 6.7
1168n,2 832m2 7Mm2 736m2 554m2 486.7m2 429m2 371.25m2 265.2—321 m2144.5m2
(120x105 (105x85x (96x85x (105x75 (105x56x (97x54x (85x54x (92x54x (56—65x41 (56x28x
x 30It) x 25—30 if) 25—30 if) 25—30 if) 22—25 if) 22—25if) 22—25 if) 22—25if) x 22if) 22 It)
12600ff2 8925ft2 8175ff2 7770ff2 5880ff2 5238ff 4590ff 3955ff 2850—34551f 1555ff
wrestlin 4 N 2 N 6 C 2 N 2 N 3 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 R
12 C 6 C 6 C 3 C 8 R 6 R 6 R 4 A
Key:
N international/national standard
C county/club standard
A recreational standard
P practice aronly
C/C forfable tennis2gradesofmm spaceallowances forinter-county/inter-club standardsof play
ns no standards have yetbeenlaid down
S arbehind shooting line belowsafety standardrecommended;acceptablespacecan beprovidedbyslightlengthening ofha; oresisting
spaces may be usedforpractice
belowmm space standard recommended bygoverning body concernedbut capableofproviding purposeful & enjoyable activity
recreational standard where ha is less than7600clear hforbadminton & trampolining orless than7000forbasketball & volleyball;
6700 hsuitable formini-basketball & mini-volleyball
t county/club standard whereha less than 9000clearh
STORAGE
ha sto ar m2 h access waccess
Inadequate sto space for sporthalls very common fault. Allow for full
rangeof eqp needed. As eqp must beaccessible sto must be shallow large 112 7000 4500
(say 5000 max)and ideally placed along side of hall. Recommended medium 75 2700 4500
mm requirements for3catagoriesofhall —v(2). Check list—v(3) small 50 2250 3600
2 Mm sf0 requirementsfor3cate9onesha
ceiling walls
protectionfor lighting •
• scoreboard
. ..
Climbing ropes& trackway wall protection/padding
climbingpoles&trackway • .
speakers
track systemfordivision nets
•
•
seating fixings/recesses
fire eqp . .
protectionto services/heating S
cricket • wallspeakers S
golf •
archery • floors
volleyball • courtmarkings •
5-a-side-soccer • sockets&plates(fixed to floor orsub-floor) .
basketball ancillaryha
ceiling mountedbackboards &goals • • ceiling
(manual oreloperation) tracksystemforcurtains •
wallmountedbackboards & goals • • lightingsystems
(manual oreloperation)
activities
gymnastics
• • judo & martial arts (mats,wallpadding)
snooker
.• .
asymmetricbars
pommelhorse • • tabletennis •
vaulting buck • .
vaulting horse • • fencing
.
horizontal bars •• • boxing
boxingtraining .• ..
rings weight/fitnesstraining
• • •. •
trampolinespotting rig
parallel bars . .• weightlifting
S
springboards,floors
wrestling
movement& dance(barre, mirrors) .
floor
boxing
. . •
ring sockets/fixings
markings
movablefloors/platforms
. .
gamesapparatus
tennis ..
volleyball
badminton
5-a-sidesoccer
..
indoor hockey •
handball •
netball .
3 Sportseqp checklist
322 Leisure
Sport: outdoor
PITCHES
True
-
110—155 m (120—i
-
70yd) 4.57m 48.8m 4.57m
(15ft) (16011) (1511)
V
'........
8 I
I H
E I
I--
C',
I--- r..
I
-J
8 Football,Australian 9 Football,American
1 Orientationdiagram:for
purposesofthischartseasonsfor 76.8—91.5
variousgainestakentobeasfollows (84-100yd)
68m)74yd)
-
(southernhemisphereexcepted):
associationfootball&rugbyfootball
1 Sep—30 Apr; hardcourt tennis,
V
basketball,netballallyear round;
cricket,baseball,grasscourttennis 8
0 N
1 May—i 5Sep; pavilionsshould
avoid SW-NWaspect (225°—3150) E
6
t '0
rn-00 000
L
)
I 1Dm
0
se&end margins6m(20ft)
20m 2Oyd(18.288)
10 Football,Gaelic 11 Football,rugbyleague
Ir'i
30m 3Oyd(27.432) E
40ydl36.576l
II 40m
SOyd(45.72)
55-65m (60—70 yd) 54.9m(6Oyd)
,
50m
6Oyd(54.864)
I
E I
I 70m 70ydl64.008)
8Oyd(73.152) wrunen
l
I 90ydl82.296)
6
I 90m lOOyd(91.44) 8
I Li
Isalety 1wai6ng men
11
line
--
Archery,target 3 Archery,clout
12 Handball 13 Hockey:forcounty&club
54.9-73.15m(60-8Oyd) matchesrecommendedpitch90 x
55(98½ x 60 yd),overallspace95
x 60(104 x 66Y2yd)
---c 7m 69n1(76yd) T 59.47m(66yd)
HI;
I E
ItI;
IS
N
lI;l
lt
60m(66yd) LL E1
—
E
4 Baseball(Littleleague2/3 size)
91—110 m(110—126yd)
5 Bicyclepolo
73(4590)m
f L J
I
,.. side&endmargins6m(20ft)
14 Football,rugbyunion 15 Football,Canadian
l1Li
6rn (195—225It1nUSA( 6,,i
E 1
'0
40m(44yd(
H Hill 0
0 T
6
7
Camogie
Football,association:National E
p S
11
N
"C
0
S
PlayingFieldsAssociation 8
recommendssizes:seniorpitches
96—100 x 60—64(105—109 66½— x
70yd);juniorpitches90 46—55 x E
(98½ x 50—60 yd); international a, L
x
100—110 64—75(109—120 70— x
82yd) 16 Hurling 17 Korfball
Leisure 323
Sport: outdoor
PITCHES
110m(l2Oyd)
lOOm(lO9yd(
1 Lacrosse,men 2 Lacrosse,women:groundhas
nomeasuredormarked out
boundaries
IIi
27.5m 27.Sm
275m (300yd) 3043m1
I
1
ii1
Ic (ii
I
I
I
L
II
In0
I E
, II) IL'
LL
33m135yd)
\1I
ix
0
alllines 1600
3 Polo 4 Netball E 50 wide 4.—
H
-1-
'
I
I
/ / \\\
//
,
q
3
IrI II Ii
(l2
600 in
frombad
lineto
supportpo
1000
recommen
tree throw
line
( ••\
150
7
800
radius
restricted
850
**
inbetween
E
7
rope
off
Tug-of-war
-
E.-
46m(bOyd(
I
4
Ii,
8
_T__i___I]i
Curling
42.1 m (46yd)
I 15 Basketball
91.44m(lOOyd)
160m1175yd(
///
/
20m(22yd1 Si
I L1
V
I
U
I-.
E
16 Mini-hockey
\\\\\\ ]1EIilhII
9 Cricket 17 6-man football
18 Softball
m(30—60 yd)
1 -*
27.43—54.86
}:::::::::::::::::::: El I 6
I
.............v..... ___
risesiii ng
I
L IE
middle 1.Sm(5tt(
13.4m(44tt)
11.9m(39ft(
i 1 E
203—457 mm
doubt s" 12.2tn(4Ottl
doub '\.pJnior3.2m(10ft6in)
sen,or:4m(13ft(
EE
Ii Bowls,crown 19 Decktennis 20 Paddletennis
324 Leisure
Sport: outdoor
ATHLETICS
c:: I
867gm min9m wnway45m
126.52w
minim rnin4om
7lanesat
122 85m landingar(sandpit)
S
65m
pm
81.6w
radius70 m
/o,
/ mnn65m
I ...—
; I
—
—
\
—
\ .—
—
176.91 m
\\—--- —
9 Discus& hammer:discusbase2500hammerbase2135
I:]
I
9m(junior) mm 40 m
Ik 1i?
ar
I landing (sandpit) 75w
crilI
4
\
S
\- -
, —s---
radius20-25m
f 38.8 m
.
ii
L4_d
landingar(airbed)
mIn4Om
ssm
Sport: indoor
PITCHES
:
lI
r E
SE
U) a) I—IS
i3
FO
Q o
Fc(
I
0 0
a,
E -1-a
1—3m 1—3m
36m(ll8ft)
L______m ______ -J
353 n—9 59in) E
6 Lacrosse,female:pitchformalegame(not 1—2 m
II 27—60 (89—20011) 1—2m
It
S shown)46—48 x 18—24m(151—158ftx 60—79if)
a, 11 Micro-korfball
12 m(411)
(I 6lrn)2Olt) 36m(118 5)
1m 9—lOm(30—331t) 1 m)3tt3in)
6
Badminton: mm h 7600(25 if) 1
floorexercise — '
a
C
a
(4011 square)
— 5w
7
I
E
a,
msquareH•
CU
Cs
3m n,
11J_
asyrnetricT
bars _____________
)9ft9in(
ID()
14 m
Eti
CU
2omrunup)66ft) 4m(l3tt(
runoti
I I
L J 7 Gymnastics,female
irn -- 262m(86ft) in,
HC
to2000(1220mm) .6 Ia
12 Judo
3
2-3m
I $
18m)6Olt(
4$
— —
B Volleyball I —
mmn3Ornmax36m(99-ll8lt)
I 13 Tug-of-war
3 5-a-sidefootball
i7m(559in)
a,
S
0.3ft)
'a
L
a
(2
(
Cs
a,
I.)
a,
z S
a,
=1
L
5 Hockey:teamsizesadjustedaccording to size
ofpitchavailable Li
in 30—40m(98—131
\\
It)
14 Americanbowlingalley
(mayhave anynumber
lanes:usual mm 8)
15 Shuffleboard
10 Handball,7-a-side
326 Leisure
Sport: indoor
PITCHES(cont)
E
0i
g I
•::•:•:•: raised •:•:•:•:•::i
i
E I
7 Boxing:forcompetitioninaddition to ring&
.F
1 Tennis E spectatoraccnfollowing needed: medexam rm,
weighing rm, gloving-uprm, admin, lightingabove
ring, watersupplytoeachcomer
E •:•:•:
°r
'— :::• rI•:•:•:•
.•:•:•: ,:•.•.•.,
.- 0)
I I
F
14m(46ft) 15—2n
L1IJ
(41111 in)
5 Fencingpistes
2 Netball
I
10-ibm
2.5(8ft)
6 ê
9m(301t) (3'/o—Sfi( 8 Karate
(6'hfty-
I t
(911)
4
305m flhifl2m
(II ft6in)
3 Trampoline 6 Aikido 9 Kendo
ATHLETICSTRACKS 60 m hurdlesshall include 5 hurdles, h 1 060; 13.72 mfromstart line to
first hurdle; 9140between hurdles; 9720fromlast hurdle to finishline.
Resources for indoorathletics fall into 2 main categories:
Female: 50 m hurdles shall include 4 hurdles, h 844; 13.0 m from start
competition: provide forfull range ofcompetitivedisciplines; will provide line to first hurdle;8500 between hurdles; 11.5 m from last hurdle to
for spectators finishline.
training: (a) with some limited competitive use; (b) purpose built; (c)
adaptations ofexisting sports halls. 60m hurdles shall include5hurdles, h844; 13.0 m fromstart line tofirst
In USANational Collegiate Athletic Association(NCAA) rules forcollege hurdle;8500between hurdles; 13.0 m fromlast hurdle to finish line.
athletics, forotheramateur events Amateur Athletic Union (MU);some Events
track and field events still measured in yards, feet and inches; many Runwaysfor long&triple jump & polevault: 40 m long and 1 220
present tracks still in such measurements; new layouts generally in wide.
metresorotherSI units.
Landingareaforjumps:in high jump and pole vaultlandingareasshall
European AthleticAssociation (EAA) specifies forindoor events: be in accordance with IAAF rules 201 (e) and 3 (d). In long jump and
Arena triple jump they shall measure 6000 long and 2500wide and shall
consistof 300 in depth ofwet sand on synthetic track base.
Shall be covered and heated and shall consist of track circuit, sprint
straight, runways for4jumps, siteforshotputt. Putting theshot: sector shall be 450 but may be reduced bytechnical
delegate ifnecessary to meetlocal conditions.
Natureoftracks
Tracks andrunways surfaced with woodor suchothermaterialasallows Othertechnical installations: all other technical installationsshall be
normal use of spiked shoes; number of spikes shall comply with Inter- strictlyinaccordance with IAAF rules.
nationalAmateur Athletics Federation rule 142 (4).
Circulartrack
1 lap oftrack shall measure 160 m 200m in length. Eachbend shall consdecsurroundingindoorcyclingtrack
be 35 min length and banked atanangle 100 18°. Eachstraight —
, 4or6nesat1 or mm w. 1.22or prefered
'
35m.Where no raisedborder, measurementshall betaken 200 outward
from inner edge of track. Track shall be 4000 6100 wide; shall
include 4 lanes.
/
Sprinttrack
'
Sprint straight shall have
beyondfinishing line 15m.
Hurdleraces
6 lanes: width of each 1220; extension
Sport: indoor
ATHLETICSTRAIMNG CD
Provision for athletes training indoors, with limited competitive use, Needs of athletes should be considered at planning stage of sports (1)
neednot includeexpensive 200 m banked tracks. Many events can be centresso that this maior spectator and participantsportcan gain some C
simulated if briefthought out inadvance with consideration of needsof of benefits fromindoor provision other sports have received —*(1) CD
athletes.
a b 4'—236in(77 tt6in)—4-.--.--———-—--428
m(140116cr)
12
badminton
2
gymnasiucs
:
poie vaufl
ihrowingpactice 1
:•
345
badminton(2courts) :
athietics—longjump
—Sprint
:
pole vault
hurdies 0
-4.-
13m(14¼ yd) longjump tnpieJump
maxrunup 55 in(60yd) maxrun up 43m(47yd)
combatsports basketbafl—training
iectures gym & 2badminton :
demonstraiions tennis
5-a-side football I
. I —— \ maxrun
14 : I —— up 39m
volleyball I •
basketball badniinlon : —
—
\ throwing:
ootball
5sid&oolball
1 2 hiumpt8mH diushot
netball I /
• I polevaull -''--_./
rnaxrunup58m
L 3j•5•,,_ 4
I
ngjump
I
/'\rnau
(63¼yd)
longjump
run up 55 m
triplelump
maxrunup 43 m
25
basketball
Sprintstarts
hurdles
poe maxrurup37in
/ "Tjçh s
urn
practice
cage
sdiscus. shot
hamme
/
tennis vault'
5-a-sidetootbail 2
E
volleyball N
ba&ninton —
i run outi - I —
——
= i doorfor
4
L lanes
-
3I 4 Sf'
WEIGHT& FITNESSTRAINING
multi gym
multi gym abdominal shoulder multi-purpose blackboard
squat unit conditioners conditioner betch squat racks -. [199 multi gym 12 Stationwith
7complete weight stack
doordtscJ
rack 11N fl -r II II cycle
transportarack leg
fIam dual I
i
I
press
multigym-1
[1
.L. [1 [chine rowing
Units
, C) barbell
rack
fl_purpose
bench
Fiiin!
'ackboard OtH
or
bench press or
iiceboard
*
I
8
L d
ng ar
multi
purpose hyperextension
,
Wristroller 8 8
0
..wallto platform
irergometers cx Lt)
Er
bench
I Cc
[1
trolley transports
0)
oor ymar I
I I,)
-.4--.-——
bench
rackj
_________ 15m(49ft3tn) flex
ra,L'
leg extension
step up bench racks
dlck 6000(lgft9in) —5
T
[rcise
olympicplate
—- —- - —
12! board
UUUIflb fl)
1 I
racks
Sport: indoor
SPORT NEEDINGOWN PITCHES/SPACES
303m
ia - 303(loott)- -- b 20 18288m(SOtt)
SeCtion
!+ arar
I
i0 E
-:
S
a
i1 section
[ tiiTighne
425m(141t) targetzonel05m(3ftS4r)4
'0 firingline
1
plan
- 425rn
4N
303(1005)- —•— targetzone1.0m
H sectIon
JE[
'0
b_
tiringhne
L
425rn)141t) largetzonel05m(3ft6in)
plan
l
2ni (65610) range
ll
—'0
2 Archery:international&nationalshootsrequire aE
rangesof3025& 16m &20yd; forclub &
recreationalshoots 13.716(15 yd)willdo: mm 6 Squash asection bplan: dimensions & S
N
ceiling h3000 surfacefinishescritical;referto governingbodies
14m(4fl6un( 67 600(211)
3 Bowling:singlerinkinprojectile hall 225
1185m6086
7 Rugbyfives asection bplan
1 5m 125(4ft9iii>
33m(tOItlt)
- 125 1Sm
IrE E
na I
mat
__________
pumng
1— 33.6O4rnl10tt3in( ____carpet
si_I] =
I
liD
C.,
I I? 12 Golfpractice
II
Court England 33.5 m)llOIt)
IIIl:E.
_______
9.lSm(30ft)
I
ujj
20.117m(66tt)
4 Bowling:4rinksmittforrecreation, 6 for
toumamerits
13 Cricketpracticenets; h3.650(12ft)
303m(99531n) -
a 9 Cycling
11
b hnngline
5
425m
4—-f
U+Itbifll
j 14 Ice skating
Leisure 329
Sport: swimming
INDOORPOOLS Waterarea—*(1)
changing nn—p336—7: accessible from hall,separated bysex; notinside
Location: central, good public transport connexions. Rough guide to pool area; 1 do unitll—1.5 m2 pool area; common changing rm as extra
provision: dispersed population (rural areas) 20—25 x 11—13 m within space.
25 minutes travel of 30000 people; partially concentrated (surburban
Pre-cleanse:barefootpassage pastwctoshowers; 1 sho/8dospaces:
areas and free standing towns) 25 x 11 m pool + learner pool within sho space required 1.35—2.15m2; in some countries (eg Switzerland
15—20 minutes travelof30000people; concentrated population 25 x
13 m pool + learner pool within 12 minutes walking time of 30000 USA) use of cleaning passages with sho activated by floor contact or
light beam.Throughshormto swimmingand teachingpools—*p335.
people.Usage/head ofpopulation: medium and small towns 3.5times/
year;cities 1.3—2.5/year. Toilets: mm 2wc; male 1/15—20female 1/7—10; urinals 1/15—20 male.
type of b coveredspace
changingrm changingrm
2floors 1 floor
m3 m3
small 30—40 40—50
av 40—55 50—65
large 50—70 60—80
public access
2 Circulation&groupingofelements
exercise
sectiona-a
4 Leisure&poolcomplexRoxburyYMCA
III
o 36
176
II 9 12m
ft
USA Arch TheArchitectsCollaborative
330 Leisure
Sport: swimming
INDOORPOOLS(cont)
Heating & ventilation: water temp recreational pools 27°C, learner
pools 28°—30°, diving pool 28°; airtemp 1—2°abovewatertemp: changing
rm, pre-cleanse, clothes sto not less than pool water; air changes:
a volume flow rate of0.15m3/m2/s ofpool water plus wet surround.
e i.l r
r—-'
ij r1
L_J
r—'
L..J
r 25m
8.5 m(4lanes)
10.5m(5lanes)
13m(6lanes)
17 m(8lanes)
f rL_J1 r'°'
L_.J r
.___J
r'
L.._l
r°- r"T
i___ L__I 33.33m
I d
Typicalpool profiles: a&bfor 'in ground' pools c& for'aboveground'
f
pools e 'in ground'steeltank 'aboveground'steeltank
13m
spectatorseating
fixed rakedspectatorseating S
0
•0 • •
25m
occasional spectatorsat poolside
10-12 m(7ni mx)
informalviewing
viewingaroverlookingpooi 0 0 0 0
I I I
•0
refreshments 600 stepsupto 600 600
cafeteria •0 0 5
0 lanero posunound I 7m
bar
vendingmachines • S • • laneropepombOn 2m
firstaidrm S • • S 900
16¾m
900 I 900
2m
•Odefinite provision
possible provision
Sport: swimming
INDOORPOOLS(cont) Waterpolo CD
Playing area: for national/international events 1 800 deep; district! U)
countyevents 1 500 mm; club/Amateur Swimming Association events C
in UK 1200mm. Dimensions—(2).
CD
Swimmingpools for disabled —*8ib639
Poolsforleisure
Main features of pools specifically created for indoor leisure and rec-
reational swimming: lively, warm, gay interior; good quality materials;
shallow waterwith beach edges; wavemachines; water chutes; artificial
sun bathing; plants, trees, seating, refreshment areas forswimmers.
Private indoor poo1s—p115—6
S
E
N
2 Dimensions forwaterpolo
F— 20.0
50.85 H
Sport: swimming
INDOORPOOLS (cont)
a b 1.-I.
/ %
//
T'LI4 -1500-
I hydraulic 7 Pooledgedetail
liftingplant
I—i 500-1
F1600
L
1 Springboard hydraulically adjustable 1000—3500 a plan bsection
4800 —I
pO$selehand-grip
drainage
charerel
500 600
9 Longitudinalsectionof25mpoolwith9underwater lights
x
500 500mmmm surface ar
max slope 10
b
10 Diagramof startingplatform:
cable to timingeqp only built-inin
4 Moveablefloorstypicalinstallation a in raisedposition b lowered major poolcentres
11 Underwaterlightingin
swimming,diving&multi-
purposepool
- IF-i
sechona—b
:..:
a--''_IHEE,
150
5 Recessedshapedsteps 6 Glazedceramicsteps
Leisure 333
Sport: swimming
OPEN AIR POOLS
Location: sunny, not down wind of industrial plants, nuisance from
smoke or noise.
Season:depends on climate. For NW Europe:
100—120visits/year, of which
40—60 busydays, of which
10—15 peak days
4 Open airbinFrankfurtGermany
334 Leisure
Sport: swimming
DIVING POOL DIMENSIONS
a
100
+F +
IJo
J
mel
E
-I-
7500
p
5000
p
A-A4
springboards fixedboards
a
tables & 5
Sport: swimming
SLIPPERBATHS,SHOWERS CD
Slipper baths: in separate units; number approx 0.1 x pooi size (m2); (0
changing rrn
sizesaccording todemand and number ofvisitors —o(4);space required C
CD
Centrepassage width 3000.
Side passage width 1600.
Clotheshooks inside on freewall or inside door.
Window cillabove bath 1 300 above floor level.
U,
I—
- 650
1000
-- HI
f-i 000 -
23 Sho passagesection&plan
2Ii (?)
-
4 Cubiclesizes
1200—.- - 1000
F- -+—
rr -
'j......,400 4.. 400
Jo
T1H 420 Functionaianaiysisof healthb
340
bathr layout—o(4) — vesitibule + vestibule (1000)
mrii2 mm2
Sport: swimming
POOLCHANGINGROOMS
i500'- 1000 1250 *- 1250 i- 1-.- 1250 —. Individual cubicles —v(lb): 1/visitor; size 1000 x 1000—1200;gross
area ofchanging rm/cubicle 3—4 m2.
Cubicles to be used in turn: (a) with locker —a(la)(2)3—4 lockers!
: cubicle; (b) with supervised central do —v(3)(4); size and area as for
cub,c'es cubicles individual cubicle; desirable ratio approx 53%. (Very economical: itfew
visitorscubicles can beusedsingly.)
Bath cubicles—ap335(4)(8)
Common changing rooms: (a) with central handing-in do —v(4);
a b space required/place 0.5—0.8 m2; (b) with locker —e(5b); space require-
loot washbasins mentas (a) + locker area, 3—4lockers/seat; locker size: 300 x 500—
400 x 600desirable ratio approx 26%; (c) without locker, with clothes
hooks—v(5a); for groups supervision desirable; space requirement as
1 Cubicleswithoutseparate shod &barefootpassages: ainterchangeable (a); desirable ratio approx 14%.
with locker bindividual
Heightofchanging rm 2800.
ventilation
shodpasage
-r
8
C,
— I —— ±
0 0
+
/\ fj J_ 1_i (_\ j_ -' 8
Oi
±
(\
f/ f\ /\
fi /\
,' 4.
,\
-4-
-4-
8
LI:'....
±
---4 4----;---4 f---1
8
I I
TWWThHH
400
F t *4004
F 1500 400 1500 •4
400
400
:
lernales lemales
—1300 11000 -l300-4 1— 1300 +1000-l--1300—
I..,.I.11111111
I
1_ """ii","
i_j I
iiiii—
:::....: I I
3 interchangeablecubicleswithcentralattended do
males
'F UUiUiffltlJ
,500
t3°°0
I common
504'
4.
clothesissue ______________________
clothesreceiving& issuing
] changing
rm
C, 1000
-
a, interchangeable 1.
cubicies
key
availabletomales CiO5edslidingdoor
4 cubicles&common changingrmwithcentralsupervised
Interchangeable 6 Changingarplannedsothat2centralspacescanbeusedat different times
do by eithersex
Leisure 337
Sport: swimming
POOLCHANGINGROOMS
I-130O-i-1000-1300--+- 2200 -1
Forpublic bldg essential find most economic staffing solution. Division
of interchangeable sections by sex can be varied by use of sliding
partitions —ep336(6) or byswitching notice boards.
Av visitors 60—70%men 30—40%women
Clothes sto: individual lockers orattendant supervised basket—.(4)sto
1 Cubiclewith supervised do;
—sp336(3)(4)
interchangeablecubiclesformen &
women;indicatorboard 0canbe Space requirements —(2)(3):
switchedaccordingtodemand
500 bench/adult
F—750H-—750 —H 400 bench/child
] T.S
foldingbench
' bench h 375; bench w 300
In open-air bathsper changing rm 40 users per section or area20 coat
hooks on run of board forcoat hooks 3000.
m -r
shoes,
j30O 29
Ratio of total changing/clothes sto space per user approx 1 .75 m2.
Cubicles and clothesstand of timberor corrosion resistant metal with
L
hooksfor
clothes proprietary panels —(3).
Include changing needs ofdisabled users: 2000 x 2000 cubicle.
4 Basketcoathangerwithshoebagforinterchangeable cubicles
120 120
polishedterrazzo I- t— 600 —t--i
h— 800 —
I— 2030
Sport
SAUNAPLANNING
fresh
Domestic saunas—xpl 17
exhaustair exhaustair ax
sauna ussr
Bathing time: 3 x 8—12 minute sessions, total for 1 bath 120 minutes.
entrance/exit under
• t airb
Rm forcooling (sho, hose, plunge) —x(2)(3)(9)(1 0)and airbath—x(3)(12).
I Natural cold waterpleasanter: lake orsea inlet (or snow).
Air bath: breathing in fresh cool air as offset to hot air, cooling down
body. Provide protection against peeping; seating; water cooling by
freshairrmH hose withoutrose or/and plunge of approx 1 000 m3. Warm footbwith
J —400
swlrmningpooi
-850
I— 900 - 450
2000 I
11 Publicsaunasuite Ashton-
±t.h
under-Lynepool England
4 Planl—3P 5 2—4P 6 3—5P Arch TechnicalUnitforSport
7 Saunafor1—3Pt section
IP nTlsizesegfor30P
Sport: tennis
COURT REQUIREMENTS
Playing space needed for court—(1): h of net at centre 915, at posts
10970
1 060; netting enclosure h 4000; 2.5 wire 40 mesh. Artificial lighting
10 m h at long sides. Scale of courts to population: regular players av
1370
2% oftotal; ratio courts/players 1:30 to 1:35 very good, 1:45orover
poor; new courts 1:30. Additional space amounting to 25% ofplaying
spaceneeded forcar park,children'splay area, paths,bldg etc.
Surface: exceptionally smooth, hard and pervious to rain: must attract
very little dust and be dazzle free; materials: grass, cinders, plastics.
3 Drainageplansfortenniscourts
end margin
enclosure h= 11.0
9000
enclosure dimensions international&national county & club recreational
relating to standards officialchampionships recommended 7000
of play
10.97-
-
fl!
—36.57- 16.27
'f
I neth800
(TeTh a
:.:.:.z.L.:.;:.:!:!r:..t.:.J.:.:.:.:
Sport
SKI JUMPINGSLOPES
pian
1
/
Sketch forconstructionofskijumpslopes
U 0.02Vo2 D 0.5—0.7x Li to loweredge oftower 3O 35' 4O U I Vo 056 0.54 0.52 05 0.48 b .1.
25 23 21 4.5 3.3 15 20.0 19.5 19.0 18.5 18,0 17.5 170 30—34 111 90 74 140 5.7 26 902 870 837 805 77.2
32 28 25 5.1 3.5 16 25.5 24.8 24.0 23.3 22.5 21.8 21 0 3O—35 124 100 81 150 5.9 27 96.3 930 895 860 82.5 38—40°
39 32 28 5.8 3.7 17 31.0 300 29.0 28.0 27,0 26.0 250 33—30° 137 110 88 16.0 62 28 915 87.7
46 37 32 6.5 4.0 18 36.5 35.3 34.0 32.8 31.5 30.3 29.0 33—30°
3 Dimensionslargerslopes
52 43 37 7.2 42 19 42.0 40.5 39.0 37 5 36 0 34.5 33.0 34—37 Example: accordingtoterrainfollowingdataapplyto LI &H:NegH/N =0.54;
C = 35°; L = 87m; intableyouwillfind L = 87&incolumn to left Vo=26; at
59 49 42 8.0 4.4 20 47 5 45 8 44.0 42.3 40.5 38.8 37.0 34—37W
somelevelbeneathc=35°,E=gOm,U=14&T=5.7;F=E+ U+T=
90+ 14 + 5.7 = 109.7m: skijumpwith dimensionsdifferingfromabovecan
2 Dimensionssmall slopes beapprovedbyFIS but in suchcasesdesignermustgive writtenreasons
Leisure 341
Sport
SKIJUMPING SLOPES
5
a
if"
I
I
juniorlumP
LI
4 _
Olympicjump
5
I
,
!6
___________________
0 6 12 18 24m
b
40 40 40 ott
m vi
Olympicjump
1 Skijumpsat aGarmisch-
Partenkirchen Germany
b HolmenkollenNorway: 1 start
2 run up 3take-offplatform 4 run
out 5grandstand 6umpires towers
400mracetraclc
2xosntralaxis= 2x111.94= 223.88m
innercurve =25.5x3.1416= 80.11m
25 oulercurve =30.5x3.1416= 95.82m
111.94 CrOSSIng
—20.97 70 P/
startls0Om
7.957.76 innerlane
20.97—1O00m
41 3000m //i!
,-5000 m_/'/'/
) JcringPxtradsw from70m
=0.18m
----.- crossingstraight
2 Standardracetrack 400mI
100
seamlesspipes
distrbution rods
in 75 endline
concretemd
trios-salt
insul--—
ahon
_.....f
sub-concrete
concrete
elf
felt
prig
steel
reinforcement 2'
m
crease
protectiveordIe
radius2000
gravel
Sport
ICE RINKS (cont)
Curling —(1): ground 42 m; w 4000 (30 x
m-nee 0 l() 3000also possible); intermediatetracks(strips)
targetground
1 m; pitch ends 600. Starting and aiming
areas surrounded with easily crossed wooden
run-ott— barrier on3 sides.
sideline —— Scottish curling—e(2): field 142m;target area
I
1000 (tee) 03650. Tocentre pointoftee 38.35 m. If
ice poor, reduce to 29.26 m. Curling stone:
0 .LI weight19.958 kg, circumference 914,h
ofcircumference.
1/8
—I
.Le5aO
Icehockey—o(3): ground 26 x 56 m, 30
x 61 m. Goal1830w, 1220h; may be played
around back. Pitch requires wooden barrier
1200h—u(3).
ROLLERSKATINGRINKS
2 Scottishcurling rink
1 Sportstracks
rollerskating hockey—.(4)15 x 30—
20 x 40 m
figureskating 25 x 50 m
2 Play tracks lOx 10—
20 x 20m.
Impact board 250 h, 30 above track, 800 para-
pet along allsides, 2000chain-linkgrid at narrow
end (to catch ball), surrounding walking areas
1200; 50—100 deeper. Joints 5—6, slope
0.2%. Surface wateringuttersorditches, frost
protection layer 200 —*(4).
Construction
Asbestoscement panels 15; laid on squared
timberor on sand bed. Concrete tracks, 100—
150 according to type of bed, jointless ifposs-
ible, but imitation joints may be incised 2—3
wide.Space jointsevery 25—30 m, gap width
15.
I
200
Iu
I
30-40m
4 Rollerskatinghockey
rollerskatetrack
Thnx\n
30m
N9
cxi,
teamchangingrm
L=rr
vc
5 ArtifIcialice& rollerskatingtrack
Leisure 343
Sport: golf
SITE
Courses generally cover between 40 and 60 ha. Most popular those Fairways
amongsand dunes or on heath land, neither hilly norflat. Well-drained Width normally 30—40 m. Start 100 m from men's tee. Playing width!
arable land generally suitable; in UK government grants may enable hole: 60 m (90 m on boundaries).
more expensive works beconsidered if derelictortipped land reclaimed.
Rough
Golf holes need proper safety margin: should not pass closeroads or Carry rough:tee to fairway
throughnarrow tongues between houses.
Marginal rough: to either side of fairway,generally with mown band of
LAYOUT—(1) semi-rough' of approx 10 m before trees, shrubs etc.
Tees
May be combined on av length course but may be separated into
championship, medal, club, ladies at progressively shorter distances.
Allow300 m2 (400 m2 at par 3 holes).
a
Greens —(4)
Size tosuit approach shotand need to spread wear by changing holes:
say400 m2 to 600m2.
3 agolfclub b golfbag
Cgolftrolley
strokes par
par! usuall 75 72 71 67 67
hole m
3 110—1921—2 3 4 5 4 4
4 290—410 1 1 2 9 11 13 12 10
5 440—500 1 2 2 6 3 0 1 4
Sport: equitation
INDOORSCHOOLS
Location
Preferably attownedges directily connected bybridlepathtowoodland,
pasture, heath-land orotherhacking-out —v(1).
In past ridingschoolsusually grew round existing bldg, eg adding to
stablesof old house, building asbestos-clad barn structure over riding
area to provideall-weather teaching.
Spacerequired
Size of indoor school dictated by ability of fast moving horse turn
10.0—11.0mø. Many differentstandardsofcovered school. UK National
Equestrian Centre has riding area 61 x
24.4 m, large enough contain
international size arena and hold dressage and showjumping events,
with seating for300along 1 side.At other end ofscale possible provide
suitable area underDutch barn, ofwhich sidesonly clad for 3000from
— eaves, with wattle hurdles enclosing floor.Whatever standard of bldg
_____________ essential indoor ridingspace be 42 x 22 m to give40 x 20 m clear
20 19 floor space required forelementary dressage, allowingfortiltedkicking-
seroce
18
-
17 boardsurrounding walls.
hay
sto yard 16
i_ yard wof school floorfor single circuit accordingly: 12.0 m
14 13 wof school floorforgroups: 15.25 preferably 20.117 m
12 11 I ofschoolfloor ratio 2:110w eg40.0:20.0
10 I can be increased: 20.0 x 60.0—80.0
x
military school: 18.29 54.86m
h ofbldg: 4000—5000
muck
container
-
Information based on requirementsof British Horse Society (BHS), British Show
feed -
2 Jumping Association(BS,JA) and Fédération d'EquitationInternationale(EEl)
II n ii
tack
Ii
im —I
Ueichange
-r
entrance
ue=amity box
3 Plan of Lea Bridgeriding schoolLondon Lee ValleyRegional Park
Authority Arch J M VBishopMGQuinton
Leisure 345
Sport: equitation
RIDINGCENTREPREMISES
10.0 7.O(7.0
I 2500
t6.01.11.o i0.O Vehicle and loading areas—+(1 )(2)
landrover I
&trailer horse box
I
Instructional: indoor school and areas—u(3)(4); outdoor manege—e(5);
fl7.oI
1 Clearancerequiredfor 2
6.0
manure container
Clearancerequiredfor
grass paddocks (mm 8000 m2); outdoorshow jumping ring; outdoor
dressage area; cross country training area; clubrm/lecture rm/canteen;
sf0 forjumps, cavaletti etc(approx 5% activity area).
Horse management:stables (loose boxes —a(6)and stalls); utility box:
manoeuvringhorsesintotrailer/box manoeuvringlargecontainertruck grooming, clipping, shoeing, washing, treatment of cuts etc (size as
loose box but without fittings except tie rings); sick box (approx
3500 x 4500): should be away fromother boxes but within sight of
62.0 other horses; door should be in 2 leaves for horse to look out or be
60.35 enclosed if requires complete quiet; sling suspended frombeam with
42.0 block and chain may be needed: 1 250 kg max loading (for heavy
40.234 draught horse); larger establishments may need completely isolated
boxfor infectious diseases.
Feed sto —u(7), feed rm, tack rm—u(8)(9), tool sto; hayand straw sto:
Dutch-barn type structure; size depends on number of horses and
— ====1 method of buying: year's supply of hay most economic way to buyas
I I ..L
JL-_ I
mm
riear_
riding space I
temahona
I
price rises steeply during winter; straw price not affected so much
therefore sto less critical. Datato determine size required: for 1 horse
approx 9 kg hay/day, 1/2 bale straw/day; weight: 1 bale hay approx 23
kg, 1 bale straw approx 18 kg; bale size approx 900 450 x 450: x
approx 10% extra volume should beallowed ontotal storequired forair
3 Ridingschoolar: mm hneeded forjumping4000, 5000 preferable;
doorw 2300in twinsliders;ifspectatorseating needed will beadditional to circulation and remaining stock when newload arrives.
riding ar; judgesbox &collection/mounting aralso needed Mucksto: traditionally openbunkers with brickorblock wallson4sides
with opening approx 900 wide on 1 side: concrete floor should drain
33.2 towards this opening with gully outside. Size depends on number of
f—18.3-4 horses and management.Allow approx 5.6m3/horse/week. After month
-
volume reducedapprox two-thirds. Skip-type containersrecommended:
various sizes depending onnumber ofhorsesand frequency ofremoval.
01
manege
E J
365
ring
&
rail Veterinary sto: bandages may be kept in cupboards or pigeon-hole
1' fence racks. Leg bandage measures 127 wide and approx 75dia. Medicines
101a surround
and poisons should be kept inseparate cupboardsand clearly labelled.
C
at
Smithy: possibly 10—15 m2 in large centres otherwise space to park
ra
C mobile blacksmith.
48.8- 5 0 cinder
57.81 •
tm
E
all-weather
welldrained
Administration; reception off; manager's off; staff rm; first aid rm;
lavatories; changing rm; garaging for horse boxes, tractors and trailers;
I a surface
resident accn formanager; residentaccnfor grooms and/or stable girls;
plant rm (boilers, el switchgear etc); workshop.
5 Manegering
entrancefrom stables
—24.4—25.9-—'f 3500 3500
4 Indoorshowjumpingarenawithcollectingnng,warm-up&practicejump
space:formounting/collecting ar allowfor20—30 horsesat 3.5—5 m2each
r_-4&oboiIe°
iJ_
racks
Jo ii
8 'feedsto 1200
I
L_1 j•x900
______
x skunitL
7 Feed sto:size
Ivanisedmetal screen 2hatterhooks
metal channel protective
I _______
.—i
_________
b
kick-overlatch gulley
bran, 178kgcubes
r
a halter
hooks enirancefromyard 8 Planoftypicaltack &
clean rm; in larger
- mange e
bridleracks
ceilinghung
ce4nghung
dr'jing rack
iop
with units establishmentsseparate
hayrack bridlecleaning+ + 3500 cleaningrm desirable;
r—49000451) BHS recommends1 tack
holders saddlehorse
tie ring forhay net hooksfor
ullnose\ rm/15 horses;valueof
brick
girths ragchesfS.f1 ffsosk tack requires rrnspecially
tiering for horse ----8500 cleanrm draining
securefrom burglars
automatic
o
drinking trough or
[___///
150O saltlickholder
3500 r 9 Eqp storedintackrm includes:
C
saddleson racks anotlowerthan700
fromfloor nor higherthan 1800,600
6 Typicallayoutforloosebox: mm intemaldimensionsponies 3000 x centres;stirrups& leathers;bridleson
3000, horsesbelow 16handshigh3000x 3500, horsesabove16hh3500 racks b 1 600abovefloor;head
x 4000; recommendedh approx3000—4000; ifinternal corrneeded mm w collars,girthsonhooks 1 800 above
3000recommendedfor usebyservicing vehicles&as means of fireescape; floor;blankets, rugs,sheetsusually
stallsmm 12700,mm w 1 800; mm passage betweenstalls1 800 asection storedingalvanisedsteelchests(may
belevation Cplan a b be kept in generalsto)
346 Leisure
Sport: marinas
DEFINITION
Marina's main role provide shelter from wind, waves and swell of
passing craft; access to moorings at all states of tide with space for
manoeuvre; tieing-uppoints for boats with services, eqwater, el, tele-
phone, television, refuse collection, fire fighting, sanitation, public
address system; sanitary needs and amenities for yachtsmen, eq wc,
sho,changing and drying rm, entertaining,sporting activities,shopping;
water
Liwater
car parking; eqpforlaunching, lifting, manoeuvring, repairing, maintain-
d / land ing boats; other bldg directly relatedto boating.
1
®eO
Landtowater relationship: a land-locked bbuilt-in csemi-recessed
semi-recessed, offshore, island (constructed in open water: special
case).
Tidal situation:
non-tidal: variations ofwaterlevel 1000; usually easy for people and
trolleysand simple connexions between onshore and offshore service
d offshore e island systems;
tidal: substantial changes of water level; difficult connexion between
a ////////// pontoons and land for people and services; construction difficulties
almost inevitable.
N
Site selection factors:legalproblems; transport systems; potential for
L1!IJJ future extension; construction options and methods; geological,
b%'////////// hydraulic, climatic; soil and sub-soil; orientation, physical features,
erosion, possibility offlooding; engineeringnetwork onshore; materials
stability; tides, currents, navigational requirements; pollution control;
labour sources; effect of marina on existing environment during
construction periodand after completion.
0 125 250375 500w
4J0 800120016005
2 Energy-absorbing slopesinside 3 Pontoonlayouts: astretching OFFSHOREBOAT HARBOUR COMPONENTS
HantsholmharbourDenmark from land bstretchingfrom
breakwaters cstretchingfrom Area needed: craftsizesvary: I 4.8—21.3m (USA 4.3—24.4m), beam
floatingelements 1.8—6.0m (USA 2—6m); areas ofwatercalculatedon basis ofplanned
numberand sizeof craft moored, pontoon layout, types ofberth.
Depth ofwater: mm 600 (USA 610) plus max draft ofvessel at lowest
astronomical tide, 300 reserved for stilting, 300 for clearance, If too
shallow atlowest tidedredging necessary.
Channel: leading to entrance 20—30 m wide; main channel within
harbour area depends on number and sizes of craft passing through at
any 1 time, mm w 18 m.
Entrance:protectionrequired from ingress(waveenergy tobeabsorbed
before choppy conditionsarise inyacht basin)—'(2); suitableprotection:
spending beaches, rocks or concrete blocks moulded to appropriate
shapes, piles.
Pontoon layouts: well selected layout very important; main choice
limited to pontoonsstretching from a land, b breakwaters, c floating
elements —'(3).
9
50 10 150 200w Berth types—'(6): a stern toquay, iettyorpontoon bowsto piles (poor
150 300 450 6006 for embarking); b same but bowsmoored to anchors or buoys (notfor
tidal marinas); c alongside finger piers or catwalks, 1 craft each side
4 Yacht basinChichesterEngland: land locked, 1000berths (convenient for embarking); d alongside quays, ietties or pontoons,
single banked; esame upto 3 or4abreast (disadvantageofyachtsmen
on outer climbing overinnercraft); fstar finger.
central
k
square
kb
5 MarinaPort GrimaudFrancebuilt onreclaimed
marshland:900 flats each withberth 6 Types ofberth
Hto a
Leisure 347
Sport: marinas
COMPONENTS(cont)
1
CD
sand) resting on sea bed; circular shaped cusps between units, positive (I)
contribution towave energyabsorption;
Locks: oftenhave more than 1 compartment; should maintainconstant C
water level on 1 side,other side varying withtide; capacity decided by
floating: usually considered for sites with great depth of water and
peak use; waiting pontoons either side lock recommended. relatively mild conditions; sometimes act as secondary protection or
CD
Pontoon design: often used to carryservices and to support lighting primary barrier, reducing sea impact before waves reach main sea
units, lockers, refuse collection points, fire fighting devices; service defence.
bollards oftenprovided: boats/bollard 2—6;sewage collection points for
boats recommended either as holding tanks or as outlets connected Fuellingpoints:considered desirable but not required by authorities
with vacuum sewage system leading to onshore network. Mm w main (UK); floating tanks not usually accepted. NB fire risk prevention at
access pontoons 2000with fingers 500 wide;if total pier I over 100, pointsofflexibleconnexions between tanks and floating pumps.
2500wmoreappropriate; mm wfloating pontoon 2500. Pollution control: in non-tidalmarinaswater circulationcertainlyrequired
but hard to achieve. Sanitary accn for yachtsmen essential (travelling
Pontoon types: fixed: for non-tidal marinas; fixed deck (timber, distance 100 m); provide refuse disposal units close to craft as
aluminium, plastics decking) resting on structural supports (piles most possible; pollution culverts may alsobe needed.
common);serviceducts usuallyunderdeck;
Onshore elements:
floating:for tidal marinas or where structural difficulties occurand sup- car parking: ratio cars: boats 1:1—1:2; not too farfromcraftforyachts-
portson bed not feasible (eg deep water, geological conditions); deck men and their eqp;
fixed tofloating unitsand so kept at required level above water; floats of
steel, plastics, timber, concrete, polystyrene, filled with lightweight sanitary accn; recommended mm either 1 wc and 1 shoeach sexper20
material (eq polystyrene) or left hollow; pontoons held in position by berthsor 1 wc, 1 urinal, 1 hb, 1 shoper25men, 1 wc, 1 hb, 1 shoper25
dolphins; in exceptional cases may be anchored to bed; connexion to women (max occupancy of harbour estimated 6O%; suggested ratio
land byhingedbridge,ramps, lifts, hoists, collapsible steps. men towomen 2:1);
Breakwaters: rubble mound: mainly forsites with relatively small tidal yacht clubs: floor ar/P 1.0—5.0 m2: club rm, lay, drying rm, bars,
variations; alternative concrete blocks moulded to shape: not appro- restaurants, meeting rm, indoorsports, off, information centre, sleeping
priate for more extensive structures; with relatively shallow slope (1:2 accn, caretaker's flat:
to 1:3) rubble mound occupies largewater area otherwise available for hard standing, boat sf0, repair shop and other elements related to boat
craftor otheressential uses; maintenance and handling; should have suitable device for boat lifting
vertical face: concrete walls (constructed in open sea conditions as and launching and easy connexion toroads; freeareas formanoeuvring;
mass concrete or buttress structures): efficient when built, difficult to fuel tanksoftensitedclose to boatyards;
constructand maintain; ancillaries may include customs, coastguards, lock keepers, insurance
caisson type: precast concrete cylinders (either hollow or filled with brokers, car hire, travel agent oft.
a
-l—l-
[DDfl .I
njjiiii_j.I
1 MarinaentrancedesignBrightonUK
bar
lecturerm club
Sportreferences:
—Bibliography entries003006 046 083 183 205 212 297 355 384 388
3 Slidingcaisson& dockentrance 475514515516517537538549585586587588639
348 Leisure
Theatres
REGULATIONS
street
-- passage
i:I
overt Reg concerning theatre and cinema bldg and schemes not rigid inUKor
1•passage
v
audience
> '1' USA:concern public safety; must becomplied with to obtainnecessary
otherwise court
a9o4 licence; should be discussed with licensing authority atearliest stage.
stage Principles applicable world wide;main task ofarchitectachieve balance
between commercial, artistic and spectator requirements, and design
passage >40
-& I
street
!ih1:
4O
scheme which complies with 'means of escape' and differential detail
safety reg.
40 Street For consents required in UK in addition to theatre or cinematograph
licence—.Bib300 301 328 329 346 347 361 363 591 598 599
1 Distanceto adjoiningbldg if 2 Distanceiftheatreparallel
theatre Ito
street tostreet For USA—e local bldg codes
Organisation
Theatres may bedividedinto 3 parts—e(4):
EU
111111 JI cio/P
Toiletsin accordance with licensing requirements; also —eBibO92.
USA reg for exits, stairs etc vary: example—a(1 0).
v'l000for2OP
befler2000&more
direct
imght&
oecitiiation +
1100—l_00
IAI
6 Corrw: llOOforuptolOOP, 7 Exit&clo
1600forup to 250 P
capacitylP/unit ofwI
maxtravel ramps
distance corr,
within safe ar,
assembiy doorsoropenings exd
refreshment rim
fire-proofwail space Im) aisle passage-
occupancy & from from stairs ways
group pri- Secon- cross assembiy safe &
classification mary dary aisle space Sr escalators
f-la 26 38 80 50 100 60 80
ffJ
L/1
30 38 90 80 125 80 100
f-2 53 76 400 400 500 320 425
'unit 560
/corr i-ia: enclosed theatreswithstagesthat mayhave scenicelements,i-lb.enciosed
theatreswhichprohibit use of scenic elements onorabove stage: f-2, outdoor
assembly spaces
2 Constantrisefloor slopes
Type and scale of performance will dictate range of performing area
sizes —*(4). May be desirable enable performing space accommodate
variety of performing area sizes. Containment of audience within130°
angleperipheral spread of vision from performer at point of command
will help promote maxvisual and auralcommunicationbetween performer
and spectator.
A 8.5m
B 10.7m
C 12.8m
D 14.9m
E 17.Om
AUDITORIUM
Auditorium longitudinal sections shown —.(1 )—(6) have same numbers
of rows. Max D:H balcony overhang proportion recommended: 1:1 for
concerts, 2: 1 foropera, drama. Flying balcony may allow greater D : H
movable (flying &/or hinged) ratio by allowing reverberant energy reach rear seats frombehind. Last
auditorium ceilingcan beused rows should have clear sightline to central speaker cluster. Balcony
tovary seating capacity insingle ha overhangs positioned clear of projection beam. Max sight line angle
frombalcony to stage: 300
Convexand irregular surfaces aid sound diffusion. Domes, vaults and
other large concave surfaces may cause acoustic problems. Higher
ceiling for longerreverberationtime asrequired forconcerts; typical hall
volume: 20.5 m3—35 m3/audienceseat. Lower ceiling forshorter rever-
beration time as required for drama, speech; typical hall volume: 7.5
m3—14 m3/audience seat. In halls used for concerts treat stage and
audience seating as 1 volume. In multiple-use halls this condition
achieved with hard orchestra shell which must be demountable for full
useofstage forscenery. Acoustic requirementsmay dictatethat reflective
surfaces at ceiling of orchestra enclosure extend out above audience
seating.
6 3flying baic
traprm seatwagon sb
ar/musician
1—1.5 m2
7 Typicalorchestrapitliftdetail
8 Multipleaisle seating
Theatres
SEATING
Sizesdepend on type of chair and determine chair spacing. Decide on
chair style at outset. Traditional chairs require mm spacing at 840 and
are 500 wide—*(1);mostcommon USAdimension 530. Modern chairs
vary considerably: can need1 400 spacing and width of 750. Standing
space —+(2) formerly normal not usual in modern theatres. Seating
usually laid out in straight or curved rows; in some theatres angled
seating tried —e(3). Seating radius centre point best established by
I- 840—1000H trying alternative positions. Short radius enables whole audience face
centre of stage but this must be drawn to ensure adequate circulation
I Allseatsfixedtip-up chairs 2 Standingroom, unusualin spaceat front stalls sides.
(exceptinboxes);armchairseating modem theatres
needs1400 x 750spaces
BALCONIES
r— 2000 —1 Theatres with 1 balcony (frequent in USA) —*(5) can give better sight
lines than multiple —*p350, reduce staff requirements, simplify exits,
increase spectatorconvenience. Sometimesmovableceiling.Very deep
stalls under balcony .—(5) tend to limit upward sight line. Multiple
auditoria have become common —e(7). Containment of sound in each
auditorium major problem.
:
FLEXIBLESEATING—aIsop135
Divisionofauditoria intosmaller rm bysliding folding partitions common
H— 2400 — in conference centres; more difficult in theatres with stepped floors.
Consider closing off areas of seating to provide smaller capacity; to
3 Angledtip-up seatsgive elbow 4 Boxesmay have 10chairs& provide full flexibility folding seating areas can slide away to expose
room clear way toexit level floor —spl35(4). Loose seating used on flat floor gives very poor
sightlines:musthave temporary fixing. Stoaccnforloose seating must
be provided;1 000folding chairs need 20—36 m2stospace.
9 8 1 24m
5 5 15ft
24 m
25 50 75 ft
PUIHHHIIIH0011_
5 Section rough auditorium ofAmerican1-balcony theatrewith
ambulatory&view intorear stalls: equal seatvaluesostandard prices
possible
6 HamiltonPlaceOntarioCanada aorchestrafloor b1St balconyfloor 7 Concertha Helsingborg Finlandwith 2ha1 aboveother a longitudinal
Arch Garwood-Jones section bplan of large ha Arch S Markelius
key
6 upperlob
7 upperpart studio
theatre
8 meetings
9 orchestrastage
10 dramastage
11 reCeiving
12 ott& entrance
13 dressingrm
14 rnecheqp
0 3 6 9 12m
10 20 30 40ft
352 Leisure
Theatres
STAGETOWER
mm normal max
Dimensions governed by stage machinery, increasingly complex to
m m rn speed scenery handling and changes. Small stage withoutside and
drama 8 10 12
backstage —(2a). Shifting scenery by hand with trained staff 3 mm;
review 11 14
10 with 'jacknife'trolleys15sec—9(2b); ifsideand backstagewith traverse
musical 10 12 15
opera 12 18 25 trolleys10sec—(3).
Revolvingstage
1 Stagew Discwith 2—3 sets—(3)
2 discswith contact at stage centre
Reciprocating segments —*(2c)
Ring stage withcentreupstage—(2d)
Ring stage withcentrein house—*p353
5 Arena StageTheaterWashingtonDC USA upperlevelplan Arch Harry Plan at balc level TyroneGuthrieTheater(three-quarterarena)
Weese MinneapolisUSA Arch RalphRapson
354 Leisure
Cinemas
—also theatres p348—53
Techniques& regulations
Very similar to theatres. Old requirements (UK) for open space round mended. Limitto sightangleof35° above horizontal produces distance
cinemas stillapplicable—(1 )(2);architect mustdiscuss requirements at to screen on centre line of 1.43 x height fromfront roweye level totop
earliest stage. Use of courtor mall access becomes more common in of picture—*p357(4).
comprehensive schemes, but unless courtfully fire protected may not Seat sizes finally determine layout dimensions —*p350—1. Vertical sight
countas exit—(3).
lines determined in similar way as for theatres—p349 except that each
Consultrelevant codes and standardsfor all details. spectatorshould have clear viewto bottomofpicture. Side seating at front
limited byangles ofsightto screen —p355(6).
Doors & corridors
Widthsmust match exitrequirements. Doors toopenoutwards against Accesstoauditorium
exit flow in corridor and to be free of fastenings except panic bolts. In stepped seating can be from beneaththrough vomitory orfromrear,
Projections forhandrailsup to75allowedintoexitwidths butdoors must each to crossoveraisle. Side and rear aisles add toease ofaccess and
provide clear exit dimension measured fromdoor face to frame when supervision ofaudience.
standing open. Doors generally required to befr and selfclosing —'(5).
Multipleauditorium
Srcases Now often considered necessary in commercial cinemas. Various
Must also match exit requirements —p348, clear width being theoriesusedto divide total seats needed. Ratios of 1:2or2:3 fordual
measuredbetween walls orwalland balustrade—*(6). Not less than 3 cinemas; ratiosof1:2:3 fortriple cinemas; progressionofseat totals for
risers permitted; not more than 16 risers in straight flights. Max of 2 larger multiples. Basicrequirement: givevisitor choice of programmes
successive flights without turn allowed provided number of risersre- andenableoperator judge business potential of each film soas showit
duced to 12. Landings attop, bottomand between flights should equal in auditorium ofcapacity to match public demand. If film playing to half
width required. Stairrisers(UKcode) not to exceed 150, treads atleast capacity audiences can be transferred to smaller auditorium or vice
280; USAcodesvary. versa.
Stairs —'p408
Seating capacities vary between 100—600 chairs: generally regarded
Seating (UK) asmm and max auditorium sizes—(7).
Layoutssimilar totheatres—*p349—50,except seatblocks donotnormally Sales, staff, projection and service arrangements can be as for single
exceed 14 chairs. Spectator convenience improved for continuous cinema —*p355—7.
performances; salesofconfectioneryimprove when accessfrom seating
increased. Modern chairs, some of which have nottip-up seats, need Ventilation andacoustic separation must be provided. Single projection
greaterspacing, Distance fromscreen to front rowofseats determined rm to link all auditoria preferred but automation and closed circuit tv to
bymax allowable anglebetween sightline fromfirst rowtotop ofscreen monitor programmes make possible separate eqp in conversion of old
and perpendicular to screen at that point: max angle 30°—35° recom- properties.
•i\\
0
!
street
t1o
:i.;:;;II;I.1i1r...
6OL120
1courttotaketotal
tierofspectators
street
1 Cinemas
with morethan 2000 Cinemaswith less than2000
seatsshould haveexits on more seats shouldhaveexits on public
than 1 publicroad,orbesituatedin road; maybe incourts—(3);for
courts passages—(4)
i3i3 street
pa11t1
: I: court.
1
ii!
3 Cinemascanbesituatedoff
street butmayrequirealternative
exits
direct
slope1:1O. radiatorsin light&
—ventilation
tire
proof
rise
audi-
eys
door'must
's15O
tread
1.1
1.
tonum openoutward
5 Door&corrwtocornplywithreg 6 Wofstairstoequaiexitw
—p348:doorstoopenagainstexit —p348:flightsnotlessthan 3 risers 7 CinemaPutneyLondon: multipleauditona; partofcommercialbldg,
flow not morethan16, l2if2flights with high levelcommonprojectionrm
without turn
Leisure 355
Cinemas
Cloakrooms CD
Not standard requirement inUKcinemas: ifprovided should beplanned (/)
notto obstruct exits or normal circulation—*(1)—sp348. C
1.1
• Projectionrooms CD
1.6 column Used to be divided into separate compartments for rewinding and
F::::::::•:•::-::::::::•::::::: ::...:.-.::::-:::•::.......g ......•..... projecting film with dimmer rm, battery rm, switch rm, spotlight rm,
workshop and staff and storm, each 6—10 m2forming suite—e(2)(3).
1 Arrequiredfordocounter —vp348:notusualinmodern cinemas Modern automated systems take about same space and require rewind
bench to giveoperational flexibility.
with vertex
perboia
\/ zoneii
\—asyniptote flatscreen—seatingzonelimits curvedscreen—seating zonelimits
zone i: y= ±(0.5W—yO.33x'
ii'
— iso-deformationzonelimit tinesmost
H')
pointonScreen
iso-defo,rTlatlon zonelimit lutes
zonei: y=0.3x'—H'
zoneii: =
y H=screenh
zoneii:y= ±(0.5W— Vii)
where, \/0.75W'+3H'
where, 0.25W' +3H'
easily plottedbygraphicalmethod:
plotiso-deformationhyperttoiaIronpoint
on screen& rotateaxesaboutcentre
ofscreencurvature
6 Filmprojectionplanning:
viewing pointonscreen:line of iso-deformation =boundaryof seatingarfor seat placedhere:
which spectatorswillseesame apparent distortion: hyperbolashapedefined viewing flatscreen: seatingarrepresented by arcommon to spacewithin 2
in planbyasymptotesfrompointon screen; zoneIdistortion existsbutnot hyperbolas;arinzone Iforwide projectedimages lessthanzone Iforpointon
noticedfromseatsfallingwithin hyperbola: mm horizontal distancefrom screen;seatingarforzone IIforwide imageonflat screen maycorrespond
vertexof hyperbolatoscreendeterminedbylimitationof verticalanglefrom approxtozone Ipoint onscreen
eye of firstrowtotopofscreento max of 30°—35°;zoneIIdistortions noticed but viewing curvedscreen: zoneI arforgrvenscreenwcanbeincreased by
toleratedfrom seatsfallingoutsidezone I;zone Ill (seating placed beyondlimit curvingscreen;appropriatecurving willcause overlapof hyperbolasdrawn
ofzone II) distortionsof projected imagenottolerated&viewerwillrefuse from sidesofprojectedimagesoastodefinegreatercommonseating ar
356 Leisure
Cinemas
Generallayout
In addition topublic areas must include staff and service areas:
m2 m2
boilerhouse 25—30 plenum chamber 20
el substation 28—38 kiosk stockrm 10—15 or
Lighting systems
Provideinaccordance with detail licensing requirements:
decorative lightingand anyrequired spotlights toauditorium dimmed to
showfilm, otherpublic areasmaintainedwhile spectators use bldg;
cleaner'slighting to auditorium and foyers: auditorium system used as
emergency lighting under managementcontrol; USA emergency lighting 2 Cinema in Oslo:groundfloorplan showing circulationinlateral
operates automatically if main fails; arrangementwith double-sideddo ArchBlackstad& Dunker
maintained lighting to auditorium and exit boxes throughout bldg:
designed provide illuminationofseatingareasand gangwaysduring film
programme (no light to fall on screen or walls); New York City code
requires aislesand crossings have mm 5.35 lx at all times;
safety lighting to all public, key staff areas and exit boxes throughout
bldg: must be kept on as part of maintained system; should main el
supply fail safety system must be able provide sufficient light allow
public and staff leave bldg safely; N American and continental Europe
practice provide separateemergencylightingsystem which only illumines
on failure of main supply: notpermitted in UK.
other el systems includefire and burglaralarms, speakerwiring, internal
telephones, induction systems forboth deaf-aids and managementcall,
closed circuit tv, emergency public address and main switchgear for
controlofheating, ventilation, projection and stage eqp.
box
Heating—*pl 6385—9 oft
Ventilation&air conditioning—*pl5—16392—4
Heating and ventilation for public entertainment bldg developed as
licensing authorities required higher ventilation standards. In UK fresh
airventilation requirement basedon number of persons accommodated 3 CinemainMadrid:diagonallysituatedincorner bldg withmosteconomic
and varies from 70—93 m3/hr/P in auditorium and extract system for useofspace &goodshapeofauditorium; ground floor plan Arch Gutierrez
75% of input air. Where air-conditioning installed at least half this Soto
quantity must be fresh air, with up to 50% filtered and recirculated.
Foyer and toilet systems based on normally accepted standards
—xBlb347.Toilets affected bylicensing requirements.
staff
Incoming air must be heated; plenum system generally used with air cix
supply at screenend and extract divided in auditorium rear corners to
avoid vitiated airbeingilluminated by projection light ray. General parts
ofbldg can be heated by lowpressure hot water system.
Filmdisplay
In schools, universities, hotels and other bldg 16 eqp used; when
approved this does not require separate projection rm, provided clear
space maintained round eqp. Regulationsfor space requirement vary
from 900 to 2000. Picturewidths up to6000possible with suitable light
source; anamorphic (Cinemascope) ratio varies from 35 to 1:2.66.
Commercial cinemas in USA and UK have used 16 eqp but in UK
picture and printquality notgoodenough.
—xalso lecture theatres p135
:J1fl
projection I
exit
cio-l- sidegangway
't wc
stair to
exit gaiiery
.
stage podium
screenJfl auditorium
- LI
4—
(orchestraLfil I
artists
exit
cix-4--
[ I
-
sidegangway
.
exit
j, .
fresh-
stairto
gatery
secondaryentry
& stair toprojection 4 Cinema in Turku Finland: 590seats ArchBryggman
street I
Cinemas
Screensystems
Cinema screen in past titted into adapted theatre; today increased
a picture size (Cinemascope, Cinerama,Todd AD, Circarama, IMAX,for
small cinemas closed circuit tv) determines interior design. Traditional
cinemas—.(1a)had small pictureswhereas3-projectororiginalCinerama
system .—°(lb) involved spectator with 30.5 m screen. This surpassed
by new single projector IMAX system with 70 film used horizontally to
enlarge frame size and provide 36.5 m picture, seating being placed
closescreen preventing whole picture being seen without both vertical
and horizontal movement of head; callsforspecial projector and audi-
torium; used in Canada and USA.
Circarama system using 11 projectors gives full involvement but no
seating practicaland handrails necessary prevent audience tailing over
—°(3): used very successfully at Disneyland.
Further development used in theme parks and now in Experience
theatres world wide: audio-visual technique ofautomated multiple pro-
jection of still pictures with auditorium effects and multi-track magnetic
sound systems. Closed circuit projection tv system feasible with elec-
tronic line enhancement; gives picturesof 2430x 1 830. With Eidophor'
screen sizes up to 9 m x 12 m possible. Development in progress in
USAand UK.
Sound systems
1 atraditionalcinema bfororiginalCineramasystem Have developed considerably; problems of handling magnetic sound
recordings on film being answered by Dolby encoding optical system.
Stereo across screen and to front and rear provided on 70 film with 5
rear screen speaker tracks and 6th track forauditorium speakers. Wide
screens and side sound sources can produce acoustic problems: gen-
erally for cinemas reflected sound paths should notexceed directpaths
by more than 15 m—.p18395—7.
3 Circarama:screencircular
2 Civiccentre in centralrestricted position forces placingofhaforvarious (370°);11 synchronised projectors
uses (cinema,concert,exhibition, museum, theatre)aboveone another: producecoherentpicture;
spaciouscentrallob,foyer&stairsshared Arch Cassandra Athens example;Expo Brussels
yroihonray cenireiune
betternot toeeceedtO
I +
—keepeyepoinitor
saeen
frame
sighthnesfromrearsears
tobottomofyiciure sight tine angiesvary
raker
t v
to screen= .43 hfromfront
.f_.___distaflce
eye ieneitotopofscreen
Cinema references:
3 Dual drive-incinema:1 projection rmfor bothscreens makes possiblestaggered startingtimes;all —Bibliography entries 084 098 099 113 114
other services(eg ticket off,bar,lay) used jointly 129328329339 347 426 598 599
Leisure 359
Museums
ROOMS CD
space/picture m
3—5 hanging surface
space/sculpture 6—10 m2 ground surface
space/400 coins 1 m2cabinet space
3 Installlightingsothat anglesof 4 Typicalcross-sectionfor
incidencecorrespondwith natural museumofnaturalhistory Calculations formuseum lighting highly theoretical: quality of light what
light matters. Experiments carried out in America therefore more important
(—÷Bib561). In recent times continuous increase in use of artificial
lighting, instead of constant variations of light experiences even with N
ribbed glass
frosted glass screen , largest lighting —*p360.
N' N S
hanging
surface
GENERALLAYOUT
best
_____ __________
" 5.6 hanging
surfaces
No continous circularitinerary butwingsleadingoutfromentrance. Side
rm forpacking, despatch, transparencysection, restorationworkshops,
k>1
j
I- 100 -
between
950&3.6
lecture rm. Museums sometimes in bldg originally designed for other
purposes.
1)
5 Well-lit exhibitionhabasedon 6 Ideallylitrmwith uniform lighting
Bostonexperiments front both sides,asworkedoutby
S HurstSeager(-.Bib561) 1001 (Th
i
>
I27/'
900r
iLl 27°
T1
2.0 1.0 1000
1.5 500e 10 Paintingstowithdetachablesteelmeshframesonwhichpictures can
a behungasrequired&be readyforremovalatanytimeforstudy
h 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.75
AAAA1iAWA1,AI
—,
I
ox+iöo-+io.o'
a
lightsource
a-a b-b
2 Section &light sourcesMuseoCiVKOTurin Italy ArchBassi& Boscheth
5 Joan Miro FoundationBarcelonaSpain hasrampextendinground all4
sides ofsculpturerm allowing worksto beviewed fromvarying heightsand
b
aspects;note useofskylights-.section afirstfloor plan sections Arch
Sert Section
key 1 sculpturerm 2 ha 3print mi 4balcover groundfloor 5 telwith
sculptures 6ha 70ff 8director'soff 9restm, lOprintarchives
Museums
EXAMPLES 2 VancouverMuseum
Canada Arch ArthurErickson
key
1 entrance
2 lob
TTjm1'
3 off/seminarrm
4 rampedgallery
5 greatha
6 small objectgallery
14 7
8
9
theatre
visiblestoar
lounge
10 outdoorcourt
gairer' : :
L. L
r-
-r - - r1 gallery
- - -t
: :
0 __________ _____
EEEJ L.
b
W4EEI1.
gallery
L apaceanum
F4iii vvvvv jJ
auditorium
vvvvv[
I ri L1 im
ir'wri Ia..rJI
I—I rii
'v"" I
Components
INTRODUCTION
Components bringstogether various categories ofconstruction practices are presented in detail in Ramsey& Sleeper/American
data intended asan aid to the userofArchitects' Datainapplying Institute of Architects Architectural Graphic Standards —Bib
the principlesand examples given throughout the body of the 549.
book. Underthe general heading Services' are guidelines on
the spaces needed to install, operate and maintain systems of
distribution, heating, ventilation, thermal and sound insulation, Conversions
lighting. Thereafterfollow practicalcriteriaforcertaincomponents: As anaid to readers whodo not workin metric units ofmeasure-
doors, windows, corridors andramps, stairs, escalators, elevators. menta listofconversion factors and a setof42conversion tables
introduce the pages on services systems.
Data here presented are based on the latest Britishand European
research and are not directly applicable by those working in
non-metric units of measurement. The material presented and Materials
the approach to its presentation are thought to be of general Values to be given to physical characteristics ofcommon building
interestto architects in America as in other continents; but USA materials have been brought together inatable which follows the
practices differ in somerespects from what is given here. Such conversion tables and precedes 'Services' .—p384(1).
364
Conversions
FACTORS
metric 'imperial'/US metric 'imperial'/US
length mass/unit area
1.0mm 0.039 in 1.0g/m2 0.003 oz/ft2
25.4 rnrn (2.54cm) 1 in 33.91 g/m2 1 oz/yd2
Conversions
energy force/unitlength
1.OJ 0.239calorie 1.0 N/rn 0.067 lbf/ft
1.356J 1 ftlbt 14.59 N/rn 1.0 lbf/ft
4.187J 1.Ocalorie 32.69 kN/m 1.0 tont/ft
9.807 J (1 kgfm) 7.233 ftlbf 175.1 kN/m (175.1 N/mm) i.Olbf/in
1 055.06J 1 Btu
3.6 MJ 1 kilowatt-hr moment offorce(torque)
105.5MJ 1 therm (100000 Btu) 0.li3Nm(113.ONrnm) 1.Olbfin
1.ONrn 0.738lbfft
1.356 Nm 1.0 lbf ft
power (energy/time)
0.293W 1 Btu/hr 113.ONrn 1.Okipfin
1.0W 0.738ttlbf/s 253.1 Nm 1.Otonfin
1.163W 1.0kilocalorie/hr 1356.ONm 1.Okipfft
1.356W 1 ftlbf/s 3037.ONm 1.Otonfft
4.187W 1 calorie/s
1 kgf rn/s (9.807W) 7.233 ft lbt/s) pressure
1 horsepower
1.0Pa (1.0 N/rn2) 0.021 bt/ft2
745.7W 1.OkPa 0.1451bf/in2
1 metrichorsepower (75 kgf 0.986 horsepower 100.OPa 1.Omillibar
rn/s) 2.99kPa 1 ftwater
3.39 kPa 1 in mercury
intensity ofheat flowrate 6.9 kPa 1.0 lbt/in2
1 W/m2 0.317 Btu/(ft2hr)
i0O.OkPa 1.Obar
3.155 W/m2 1.0 Btu/(ft2 hr)
101.33 kPa 1.0 standardatmosphere
107.25 kPa 1.0 tonf/ft2
thermal conductivity 15.44 MPa 1.Otonf/in2
0.144 W/(rn.K) 1 Btu in/(ft2hr°F)
1.OW/(m.K) 6.933 Btuin/(ft2hr°F)
thermal registivity
1.0m K/W 0.144 ft2 hr°F/(Btu in)
6.933 rn K/W 1.0 ft2 hr°F/(Btu in)
specificenergy
1.0 kJ/kg 0.43 Btu/lb
2.326kJ/kg 1.0 Btu/lb
1.0 kJ/m3 (1 kJ/l) 0.027 Btu/tt3
1.OJ/l 0.004 Btu/gal
232.1 J/l 1.OBtu/gal
366
Conversions
TABLES
Listoftables
1 millimetres toinches 24 cubicfeetto litres
2 decimals ofinch to millimetres 25 litresto gallons imperial
3 inches & fractions ofinchto millimetres 26 gallonsimperial to litres
4 feet &inchesto metres 27 litresto gallons US
5 metres tofeet 28 gallonsUSto litres
6 feettometres 29 kilograms to pounds
7 metrestoyards 30 poundstokilograms
8 yardstometres 31 kilograms per cubic metre to pounds percubicfoot
9 kilometres tomiles 32 pounds percubicfootto kilograms percubicmetre
10 milesto kilometres 33 metresper second to miles per hour
11 square centimetres tosquare inches 34 milesper hour to metres persecond
12 square inches to square centimetres 35 kilograms forcepersquare centimetre to pounds forceper square
13 square metrestosquare feet inch
14 square feettosquare metres 36 poundsforceper square inch tokilograms forceper square
15 square metrestosquareyards centimetre
16 square yards tosquare metres 37 kilonewtons persquare metre topounds force persquare inch
17 hectares to acres 38 poundsforceper square inch to kilonewtonspersquare metre
18 acresto hectares 39 wattsto British thermal unitsperhour
19 cubiccentimetres tocubicinches 40 Britishthermal unitsperhour to watts
20 cubicinches to cubiccentimetres 41 wattspersquare metrekelvin to Britishthermal unitspersquare foot
21 cubicmetrestocubicfeet hourdegree F
22 cubicfeettocubicmetres 42 British thermal units per square foot hour degree F to watts per
23 litresto cubicfeet square metre kelvin
th
TABLES
mm 0
In
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
millimetres to inches 0 0.04 0.08 0.11 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.28 0.31 0.35
10 0.39 0.43 0.47 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.63 0.67 0.71 0.75
20 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.91 0.94 0.98 1.02 1.06 1.1 1.14
30 1.18 1.22 1.25 1.3 1.34 1.38 1.41 1.46 1.5 1.57
40 1.57 1.61 1.65 1.69 1.73 1.77 1.81 1.85 1.89 1.93
50 1.97 2.00 2.05 2.09 2.13 2.17 2.21 2.24 2.28 2.32
60 2.36 2.4 2.44 2.48 2.52 2.56 2.6 2.64 2.68 2.72
70 2.76 2.8 2.83 2.87 2.91 2.95 3.0 3.03 3.07 3.11
80 3.15 3.19 3.23 3.27 3.31 3.35 3.39 3.42 3.46 3.5
90 3.54 3.58 3.62 3.66 3.7 3.74 3.78 3.82 3.86 3.9
100 3.94 3.98 4.02 4.06 4.09 4.13 4.17 4.21 4.25 4.29
110 4.33 4.37 4.41 4.45 4.49 4.53 4.57 4.61 4.65 4.69
120 4.72 4.76 4.8 4.84 4.88 4.92 4.96 5.0 5.04 5.08
130 5.12 5.16 5.2 5.24 5.28 5.31 5.35 5.39 5.43 5.47
140 5.51 5.55 5.59 5.63 5.67 5.71 5.75 5.79 5.83 5.87
150 5.91 5.94 5.98 6.02 6.06 6.1 6.14 6.18 6.22 6.26
160 6.3 6.34 6.38 6.42 6.46 6.5 6.54 6.57 6.61 6.65
170 6.69 6.73 6.77 6.81 6.85 6.89 6.93 6.97 7.01 7.05
180 7.09 7.13 7.17 7.21 7.24 7.28 7.32 7.36 7.4 7.44
190 7.48 7.52 7.56 7.6 7.64 7.68 7.72 7.76 7.8 7.83
200 7.87 7.91 7.95 7.99 8.03 8.07 8.11 8.15 8.19 8.23
210 8.27 8.31 8.35 8.39 8.43 8.46 8.5 8.54 8.58 8.62
220 8.66 8.7 8.74 8.78 8.82 8.86 8.9 8.94 8.98 9.02
230 9.06 9.09 9.13 9.17 9.21 9.25 9.29 9.33 9.37 9.41
240 9.45 9.49 9.53 9.57 9.61 9.65 9.69 9.72 9.76 9.8
250 9.84
367
Conversions
in 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 2
decimals ofinchto
mm millimetres
0.0 0.0254 0.0508 0.0762 0.1016 0.127 0.1524 0.1778 0.2032 0.2286
0.01 0.254 0.2794 0.3048 0.3302 0.3556 0.381 0.4064 0.4318 0.4572 0.4826
0.02 0.508 0.5334 0.5588 0.5842 0.6096 0.635 0.6604 0.6858 0.7112 0.7366
0.03 0.762 0.7874 0.8128 0.8382 0.8636 0.889 0.9144 0.9398 0.9652 0.9906
0.04 1.016 1.0414 1.0668 1.0922 1.1176 1.143 1.1684 1.1938 1.2192 1.2446
0.05 1.27 1.2954 1.3208 1.3462 1.3716 1.397 1.4224 1.4478 1.4732 1.4986
0.06 1.524 1.5494 1.5748 1.6002 1.6256 1.651 1.6764 1.7018 1.7272 1.7526
0.07 1.778 1.8034 1.8288 1.8542 1.8796 1.905 1.9304 1.9558 1.9812 2.0066
0.08 2.032 2.0574 2.0828 2.1082 2.1336 2.159 2.1844 2.2098 2.2352 2.2606
0.09 2.286 2.3114 2.3368 2.3622 2.3876 2.413 2.4384 2.4638 2.4892 2.5146
0.1 2.54
in 1/16 1/8 /16 1/4 /16 3/ /I8 1/2 /16 /8 11/16 3/4 13/16 /8 15/16 3
inches &fractions of
mm inch to millimetres
1.6 3.2 4.8 6.4 7.9 9.5 11.1 12.7 14.3 15.9 17.5 19.1 20.6 22.2 23.8
1 25.4 27.0 28.6 30.2 31.8 33.3 34.9 36.5 38.1 39.7 41.3 42.9 44.5 46.0 47.6 49.2
2 50.8 52.4 54.0 55.6 57.2 58.7 60.3 61.9 63.5 65.1 66.7 68.3 69.9 71.4 73.0 74.6
3 76.2 77.8 79.4 81.0 82.6 84.1 85.7 87.3 88.9 90.5 92.1 93.7 95.3 96.8 98.4 100.0
4 101.6 103.2 104.8 106.4 108.0 109.5 111.1 112.7 114.3 115.9 117.5 119.1 120.7 122.2 123.8 125.4
5 127.0 128.6 130.2 131.8 133.4 134.9 136.5 138.1 139.7 141.3 142.9 144.5 146.1 147.6 149.2 150.8
6 152.4 154.0 155.6 157.2 158.8 160.3 161.9 163.5 165.1 166.7 168.3 169.9 171.5 173.0 174.6 176.2
7 177.8 179.4 181.0 182.6 184.2 185.7 187.3 188.9 190.5 192.1 193.7 195.3 196.9 198.4 200.0 201.6
8 203.2 204.8 206.4 208.0 209.6 211.1 212.7 214.3 215.9 217.5 219.1 220.7 222.3 223.8 225.4 227.0
9 228.6 230.2 231.8 233.4 235.0 236.5 238.1 239.7 241.3 242.9 244.5 246.1 247.7 249.2 250.8 252.4
10 254.0 255.6 257.2 258.8 260.4 261.9 263.5 265.1 266.7 268.3 269.9 271.5 273.1 274.6 276.2 277.8
4
In
feet& inches to
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 metres
m
ft
0 0.0254 0.0508 0.0762 0.1016 0.127 0.1524 0.1778 0.2032 0.2286 0.254 0.2794
1 0.3048 0.3302 0.3556 0.381 0.4064 0.4318 0.4572 0.4826 0.508 0.5334 0.5588 0.5842
2 0.6096 0.635 0.6604 0.6858 0.7112 0.7366 0.762 0.7874 0.8128 0.8382 0.8636 0.889
3 0.9144 0.9398 0.9652 0.9906 1.016 1.0414 1.0668 1.0922 1.1176 1.143 1.1684 1.1938
4 1.2192 1.2446 1.27 1.2954 1.3208 1.3462 1.3716 1.397 1.4224 1.4478 1.4732 1.4986
5 1.524 1.5494 1.5748 1.6002 1.6256 1.651 1.6764 1.7018 1.7272 1.7526 1.778 1.8034
6 1.8288 1.8542 1.8796 1.905 1.9304 1.9558 1.9812 2.0066 2.032 2.0574 2.0828 2.1082
7 2.1336 2.159 2.1844 2.2098 2.2352 2.2606 2.286 2.3114 2.3368 2.3622 2.3876 2.413
8 2.4384 2.4638 2.4892 2.5146 2.54 2.5654 2.5908 2.6162 2.6416 2.667 2.6924 2.7178
9 2.7432 2.7686 2.794 2.8194 2.8448 2.8702 2.8956 2.921 2.9464 2.9718 2.9972 3.0226
10 3.048
368
Conversions
5 m
metrestofeet ft
0 3.28 6.56 9.84 13.12 16.40 19.69 22.97 26.25 29.53
10 32.8 36.09 39.37 42.65 45.93 49.21 52.49 55.77 59.06 62.34
20 65.62 68.9 72.17 75.45 78.74 82.02 85.3 88.58 91.86 95.14
30 98.43 101.7 104.99 108.27 111.55 114.82 118.11 121.39 124.67 127.95
40 131.23 134.51 137.8 141.08 144.36 147.63 150.91 154.2 157.48 160.76
50 164.04 167.32 170.6 173.89 177.17 180.45 183.73 187.01 190.29 193.57
60 196.85 200.13 203.41 206.69 209.97 213.25 216.54 219.82 223.1 226.38
70 229.66 232.94 236.22 239.5 242.78 246.06 249.34 252.63 255.91 259.19
80 262.46 265.75 269.03 272.31 275.59 278.87 282.15 285.43 288.71 292.0
90 295.28 298.56 301.84 305.12 308.4 311.68 314.96 318.24 321.52 324.8
100 328.08 331.37 334.65 337.93 341.21 344.49 347.77 351.05 354.33 357.61
110 360.89 364.17 367.45 370.74 374.02 377.3 380.58 383.86 387.14 390.42
120 393.7 396.98 400.26 403.54 406.82 410.1 413.39 416.67 419.95 423.23
130 426.51 429.79 433.07 436.35 439.63 442.91 446.19 449.48 452.76 456.04
140 459.32 462.6 465.88 469.16 472.44 475.72 479.0 482.28 485.56 488.85
150 492.13 495.41 498.69 502.0 505.25 508.53 511.81 515.09 518.37 521.65
160 524.93 528.22 531.5 534.78 538.06 541.34 544.62 547.9 551.18 554.46
170 557.74 561.02 564.3 567.59 570.87 574.15 577.43 580.71 583.99 587.27
180 590.55 593.83 597.11 600.39 603.68 606.96 610.24 613.52 616.8 620.08
190 623.36 626.64 629.92 633.2 636.48 639.76 643.05 646.33 649.6 652.89
200 656.17 659.45 662.73 666.01 669.29 672.57 675.85 679.13 682.42 685.7
210 688.98 692.26 695.54 698.82 702.1 705.38 708.66 711.94 715.22 718.5
220 721.79 725.07 728.35 731.63 734.91 738.19 741.47 744.75 748.03 751.31
230 754.59 757.87 761.16 764.44 767.72 771.0 774.28 777.56 780.84 784.12
240 787.4 790.68 793.96 797.24 800.53 803.81 807.09 810.37 813.65 816.93
250 820.21
7 m 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
metresto yards
yd
0 1.09 2.19 3.28 4.37 5.47 6.56 7.66 8.75 9.84
10 10.94 12.03 13.12 14.22 15.31 16.4 17.5 18.59 19.69 20.78
20 21.87 22.97 24.06 25.15 26.25 27.34 28.43 29.53 30.62 31.71
30 32.8 33.9 35.0 36.09 37.18 38.28 39.37 40.46 41.56 42.65
40 43.74 44.84 45.93 47.03 48.12 49.21 50.31 51.4 52.49 53.59
50 54.68 55.77 56.87 57.96 59.06 60.15 61.24 62.34 63.43 64.52
60 65.62 66.71 67.8 68.9 69.99 71.08 72.18 73.27 74.37 75.46
70 76.55 77.65 78.74 79.83 80.93 82.02 83.11 84.21 85.3 86.4
80 87.49 88.58 89.68 90.77 91.86 92.96 94.05 95.14 96.24 97.33
90 98.43 99.52 100.61 101.71 102.8 103.89 104.99 106.08 107.17 108.27
100 109.36 110.46 111.55 112.64 113.74 114.83 115.92 117.02 118.11 119.2
110 120.3 121.39 122.49 123.58 124.67 125.74 126.86 127.95 129.05 130.14
120 131.23 132.33 133.42 134.51 135.61 136.7 137.8 138.89 139.99 141.08
130 142.17 143.26 144.36 145.45 146.54 147.64 148.73 149.83 150.92 152.01
140 153.1 154.2 155.29 156.39 157.48 158.57 159.67 160.76 161.86 162.95
150 164.04 165.14 166.23 167.32 168.42 169.51 170.6 171.7 172.79 173.89
160 174.98 176.07 177.17 178.26 179.35 180.45 181.54 182.63 183.73 184.82
170 185.91 187.0 188.1 189.2 190.29 191.38 192.48 193.57 194.66 195.76
180 196.85 197.94 199.04 200.13 201.23 202.32 203.41 204.51 205.6 206.69
190 207.79 208.88 209.97 211.07 212.16 213.26 214.35 215.44 216.53 217.63
200 218.72 219.82 220.91 222.0 223.1 224.19 225.28 226.38 227.47 228.57
210 229.66 230.75 231.85 232.94 234.03 235.13 236.22 237.31 238.41 239.5
220 240.56 241.69 242.78 243.88 244.97 246.06 247.16 248.25 249.34 250.44
230 251.53 252.63 253.72 254.81 255.91 257.0 258.09 259.19 260.28 261.37
240 262.47 263.56 264.65 265.75 266.84 267.94 269.03 270.12 271.22 272.31
250 273.4
9 km 0 3 4 5
kilometres tomiles 1 2 6 7 8 9
mile
0 0.62 1.24 1.86 2.49 3.11 3.73 4.35 4.98 5.59
10 6.21 6.84 7.46 8.08 8.7 9.32 9.94 10.56 11.18 11.81
20 12.43 13.05 13.67 14.29 14.91 15.53 16.16 16.78 17.4 18.02
30 18.64 19.29 19.88 20.5 21.13 21.75 22.37 22.99 23.61 24.23
40 24.85 25.47 26.1 26.72 27.34 27.96 28.58 29.2 29.83 30.45
50 31.07 31.69 32.31 32.93 33.55 34.18 34.8 35.42 36.04 36.66
60 37.28 37.9 38.53 39.15 39.77 40.39 41.01 41.63 42.25 42.87
70 43.5 44.12 44.74 45.36 45.98 46.6 47.22 47.85 48.47 49.09
80 49.7 50.33 50.95 51.57 52.2 52.82 53.44 54.06 54.68 55.3
90 55.92 56.54 57.17 57.79 58.41 59.03 59.65 60.27 60.89 61.52
100 62.14
369
Con versions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 6
m feet tometres
0 0.31 0.6 0.91 1.22 1.52 1.83 2.13 2.44 2.74
10 3.05 3.35 3.66 3.96 4.27 4.57 4.88 5.18 5.49 5.79
20 6.1 6.4 6.71 7.01 7.31 7.62 7.92 8.23 8.53 8.84
30 9.14 9.45 9.75 10.06 10.36 10.67 10.97 11.28 11.58 11.89
40 12.19 12.5 12.80 13.1 13.41 13.72 14.02 14.36 14.63 14.94
50 15.24 15.54 15.85 16.15 16.46 16.76 17.07 17.37 17.68 17.98
60 18.29 18.59 18.9 19.2 19.58 19.81 20.12 20.42 20.73 21.03
70 21.33 21.64 21.95 22.25 22.56 22.86 23.16 23.47 23.77 24.08
80 24.38 24.69 24.99 25.3 25.6 25.91 26.21 26.52 26.82 27.13
90 27.43 27.74 28.04 28.35 28.65 28.96 29.26 29.57 29.87 30.18
100 30.48 30.78 31.09 31.39 31.7 32.0 32.31 32.61 32.92 33.22
110 33.53 33.83 34.14 34.44 34.75 35.05 35.37 35.67 36.0 36.3
120 36.58 36.88 37.19 37.49 37.8 38.1 38.41 38.7 39.01 39.32
130 39.62 39.93 40.23 40.54 40.84 41.15 41.45 41.76 42.06 42.37
140 42.67 42.98 43.28 43.59 43.89 44.2 44.5 44.81 45.11 45.46
150 45.72 46.02 46.33 46.63 46.94 47.24 47.55 47.85 48.16 48.46
160 48.77 49.07 49.38 49.68 49.99 50.29 50.6 50.9 51.21 51.51
170 51.82 52.12 52.43 52.73 53.04 53.34 53.64 53.95 54.25 54.56
180 54.86 55.17 55.47 55.78 56.08 56.39 56.69 57.0 57.3 57.61
190 57.91 58.22 58.52 58.83 59.13 59.44 59.74 60.05 60.35 60.66
200 60.96 61.26 61.57 61.87 62.18 62.48 62.79 63.09 63.4 63.7
210 64.01 64.31 64.62 64.92 65.23 65.53 65.84 66.14 66.45 66.75
220 67.06 67.36 67.67 67.97 68.28 68.58 68.89 69.19 69.49 69.79
230 70.1 70.41 70.71 71.02 71.32 71.63 71.93 72.24 72.54 72.85
240 73.15 73.46 73.76 74.07 74.37 74.68 74.98 75.29 75.59 75.9
250 76.2
yd 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8
m yardsto metres
0 0.91 1.83 2.74 3.65 4.57 5.49 6.4 7.32 8.23
10 9.14 10.06 10.97 11.89 12.8 13.71 14.63 15.54 16.46 17.37
20 18.29 19.2 20.12 21.03 21.95 22.86 23.77 24.69 25.6 26.52
30 27.43 28.35 29.26 30.18 31.09 32.0 32.92 33.83 34.75 35.66
40 36.58 37.49 38.4 39.32 40.23 41.15 42.06 42.98 43.89 44.81
50 45.72 46.63 47.55 48.46 49.38 50.29 51.21 52.12 53.04 53.95
60 54.86 55.78 56.69 57.61 58.52 59.44 60.35 61.27 62.18 63.09
70 64.0 64.92 65.84 66.75 67.67 68.58 69.49 70.41 71.32 72.24
80 73.15 74.07 74.98 75.9 76.81 77.72 78.64 79.55 80.47 81.38
90 82.3 83.21 84.12 85.04 85.95 86.87 87.78 88.7 89.61 90.53
100 91.44 92.35 93.27 94.18 95.1 96.01 96.93 97.84 98.76 99.67
110 100.58 101.5 102.41 103.33 104.24 105.16 106.07 106.99 107.9 108.81
120 109.73 110.64 111.56 112.47 113.39 114.3 115.21 116.13 117.04 117.96
130 118.87 119.79 120.7 121.61 122.53 123.44 124.36 125.27 126.19 127.1
140 128.02 128.93 129.85 130.76 131.67 132.59 133.5 134.42 135.33 136.25
150 137.16 138.07 138.99 139.9 140.82 141.73 142.65 143.56 144.48 145.39
160 146.3 147.22 148.13 149.05 149.96 150.88 151.79 152.71 153.62 154.53
170 155.45 156.36 157.28 158.19 159.11 160.02 160.93 161.85 162.76 163.68
180 164.59 165.51 166.42 167.34 168.25 169.16 170.08 170.99 171.9 172.82
190 173.74 174.65 175.57 176.48 177.39 178.31 179.22 180.14 181.05 181.97
200 182.88 183.79 184.71 185.62 186.54 187.45 188.37 189.28 190.2 191.11
210 192.02 192.94 193.85 194.77 195.68 196.6 197.51 198.43 199.34 200.25
220 201.17 202.08 203.0 203.91 204.83 205.74 206.65 207.57 208.48 209.4
230 210.31 211.23 212.14 213.06 213.97 214.88 215.8 216.71 217.63 218.54
240 219.46 220.37 221.29 222.0 223.11 224.03 224.94 225.86 226.77 227.69
250 228.6
mile 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
km milesto kilometres
0 1.61 3.22 4.83 6.44 8.05 9.66 11.27 12.87 14.48
10 16.09 17.7 19.31 20.92 22.53 24.14 25.75 27.36 28.97 30.58
20 32.19 33.8 35.41 37.01 38.62 40.23 41.84 43.45 45.06 46.67
30 48.28 49.89 51.5 53.11 54.72 56.33 57.94 59.55 61.16 62.76
40 64.37 65.98 67.59 69.2 70.81 72.42 74.03 75.64 77.25 78.86
50 80.47 82.08 83.69 85.3 86.9 88.51 90.12 91.73 93.34 94.95
60 96.56 98.17 99.78 101.39 103.0 104.61 106.22 107.83 109.44 111.05
70 112.65 114.26 115.87 117.48 119.09 120.7 122.31 123.92 125.53 127.14
80 128.75 130.36 131.97 133.58 135.19 136.79 138.4 140.01 141.62 143.23
90 144.84 146.45 148.06 149.67 151.28 152.89 154.5 156.11 157.72 159.33
100 160.93
370
Conversions
Area cm2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
11
j2
squarecentimetres 0 0.16 0.31 0.47 0.62 0.78 0.93 1.09 1.24 1.4
to square inches 10 1.6 1.71 1.86 2.02 2.17 2.33 2.48 2.64 2.79 2.95
20 3.1 3.26 3.41 3.57 3.72 3.88 4.03 4.19 4.34 4.5
30 4.65 4.81 4.96 5.12 5.27 5.43 5.58 5.74 5.9 6.05
40 6.2 6.36 6.51 6.67 6.82 6.98 7.13 7.29 7.44 7.6
50 7.75 7.91 8.06 8.22 8.37 8.53 8.68 8.84 9.0 9.15
60 9.3 9.46 9.61 9.77 9.92 10.08 10.23 10.39 10.54 10.7
70 10.85 11.01 11.16 11.32 11.47 11.63 11.78 11.94 12.09 12.25
80 12.4 12.56 12.71 12.87 13.02 13.18 13.33 13.49 13.64 13.8
90 13.95 14.11 14.26 14.42 14.57 14.73 14.88 15.04 15.19 15.35
100 15.5 15.66 15.81 15.97 16.12 16.28 16.43 16.59 16.74 16.9
110 17.06 17.21 17.36 17.52 17.67 17.83 17.98 18.14 18.29 18.45
120 18.6 18.76 18.91 19.07 19.22 19.38 19.53 19.69 19.84 20.0
130 20.15 20.31 20.46 20.62 20.77 20.93 21.08 21.24 21.39 21.55
140 21.7 21.86 22.01 22.17 22.32 22.48 22.63 22.79 22.94 23.1
150 23.25 23.41 23.56 23.72 23.87 24.03 24.18 24.34 24.49 24.65
160 24.8 24.96 25.11 25.27 25.42 25.58 25.73 25.89 26.04 26.2
170 26.35 26.51 26.66 26.82 26.97 27.13 27.28 27.44 27.59 27.75
180 27.9 28.06 28.21 28.37 28.52 28.68 28.83 28.99 29.14 29.3
190 29.45 29.61 29.76 29.92 30.07 30.23 30.38 30.54 30.69 30.85
200 31.0 31.16 31.31 31.47 31.62 31.78 31.93 32.09 32.24 32.4
210 32.55 32.71 32.86 33.02 33.17 33.33 33.48 33.64 33.79 33.95
220 34.1 34.26 34.41 34.57 34.72 34.88 35.03 35.19 35.34 35.5
230 35.65 35.81 35.96 36.12 36.27 36.43 36.58 36.75 36.89 37.05
240 37.20 37.36 37.51 37.67 37.82 37.98 38.13 38.29 38.44 38.6
250 38.75
13 m2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
squaremetresto ft2
squarefeet
0 10.76 21.53 32.29 43.06 53.82 64.58 75.35 86.11 96.88
10 107.64 118.4 129.17 139.93 150.66 161.46 172.22 182.97 193.75 20451
20 215.29 226.01 236.81 247.57 258.33 269.1 279.86 290.63 301.39 312.15
30 322.92 333.68 344.45 355.21 365.97 376.74 387.5 398.?7 409.03 419.79
40 430.56 441.32 452.08 462.85 473.61 484.38 495.14 505.91 516.67 527.43
50 538.2 548.96 559.72 570.49 581.25 592.02 602.78 613.54 624.31 635.07
60 645.84 656.6 667.36 678.13 688.89 699.65 710.42 721.18 731.95 742.71
70 753.47 764.24 775.0 785.77 796.53 807.29 818.06 828.82 839.59 850.35
80 861.11 871.88 882.64 893.41 904.17 914.93 925.7 936.46 947.22 957.99
90 968.75 979.52 990.28 1 001.04 1 011.81 1 022.57 1 033.34 1 044.1 1 054.86 1 065.63
100 1 076.39 1 087.15 1 097.92 1108.68 1119.45 1130.21 1140.971151.74 1162.5 1173.27
110 1 184.03 1194.79 1 205.56 1 216.32 1 227.09 1 237.85 1 248.61
1 259.38 1 270.14 1 280.91
120 1 291.67 1 302.43 1 313.2 1 323.96 1 334.72 1 345.49 1 356.25
1 367.02 1 377.78 1 388.54
130 1 399.31 1 410.07 1 420.84 1 431.6 1 442.36 1 453.13 1 463.89
1 474.66 1 485.42 1 496.18
140 1 506.95 1 517.71 1 528.48 1 539.24 1 550.0 1 560.77 1 571.53
1 582.29 1 593.06 1 603.82
150 1 614.59 1
625.35 1 636.11 1 646.88
657.64 1 1 668.41 1 679.17 1 689.93 1 700.7 1 711.46
160 1 722.23 1
732.99 1 743.75 1 754.52
765.28 1 1 776.05 1 786.81 1 797.57 1 808.34 1 819.1
170 1 829.86 1
840.63 1 851.39 1 862.16
872.92 1 1 883.68 1 894.45 1 905.21 1 915.98 1 926.74
180 1 937.5 1
948.27 1 959.03 1 969.8
980.56 1 1 991.32 2002.09 2012.85 2023.62 2034.38
190 2045.14 2055.91 2066.67 2077.43 2 088.2 2098.96 2109.73 2120.49 2131.25 2142.02
200 2 185.07 2 195.84
2 152.78 2 163.55 2 174.31 2206.6 2217.37 2228.13 2238.89 2249.66
210 2260.42 2271.19 2281.95 2292.71 2303.48 2314.24 2325.0 2335.77 2346.53 2357.3
220 2368.06 2378.82 2389.59 2400.35 2411.12 2421.88 2432.64 2443.41 2454.17 2464.94
230 2 475.7 2 486.46 2 497.23 2507.99 2 518.76 2 529.52 2 540.28 2 551.05 2 561.81 2 572.57
240 2583.34 2594.1 2604.87 2615.63 2626.39 2637.16 2647.92 2658.69 2669.45 2680.21
250 2 690.98 2 701.74 2 712.51 2 723.27 2 734.03 2 744.8 2 755.56 2 766.32 2 777.09 2 787.85
260 2 798.62 2809.38 2820.14 2830.91 2841.67 2852.44 2863.2 2873.96 2884.73 2895.49
270 2906.26 2917.02 2927.78 2938.55 2949.31 2960.08 2970.84 2981.6 2992.37 3003.13
280 3013.89 3 024.66 3035.42 3 046.19 3056.95 3067.71 3078.48 3089.24 3 100.01 3 110.77
290 3121.53 3132.3 3143.06 3153.83 3164.59 3175.35 3186.12 3196.88 3207.65 3 218.41
300 3 229.17 3 239.94 3 250.7 3261.46 3272.23 3282.99 3 293.76 3 304.52 3 315.28 3 326.05
310 3336.81 3347.58 3358.34 3369.1 3379.87 3390.63 3401.4 3412.16 3422.92 3433.69
320 3444.45 3455.22 3465.98 3476.74 3487.51 3498.27 3509.03 3519.8 3530.56 3541.33
330 3552.09 3562.85 3573.62 3584.38 3 595.15 3605.91 3616.67 3627.44 3638.2 3648.97
340 3 659.73 3 670.49 3 681.26 3692.02 3 702.79 3 713.55 3 724.31 3 735.08 3 745.84 3 756.6
350 3 767.37 3 778.13 3 788.9 3799.66 3 810.42 3821.19 3831.95 3842.72 3 853.48 3 864.24
360 3875.01 3885.77 3896.54 3907.3 3918.06
3928.83 3939.59 3950.36 3961.12 3971.88
370 3982.65 3993.41 4004.17 4014.94 4025.7
4036.47 4047.23 4057.99 4068.76 4079.52
380 4090.29 4101.05 4111.81 4122.58 4133.34
4144.11 4154.87 4165.63 4176.4 4187.16
390 4197.93 4208.69 4219.45 4230.22 4240.98
4251.74 4262.51 4273.27 4284.04 4294.8
400 4305.56 4316.33 4327.09 4337.86 4348.62
4359.38 4370.15 4380.91 4391.68 4402.44
410 4413.2 4 423.97 4434.73 4 445.49 4 456.26 4467.02 4477.79 4488.55 4499.31 4 510.08
420 4520.84 4531.61 4542.37 4553.13 4563.9 4574.66 4585.43 4596.19 4606.95 4617.72
430 4628.48 4639.25 4650.01 4660.77 4671.54 4682.3 4693.06 4703.83 4714.59 4725.36
440 4736.12 4746.88 4757.65 4768.41 4779.18 4789.94 4800.7 4811.47 4822.23 4833.0
450 4 843.76 4 854.52 4 865.29 4876.05 4 886.82 4 897.58 4 908.34 4 919.11 4 929.87 4 940.63
460 4951.4 4 962.16 4 972.93 4983.69 4994.45 5005.22 5015.98 5026.75 5037.51 5048.27
470 5 059.04 5 069.8 5 080.57 5091.33 5 102.09 5 112.86 5 123.62 5 134.39 5 145.15 5 155.91
480 5166.68 5177.44 5188.2 5198.97 5209.73 5220.5 5231.26 5242.02 5252.79 5263.55
490 5274.32 5285.08 5295.84 5306.61 5317.37 5328.14 5338.9 5349.66 5360.43 5371.19
500 5381.96
371
Conversions
j2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12
cm2 squareinches
to square
0 6.45 12.9 19.36 25.81 32.26 38.71 45.16 51.61 58.06 centimetres
10 64.52 70.97 77.41 83.87 90.32 96.77 103.23 109.68 116.13 122.58
20 129.03 135.48 141.94 148.39 154.84 161.29 167.74 174.19 180.65 187.1
30 193.55 200.0 206.45 212.9 219.35 225.8 232.26 238.71 245.16 251.61
40 258.06 264.52 270.97 277.42 283.87 290.32 296.77 303.23 309.68 316.13
50 322.58 329.03 335.48 341.94 348.4 354.84 361.29 367.74 374.19 380.64
60 387.1 393.55 400.0 406.45 412.91 419.35 425.81 432.26 438.71 445.16
70 451.61 458.06 464.52 470.97 477.42 483.87 490.32 496.77 503.23 509.68
80 516.13 522.58 529.03 535.48 541.93 548.39 554.84 561.29 567.74 574.19
90 580.64 587.1 593.55 600.0 606.45 612.91 619.35 625.81 632.26 638.71
100 645.16 651.61 658.06 664.51 670.97 677.42 683.87 690.32 696.77 703.22
110 709.6 716.13 722.58 729.03 735.48 741.93 748.39 754.84 761.29 767.74
120 774.19 780.64 787.1 793.55 800.0 806.45 812.9 819.35 825.81 832.26
130 838.71 845.16 851.61 858.06 864.51 870.97 877.42 883.87 890.32 896.77
140 903.22 909.68 916.13 922.58 929.03 935.48 941.93 948.39 954.84 961.29
150 967.74 974.19 980.64 987.1 993.55 1 000.00 1 006.45 012.9
1 1 019.35 1 025.8
160 1 032.26 1 038.71 1 045.16 1 051.61 058.06
1 1 064.51 1 070.97 077.42
1 1 083.87 1 090.32
170 1 096.77 1103.22 1109.68 1116.13 1122.58 1129.03 1135.48 1141.93 1148.38 1154.84
180 1 161.29 1167.74 1174.19 1180.64 1187.09 1193.55 1 200.0 1 206.45 1 212.9 1 219.35
190 1 225.8 1 232.26 1 238.71 1 245.16 1 251.61 1 258.06 1 264.51 1 270.97 1 277.42 1 283.87
200 1 290.32 1 296.77 1 303.22 1 309.67 1 316.13 1 322.58 1 329.03 1 335.48 1 341.93 1 348.38
210 1 354.84 1 361.29 1 367.74 1 374.19 1 380.64 1 387.09 1 393.55 1 400.0 1 406.45 1 412.9
220 1 419.35 1 425.8 1 432.26 1 438.71 1 445.16 1 451.61 1 458.06 1 464.51 1 470.96 1 477.42
230 1 483.87 1 490.32 1 496.77 1 503.22 1 509.67 1 516.13 1 522.58 1 529.03 1 535.48 1 541.93
240 1 548.38 1 554.84 1 561.29 1 567.74 1 574.19 1 580.64 1 587.09 1 593.55 1 600.0 1 606.45
250 1 612.9
ft2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 14
m2 square feetto
square metres
0 0.09 0.19 0.28 0.37 0.46 0.56 0.65 0.74 0.84
10 0.93 1.02 1.11 1.21 1.3 1.39 1.49 1.58 1.67 1.77
20 1.86 1.95 2.04 2.14 2.23 2.32 2.42 2.51 2.6 2.69
30 2.79 2.88 2.97 3.07 3.16 3.25 3.34 3.44 3.53 3.62
40 3.72 3.81 3.9 3.99 4.09 4.18 4.27 4.37 4.46 4.55
50 4.65 4.74 4.83 4.92 5.02 5.11 5.2 5.3 5.39 5.48
60 5.57 5.67 5.76 5.85 5.95 6.04 6.13 6.22 6.32 6.41
70 6.5 6.6 6.69 6.78 6.87 6.97 7.06 7.15 7.25 7.34
80 7.43 7.53 7.62 7.71 7.8 7.9 7.99 8.08 8.18 8.27
90 8.36 8.45 8.55 8.64 8.73 8.83 8.92 9.01 9.1 9.2
100 9.29 9.38 9.48 9.57 9.66 9.75 9.85 9.94 10.03 10.13
110 10.22 10.31 10.41 10.5 10.59 10.68 10.78 10.87 10.96 11.06
120 11.15 11.24 11.33 11.43 11.52 11.61 11.71 11.8 11,89 11.98
130 12.08 12.17 12.26 12.36 12.45 12.54 12.63 12.73 12.82 12.91
140 13.01 13.1 13.19 13.29 13.38 13.47 13.56 13.66 13.75 13.84
150 13.94 14.03 14.12 14.21 14.31 14.4 14.49 14.59 14.68 14.77
160 14.86 14.96 15.05 15.14 15.24 15.33 15.42 15.51 15.61 15.7
170 15.79 15.89 15.98 16.07 16.17 16.26 16.35 16.44 16.54 16.63
180 16.72 16.82 16.91 17.0 17.09 17.19 17.28 17.37 17.47 17.56
190 17.65 17.74 17.84 17.93 18.02 18.12 18.21 18.3 18.39 18.49
200 18.58 18.67 18.77 18.86 18.95 19.05 19.14 19.23 19.32 19.42
210 19.51 19.6 19.7 19.79 19.88 19.97 20.07 20.16 20.25 20.35
220 20.44 20.53 20.62 20.72 20.81 20.9 21.0 21.09 21.18 21.27
230 21.37 21.46 21.55 21.65 21.74 21.83 21.93 22.02 22.11 22.2
240 22.3 22.39 22.48 22.58 22.67 22.76 22.85 22.95 23.04 23.13
250 23.23 23.32 23.41 23.5 23.6 23.69 23.78 23.88 23.97 24.06
260 24.15 24.25 24.34 24.43 24.53 24.62 24.71 24.81 24.9 24.99
270 25.08 25.18 25.27 25.36 25.46 25.55 25.64 25.73 25.83 25.92
280 26.01 26.11 26.2 26.29 26.38 26.48 26.57 26.66 26.76 26.85
290 26.94 27.03 27.13 27.22 27.31 27.41 27.5 27.59 27.69 27.78
300 27.87 27.96 28.06 28.15 28.24 28.34 28.43 28.52 28.61 28.71
310 28.8 28.89 28.99 29.08 29.17 29.26 29.36 29.45 29.54 29.64
320 29.73 29.82 29.91 30.01 30.1 30.19 30.29 30.38 30.47 30.57
330 30.66 30.75 30.84 30.94 31.03 31.12 31.22 31.31 31.4 31.49
340 31.59 31.68 31.77 31.87 31.96 32.05 32.14 32.24 32.33 32.42
350 32.52 32.61 32.7 32.79 32.89 32.98 33.07 33.17 33.26 33.35
360 33.45 33.54 33.63 33.72 33.82 33.91 34.0 34.1 34.19 34.28
370 34.37 34.47 34.56 34.65 34.75 34.84 34.93 35.02 35.12 35.21
380 35.3 35.4 35.49 35.58 35.67 35.77 35.86 35.95 36.05 36.14
390 36.23 36.33 36.42 36.51 36.6 36.7 36.79 36.88 36.98 37.07
400 37.16 37.25 37.35 37.44 37.53 37.63 37.72 37.81 37.9 38.0
410 38.09 38.18 38.28 38.37 38.46 38.55 38.65 38.74 38.83 38.93
420 39.02 39.11 39.21 39.3 39.39 39.48 39.58 39.67 39.76 39.86
430 39.95 40.04 40.13 40.23 40.32 40.41 40.51 40.6 40.69 40.78
440 40.88 40.97 41.06 41.16 41.25 41.34 41.43 41.53 41.62 41.71
450 41.81 41.9 41.99 42.09 42.18 42.27 42.36 42.46 42.55 42.64
460 42.74 42.83 42.92 43.01 43.11 43.2 43.29 43.39 43.48 43.57
470 43.66 43.76 43.85 43.94 44.04 44.13 44.22 44.31 44.41 44.5
480 44.59 44.69 44.78 44.87 44.97 45.06 45.15 45.24 45.34 45.43
490 45.52 45.62 45.71 45.8 45.89 45.99 46.08 46.17 46.27 46.36
500 46.45
372
Conversions
15 m2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
squaremetresto yd2
squareyards
0 1.2 2.39 3.58 4.78 5.98 7.18 8.37 9.57 10.76
10 11.96 13.16 14.35 15.55 16.74 17.94 19.14 20.33 21.53 22.72
20 23.92 25.12 26.31 27.51 28.7 29.9 31.1 32.29 33.49 34.68
30 35.88 37.08 38.27 39.47 40.66 . 41.86 43.06 44.25 45.45 46.64
40 47.84 49.04 50.23 51.43 52.62 53.82 55.02 56.21 57.41 58.6
50 59.8 61.0 62.19 63.39 64.58 65.78 66.98 68.17 69.37 70.56
60 71.76 72.96 74.15 75.35 76.54 77.74 78.94 80.13 81.33 82.52
70 83.72 84.92 86.11 87.31 88.5 89.7 90.9 92.09 93.29 94.48
80 95.68 96.88 98.07 99.27 100.46 101.66 102.86 104.05 105.25 106.44
90 107.64 108.84 110.03 111.23 112.42 113.62 114.82 116.01 117.21 118.4
100 119.6 120.8 121.99 123.19 124.38 125.58 126.78 127.97 129.17 130.36
110 131.56 132.76 133.95 135.15 136.34 137.54 138.74 139.93 141.13 142.32
120 143.52 144.72 145.91 147.11 148.31 149.5 150.7 151.89 153.09 154.28
130 155.48 156.68 157.87 159.07 160.26 161.46 162.66 163.85 165.05 166.24
140 167.44 168.64 169.83 171.03 172.22 173.41 174.62 175.81 177.01 178.2
150 179.34 180.59 181.79 182.99 184.18 185.38 186.57 187.77 188.97 190.16
160 191.36 192.55 193.75 194.95 196.14 197.34 198.53 199.73 200.93 202.12
170 203.32 204.51 205.71 206.91 208.1 209.3 210.49 211.69 212.89 214.08
180 215.28 216.47 217.67 218.87 220.06 221.26 222.45 223.65 224.85 226.04
190 227.24 228.43 229.63 230.83 232.02 233.22 234.41 235.61 236.81 238.0
200 239.2 240.39 241.59 242.79 243.98 245.18 246.37 247.57 248.77 249.96
210 251.16 252.35 253.55 254.75 255.94 257.14 258.33 259.53 260.73 261.92
220 263.12 264.31 265.51 266.71 267.9 269.1 270.29 271.49 272.69 273.88
230 275.08 276.27 277.47 278.67 279.86 281.06 282.25 283.45 284.65 285.84
240 287.04 288.23 289.43 290.63 291.82 293.02 294.21 295.41 296.61 297.8
250 299.0 300.19 301.39 302.59 303.78 304.98 306.17 307.37 308.57 309.76
260 310.96 312.15 313.35 314.55 315.74 316.94 318.13 319.33 320.53 321.72
270 322.92 324.11 325.31 326.51 327.7 328.9 330.09 331.29 332.49 333.68
280 334.88 336.07 337.27 338.47 339.66 340.86 342.05 343.25 344.45 345.64
290 346.84 348.03 349.23 350.43 351.62 352.82 354.02 355.21 356.41 357.6
300 358.78 359.99 361.19 362.39 363.58 364.78 365.97 367.17 368.37 369.56
310 370.76 371.95 373.15 374.35 375.54 376.74 377.94 379.13 380.33 381.52
320 382.72 383.91 385.11 386.31 387.5 388.7 389.89 391.09 392.29 393.48
330 394.68 395.87 397.07 398.27 399.46 400.66 401.85 403.05 404.25 405.44
340 406.64 407.83 409.03 410.23 411.42 412.62 413.81 415.01 416.21 417.4
350 418.6 419.79 420.99 422.18 423.38 424.58 425.77 426.97 428.16 429.36
360 430.56 431.75 432.95 434.14 435.34 436.54 437.73 438.93 440.12 441.32
370 442.52 443.71 444.91 446.11 447.3 448.5 449.69 450.89 452.08 453.28
380 454.48 455.67 456.87 458.06 459.26 460.46 461.65 462.84 464.04 465.24
390 466.44 467.63 468.83 470.02 471.22 472.42 473.61 474.81 476.0 477.2
400 478.4 479.59 480.79 481.98 483.18 484.38 485.57 486.77 487.96 489.16
410 490.36 491.55 492.75 493.94 495.14 496.34 497.53 498.73 499.92 501.12
420 502.32 503.51 504.71 505.9 507.1 508.3 509.49 510.69 511.88 513.08
430 514.28 515.47 516.67 517.86 519.06 520.26 521.45 522.65 523.84 525.04
440 526.24 527.43 528.63 529.82 531.02 532.22 533.41 534.61 535.8 537.0
450 538.2 539.39 540.59 541.78 542.98 544.18 545.37 546.57 547.76 548.96
460 550.16 551.35 552.55 553.74 554.94 556.14 557.33 558.53 559.72 560.92
470 562.12 563.31 564.5 565.71 566.9 568.1 569.29 570.49 571.68 572.88
480 574.08 575.27 576.47 577.66 578.86 580.06 581.25 582.45 583.64 584.84
490 586.04 587.23 588.43 589.62 590.82 592.02 593.21 594.41 595.6 596.8
500 598.0
17 ha 2 3 4 5 6 7
hectares toacres
0 1 8 9
acre
2.47 4.94 7.41 9.88 12.36 14.83 17.3 19.77 22.24
ha 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
acre
0 24.71 49.42 74.13 98.84 123.55 148.26 172.97 197.68 222.4
100 247.11 271.82 296.53 321.24 345.95 370.66 395.37 420.08 444.8 469.5
200 494.21 518.92 543.63 568.34 593.05 617.76 642.47 667.19 691.9 716.61
300 741.32 766.03 790.74 815.45 840.16 864.87 889.58 914.29 939.0 963.71
400 988.421 013.13 1 037.84 1 062.55 1 087.26 1111.97 1136.68 1161.4 1186.11 1 210.82
500 1 235.531 260.24 1 284.95 1 309.66 1 334.37 1 359.08 1 383.79 1 408.5 1 433.21 1 457.92
600 1 482.631 507.34 1 532.05 1 556.76 1 581.47 1 606.18 1 630.9 1 655.61 1 680.32 1 705.03
700 1 729.741 754.45 1 779.16 1 803.87 1 828.58 1 853.29 1 878.0 1 902.71 1 927.42 1 952.13
800 1976.84 2 001.55 2026.26 2050.97 2075.69 2100.4 2125.11 2149.82 2174.53 2199.24
900 2223.95 2 248.66 2273.37 2 298.08 2322.79 2347.5 2 372.21 2 396.92 2421.63 2446.34
1000 2471.05
373
Conversions
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 16
yd2 1
m2 squareyards to
squaremetres
0 0.84 1.67 2.51 3.34 4.18 5.02 5.85 6.69 7.53
10 8.36 9.2 10.03 10.87 11.71 12.54 13.38 14.21 15.05 15.89
20 16.72 17.56 18.39 19.23 20.07 20.9 21.74 22.58 23.41 24.25
30 25.08 25.92 26.76 27.59 28.43 29.26 30.1 30.94 31.77 32.61
40 33.45 34.28 35.12 35.95 36.79 37.63 38.46 39.3 40.13 40.97
50 41.81 42.64 43.48 44.31 45.15 45.99 46.82 47.66 48.5 49.33
60 50.17 51.0 51.84 52.68 53.51 54.35 55.18 56.02 56.86 57.69
70 58.53 59.37 60.2 61.04 61.87 62.71 63.55 64.38 65.22 66.05
80 66.89 67.7 68.56 69.3 70.23 71.07 71.9 72.74 73.5 74.4
90 75.25 76.09 76.92 77.76 78.6 79.43 80.27 81.10 81.94 82.78
100 83.61 84.45 85.29 86.12 86.96 87.79 88.62 89.47 90.3 91.14
110 91.97 92.81 93.65 94.48 95.32 96.15 96.99 97.83 98.66 99.5
120 100.34 101.17 102.0 102.84 103.68 104.52 105.35 106.19 107.02 107.86
130 108.7 109.53 110.37 111.21 112.04 112.88 113.71 114.55 115.39 116.22
140 117.06 117.89 118.73 119.57 120.41 121.24 122.08 122.91 123.75 124.58
150 125.42 126.26 127.09 127.93 128.76 129.6 130.44 131.27 132.11 132.94
160 133.78 134.62 135.45 136.29 137.13 137.96 138.8 139.63 140.47 141.31
170 142.14 142.98 143.81 144.65 145.49 146.32 147.16 148.0 148.83 149.67
180 150.5 151.34 152.18 153.01 153.85 154.68 155.52 156.36 157.19 158.03
190 158.86 159.7 160.54 161.37 162.21 163.05 163.88 164.72 165.55 166.39
200 167.23 168.06 168.9 169.73 170.57 171.41 172.24 173.08 173.91 174.75
210 175.59 176.42 177.26 178.1 178.93 179.77 180.61 181.44 182.28 183.11
220 183.95 184.78 185.62 186.46 187.29 188.13 188.97 189.80 190.64 191.47
230 192.31 193.15 193.98 194.82 195.65 196.49 197.33 198.16 199.0 199.83
240 200.67 201.51 202.34 203.18 204.02 204.85 205.69 206.52 207.36 208.2
250 209.03 209.87 210.7 211.54 212.38 213.21 214.1 214.89 215.72 216.56
260 217.39 218.3 219.07 219.9 220.74 221.57 222.41 223.25 224.08 224.92
270 225.75 226.59 227.43 228.26 229.1 229.94 230.77 231.61 232.44 233.28
280 234.12 234.95 235.79 236.62 237.46 238.3 239.13 239.97 240.81 241.64
290 242.48 243.31 244.15 244.99 245.82 246.66 247.49 248.33 249.17 250.0
300 250.84 251.67 252.51 253.35 254.18 255.02 255.86 256.69 257.53 258.36
310 259.2 260.04 260.87 261.71 262.54 263.38 264.22 265.05 265.89 266.73
320 267.56 268.4 269.23 270.07 270.91 271.74 272.58 273.41 274.25 275.09
330 275.92 276.76 277.59 278.43 279.27 280.11 280.94 281.78 282.61 283.45
340 284.28 285.12 285.96 286.79 287.63 288.46 289.3 290.14 290.97 291.81
350 292.65 293.48 294.32 295.15 295.99 296.83 297.66 298.5 299.33 300.17
360 301.0 301.84 302.68 303.51 304.35 305.19 306.02 306.86 307.7 308.53
370 309.37 310.2 311.04 311.88 312.71 313.55 314.38 315.22 316.06 316.89
380 317.73 318.57 319.4 320.24 321.07 321.91 322.75 323.58 324.42 325.25
390 326.09 326.93 327.76 328.6 329.43 330.27 331.11 331.94 332.78 333.62
400 334.45 335.29 336.12 336.96 337.8 338.63 339.47 340.31 341.14 341.98
410 342.81 343.65 344.48 345.32 346.16 346.99 347.83 348.67 349.51 350.34
420 351.17 352.01 352.85 353.68 354.52 355.35 356.19 357.03 357.86 358.7
430 359.54 360.37 361.21 362.04 362.88 363.72 364.55 365.39 366.22 367.06
440 367.9 368.73 369.57 370.41 371.24 372.08 372.91 373.75 374.59 375.42
450 376.26 377.09 377.93 378.77 379.6 380.44 381.27 382.11 382.95 383.78
460 384.62 385.46 386.29 387.13 387.96 388.8 389.64 390.47 391.31 392.14
470 392.98 393.82 394.65 395.49 396.32 397.16 398.0 398.83 399.67 400.51
480 401.34 402.18 403.01 403.85 404.69 405.52 406.36 407.19 408.03 408.87
490 409.7 410.54 411.38 412.21 413.05 413.88 414.72 415.56 416.39 417.23
500 418.0
acre 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 18
acres to hectares
ha
0.4 0.81 1.21 1.62 2.02 2.42 2.83 3.23 3.64
acre 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ha
0 4.05 8.09 12.14 16.19 20.23 24.28 28.33 32.37 36.42
100 40.47 44.52 48.56 52.6 56.66 60.71 64.75 68.8 72.84 76.89
200 80.94 84.98 89.03 93.08 97.12 101.17 105.22 109.26 113.31 117.36
300 121.41 125.46 129.5 133.55 137.59 141.64 145.69 149.73 153.78 157.83
400 161.87 165.92 169.97 174.02 178.06 182.11 186.16 190.20 194.25 198.3
500 202.34 206.39 210.44 214.48 218.53 222.58 226.62 230.67 234.71 238.77
600 242.81 246.86 250.91 254.95 259.0 263.05 267.09 271.14 275.19 279.23
700 283.28 287.33 291.37 295.42 299.47 303.51 307.56 311.61 315.66 319.7
800 323.75 327.8 331.84 335.84 339.94 343.98 348.03 352.07 356.12 360.17
900 364.22 368.26 372.31 376.36 380.41 384.45 388.5 392.55 396.59 400.64
1 000 404.69
374
Conversions
Volume 5 6 7 8 9
19 in3
cubiccentimetres to 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.24 0.31 0.37 0.43 0.49 0.55
cubicinches
cm3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
j3
0 0.61 1.22 1.83 2.44 3.05 3.66 4.27 4.88 5.49
100 6.1 6.71 7.32 7.93 8.54 9.15 9.76 10.37 10.98 11.59
200 12.2 12.82 13.43 14.04 14.65 15.26 15.87 16.48 17.09 17.7
300 18.31 18.92 19.53 20.14 20.75 21.36 21.97 22.58 23.19 23.8
400 24.41 25.02 25.63 26.24 26.85 27.46 28.07 28.68 29.29 29.9
500 30.51 31.12 31.73 32.34 32.95 33.56 34.17 34.78 35.39 36.0
600 36.61 37.22 37.83 38.45 39.06 39.67 40.28 40.89 41.5 42.11
700 42.72 43.38 43.94 44.55 45.16 45.77 46.38 46.99 47.6 48.21
800 48.82 49.43 50.04 50.65 51.26 51.87 52.48 53.09 53.7 54.31
900 54.92 55.53 56.14 56.75 57.36 57.97 58.58 59.19 59.8 60.41
1000 61.02
21 0 2 3 4 5 6 7
m3 1 8 9
cubicmetresto
cubicfeet ft3
0 35.31 70.63105.94 141.26 176.57 211.89 247.2 282.52 317.83
10 353.15 388.46 423.78459.09 494.41 592.72 565.04 600.35 635.67 670.98
20 706.29 741.61 776.92812.24 847.55 882.87 918.18 953.5 988.81 1 024.13
30 1130.07 1165.38 1 200.7 1 236.01
1 059.44 1 094.75 1 271.33 1 306.64 1 341.96 1 377.27
40 1 412.59 1 447.91 483.22 1 518.53 1 553.85 1 589.16 1 624.47 1 659.79 1 695.1 1 730.42
50 1765.73 1801.05 1836.36 1871.68 1 906.99 1942.31 1977.62 2012.94 2048.25 2083.57
60 2 118.88 2154.192189.51 2224.82 2260.14 2295.45 2330.77 2366.08 2401.4 2436.71
70 2472.03 2 507.342542.66 2577.97 2613.29 2 648.6 2 683.91 2 719.23 2754.54 2789.86
80 2825.17 2860.49 2895.8 2931.12 2966.43 3001.75 3037.06 3072.38 3107.69 3143.01
90 3178.32 3213.63 3248.95 3284.26 3319.58 3354.89 3390.21 3425.52 3460.84 3496.15
100 3 531.47 3 566.78 3602.1 3 637.41 3672.73 3708.04 3743.35 3 778.67 3 813.98 3 849.3
110 3884.61 3919.93 3955.24 3990.56 4025.87 4061.19 4096.5 4131.82 4167.13 4202.45
120 4237.76 4 273.07 4308.39 4343.7 4 379.02 4414.33 4449.65 4 484.96 4 520.28 4 555.59
130 4590.91 4626.22 4661.54 4696.85 4732.17 4767.48 4802.79 4838.11 4873.42 4908.74
140 4 944.05 4 979.37 5 014.68 5050.0 5 085.31 5 120.63 5 155.94 5 191.26 5 226.57 5 261.89
150 5297.2 5332.51 5367.83 5403.14 5438.46 5473.77 5509.09 5544.4 5579.72 5615.03
160 5650.35 5685.66 5720.98 5756.29 5791.61 5826.92 5862.23 5897.55 5932.86 5968.18
170 6 003.49 6038.81 6074.12 6 109.44 6 144.75 6180.07 6215.38 6250.7 6286.01 6321.33
180 6356.64 6391.95 6427.27 6462.58 6497.9 6533.21 6568.53 6603.84 6639.16 6674.47
190 6709.79 6745.1 6780.42 6815.73 6851.05 6886.36 6921.67 6956.99 6992.3 7027.62
200 7062.93 7098.25 7133.56 7168.88 7204.19 7239.51 7274.82 7310.14 7345.45 7380.77
210 7416.08 7451.39 7 486.71 7522.02 7557.34 7592.65 7627.97 7 663.28 7 698.6 7 733.91
220 7 769.23 7 804.54 7839.86 7 875.17 7910.49 7945.8 7981.11 8 016.43 8051.74 8087.06
230 8 122.37 8 157.69 8 193.0 8228.32 8263.63 8298.95 8334.26 8369.58 8404.89 8440.21
240 8475.52 8510.83 8546.15 8581.46 8616.78 8652.09 8687.41 8722.72 8758.04 8793.35
250 8828.67
23 litre 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
litresto cubicfeet
ft3
0 0.04 0.07 0.11 0.14 0.18 0.21 0.25 0.28 0.32
10 0.35 0.39 0.42 0.46 0.49 0.53 0.57 0.60 0.64 0.67
20 0.71 0.74 0.78 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.92 0.95 0.99 1.02
30 1.06 1.09 1.13 1.17 1.2 1.24 1.27 1.31 1.34 1.38
40 1.41 1.45 1.48 1.52 1.55 1.59 1.62 1.66 1.7 1.73
50 1.77 1.8 1.84 1.87 1.91 1.94 1.98 2.01 2.05 2.08
60 2.12 2.15 2.19 2.22 2.26 2.3 2.33 2.37 2.4 2.44
70 2.47 2.51 2.54 2.58 2.61 2.65 2.68 2.72 2.75 2.79
80 2.83 2.86 2.9 2.93 2.97 3.0 3.04 3.07 3.11 3.14
90 3.18 3.21 3.25 3.28 3.32 3.35 3.39 3.42 3.46 3.5
100 3.53
375
Conversions
in3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20
cubicinches to
cm3 cubiccentimetres
16.39 32.77 49.16 65.55 81.94 98.32 114.71 131.1 147.48
jfl3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
cm3
0 163.87 327.74 491.61 655.48 819.35 983.22 1147.09 1 310.97 1 474.84
100 1638.71 1802.58 1966.45 2130.32 2294.19 2458.06 2621.93 2785.8 2949.67 3113.54
200 3277.41 3441.28 3605.15 3769.02 3932.9 4096.77 4260.64 4424.51 4588.38 4752.25
300 4916.12 5079.99 5243.86 5407.73 5571.6 5735.47 5899.34 6063.21 6227.08 6390.95
400 6554.83 6718.7 6882.57 7046.44 7210.31 7374.18 7538.05 7701.92 7865.79 8029.66
500 8193.53 8357.4 8521.27 8685.14 8849.01 9012.89 9176.76 9340.63 9504.5 9668.37
600 9832.24 9996.11 10160.0 10323.9 10487.7 10651.6 10815.5 10979.3 11143.2 11307.1
700 11470.9 11634.8 11798.7 11962.6 12126.4 12290.3 12454.2 12618.0 12781.9 12945.8
800 13 109.7 13273.5 13437.4 13601.3 13765.1 13929.0 14092.9 14256.7 14420.6 14584.5
900 14748.4 14912.2 15076.1 15240.0 15403.8 15567.7 15731.6 15895.5 16059.3 16223.2
1000 16387.1
ft3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 22
m3 cubicfeetto
cubicmetres
0 0.03 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.2 0.23 0.25
10 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.37 0.4 0.42 0.45 0.48 0.51 0.54
20 0.57 0.59 0.62 0.65 0.68 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.82
30 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.96 0.99 1.02 1.05 1.08 1.1
40 1.13 1.16 1.19 1.22 1.25 1.27 1.3 1.33 1.36 1.39
50 1.42 1.44 1.47 1.5 1.53 1.56 1.59 1.61 1.64 1.67
60 1.7 1.73 1.76 1.78 1.81 1.84 1.87 1.9 1.93 1.95
70 1.98 2.01 2.04 2.07 2.1 2.12 2.15 2.18 2.21 2.24
80 2.27 2.29 2.32 2.35 2.38 2.41 2.44 2.46 2.49 2.52
90 2.55 2.58 2.61 2.63 2.66 2.69 2.71 2.75 2.78 2.8
100 2.83 2.86 2.89 2.92 2.94 2.97 3.01 3.03 3.06 3.09
110 3.11 3.14 3.17 3.2 3.23 3.26 3.28 3.31 3.34 3.37
120 3.4 3.43 3.46 3.48 3.51 3.54 3.57 3.6 3.62 3.65
130 3.68 3.71 3.74 3.77 3.79 3.82 3.85 3.88 3.91 3.94
140 3.96 4.0 4.02 4.05 4.08 4.11 4.13 4.16 4.19 4.22
150 4.26 4.28 4.3 4.33 4.36 4.39 4.42 4.45 4.47 4.51
160 4.53 4.56 4.59 4.62 4.64 4.67 4.7 4.73 4.76 4.79
170 4.81 4.84 4.87 4.9 4.93 4.96 4.99 5.01 5.04 5.07
180 5.1 5.13 5.15 5.18 5.21 5.24 5.27 5.3 5.32 5.35
190 5.38 5.41 5.44 5.47 5.49 5.52 5.55 5.58 5.61 5.64
200 5.66 5.69 5.72 5.75 5.78 5.8 5.83 5.86 5.89 5.92
210 5.95 5.98 6.0 6.03 6.06 6.09 6.12 6.14 6.17 6.2
220 6.23 6.26 6.29 6.31 6.34 6.37 6.4 6.43 6.46 6.48
230 6.51 6.54 6.57 6.6 6.63 6.65 6.69 6.71 6.74 6.77
240 6.8 6.82 6.85 6.88 6.91 6.94 6.97 6.99 7.02 7.05
250 7.08
ft3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 24
cubicfeetto litres
litre
0 28.32 56.63 84.95 113.26 141.58 169.9 198.21 226.53 254.84
10 283.16 311.48 339.79 368.11 396.42 424.74 453.06 481.37 509.69 538.01
20 566.32 594.64 622.95 651.27 679.59 707.9 736.22 764.53 792.85 821.17
30 849.48 877.8 906.11 934.43 962.75 991.06 1 019.38 1 047.69 1 076.011104.33
40 1132.64 1160.96 1189.27 1 217.59 1 245.91 1 274.22 1 302.54 1 330.85 1 359.171 387.49
50 1 415.8 1 444.12 1 472.43 1 500.75 1 529.07 1 557.38 1 585.7 1 614.02 1 642.331 670.65
60 1 698.96 1 727.28 1 755.6 1 783.91 1 812.23 1 840.54 1 868.86 1 897.18 1 925.491 953.81
70 1 982.12 2 010.44 2 038.76 2067.07 2 095.39 2 123.7 2 152.02 2 180.34 2208.65 2 236.97
80 2265.28 2293.6 2321.92 2350.23 2378.55 2406.86 2435.18 2463.5 2491.81 2520.13
90 2548.44 2576.76 2605.08 2633.39 2661.71 2690.03 2718.34 2746.66 2774.97 2803.29
100 2831.61
376
Conversions
25 litre 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
litresto gallons
imperial gal imp
0 0.22 0.44 0.66 0.88 1.1 1.32 1.54 1.76 1.98
10 2.2 2.42 2.64 2.86 3.08 3.3 3.52 3.74 3.96 4.18
20 4.4 4.62 4.84 5.06 5.28 5.5 5.72 5.94 6.16 6.38
30 6.6 6.82 7.04 7.26 7.48 7.7 7.92 8.14 8.36 8.58
40 8.8 9.02 9.24 9.46 9.68 9.9 10.12 10.34 10.56 10.78
50 11.0 11.22 11.44 11.66 11.88 12.1 12.32 12.54 12.76 12.98
60 13.2 13.42 13.64 13.86 14.08 14.3 14.52 14.74 14.96 15.18
70 15.4 15.62 15.84 16.06 16.28 16.5 16.72 16.94 17.16 17.38
80 17.6 17.82 18.04 18.26 18.48 18.7 18.92 19.14 19.36 19.58
90 19.8 20.02 20.24 20.46 20.68 20.9 21.12 21.34 21.56 21.78
100 22.0
27 litre 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
litresto gallons US
gal US
0.26 0.53 0.79 1.06 1.32 1.59 1.85 2.11 2.38
10 2.64 2.91 3.17 3.43 3.7 3.96 4.23 4.49 4.76 5.02
20 5.28 5.55 5.81 6.08 6.34 6.61 6.87 7.13 7.4 7.66
30 7.93 8.19 8.45 8.72 8.98 9.25 9.51 9.78 10.04 10.3
40 10.57 10.83 11.1 11.36 11.62 11.89 12.15 12.42 12.68 12.95
50 13.21 13.47 13.74 14.0 14.27 14.53 14.8 15.06 15.32 15.59
60 15.85 16.12 16.38 16.64 16.91 17.17 17.44 17.7 17.97 18.23
70 18.49 18.76 19.02 19.29 19.55 19.82 20.08 20.34 20.61 20.87
80 21.14 21.4 21.66 21.93 22.19 22.46 22.72 22.96 23.25 23.51
90 23.78 24.04 24.31 24.57 24.83 25.1 25.36 25.63 25.89 26.16
100 26.42
Mass
kg 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
29 lb
kilograms to pounds 0 2.21 4.41 6.61 8.82 11.02 13.23 15.43 17.64 19.84
10 22.05 24.25 26.46 28.66 30.86 33.07 35.27 37.47 39.68 41.89
20 44.09 46.3 48.5 50.71 52.91 55.12 57.32 59.52 61.73 63.93
30 66.14 68.34 70.55 72.75 74.96 77.16 79.37 81.57 83.78 85.98
40 88.18 90.39 92.59 94.8 97.0 99.2 101.41 103.61 105.82 108.03
50 110.23 112.44 114.64 116.85 119.05 121.25 123.46 125.66 127.87 130.07
60 132.28 134.48 136.69 138.89 141.1 143.3 145.51 147.71 149.91 152.12
70 154.32 156.53 158.73 160.94 163.14 165.35 167.55 169.76 171.96 174.17
80 176.37 178.57 180.78 182.98 185.19 187.39 189.6 191.8 194.01 196.21
90 198.42 200.62 202.83 205.03 207.24 209.44 211.64 213.85 216.05 218.26
100 220.46 222.67 224.87 227.08 229.28 231.49 233.69 235.9 238.1 240.3
110 242.51 244.71 246.92 249.12 251.33 253.53 255.74 257.94 260.15 262.35
120 264.56 266.76 268.96 271.17 273.37 275.58 277.78 279.99 282.19 284.4
130 286.6 288.81 291.01 293.22 295.42 297.62 299.83 302.03 304.24 306.44
140 308.65 310.85 313.06 315.26 317.47 319.67 321.88 324.08 326.28 328.49
150 330.69 332.9 335.1 337.31 339.51 341.72 343.92 346.13 348.33 350.54
160 352.74 354.94 357.15 359.35 361.56 363.76 365.97 368.17 370.38 372.58
170 374.79 377.0 379.2 381.4 383.6 385.81 388.01 390.22 392.42 394.68
180 396.83 399.04 401.24 403.45 405.65 407.86 410.06 412.26 414.47 416.67
190 418.88 421.08 423.29 425.49 427.68 429.9 432.11 434.31 436.52 438.72
200 440.93 443.13 445.33 447.54 449.74 451.95 454.15 456.36 458.56 460.77
210 462.97 465.18 467.38 469.59 471.79 473.99 476.2 478.4 480.61 482.81
220 485.02 487.22 489.43 491.63 493.84 496.04 498.25 500.45 502.65 504.86
230 507.06 509.2 511.47 513.6 515.88 518.0 520.29 522.4 524.7 526.9
240 529.1 531.31 533.5 535.72 537.9 540.13 542.3 544.54 546.7 548.9
250 551.16 553.36 555.57 557.77 559.97 562.18 564.38 566.59 568.79 571.0
260 573.2 575.41 577.61 579.82 582.02 584.23 586.43 588.63 590.84 593.04
270 595.25 597.45 599.66 601.86 604.07 606.27 608.48 610.68 612.89 615.09
280 617.29 619.5 621.7 623.91 626.11 628.32 630.52 632.73 634.93 637.14
290 639.34 641.55 643.75 645.95 648.16 650.36 652.57 654.77 656.98 659.18
300 661.39 663.59 665.8 668.0 670.21 672.41 674.62 676.82 679.02 681.23
310 683.43 685.64 687.84 690.05 692.25 694.46 696.66 698.87 701.07 703.28
320 705.48 707.68 709.89 712.09 714.3 716.5 718.71 720.91 723.12 725.32
330 727.53 729.73 731.93 734.14 736.34 738.55 740.75 742.96 745.16 747.37
340 749.57 751.78 753.98 756.19 758.39 760.6 762.8 765.0 767.21 769.41
350 771.62 773.82 776.03 778.23 780.44 782.64 784.85 787.05 789.26 791.46
360 793.66 795.87 798.07 800.28 802.48 804.69 806.89 809.1 811.31 813.51
370 815.71 817.92 820.12 822.32 824.53 826.73 828.94 831.14 833.35 835.55
380 837.76 839.96 842.17 844.37 846.58 848.78 850.98 853.19 855.39 857.6
390 859.8 862.0 864.21 866.41 868.62 870.8 873.03 875.2 877.44 879.64
400 881.85 884.05 886.26 888.46 890.67 892.87 895.08 897.28 899.49 901.69
410 903.9 906.1 908.31 910.51 912.71 914.92 917.12 919.33 921.53 923.74
420 925.94 928.15 930.35 932.56 934.76 936.97 939.17 941.37 943.58 945.78
430 947.99 950.19 952.4 954.6 956.81 959.01 961.22 963.42 965.63 967.83
440 970.03 972.24 974.44 976.65 978.85 981.06 983.26 985.47 987.67 989.88
450 992.08 994.29 996.49 998.69 1 000.9 1 003.1 1 005.31 1 007.51 1 009.72 1 011.92
460 1 014.13 1 016.33 1 018.54 1 020.74 1 022.94 1 025.15 1 027.35 1 029.56 1 031.76 1 033.97
470 1 036.17 1 038.38 1 040.58 1 042.79 1 044.99 1 047.2 1 049.4 1 051.6 1 053.81 1 056.01
480 1 058.22 1 060.42 1 062.63 1 064.83 1 067.04 1 069.24 1 071.45 1 073.65 1 075.86 1 078.06
490 1 080.27 1 082.47 1 084.67 1 086.88 1 089.08 1 091.29 1 093.49 1 095.7 1 097.9 1100.11
500 1 102.31
377
Conversions
gallmp 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 26
Iftre gallonsimperial to
litres
0 4.55 9.09 13.64 18.18 22.73 27.28 31.82 36.37 40.91
10 45.46 50.0 54.55 59.1 63.64 68.19 72.74 77.28 81.83 86.38
20 90.92 95.47 100.01 104.56 109.1 113.65 118.2 122.74 127.29 131.83
30 136.38 140.93 145.47 150.02 154.56 159.1 163.66 168.21 172.75 177.3
40 181.84 186.38 190.93 195.48 200.02 204.57 209.11 213.66 218.21 222.75
50 227.3 231.84 236.39 240.94 245.48 250.03 254.57 259.12 263.67 268.21
60 272.76 277.3 281.85 286.4 290.94 295.49 300.03 304.58 309.13 313.67
70 318.22 322.76 327.31 331.86 336.4 340.95 345.49 350.04 354.59 359.13
80 363.68 368.22 372.77 377.32 381.86 386.41 390.95 395.5 400.04 404.59
90 409.14 413.68 418.23 422.77 427.32 431.87 436.41 440.96 445.5 450.05
100 454.6
galUS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 28
litre gallons US to litres
0 3.79 7.57 11.36 15.14 18.93 22.71 26.5 30.28 34.07
10 37.85 41.64 45.42 49.21 52.99 56.78 60.56 64.35 68.13 71.92
20 75.7 79.49 83.27 87.06 90.84 9463 98.41 102.2 105.98 109.77
30 113.55 117.34 121.12 124.91 128.69 132.48 136.26 140.05 143.83 147.62
40 151.40 155.19 158.97 162.76 166.54 170.33 174.11 177.9 181.68 185.47
50 189.25 193.04 196.82 200.61 204.39 208.18 211.96 215.75 219.53 223.32
60 227.1 230.89 234.67 238.46 242.24 246.03 249.81 253.6 257.38 261.17
70 264.95 268.74 272.52 276.31 280.09 283.88 287.66 291.45 295.23 299.02
80 302.81 306.59 310.37 314.16 317.94 321.73 325.51 329.3 333.08 336.87
90 340.65 344.44 348.22 352.01 355.79 359.58 363.36 367.14 370.93 374.72
100 378.51
lb 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30
poundsto kilograms
0 0.45 0.91 1.36 1.81 2.27 2.72 3.18 3.63 4.08
10 4.54 4.99 5.44 5.9 6.35 6.8 7.26 7.71 8.16 8.62
20 9.07 9.53 9.98 10.43 10.89 11.34 11.79 12.25 12.7 13.15
30 13.61 14.06 14.52 14.97 15.42 15.88 16.33 16.78 17.24 17.69
40 18.14 18.6 19.05 19.5 19.96 20.41 20.87 21.32 21.77 22.23
50 22.68 23.13 23.59 24.04 24.49 24.95 25.4 25.85 26.31 26.76
60 27.22 27.67 28.12 28.58 29.03 29.48 29.94 30.39 30.84 31.3
70 31.75 32.21 32.66 33.11 33.57 34.02 34.47 34.93 35.38 35.83
80 36.29 36.74 37.19 37.65 38.1 38.56 39.01 39.46 39.92 40.37
90 40.82 41.28 41.73 42.18 42.64 43.09 43.54 44.0 44.45 44.91
100 45.36 45.81 46.27 46.72 47.17 47.63 48.08 48.53 48.99 49.44
110 49.9 50.35 50.8 51.26 51.71 52.16 52.62 53.07 53.52 53.98
120 54.43 54.88 55.34 55.79 56.25 56.7 57.15 57.61 58.06 58.51
130 58.97 59.42 59.87 60.33 60.78 61.24 61.69 62.14 62.6 63.05
140 63.5 63.96 64.41 64.86 65.32 65.77 66.22 66.68 67.13 67.59
150 68.04 68.49 68.95 69.4 69.85 70.31 70.76 71.21 71.67 72.12
160 72.57 73.03 73.48 73.94 74.39 74.84 75.3 75.75 76.2 76.66
170 77.11 77.56 78.02 78.47 78.93 79.38 79.83 80.29 80.74 81.19
180 81.65 82.1 82.55 83.01 83.46 83.91 84.37 84.82 85.28 85.73
190 86.18 86.64 87.09 87.54 88.0 88.45 88.9 89.36 89.81 90.26
200 90.72 91.17 91.63 92.08 92.53 92.99 93.44 93.89 94.35 94.8
210 95.25 95.71 96.16 96.62 9707 97.52 97.98 98.43 98.88 99.34
220 99.79 100.24 100.7 101.15 101.61 102.06 102.51 102.97 103.42 103.87
230 104.33 104.78 105.23 105.69 106.14 106.59 107.05 107.5 107.96 108.41
240 108.86 109.32 109.77 110.22 110.68 111.13 111.58 112.04 112.49 112.95
250 113.4 113.85 114.31 114.76 115.21 115.67 116.12 116.57 117.03 117.48
260 117.93 118.39 118.84 119.3 119.75 120.2 120.66 121.11 121.56 122.02
270 122.47 122.92 123.38 123.83 124.28 124.74 125.19 125.65 126.1 126.55
280 127.01 127.46 127.91 128.37 128.82 129.27 129.73 130.18 130.64 131.09
290 131.54 132.0 132.45 132.9 133.36 133.81 134.26 134.72 135.17 135.62
300 136.08 136.53 136.99 137.44 137.89 138.35 138.8 139.25 139.71 140.16
310 140.61 141.07 141.52 141.97 142.43 142.88 143.34 143.79 144.24 144.7
320 145.15 145.6 146.06 146.51 146.96 147.42 147.87 148.33 148.78 149.23
330 149.69 150.14 150.59 151.05 151.5 151.95 152.41 152.86 153.31 153.77
340 154.22 154.68 155.13 155.58 156.04 156.49 156.94 157.4 157.85 158.3
350 158.76 159.21 159.67 160.12 160.57 161.03 161.48 161.93 162.39 162.84
360 163.29 163.75 164.2 164.65 165.11 165.56 166.02 166.47 166.92 167.38
370 167.83 168.28 168.74 169.1 169.64 170.1 170.55 171.0 171.46 171.91
380 172.37 172.82 173.27 173.73 174.18 174.63 175.09 175.54 175.99 176.45
390 176.9 177.36 177.81 178.26 178.72 179.17 179.62 180.08 180.53 180.98
400 181.44 181.89 182.34 182.8 183.25 183.71 184.16 184.61 185.07 185.52
410 185.97 186.43 186.88 187.33 187.79 188.24 188.69 189.15 189.6 190.06
420 190.51 190.96 191.42 191.87 192.32 192.78 193.23 193.68 194.14 194.59
430 195.05 195.5 195.95 196.41 196.86 197.31 197.77 198.22 198.67 199.13
440 199.58 200.03 200.49 200.94 201.4 201.85 202.3 202.76 203.21 203.66
450 204.12 204.57 205.02 205.48 205.93 206.39 206.84 207.29 207.75 208.2
460 208.65 209.11 209.56 210.01 210.47 210.92 211.37 211.83 212.28 212.74
470 213.19 213.64 214.1 214.55 215.0 215.46 215.91 216.36 216.82 217.27
480 217.72 218.18 218.63 219.09 219.54 219.99 220.45 220.9 221.35 221.81
490 222.26 222.71 223.17 223.62 224.08 224.53 224.98 225.44 225.89 226.34
500 226.8
378
Conversions
Density kg/rn3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
(mass/volume) lb/ft3
31
0 0.62 1.25 1.87 2.5 3.12 3.75 4.37 5.0 5.62
100 6.24 6.87 7.49 8.12 8.74 9.36 9.99 10.61 11.24 11.86
kilo9rams per 200 12.49 13.11 13.73 14.36 14.98 15.61 16.23 16.86 17.48 18.11
cubicmetre to 22.47
300 18.73 19.35 19.98 20.61 21.23 21.85 23.1 23.72 24.35
pounds per cubic 400 24.97 25.6 26.22 26.84 27.47 28.09 28.72 29.34 29.97 30.59
foot
500 31.21 31.84 32.46 33.09 33.71 34.33 34.96 35.58 36.21 36.83
600 37.46 38.08 38.71 39.33 39.95 40.58 41.2 41.83 42.45 43.08
700 43.7 44.32 44.95 45.57 46.2 46.82 47.45 48.07 48.7 49.32
800 49.94 50.57 51.19 51.82 52.44 53.06 53.69 54.31 54.94 55.56
900 56.19 56.81 57.43 58.06 58.68 59.31 59.93 60.56 61.18 61.81
1 000 62.43
Velocity mIs 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
33 mile/hr
metresper second 0 2.24 4.47 6.71 8.95 11.18 13.42 15.66 17.9 20.13
tomilesperhour 10 22.37 24.61 26.84 29.08 31.32 33.55 35.79 38.03 40.26 42.51
20 44.74 46.96 49.21 51.45 53.69 55.92 58.16 60.4 62.63 64.87
30 67.11 69.35 71.58 73.82 76.06 78.29 80.53 82.77 85.0 87.24
40 89.48 91.71 93.95 96.19 98.43 100.66 102.9 105.13 107.37 109.61
50 111.85 114.08 116.32 118.56 120.8 123.03 125.27 127.5 129.74 131.98
60 134.22 136.45 138.69 140.93 143.16 145.4 147.64 149.88 152.11 154.34
70 156.59 158.82 161.06 163.3 165.53 167.77 170.0 172.24 174.48 176.72
80 178.96 181.19 183.43 185.67 187.9 190.14 192.38 194.61 196.85 199.09
90 201.32 203.56 205.8 208.04 210.27 212.51 214.75 216.98 219.22 221.46
100 223.69
PreSSUre,stress kgfI
cm2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
35 lbf/in2
kilograms forceper
0 1.42 2.84 4.27 5.6 7.11 8.53 9.96 11.38 12.8
squarecentimetre to 1 14.22 15.65 17.07 18.49 19.91 21.34 22.76
poundsforceper 24.18 25.6 27.02
squareinch 2 28.45 29.87 31.29 32.71 34.13 35.56 36.98 38.4 39.83 41.25
3 42.67 44.09 45.51 46.94 48.36 49.78 51.2 52.63 54.05 55.47
4 56.9 58.32 59.73 61.16 62.58 64.0 65.43 66.85 68.27 69.69
5 71.12 72.54 73.96 75.38 76.81 78.23 79.65 81.07 82.5 83.92
6 85.34 86.76 88.18 89.61 91.03 92.45 93.87 95.3 96.72 98.14
7 99.56 100.99 102.41 103.83 105.25 106.68 108.1 109.52 110.94 112.36
8 113.79 115.21 116.63 118.05 119.48 120.9 122.32 123.74 125.17 126.59
9 128.01 129.43 130.86 132.28 133.7 135.12 136.54 137.97 139.39 140.81
10 142.23
kN/m2
37 (kPa) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
kilonewlons per lbf/in2
squaremetre to 0 1.45 2.9 4.35 5.8 7.25 8.7 10.15 11.6 13.05
pounds forceper 100 14.50 15.95 17.40 18.85 20.30 21.75 23.21 24.66 26.11 27.56
squareinch 200 29.01 30.46 31.91 33.36 34.81 36.26 37.71 39.16 40.61 42.06
300 43.51 44.96 46.41 4V.86 49.31 50.76 52.21 53.66 55.11 56.56
400 58.01 59.46 60.91 62.36 63.81 65.26 66.71 68.17 69.62 71.07
500 72.52 73.97 75.42 76.87 78.32 79.77 81.22 82.67 84.12 85.57
600 87.02 88.47 89.92 91.37 92.82 94.27 95.72 97.17 98.62 100.07
700 101.52 102.97 104.42 105.87 107.32 108.77 110.22 111.68 113.13 114.58
800 116.03 117.48 118.93 120.38 121.83 123.28 124.73 126.18 127.63 129.08
900 130.53 131.98 133.43 134.88 136.33 137.78 139.23 140.68 142.13 143.58
1 000 145.03
379
Conversions
lb/ft3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
32
kg/rn3
0 16.02 32.04 48.06 64.07 80.09 96.11 112.13 128.15 144.17
272.31 288.33 304.35 oot o
10 160.19 176.2 192.22 208.24 224.26 240.28 256.3 IC
336.39 352.41 368.43 384.44 400.46 416.48 432.5 448.52 464.54 iogramspercu
20 320.37 meLre
480.55 496.57 512.59 528.61 544.63 560.65 576.67 592.68 608.7 624.72
30
40 640.74 656.76 672.78 688.79 704.81 720.83 736.85 752.87 768.89 784.91
50 800.92 816.94 832.96 848.98 865.0 881.02 897.03 913.05 929.07 945.09
60 961.11 977.13 993.15 1 009.16 1 025.18 1 041.2 1 057.22 1 073.24 1 089.26 1105.27
70 1121.29 1137.31 1153.33 1 169.35 1 185.37 1 201.38 1 217.4 1 233.42 1 249.44 1 265.46
80 1 281.48 1 297.5 1 313.51 1 329.53 1 345.55 1 361.57 1 377.59 1 393.61 1 409.62 1 425.64
1 441.66 1 457.68 1 473.7 1 489.72 1 505.74 1 521.75 1 537.77 1 553.79 1 569.81 1 585.83
90
100 1601.85
7 8 34
mile/hr 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 g
milesperhour
rn/s to metresper
0.45 0.89 1.34 1.79 2.24 2.68 3.13 3.58 4.02 second
0
10 4.47 4.92 5.36 5.81 6.26 6.71 7.15 7.6 8.05 8.49
20 8.94 9.39 9.83 10.28 10.73 11.18 11.62 12.07 12.52 12.96
30 13.41 13.86 14.31 14.75 15.2 15.65 16.09 16.54 16.99 17.43
40 17.88 18.33 18.78 19.22 19.67 20.12 20.56 21.01 21.46 21.91
50 22.35 22.8 23.25 23.69 24.14 24.59 25.03 25.48 25.93 26.38
60 26.82 27.27 27.72 28.16 28.61 29.06 29.5 29.95 30.4 30.85
70 31.29 31.74 32.19 32.63 33.08 33.53 33.98 34.42 34.87 35.32
80 35.76 36.21 36.66 37.1 37.55 38.0 38.45 38.89 39.34 39.79
90 40.23 40.68 41.13 41.57 42.02 42.47 42.92 43.36 43.81 44.26
100 44.7
36
lbf/ poundsforceper
j2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 g
squareinch to
kgt/cm2 kilograms forceper
0 0.07 0.14 0.21 0.28 0.35 0.42 0.49 0.56 0.63 squarecentimetre
10 0.7 0.77 0.84 0.91 0.98 1.05 1.12 1.2 1.27 1.34
20 1.41 1.48 1.55 1.62 1.69 1.76 1.83 1.9 1.97 2.04
30 2.11 2.18 2.25 2.32 2.39 2.46 2.53 2.6 2.67 2.74
40 2.81 2.88 2.95 3.02 3.09 3.16 3.23 3.3 3.37 3.45
50 3.52 3.59 3.66 3.73 3.8 3.87 3.94 4.01 4.08 4.15
60 4.22 4.29 4.36 4.43 4.5 4.57 4.64 4.71 4.78 4.85
70 4.92 4.99 5.06 5.13 5.2 5.27 5.34 5.41 5.48 5.55
80 5.62 5.69 5.77 5.84 5.91 5.98 6.05 6.12 6.19 6.26
90 6.33 6.4 6.47 6.54 6.61 6.68 6.75 6.82 6.89 6.96
100 7.03
38
lbf/ pounds forceper
in2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
square inchto
kN/m2(kPa) kilonewtons per
0 6.9 13.79 20.68 27.58 34.48 41.37 48.26 55.16 62.06 square metre
10 68.95 75.84 82.74 89.64 96.53 103.42 110.32 117.22 124.11 131.0
20 137.9 144.8 151.69 158.58 165.48 172.38 179.27 186.16 193.06 199.96
30 206.85 213.74 220.64 227.54 234.43 241.32 248.22 255.12 262.01 268.9
40 275.8 282.7 289.59 296.48 303.38 310.28 317.17 324.06 330.96 337.86
50 344.75 351.64 358.54 365.44 372.33 379.22 386.12 393.02 399.91 406.8
60 413.7 420.6 427.49 434.38 441.28 448.18 455.07 461.96 468.86 475.76
70 482.65 489.54 496.44 503.34 510.23 517.12 524.02 530.92 537.81 544.7
80 551.6 558.5 565.39 572.28 579.18 586.08 592.97 599.86 606.76 613.66
90 620.55 627.44 634.34 641.24 648.13 655.02 661.92 668.82 675.71 682.6
100 689.5
380
Conversions
Refrigeration W 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
39 Btulhr
wattstoBritish 0 3.41 6.82 10.24 13.65 17.06 20.47 23.89 27.3 30.71
thermal units 10 34.12 37.53 40.95 44.36 47.77 51.18 5459 58.01 61.42 6483
per hour 20 68.24 71.66 75.07 78.5 81.89 85.3 88.72 92.13 95.54 98.95
30 102.36 105.78 109.12 112.6 116.01 119.43 122.76 126.25 129.66 133.07
40 136.49 139.91 143.31 146.72 150.13 153.55 156.96 160.37 163.78 167.2
50 170.61 174.02 177.43 180.84 184.26 187.67 191.08 194.49 197.9 201.31
60 204.73 208.14 211.55 214.97 218.38 221.79 225.2 228.61 232.03 235.44
70 238.85 242.26 245.68 249.09 252.5 255.91 259.32 262.74 266.15 269.56
80 272.97 276.38 279.8 283.21 286.62 290.03 293.45 296.86 300.27 303.68
90 307.09 310.51 313.92 317.33 320.74 324.15 327.57 330.98 334.39 337.8
100 341.22
Thermal W/
conductance (m2K) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
41 Btu/(ft2hr°F)
wattsper square
metrekelvin to
Britishthermal units
i
0.0
.0
2.0
0.176
0.352
0.018
0.194
0.370
0.035
0.211
0.387
0.053
0.229
0.405
0.074
0.247
0.423
0.088
0.264
0.440
0.106
0.282
0.458
0.123
0.299
0.476
0.141
0.317
0.493
0.158
0.335
0.511
persquarefoot hour 3.0 0.528 0.546 0.564 0.581 0.599 0.616 0.634 0.652 0.669 0.687
degree F 4.0 0.704 0.722 0.740 0.757 0.775 0.793 0.810 0.828 0.845 0.863
5.0 0.881 0.898 0.916 0.933 0.951 0.969 0.986 1.004 1.021 1.039
6.0 1.057 1.074 1.092 1.110 1.127 1.145 1.162 1.180 1.198 1.215
7.0 1.233 1.250 1.268 1.286 1.303 1.321 1.34 1.356 1.374 1.391
8.0 1.409 1.427 1.444 1.462 1.479 1.497 1.515 1.532 1.550 1.567
9.0 1.585 1.603 1.620 1.638 1.656 1.673 1.691 1.708 1.726 1.744
10.0 1.761
381
Conversions
Btu/hr 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40
British thermal
w unitsper hour
0 0.29 0.59 0.88 1.17 1.47 1.76 2.05 2.34 2.64
4.98 5.28 5.57 owa
10 2.93 3.22 3.52 3.81 4.1 4.4 4.69
20 5.86 6.16 6.45 6.74 7.03 7.33 7.62 7.91 8.21 8.5
30 8.79 9.09 9.38 9.67 9.97 10.26 10.55 10.84 11.14 11.43
40 11.72 12.02 12.31 12.6 12.9 13.19 13.48 13.78 14.07 14.36
50 14.66 14.95 15.24 15.53 15.83 16.12 16.41 16.71 17.0 17.29
60 17.59 17.88 18.17 18.47 18.76 19.05 19.34 19.64 19.93 20.22
70 20.52 20.81 21.1 21.4 21.69 21.98 22.28 22.57 22.86 23.15
80 23.45 23.74 24.03 24.33 24.62 24.91 25.21 25.5 25.79 26.09
90 26.38 26.67 26.97 27.26 27.55 27.84 28.14 28.43 28.72 29.02
100 29.31
Btu/(ft2. 42
hF) 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Britishthermal units
W/(m2K) persquare foothour
0.0 0.057 0.114 0.17 0.227 0.284 0.341 0.397 0.454 0.511 degreeFtowattsper
0.1 0.568 0.624 0.681 0.738 0.795 0.852 0.908 0.965 1.022 1.079 squaremetre
0.2 1.136 1.192 1.249 1.306 1.363 1.42 1.476 1.533 1.59 1.647 kelvin
0.3 1.703 1.76 1.817 1.874 1.931 1.987 2.044 2.101 2.158 2.214
0.4 2.271 2.328 2.385 2.442 2.498 2.555 2.612 2.669 2.725 2.782
0.5 2.839 2.896 2.953 3.009 3.066 3.123 3.18 3.236 3.293 3.35
0.6 3.407 3.464 3.52 3.577 3.634 3.691 3.747 3.804 3.861 3.918
0.7 3.975 4.031 4.088 4.145 4.202 4.258 4.315 4.372 4.429 4.486
0.8 4.542 4.599 4.656 4.713 4.77 4.826 4.883 4.94 4.997 5.053
0.9 5.11 5.167 5.224 5.281 5.337 5.394 5.451 5.508 5.564 5.621
1.0 5.678
382 Components
Materials
PHYSICALCHARACTERISTICSOF
COMMONBUILDINGMATERIALS material E-modulus tensile moisture thermal thermal
densi,
(kg/rn) (kN/mrn2) strength movement movement conduc-
(MN/rn2) (%) (per"Cx tivity
In selecting building materials architect needs 106) (W/mC)
take into account their significant physical
characteristics. This knowledge helps him masonry:
assess how manufactured products specified natural stone.clay bricks,terracoitablocks.caiciamsilicatebricks,concrete (block, slabOr cast).rieriseorhghtweight(aerated, ceilular,or
and constructions designed perform in use. lightweightaggregate), physicalcharacteristics dependondensity,shape, georiretrical arrangement, mortar, reinforcemeni;
lighterweight
rnateriais: betterthermaiinsuiation,soundabsorption, absorbmoisture&showdimensional change onwetting& loweriherrnalresistioity,
Precise values influenced by such factors as non-combushble
temp, moisture content, surface condition, naturalstone
internal structure. These usually determined granite 2600 20—60 slight 8—to 2.5
limestone 2000—2200 001 t.5
by means of standard tests, which may take
10—80 3—4
marble 2500 35 slight 4—6 2—2.5
into account conditions of use. Handbooks sandstone 2000—2200 3—80 007 7—12 1.3
issued by professional and other independent siate 2700 10—35 slight 9—11 1.9—2.0
polystyrene bead
130—160
15—25 14—45
004—0.05
0035
pvc 40—70 35—50
1 Common building materials: valuesfor physical 0035—0 045
tuenwd
characteristics
urea-formaldehyde 8—15 9 003—0.04
notes: nitiai irreversibie shrinkage 2 initial irreversible polyurethane 30 2—7 0.03—0.07
expansion 3iowemissivity/high reflectivity ofbnghtsurtace ot
thesemetais againstheat radiation
Components 383
Services: Distribution
Distribution system for services needs careful planningensure system VENTILATION
economical in both builders and specialistwork. System starts at point
ofentryofserviceto bldg orfromboiler and plant rm to all spaces being Some ducts may require ventilation to limit temp rise or because of
served. Points of entry of services and plant rm location should be service contained, eq natural gas. Where floor construction carried
determined at early stage. through, vent each floor topand bottom. Ifductcontinuous,vent at ends
(—.Bib111).
DISTRIBUTIONMEDIUM
WALKWAYS—+(1 )(2)
Heating distribution may be byhot water,steam, orwarm air.Water may
be at low pressure under boiling point or at high pressure above boiling Retain clear working space 700 wide x 2000 high after all services
point depending on quantity of heat to be distributed. Air inefficient installed. Large takeoffs and expansion loops may require additional
means ofdistribution but required for ventilationorairconditioning. width. Accessfromends —boiler rmorplant rm. Intermediateaccess to
changes ofdirection and lunctions by removablecovers mm 450 x 600.
Example: in 100 tube transfer capacitiesare: Access openings should allow length of pipe (6000) be installed or
low velocity air 072 kW removed.
high velocity air 2.16 kW
low pressure hot water 525 kW
high pressure hot water 2385 kW CRAWLWAYS—(3)
DISTRIBUTIONLAYOUTS Clear working space 700 wide x 1 000 high after all services installed.
Accessbycovers mm 450 x 600 atintervals of 10—15 m.
In multi-storey bldg distribution pattern may be:
(a) primarily horizontal with secondarydistribution upor down through
floors;
(b) primarily vertical with secondary distribution along floors. heat loss heating A B
uptokW f&rsize w h
(a) more common especially for low bldg or those with dissimilar flow
plans but system may occupy greater building volume by increasing 6 pipes 6 pipes with hangers with rollers
floorto tloor height of all floors. on 1 on both
(b) more suitable forhigh bldg with repetitive floor plans. side sides
PRIMARYVERTICALDISTRIBUTION
ACCESSTO DUCTS
3 Crawlways:dimensions
384 Components
Services: distribution
LA
3 15 605 300
13
6 20
25
615
650
305
315
I through ceiling or panel. Add extra depth of
24 32 685 325 ceiling support system, recessed light fittings
35 40 730 330 etc. Drop rodsallow expansion movement.
64
153
50
65
775
855
340
380
r
255 80 935 425 SCREED DUCTS—*(5)(6)
423 100 1035 475
956 125 1175 555
150 1320 625 Chase formed by omitting floor screed. Useful
1432
for local hot and cold water connexions to
3 Space requirementsforhorizontalductat 4 Horizontalduct at ceiling level sanitary fittings and local heating pipework.
ceiling level (containingheatingflow & return,hot Floor finish carried over plywood covernailed
waterflow&return,coldwater service&coldwater to battens. Access by cutting floor finishand
main)
prising up cover. Pipe size usually limited to
20—22,otherwise screed ofuneconomic thick-
heatless pipesize A A B C ness. Oversized hole required for connexion
uptokW 1 pipe 2pipes d diaof hole
for expansion of pipework.
requiredfor
connexion
3 15 815 840 895 173 205 255 295 350 320 375 370 425 socket
6
13
20
25
825 855 905 173
860 885 940 173
205
205
255
255
295
295
350
350
320
320
375
375
370
370
425
425 I) socketexternal
exiemai
dia
pipe
24 32 895 920 975 173 205 255 295 350 320 375 370 425 ) nsuiation
35 40 940 965 1020 173 205 255 295 350 320 370 425 5pesupport
64 50 985 1015 1065 173 205 255 295 350 320
375
375 370 425
— pipeinsulation
pipesupport
A r channel
channei
153 65 1060 10901140 173 205 255 295 350 320 375 370 425
255 80 1145 1170 1225 180 205 255 295 350 320 375 370 425
423 100 1245 1270 1325 205 205 255 295 350 320 375 370 425 )
956 125
1432 150
1385 14152875 230
1530 1555 1610 260
230
260
255 295
260 295
350
350
320
320
375
375
370
370
425
425
)
—B-.
SITING
Should if possible be installed aboveground. Site should not be sublect
extremesoftempand not beintrusive. Clearance should be allowedfor
withdrawal offittingssuchassteam coilsand immersion heaters.
If underground installation unavoidable, should be in specially con-
structed brickorconcrete chamber, with access to drain valve etc: dry
ground and finished structure madewatertight.
Sump must be provided in floor at 1 endand floor must slope towards
sump.
Buried tanks should not be indirectcontact with soil: almost impossible
avoid corrosive attack.
Components 387
Services: Heating systems
OILSTORAGE(cont)
Supports
Horizontal tanks on brick or reinforced concrete cradles. Downward
slope of 1:50 fromdrawoff towards drain. Cradles should not be under
-A C)
0
9
-o
0
jointsorseams of tank plates; layer of bitumenised felt between cradle
and tank. Height of tank supports should provide at least 400 space B CD
between drain valve and ground level to allow access for draining and
painting.
.3
mm 150forsteelcradles C,)
Verticaltanks
Up to 2750 dia may bedirectly erected on BC foundation. Base of tank
with bitumen-based seal between tank and concrete. Largerdiatanksto
be assembled on site should be erected on self-draining foundation 4 Cylindricaloilsto tank —.(3)
with base plated on bitumen and sand or bitumen-macadambase.
BOILER ROOMS
Catchpit
Where overfilling or leakagewould be fire hazard or contaminatedrains
Space round eqp required for making pipe and el connexions and
catchpit required. Made of brick or concrete with oil-tight lining and
sealed to concrete base under tank supports. Capacity should be 10% dismantling eqp for servicing. Goodmaintenanceofall plant essential
for proper performance, fuel economy and max life.
greaterthan capacity of tank or tanks. Catchpit should have facility to
remove waterbut no permanent drain. Boilers and associated eqp heavy and noisy. Generally best position on
ground slab. Boiler rmshould not benext spaces that are toremain cool
Manholes —vpl 3 orquiet.
Every sf0tank should have manhole in accessible position,preferably at
top. Circular: notless than 460 dia;ovalorrectangular: not less than 460 Accessfromroad toboilerhouse must be adequate forlargest piece of
long, 410 wide. Vertical tanks over 3650 high should have additional eqpto be replaced. Boilers require airforcombustionand boiler houses
manhole at base for maintenanceand cleaning. need good ventilation reduce internal temp. In large boiler houses
separate flue desirable for each boiler, rising directlyto highest part of
Storagetemp bldg.
For size of boilerrm, access and ventilation requirements —vp388(1)—
oilclass BS classification mm temp mm tempat (4). Dimensions allow all layouts. Solid fuel boilers may need larqer
sto °C outhow fromsto boiler house for fuel handling eqp. If pressurisation eqp or chillers
&forhandling°C to be included boiler rm must belarger.
lightfueloil E 10 10
mediumfueloil F 25 30 ciear h access door ventilation Iouvres
heavy fueloil G 35 45
ioadkW I w w h inlet outlei
1 Oilsto temp (low level) m2 (highievei) m2
SOLID FUEL upto200 7900 5300 3500 1500 2000 048 0422
200—600 9800 7900 4300 1700 2300 1.44 1.22
Delivery
About 7 to 8 t capacity. Delivery vehicle dimensions similar to 7 t long 600—1800 16900 12200 5300 3400 3000 4.32 3.709
wheelbase tipping vehicle. Conveyor delivery vehicles can stack to 1800—6000 19100 18200 7300 3400 4200 144 11.646
2500above load level: ordinary delivery 1400. Factors:
bulkdelivery foreconomy 6000—20000 26800 26000 9300 4400 5800 48 0 3668
anthracite 35 330
bituminous
coal 30 800
coke 28 400
2 Calorificvalue& density
emergency exit
pumps
CALORIFIERROOMS
Calorifier rmis heating substation where heatinwater(orsteam) athigh
pressure and tempchanged to heat atlow pressure and temp. Several
calorifier rm may befed from1 boilerhouse in large installation.
In districtheating schemes with distribution at high pressure and temp, c 0 H
rating A B D E F weight flue
calorifier rmrequired at intake. h w d space space space space space lull l/D
at at on left on above kg
Calorifier rm should notbe next tospaces that are to remain cool. front back side right
side
Access required fromroad through bldg tocalorifier rm forlargestpiece
75 500 115 102
ofeqp to be replaced. upto 915 500 610
535
610
10
150
75
150 680 220 150
35 915 500 600 10
1020 560 840
610 155 160 160 810 270 178
Calorifier rm must be ventilated to reduce internal temp. 35—
100 1320 845 1130
960 250 160 160 840 680 225
Calorifierrm —(5) contain 2 hot watersto calorifiers, 2 water to water 100— 1605 775 1525
960 510 200 510 900 980 254
1
300 1605 640 1525 1180 510 200 510 990 1750 2x 254
non-stocalorifiers, pumps and controls. 300— 1605 2230 1525 1180 510 200 510 990 2520 460
900 1765 2230 1885 1550 510 200 510 990 3350 2x356
ATMOSPHERICGAS BOILERS
Smaller gas boilers burn gas at low pressure, do not have forced 6 Atmosphericgasboilerdata:dimensions fortop&bottomofrangeof each
draught; quieterthan pressure let boilers butless efficient. rating; I/O = internaldia
Boilersuptoabout35kWcapacity availablewitheither balancedflue or
front elevation sideelevation
conventional flue.
A B C D F 0 Largeindirect cylinders
rating B H weight flue Indirectcylindersneed only low primary circulation pressure and will
kw h w d space space space kill lID
operatewithgravity flowifcorrectly placed in relationto boiler.
space space
with at at onleft on above kg
burner front back side right
side Large indirect cylinders have bolted head to allow internal annular
heater to be withdrawn and replaced. For withdrawal space required
upto35 950 550 845 800 400 150 205 200 185 152
950 550 925 800 400 150 205 200 230 152 —'p390(3). Indirect cylinders may be vertical or horizontal —÷p390(2)—
35—100 1195 640 1005 800 500 150 205 200 260 203 (5). Horizontal useful if headroom limited but vertical more efficient in
1470 1310 2005 1215 1310 155 355 200 1380 204 preventing mixing ofincoming coldwaterwith remaining hot.
100—300 1550 1265 2930 1215 1310 700 1000 1000 2915 254
1780 1465
300—900 2060 1830
2930
3150
1220
1220
1320 700 1000 1000 4675 255 Inspection opening oftenprovided insideofcylinder.
1320 700 1425 1000 4675 350
2490 3170 3945 1450 1415 700 1505 1000 6100 400
900— 2820 3170 3965 2290 1415 1505 1505 1500 9755 400
3000 3655 3180 6535 3050 3535 1655 1550 2000 30990 710
3000— 3950 3180 7045 2880 4370 1655 1550 2000 30990 710
10000 5250 4115 8435 3695 6225 1655 1550 2000 63100 1016
capacityA B 0 D D- E
I hwfth diawith spacefor space space space round
insulation insulation connexions above for aboveto overmsu-
opposite connexions withdraw Istion for
sides flnersion handaccess
hester
I
78 990 510 115 115 840 100
101 990 560 115 115 840 100
119 1145 560 115 115 995 100
CD
91 765 610 115 115 615 100
103 840 610 115 115 690 100
115 915 610 115 115 765 100
E c 127
151
175
990
1145
1295
610
610
610
115
140
140
115
140
140
840
995
1145
100
100
100
238 1295 685 140 140 1145 100
307 1295 760 155 155 1145 100
I Pressurejetgas&oil-filledboiler—.(1)(2) 414 1675 760 155 155 1525 100
4 Domesticverticaldirect cylindersdata—'(6)(7)
capacityA B C D 0 B
I hwith diewith space for space space apaceround
insulation insulation connexions abovefor aboveto overWiau-
opposite connexions withdraw ladenfor
Sea flnerafon handacoess
MS
114 1145 560 115 115 995 100
-I 100
123
145
170
840
990
1145
1295
610
610
610
610
115
115
140
140
115
115
140
140
690
840
995
1145
100
100
100
iuo
215 1345 660 155 155 1195 100
C B -
255
332
418
1550
1450
1830
660
760
760
155
185
185
155
185
185
1400
1300
1680
100
100
100
I
D.---- B s -C 4 Horizontalindirectstocylinder 800
450
5(X)
6(X)
7(X)
855
955
955
1005
1005
1935
1675
1935
1915
2195
340
340
340
340
355
1940
1680
1940
1920
2200
85
85
85
85
85
485
485
485
540
540
—.(5) 900 1120 1985 355 1990 125 595
10(X) 1120 2175 435 2260 125 595
1200 1170 2295 470 2380 125 595
capacity A B C D E 1350 1170 2525 470 2610 125 595
I hwith with front back space 1500 1345 2260 470 2260 125 595
insulation insulation space for space for abovefor 1800 1345 2580 470 2610 125 595
withdrawal connexions connexions 2100 1445 2510 520 2600 160 595
2500 1495 3040 520 2800 160 595
100 630 865 465 80 385 3000 1495 3135 560 3280 190 660
35(X) 1645 3220 560 3130 190 660
150 630 1180 700 80 385
40(X) 1645 3325 560 3470 190 660
200 680 1260 760 95 455 4500 1645 3540 560 3420 190 660
250 680 1515 950 95 455
300 790 1340 820 95 455 note:aspace 01 300 required forgeneral access & 500braccess toinspection
350 790 1515 950 115 485 opening
400 790 1690 1080 115 485
450 790 1870 1215 115 485 7 Horizontalsto calorifiers data—. (9)
500 890 1610 1202 115 485
600 890 1870 1215 115 485
700 955 1850 1200 140 540
800 955 2130 1410 140 540
900 1080 1920 1255 155 595
1000 1080 2110 1395 155 595
1200 1130 2230 1485 155 595
1350 1130 2460 1660 155 595
1500 1280 2110 1395 155 595
1800 1280 2460 1660 155 595
2100 1380 2430 1635 155 595
2500 1430 2630 1785 155 595
3000 1430 3070 2115 185 660
3500 1590 2920 2005 185 660
4000 1590 3260 2260 185 660
4500 1690 3210 2220 185 660
4 Feed &expansiontanksdata
392 Components
Services: Venti/ation
ESTIMATINGCAPACITY OF AIR HANDLING PLANT will be necessary in addition to duct distribution system to individual
spaces.
Quality of air—p15 Fresh air inlet and exhaust openings noisy; fresh air should be taken
Forpreliminary estimatesofspace requiredforductworkand air handling fromwell above street level to be free fromdust and fumes.
plant rateof 8 airchanges adequate tocarryheating and cooling loads of Air handling plant rm generally positioned ontop ofbldg to reduce these
most bldg:
problems. Connexion to boiler and chiller rm by heating and chilled
Air handling unitcapacity will beapprox water pipework.
floorarofbldg x m3s1 Interconnexion between extractfanand freshairinletof air handlingunit
150 partly determines size of air handling plant rm. Generally extract fan is
Where otherairchange rates required capacity will be approx separate from airhandling unit—(2). Alternative isforextract fan to be
floorarof bldg partofair handling unit; this avoids interconnecting ductwork but com-
x n ACHm3s1 plicates fresh air inlet and exhaust outletconnexions to outside —(3).
1200
Silencers generally necessaryon supply and extractductwork toreduce
where n = numberof air changes
fan noise in distribution ductwork. Silencers should ideally be halfway
through plant rm wall or floor toreduce flanking sound transmission.
AIR HANDLINGPLANTROOMS Provide adequate space in plant rm towithdraw individual components
ofair handling unit: this requires spacealongside unitslightlywider than
unit. Elsewhere mm 500 access space should be provided —.(4)(5)
Air handling plant bulky but relatively light; considerable additional
space required in plant rm for duct connexions. Large fresh airinlet and Access route fromroadtoair handlingplant rm should allow for removal
exhaust openings required: foreconomy should lead directly tooutside. and replacement offan section and should be same cleardimensions as
Withinternal air handling plant rm largeduct connexions to outside air door opening —(1 )—(3).
airvolume I w h
m3s
0.5 785 655 775
1.0 850 775 915
1.5 850 775 915
2 1100 1010 1220
3 1180 1125 1375
4 1295 1240 1525
5 1850 1540 1890
6 1850 1540 1890
7 1850 1540 1890
9 1915 1650 1975
11 2070 1880 2255
13 2220 2110 2480
16 2680 2350 2820
20 2850 2580 3080
5 Extractfans data
3 U valuesforcommonbldg structures
394 Components
surface
isx 7 = 3"C below rmtemp,
ie3'C: condensation will take place
vapourbarrier
Interstitialcondensation behind plasterboard
Assume wall with U value = 0.6 W/m2 "C consists of 19 weather-
boarding on timber studs, 9 plasterboard on studs with 50 glass fibre
between. Tempthroughwall obtained by proportioning total tempdrop
according to resistances —.(2):moisture contents of inside and outside
airtakenas previous example. Within partition moisture varies but will
be constant through air space and porous insulation. Dewpoint corre- 2 Occurrenceof interstitialcondensation & itsprevention by vapourbarrier
sponding tomoisture content isabovetemp in airspaceand condensation onwarm side ofinsulation
occurs. Vapour barrier on rm sideof insulant reduces moisture content
in cold sideofwalltothat ofoutdoor air,tempinwall willalways be above
dew point ofoutside airsocondensation cannot occur
0.010
0.009
0.008
'
i.., 0
0.007
— U.UOb ci
-..
— — — — —
0.004
-.; 0.003
0.002
0.001
10 9 8 4 21 —1 —2 —3
temperature C
--
frequency Hz
SRIdb
3125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
37 38 38 46 56 62 68 74
Formore complexstructuresSRI canbeestimated—p396(1).
35 - io.1(
7-
, - /- 7
From —.(1) can be seen that weight of partition must be doubled to
increase SRI by6dB below plateau regions. IfSRI too low forapplication 30
because of plateau, increase only possible without massive increase in 0.01 2
weightby changing material, egfrombreezeblocktobrick. °cD
25
iiU)
- -
20
Composite structure consisting of2elements ofdifferent SRI (eg wall >
ce,1,
0.001
with window) will have SRI closer to weakest element as found from
7 7 7
C 15
?
7—
— —
7 7 77
10
Method of calculation:
1 calculate ratio of areas of 2 elements and difference between values 5 ? ? —
of SRI at each frequency
2 entergraph on horizontal scaleat difference in SRI 0 (ilr —
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
3 draw vertical line to intercept curve appropriate to area ratio
4 read off reduction in SRI on vertical scale difference betweenvalues of soundreductionindex dB
5 subtract fromhigh SRI to give SRI of composite
repeat steps 2—5 for each frequency
2 SRI ofa 2ar composite structure
70
60
50
'C
a)
C 40
C concr
0 breezeblock plaster brick
0 30
— aluminium
glass
0
C
20
plywood
0
0, 10
12.5
25
50
100
200
400
800
1 Calculation of soundreductionof
frequency Hz
1-leafpartitionsof commonmaterials
396 Components
Services:Sound insulation
9 SOUNDREDUCTION matarisi& construction thickness weight octave band centre frequency Hz
- kg/m2
INDICES ______________________________
31 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
-a
C 1. singlesheetmaterials
1.1 aluminium, corrugated 0.9 2.44 — — 33 31 33 33 42
1.2 asbestos insulation board onwoodframe 6 8.4 2 8 13 16 24 29 33
CD
1.3 chipboard on woodframe 0.9 16 4 11 17 18 25 30 26
1.4 fibreboard on woodframe 12 3.9 — — 13 17 21 25 30
U) 1.5 steelsheetl000x2000 16 129 6 10 16 20 27 32 37
x
steel sheet1 000 2000withstiffenem 1.8 12.9 6 14 17 18 23 30 36
1.6 plasterboardon woodframe 400centres 9 9.5 3 8 15 19 25 28 31
1.7 1&Gwood, jointssealed 25 14 5 12 21 17 22 24 30 36
2. laminated sheetmaterials
gypsum wallboard 2 x 12 thick
2.1 25 22 12 18 24 29 31 32 30 35
2.2 x
9plywoodpanel 1 000 213)0 9 4.5 — 2 7 13 19 25 19 22 32
2.3 2 no 9plywood panels as2.2 bolted together 18 9.0 — 5 15 18 22 24 30 30 43
2.4 gasbestos boardfaced 1.2 steel sheet 12 37 14 20 22 25 31 27 37 38
2.5 laminatedinsulation board faced bothsideswith
3hardboard 32 13 4 10 17 14 20 23 19 20
3 masonry
3.1 brickwork: plain 115 190 26 32 36 37 40 46 54 56
26 32 36 59
3.2 plastered 1 aide 125 210 36 38 48 57
3.3 plastered both sides 140 260 30 32 34 36 41 51 58 60
3.4 plastered both sides 255 465 35 40 41 45 48 56 58 60
3.5 clinkerconcrete blocks, 50 with 9plaster
bothsides 76 96 25 28 30 35 30 40 46 51
3.6 reinforced concrete 100 230 30 35 38 38 41 48 57 65
3.7 cellular concrete, plastered 1 side 220 220 20 22 22 34 43 51 56 58
3.6 hollowclay blocksplastered 1side 90 75 20 25 30 33 32 33 37 41
3.9 denseconcrete 150 300 38 38 38 48 58 65 71 78 85
5. sludpartitions
5.1 lead plywood l2core20kg/m2on SOs 100
studsat400 centres 125 49 — 28 38 34 41 46 50 54 58
5.2 x
plasterboard 9.5on 50 100studs at
400centres 120 25 — 12 15 31 35 37 45 46 48
5.3 asabovebut plasterboard 127 125 29 — 20 25 32 34 47 39 50 52
5.4 asabove, 12.7 boards& with25 mineral
woolblanket between studs 125 29 — 20 25 37 42 49 46 59 63
5.5 x
6plywood on50 50studsat600 centres 65 7.2 — 10 10 14 22 28 42 42 44
6. doublemasonry
6.1 115brickwith 50cavitynoties 280 380 — 39 43 45 55 55 79 87 —
6.2 asabovebut plastered bothsidesto 12 300 420 — 43 39 48 58 57 77 86 —
6.3 asabovebutwith93.7 butterflyties 300 420 — 30 28 40 45 62 73 82 —
7. doublepartitions olsheetmaterials
x
7.1 asbestos board, 6,on separate 50 25 studs,
at300 centres spaced 12apart,studs
outermost 15 — 22 16 18 31 36 46 50
7.2 asabovebut tiledwithfinesand between
leaves 42 — 26 27 25 34 35 34 42
x
7.3 9plywood, 1 leafon 50 50 studsother
x
leaf on 25 50studsat1200centres spaced
Soapail 168 15 — tO 9 13 22 29 42 42
9. typicalfloorconstructions
9.1 concrete, 130 130 245 32 40 38 38 48 58 64 70 82
9.2 asabove but with50 floating screed 32 34 38 43 48 54 61 68 75
9.3 251& C boarding on oists at400centres,
12 plaster ceiling 10 14 18 25 37 39 45 48 48
9.4 as9.3 with50 asnd on ceiling 28 32 35 40 45 50 60 64 68
9.5 as9.4 withboards 'floating' on 25 glasswool
blanket across joists 28 32 37 42 47 53 64 68 74
1 TypicalSRI indB
Components 397
Services: Soundinsulation
SOUNDABSORBENTTREATMENTS
Surfaces of rm partlyreflect and absorb sound
according tonature and constructionofsurface.
Proportion will vary with frequency. Result of
reflection is reverberant sound which merges
withdirect sound and affectsitscharacter. Period
ofsustained sound knownasreverberationtime.
Suitablereverberationtime dependson purpose
ofrmandisestablished fromexperience —( 1).
E
Reverberation time
0.16V
Can be calculated fromT =
A
whereVis rm volume m3 and Aistotal absorp-
tion in rm. A is found at each frequency by E
multiplying area (in m2)ofeach type ofsurface E
treatment by its absorption coefficient and 0.
0
summing over all different surfaces of rm.
Absorbentmaterials
May be classified into 3types:
(a) porousmaterials: absorbsound overwhole
frequency range, efficiency depends on
thickness;
(b) panel absorbents: panels over airspace
absorb sound over narrow frequency range mivolume m3
according to panel weight and airspacedepth;
useful for low frequency absorption: too much 1 Optimumreverbaration timesforrm of differentsizes &uses
absorption may be introduced by inadvertent
use of seemingly solid materials which can 125Hz 500Hz 2000Hz 4000Hz
only be fixedoveran air space;
(c) cavity resonators can be 'tuned' to give boarding (match) l5thickoverairspaceonsolidwall 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
selective absorption over narrow frequency brickwork:plainor painted 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.05
range; of little practical importance as absorp- breeze block:unplastered, plain 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.4
tion obtained more efficiently using (a) or (b) pile carpet+ underfeltonsolidfloor 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.6
but canbe made from'non-acoustic' materials, pile carpet+ underfelton board & batten floor 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6
pile carpeton imperviousbacking onconcretefloor 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
egconcrete:design not easy. felted orwovencarpetonimpervious backingonconcrete
floor
Absorption coefficients concrete,plainortooledorgranolithic finish
0.05
0.01
0.1
0.02
0.2
0.02
0.2
0.02
For common materials given —.(2), for use in cork, linoleumorwoodblockfloor (orwall) 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1
calculation of reverberation times. For absorp- curtains(mediumfabrics)hungstraight &closetowall 0.05 0.25 0.3 0.4
tion coefficients of proprietary acoustic tiles curtains(mediumfabrics)doublewidths infoldsspaced
refer manufacturers' literature; but make sure awayfrom wall 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.6
method ofmounting oftilessame fortest data 25thick hairfelt,coveredbyscrimclothon solid
as for intended application. Surface finish and backing o.i 0.7 0.8 0.8
treatment as well as subsequent redecoration fibreboard(soft) onsolid backing, 12nominal
will also affect absorption. Painting porous thickness 0.05 0.15 0.3 0.3
dittopainted 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.15
acoustic tile will destroyabsorption at middle fibreboard(12)overairspaceonsol,dwall 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
and high frequencies. dittopainted 0.3 0.15 0.1 0.1
floortiles, plasticsorlinoleum
Absorption of people and seats in auditoria 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.05
taken into account using absorption units/item, glass windowsglazed upto4 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02
glass 6orthickerinlarge sheets 0.1 0.04 0.02 0.02
and air/cm3 of rm volume. glassorglazedtilesaswallfinish 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
glass fibre ormineralfibre 25thick onsolid backing 0.02 0.7 0.9 0.8
ditto 50thick 0.3 0.8 0.95 0.9
glass ormineralfibre 25 thickover airspace on solid
backing 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.8
plaster,lime orgypsumon solid backing 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04
plasteronlath &plasterboard onjoists, or studs, air
space &solid backing 0.3 0.1 0.04 0.04
plasterboard on cellularcore partition 0.15 0.07 0.04 0.05
plywoodmountedsolidly 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
plywoodpanels mounted over airspace onsolidbacking 0.3 0.15 0.1 0.05
dittowith porous material inairspace 0.4 0.15 0.1 0.5
water, asin swimming baths 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
woodboardson joistsorbattens 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.1
woodwoolslabs,unplastered, 25thickonsolid
backing 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.6
woodwoolslabsditto75thick 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.8
woodwoolslabs,ditto 50thick 0.2 0.8 0.7 0.7
emptyfullyupholsteredseats(perseat) 0.12 0.28 0.31 0.33
emptyplastics+ metal chairs (perchair) 0.07 0.14 0.14 0.14
adultsinfullyupholsteredseats(perp) 0.18 0.46 0.51 0.46
adults in plastics + metalchairs (per P) 0.16 0.4 0.43 0.4
prosceniumopeningwithavstage set (perm3) — — 0.007 0.02
Lighting
GENERALLIGHTING
typeof interior&illuminance lampcircuit efficac y(lm/W)
—also p25—6
35 45 50 60 70 90
Loading required to produce given av illuminance on horizontal plane
heavyindustry — — fromgeneral lightingmay becalculatedfrom lumen formula'.
avservice illuminance 200 Iux/R 15 7.0 6.0 50 4.0
/R 12 — — 8.0 7.0 6.0 4.5 If E is service illuminancerequired in lux over working place area A m2
av service illuminance 500 lux/R 15 —
—
—
—
18.0 15.0 13.0 10.0
lamps flux (L) =
ExA lumenswhereUF is utilisationfactordescribed
IA 12 20.0 16.5 14.0 11.0
MF UF
light industry above —p26.
avservice illurninance 200 IuxIR 15 12.0 9.5 8.5 7.0 — —
Wattage = ________________
JR 12 13.0 10.5 9.5 8.0 — — L
av service illuminance 500 IuxIR I 5 30.0 23.0 21.0 17.5 — — lamp circuit efficacy
JR 12 34.0 26.5 24.0 20.0 — —
Sources and luminaireswith highestpracticalefficacy shoudbeselected
commercial in conjunction with light decoration sothat wattage loadingis inlinewith
av service illuminance 200 IuxIR IS 14 5 11.0 10.0 8.5 — —
/R 12 17.0 13.5 12.0 10.0 — — targetsgiven —.(1).
avserviceilluminance500lux/R15 36.0 28.0 25.0 21.0 — — Iflightoutput ofeach lampis U then numberoflamps requiredto produce
IA 12 42.5 33.0 30.0 25.0 — —
L
BUILDINGLIGHTING
High degree of uniformity of lighting can beprovided by indirect lighting
B = rmw
H=rmh fromcornices—*(2): inefficient in terms ofpower butmaybedesirable to
h = hoflightsource display ceilings of particulararchitectural interest.
H h' = eyelevel
mm distance = /8 B Edge of masking cornice should be high enough conceal lamps. To
H-h avoid dark areas between lamps tubesshould be staggered or over-
lapped —.(3). High reflectances on upperwalls and ceiling essential to
redirect lighton working plane.
More efficient overall lighting given by fluorescent lamps fitted above
'egg-crate' or otherformsof louvred false ceiling. Specially contoured
2 Cornicelighting plastics metallised louvre grids concentrate light downwards with low
brightness appearance of ceiling.
In air-conditioned bldg extract air should be drawn through 'air-
handling' luminaires so that heat can be removed from lamps and
control gear before enters rm. This heat may often be uselully recovered
foruse in perimeter areas.
Glare
Excessive brightnesscontrast infieldofview cancauseglare—.pl 732. If
source, eg window or unshaded desklamp, seen closeto visual task it
can cause disability glareand reduce task visibility; can also be cause of
discomfort; this can occureven when source is well away fromtask,eg
luminaires on ceiling, and is much more common danger. IES code
givesrecommendations forupperlimit ofdiscomfort glare index, which
is related to luminance and size of light sources, their number and
3 position in fieldof viewand luminance oftheirsurroundings. Calculation
Overlappingpreventsdarkar ofthis glare indexcan beperformedas described—.Bib382.
N\
Contrast
lumiriairesinthisarcan produce Objectsare seen bycontrast, either contained contrast orcontrast with
veiling reflections
their background: higherthe contrast the more visible the object. Visi-
bilityof printed orwritten matter depends oncontrast ofmarking material
with paper. This can be markedly dependent on lighting and viewing
angles evenif materials used notobviously glossy. Light sources should
be keptout of 'forbidden zone' indicated —(4): best position is to one
side of worker rather than in front.
Uniformity
Variation of illuminance overworking area should not normally be such
that mm is less than 0.8 of av. To ensure this manufacturer's rec-
ommended spacing/h ratio (ratio of horizontal distance apart, 5, to
mounting height above working plane, H) should not beexceeded.
N
N
Lighting
TASK LIGHTING C)
Calculations ofpower required for task lighting usuallymadeon basis of
0
directintensity. 2
Forfilament lamp desklights with diffusing reflectors inverse square law
can be assumed to hold and itwill befound that 500 lux can beobtained
0
0
at about 600 to 650 directlybelow 60 watt lamp in usualtype of reflector. • ____ CD
Forfluorescent lamps use hasto be made of 'aspect factor' method as
described —Bib383. This gives distances for 500 lux according to
C,)
I 40
65
1.2
15
10
13
::
I
L 85 1.8 15
1 Valuesofdirect distanceoffluorescent lamps intypicaldispersivemetal
reflectorluminairetogive 500 luxatpointopposite centreoflamp -.(2)
LIGHT SOURCES
Incandescent tungsten filament lamps still used extensively in home
and in display lighting where ease and cheapness of replacement,
provision for limited areas of warm colour light and very small effecton
life of frequent switching required. Standard life 1 000 hr and 'efficacy',
te efficiency of light production, varies from 10—18 lumens per watt
(lm/W); some manufacturers offer lamp lasting 2000hr for use where 3
Li
Indirectrm lighting& direct 4 Illuminatedcurtain
concomitant drop in light output can be accepted as price of less lightingtoworkplace
frequent maintenance.
Mercury discharge lamps, colour corrected by use offluorescent bulbs
Lamps with bulbs silvered for use as integral spotlight or floodlight
available; but betteroptical control and higher efficacy obtainablefrom (commonly designated MBF type) and/or introduction of metal halide
into arc tube (MBI and MBIF), acceptable for achieving high illumi-
tungsten lamps with small quartz bulbs and halogen gas filling nances in shops and in high-ceiling industrial areas. MBF lamps are
Fluorescent lamps suitable forconcealed lighting in home —.(3)(4),for available in wattageslowas 50, which offers possibility of use to highlight
kitchen lighting and for most industrial and commercial interiors of small areas. Efficacy can be 35—70 Im/W including ballast losses or
moderate ceiling height. They can have efficacy up to 5 times that of nearly 6times that offilament lamps, with life 7000—10000hr(to 70% of
filament lamp with reasonablyacceptable colour rendering properties initial output).
and up to 3 times where particularly accuratecolour rendering needed.
Their normal life is 7500hr. Low pressure sodium lamps (SOX or SLI) only suitable for outdoor
lighting because of monochromaticnature of light emitted; butoperation
athigherpressure (SON) broadens spectrum sothat lightis suitable for
industrial applications (in high bays) and some commercial uses. SON
lamps have efficacies 55—110lm/W, or upto 9 times thoseof filament
lamps, and SOXlamps upto 10times, with livesof10000 hours (to70%
of initial light output).
Colour appearance of light source not good guide to appearance of
coloursilluminated by it. Forclassification of lamps into three grades of
appearancesindependentlyofcolourrenderingproperties—p25(3).
All discharge lamps require control gear forstarting and limiting current
and capacitor for power factor correction. Mercury and sodium lamps
take several minutes toreach fulllightoutput and fromito 20minutesto
restrike after interruptionofsupply: some fluorescentor filamentlighting
should be provided in any interior where light is needed immediately
poweris restored.
100 cycle per second (Hz) fluctuation of light output from discharge
lamps on 50 Hz AC mains not normally disturbing, but if problems
encountered, eg with moving machinerylit by high pressure discharge
lamps atlow mountingheight, measuressuchasdividing lamps between
three phases, or locally lighting critical points by incandescentfilament
lamps, may be taken. Fluorescentlamps may be mounted in pairs with
'lead lag' control gear.
OUTDOORLIGHTING
Architect will often be required make provision for lighting exterior
environment: may range from floodlighting whole bldg or feature to
amenity lighting of city precincts, car parks and gardens, orfunctional
lighting of railway, bus or air terminals. Wide variety of specialised
techn:quesis involved;guidancegiven—.Bib386.
400 Components
Lighting
INTEGRATIONOF ELECTRIC LIGHTING & DAYLIGHTING Formax conservation of energy automatic control should be installed in
new bldg to switch off, or preferably dim, those rows of luminaires
Even in well daylit rm, el light has tobeused onwinterafternoonswhen lighting the working area (usually first 2 or 3) whichare not required
daylight fades. When side-litrm deep enough forworkrequiring illumi- when daylight rises to provide illuminanceatthat depth suchthat full el
nance 500 lx to be carried out at distance from window greater than lighting not necessary—(1).
height ofwindowhead above working plane, el light required for more Under theseconditions windows need not be designed to achieve max
than 15% ofworking year as DFwill probablybeless than 10% —+p27—30.
This requirement increases to about 50%, at depth of 11/2_2window penetration ofdaylight; more attention can be paid to any requirements
headheight and to practically 100%,even with fullyglazed wall, ifdepth for obtaining max benefit from exterior view, eg by providing wide
uninterrupted windows rather than high and narrow ones. Opportunity
greaterthan 5 x that height. Iftintedglazing used thesedepths greatly can be taken to reduce contrast ofwall aboveor between windows with
reduced.
exterior seenthrough thembymaintaininglightcolourand arrangingfor
Therefore arrange general lighting luminaires in rows parallelto window somewallwashing byartificial lighting.
wall,each row switched separately.Switches should be locatedsothat In top-lit interiors with sufficient glazing to provide an average DF of
theycan beconveniently operatedby occupantsas requiredand sothat it
isclear which rows they operate.Often possibleprovidependantswitches 10% over working area el lighting will similarly be required for 15% of
controlling individual luminaires with thin light cords which can be working yearfortaskson which 500lx required, and for longer than this
reached fromstanding position. where higher illuminance required or lower OF provided. If there is
difference between activities carried out in different areas, requiring
Fluorescent lamps should be chosen from 'intermediate' colour range different Iluminances ordifferent periods ofoccupation, el lighting may
—.p25(3)compatiblewith colour renderingrequirementsand with warmth be switched by areas. Otherwise whole installationcan be linked to 1
of lighting required at night. El lighting should be designed to provide controller. This may be photo-electric switch or photo-electric dimming
illuminance recommended forparticular tasks carried out in interior, but controlwhere fluorescent lighting is used; but at the date ofwriting there
not less than 30lx onavoverworking plane. is little experience of application of such control to other types of
discharge lamps.
wp
I I
O.Sh h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h
distance fromwindow
Lighting references.
—.Bibliographyentries 112 124202271 367380381 382 383 384 385 386
387 397 449457 523
Components 401
Doors
widthof stairs, corridors or lobbies which it serves. Exit doors must be C)
DIMENSIONS
labelled; in certain instancessign must have emergency illumination.
0
Recommended dimensions forwood internal and external door leaves
and frames —Bib145: doors to these dimensions cheaper than units
built to special sizes. Dimensionsfor steel frame doors and windows for FLOWCAPACITY 0
domesticpurposes—.Bib 138—.(1 )(2),
Where pedestrian traffic heavy rate at which people move through CD
internal doors external doors doorway determined by type of people (old/young, whether carrying
baggage etc) and by degree of congestion on each side of doorway.
Total rateatwhichpeople can move through doorway in both directions (1)
coordinatingh of doorset 2100 2100 farless than capacity with flow in 1 direction only;forheavy 2-way traffic,
2300 2300 2 separate openings should be provided —(3).
2350
2400 2400
2700 2700
3000 3000 (P/mm)
2 Openingwofdoors(—.Bib145)
FIRESAFETY 1200mm -
This may affect design of doorways both in need to maintain fr of 4 Locationofdooratendofcorridor 5 Doorswing in corner of mi for
partition and provision of means ofescape. forwheelchairusers wheelchairusers
fr doors described in El 1 of bldg reg. In general fr door must be In small rm,suchaswc cubicles,side-hung doors should open outwards
self-closing; hinges must be neither combustible nor of metal that orsliding doors should be used. Designer should check whether doors
softens at low temp; rebates to frame generally larger than standard swinging outwards into corridors orpublic areas such as washrm likely
(25). For somecases directions of swing of double doors specified in to be hazardous. Doorswings should not conflict with each other and
reg. should not extend oversteps.
Means of escape from fire covered in Section II of Part E of Bldg reg: Self-closing doors can cause difficulty to disabled; if essential, action
contains no detail on doorways but refers to code of practice. CP3: should be as light as possible. In bldg for blind, self-closing doors
Chapter IV. Part 1: 1971 (Flats and maisonettes in blocks over two required in some locations. Automatically-opening doors can be
storeys) containsrecommendationson mainentrancedoors todwellings advantage to handicapped in public bldg but must not be of type that
and ontypeand location ofinternal doors to bedr, living rm and kitchens. closes after predetermined delay.
Section 4.3 lists requirements offrdoors.Part 2: 1968(Shops and dept
Lever handles preferable to knobs and usually satisfactory at standard
stores) givesdimensions for exit openIngs: 1 070 for up to 200 users
with additional 152 for each 30 persons over 200. Number of persons height of 1040. Glazed doors should be used where possible. Foradult
found by dividing total occupants offloorby number 1 less than number users base of glazed panel should not be over 1010fromfloor and it
ofexits. Part 3: 1968 (Office buildings)gives requirementofmm opening should be down to kick-platelevel in bldg used by handicappedchildren.
width of exit doors in multi-staircase bldg as765 fordoorway serving up Fully-glazed doors must carry some marking as hazardcue.
to 230 m2 grossfloorarea, 1 070 upto 1 860 m2 plus an additional76for Sliding doors slightlyeasier than side-hung doors for wheelchair users
each additional 140 m2 served. to operate; but may be less robust and give significantly poorer sound
In general all doors which are fire escapes must open in direction of and thermal insulation. In general their useshould be limited to locations
where space inadequate fora satisfactoryside-hung door.
escape; doors which open into corridor must not cause obstruction
within corridor; width of final exit doorway must not be less than mm Also —.p85---7
402 Components
Doors
C) INDUSTRIALTYPES
0
2 For largeopenings (partitions)slid-
ing, sliding-folding, concertina-
0 folding —.(1 )—(8).
Private garage doors (folding,
CD sectional, roller) —api 02(7)—(1 0).
For very large and high bldg (eg
C), aircraft hangers) special design
with lifting corner or section sup-
ports—a(9).
Accessway doorsofimpact resis-
tant plastics —.(1O); also plastics
strip curtain —.(1 1).
1 Slidingdoor 2 Telescopicslidingdoor 3 Anglesliding doors(cornaway)
Airdoors:injection ofspanningair
curtain —u(12)—(13).
Door frames of weather-proof
ply
rubber edging —.(14); all-round
wired rubber segments —.(1 5).
leit. imitation
er.orPsc\
liftable
channel
single-sided double-sided
channel
unitworkson
interiorair /
unitworkson
exteriorair
Door references
—aBibliographyentries 117 145401 549 574 592 628
Components 403
Windows
COORDINATINGSIZES
To suitmatricesof basicspaces in PD 6444 Pt 1 (—*Bibl03)
Rangesofsteel Metricpreferredrange
windowsto8S990Pt2 ofW20steelwindows
mm soo 600 1800 900 1500 1800
&to Module100MetrIc 200
800 1000 1200 1500
asspecifiedbySteel 600 1200 mm
600
—.Bib138610 doors& associatedfinedlights(notshown)
700 II Not This angealsoi icludes18001 2190h
I with ixedlightsonly;the latterhincludesdoors 700
I'I I
900
—
II II 900
— —
1100 II II 1100
— — _____
13(10 II 1300
l
[IIiII]
111 1500
ii
1 Note:BS& Module100metricrange includedoors& associatedmiaed 2 Note:ttiis rangealsoincludes1800&2lOOhw,th hued lights
I= fixedlights
lights(not shOWfl);f only:2100hincludedoors
606
i:
WindowSizes 70€
—
Forfitting windows into basic openings3options
:: L
windowtailor-made tofitcompleted opening 90€
-
150€
S
POSITIONRELEVANTTO DAYLIGHT PENETRATION
1 Tallwindowscan give good 2 Longhorizontalwindowscan 3 As—(1)cangive gooddaylight 4 Can give goodspreadof daylight
daylight penetrationtowardsbackof give good lateralspreadofdaylight penetrationbutifwindowswidely &useful light on wallsurrounding
rrn close towindow separatedlightingcanbe uneven opposingwindow
SAFETY& ACCESSFORCLEANING
7 Verticallysliding 8
I
Horizontallysliding
H F 1 9 Linkedhopper 10 Projectedtophung 11 Louvred
VENTILATION
1
'c
17d1
12 Troublefromventilationin high 13 Adjustabledevicesto give 14 Fan-operated acoustic 15 Scandinavian-typesub-cill
winds atdeskh minimalventilationcanbefittedor ventilaton unitassociatedwith ventilatorassociatedwith radiator
obtained incorporatedinwindow: double-glazedwindow toadmitwarmed air
sometypes includeoptional
flyscreen
Folding awnings and roll sun blinds often combine solar shading with
decorative function. External vertical rollerblinds, as also horizontally
louvred types, usually provided with guides at sidesgive protection
11 12
___
against winds. For neatness banks of louvred types often controlled
together, either manually byrod control through gear box or by electric
motorshoused in head member. Provision need be made in window
heads house retracted louvres.
Fixed external shading devices less flexible than retractableand adjust-
able shades for dealing with sunlight; as rule more appropriate for
climatswithpredictably continuous sunlight than for Britain: cost high
forbenefit'received. In temperate climates, canopytype probably most
useful for S facing windows when desired exclude summer sun but
admit winter sunlight. Fixed vertical louvres —o(1 1) can be used for
13
effective screening of windows mainly facing E or W if slats inclined 14
towards N. Fixed horizontal louvre systems can give protection against
direct sunlight over wide range of conditions depending on setting of
louvres butreduction in diffuse daylight can bequite severe—(1 3)(14).
Performance offixedtypescan be checked against sun path diagrams Fixed external canopies, louvres & screens with shading masks; for
—p34—6byusing shading masks—*(9)—(14).
examples given windows assumed face SW & sun's rays as at approx
Properties of materials used for blinds and louvre systems can be 1 400 hr midsummer lat51.5°N.
relatedto proportion ofsolar radiationtheyreflect, absorb and transmit;
but in practice solar heat transfer complicated by number of factors. Window references:
Some comparative data—*Bibl 64. —BibLiography references 019 058 091 103 138 146 170375380381
434 459 467520 536 543 549 567 610
Components 407
Corridors & ramps
WALKING SPEEDS WAITINGAREAS
On level walkways, within bldgand outside, rate ofmovement affected Linear queues
by: purpose of journey; age and sex of individuals; whether walking Width of queue can be reduced to 600 when barriers or other con-
aloneoringroup(groups slower); airtemp(people walkmore quickly in straints used. Unconstrained queue, suchasatbus stop orticketoffice
cold); floorsurface (softsurfaces associatedwith slower pace); carrying window, typically has avwidthof 1 200. Form of queue can be affected
ofbaggage; crowddensity; overall flow patternof crowd. by heavy flows ofpedestrians nearby. Down length ofqueue avdistance
between persons is400—500undernormal circumstances.
Within anycrowdconsiderable variation ofwalking speedfound; even in
homogeneous sample, eg women shoppers, range between highest
speed observed and lowest equalsmeanvalue.
Bulk queues
Crowd of 2 P/m2 seems dense to those within it but much higher
crowding(up to6P/rn2) possibleinelevatorcarsandsimilarsituations. Most
people feel comfortable in crowdof 1 P/rn2: useful design figure for
waitingareas offmain circulation routes. Infoyersand other areaswhich
combine waiting and circulationdensityof0.4 P/rn2good overall design
value.
Hi
freeflow: meandensity fulldewgn capacity
0.3 P/rn2 or less 1-wayflow:1.4 P/rn2
•
10 speed capacity with speed (P/mm per
(rn/a) freeflow(P1 (mIs) mWI
minpermw)
1.46
.
commuters, working
population 1.5 27 1.0 84
individual shoppers 1.3 23 0.8 67
0.8 L8 familygroups: shoppers with
highproportion ofyoung
walking speed(mIs) childrenorwith bulky
packages; tourists in
circulation arindoors, or
1 Observedwalkingspeedsinindoorshoppingmall:shadedarindicates P interest 1.0 0.6 50
outsidenearplacesot 18
walking with 1 or moreothers schoolchildren 1.1—1.8 18—32 0.7—1.1 59—92
increasing
withage
Short length ofslopeinotherwise level corridor may have little effecton
walking speeds. Longer rampsoflow gradient,5% orless, maysimilarly underfreeflowconditions rangeof speed inanygroup may extend, typically,from
have little effect. On steeper ramps walking pace can be reduced from 0.6 m/s belowmean to0.6 m/sabove: with crowding & allpedestriansmoving inone
level rate by 20% with 10% gradient, 40% with 15% gradient (gradient directionrange is very small
% = verticaldistance/horizontaldistancex 100). Somepeople,particularly
elderlyand disabled, walkmore slowly down rampthan up. 2 Approxmeanwalkingspeedson levelwalkways; approxcorrcapacities
-i iI tr
RAMPS FOR DISABLED
a JMfl
—'Il 0
honzontalprojection -
wall
b slope maxrise max horizontalprojection
L
1.12 760 9000
C
1 16
1 20
760
760
12000
15000 115
slope
600
1500
¶mmmTr
verticalguardrail
sleeperthan 1 : 8not allowed
4 acomponentsofsingleramp run bsamplerampdimensions callowable
rampdimensionsforconstructioninexistingsites &bldg (USAstandards) 5 Examplesoframpedgeprotection& handrail extensions
408 Components
Stairs
0
0 TREAD& RISE PROPORTIONS BUILDINGREGULATIONS
FIRE ESCAPESTAIRS
Requirements for escape stairs in UK given in number of statutory
1 Definitionof terms documents. These include London Building Acts, Building Standards
(Scotland), Bldg Reg (England&Wales) and Fire PrecautionsAct 1971.
No scientific ground for exactness in achieving this although some
Requirements given also in statutes covering specific uses of bldg,
codes of practice specify particular proportions. Bldg reg H3 gives suchas Factories Act 1961 and Offices, Shops & RailwayPremises Act
requirement that going and twice riseshould add upto between 550 and 1963.
700.
In general, fire escape stairs must be built within enclosed shaft with
Other criteria ofstair proportions: energy expenditureand freedom from wallsof given fire resistance and frself-closing doors. Doors mustopen
accidents. Totalamount of energyused can become smaller as stairs into shaft at all floors except final exit level; doorswings must not
increase in steepness but rate of energy expenditure increases. More obstruct flow of people already on staircase Stairs from upper floors
accidents occurin descending than in climbing stairs; number of mis- must not continue in unobstructed flightpast ground floor to basement.
steps increases as size of tread reduced. Generally satisfactory Winders generally not permitted. In most other aspects requirements
proportions can vary from 100 rise and 360 going to 180 rise and 280 given in recent British codes of practice related to thosein bldg reg.
going. Private stairs in dwellings may be satisfactoryupto steepness of Section II of Part E of reg covers dwellings, office bldg and shops, and
210rise and 240 going. refers to Code of Practice CP3: Chapter IV for all instances except
certain single-staircase bldg. Staircasewidths for specified numbers of
WALKINGSPEEDS& FLOW CAPACITY occupants given in code.
Short flights of stairs rarely climbed at speed which minimises energy STAIRS FOR DISABLED
expenditure (aspeople tendtodo when walking on level)but avwalking
speeds on stairs lower than in corridors. When alone most people walk External stairs particularly dangerous for elderly and disabled in bad
faster downwards than upwards butindense crowd reverse canbetrue. weather. On internal stairs splayed treads should be avoided. There
should be no open risers; splayed risers with slightly-rounded nosings
For fire safety codes flow capacity of 1 .3 P/s/m width has often been preferable to undercut square nosings. Handrailsshould beprovided on
used as basis of recommendations but this is greater than normally bothsidesofstaircase; section ofrail that is gripped should be rounded.
acceptable in general use—.(2). with widthabout 50. Railsshould be continuous at landingsand extend
at least300beyond topofstairs; heightshould beabout 850 above pitch
freeftow:meanplan full design capacity line. Max gradient should be 40°: 35° or less better. Preferred going
density0.6P/rn2 1-wayflow:plan 250; rise should not exceed 190 and preferably be 170 orless.
orless density2 P/rn2
stairs servingoniy stairscecnrnon stairs itiflsl,tutionai au otherstairs
speed limit ot speed stair
I dweting 102ormore bidg,exceptthose
dwetirtgs usedsoieiybystab
along stair along capacity rain w 6001 servirtg 900 1000 8001 seraing
Slope capacity slope (P/min/ 1 rrn excepikor partofbldgcapable
(mis) with free (m/s) m w) halortobatfrr ofbeingusedby
flow lP/ andwc rotmore than P 5
minimw) moo pitch
800otherwise
42 38 - 104343ott,ernsise
—
numbe,atrises
young& middle-aged 09 27 06 60 penlight mao 16 tO 16 6
men mar 2 2 3 3
young& middle-aged 07 21 06 60 roe max 220 90 tOO 190
rrniri— 75 75 75
women 75
paralleltreads
elderly people,family 0.5 15 0.4 40 rain going 220 240 280 250
groups taperedireads
mis going —
-
75 75
—
2 Approxmeanspeedsofmovement upstairways: approxstaircapacities
maoarrgie
aetweenadjacent 15 th
'isero
nringoing 270 220 240 280 250
irom ends01 tread
or In centreif
3 Extractfrom tabletoBldgreg H3 widerthan 1000
Components 409
Escalators
canbe significantly less than those used bycommuters in underground C)
DIMENSIONS
stations 0
UK reg limits angle ofelevation to 35° when rise does not exceed 6 m
—(2)givesapprox capacities with escalators used by commuters or in
B
and speed along line of slope not greater than 0.5 rn/s. In all other
instances angle must not exceed 30°. This most common, although
treadw max w overall w approxcapacity 0
somemanufacturers produce escalators tolower angle.BS allows max m between m (P/mm)
tread width of1 050 and mm 600. Manufacturershave rangesofstandard balustrades CD
escalators cheaper than eqp builttospecial sizes —.(1). speed(mis)
0.45 0.6 0.75
(1)
0.6 0.85 1.25 65 90 95
-. - -
2i96
hxl.73
30
0.8
1.0
1.05
1.25
1.45
1.65
95
125
120
150
125
155
35 hx143,maxh=6rn
2 Approxw&traffic capacityof escalators
PLANNING
'Fly) ,) y) )'
f ,,
,,, ,, ,
f.ffl flZFf
3 Superimposed,crossover&doublecrossoverarrangements of escalators
Stairs references.
—Bibliographyentrmes117123300338340346501591 594613628
410 Components
Elevators
DIMENSIONS
numberofP 4 6 8 10
Dimensions for 7 classes of electric elevators —Bib123:
load in kg 300 450 600 750
Light trafficpassenger & perambulator/passenger
Stretcher/passenger well w A 1800 1 800 2000 20O0
General purpose passenger d B 1300 1600 1900 1900
Intensive traffic passenger
Bed/passenger car internalw C 1100 1100 1100 1300
General purpose goods internal d 0 800 1100 1400 1 400
internal h 2200 2200 2200 2200
Heavy dutygoods
Tables forclasses 1 3 and 6—.(2)(3)(4) landingdoors clearw M 700 700 800 800
clear h N 2000 2000 2000 2000
Eqp to manufacturers standard specifications less expensive than
elevators to special dimensions orwith special finishes. pitd V= 0.5 m/s p 1400 1400 1400 1 500
V=0.75m/s p — 1500 1500 1600
Electro-hydraulic elevators an alternative to el traction elevators. V=1.0 rn/s p — 1500 1500 1600
Maximum travel approx25 m and max speed 1.0 rn/s. Motorrm need
not be at top shaft and may be remote. Initial cost slightly greater than treeh V= 0.5 rn/s 3900 3900 4000 4000
that of equivalent traction elevator but maintenancecosts can be lower. V= 0.75m/s — 3900 4000 4000
topterminal Q
V= 1.0 rn/s Q — 4000 4000 4000
numberof P 8 10 12 16 20
I Urn CA
car internalw C 1100 1300 1600 2000 2000
internald 0 1400 1400 1400 1 400 1700
kn
internalh 2200 2200 2200 2200 2200
maxnumberofP 6 13 20 26 26 40 40
landing doors clearw M 1100 1400 1700 1700 2000 2000 2500
clearh N 2000 2000 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300
Elevators
TRAFFIC CAPACITY PATERNOSTERELEVATORS
Withintensive trafficdetailed analysisofflowpattern required. Selection Dimensions
of elevators and ofcontrol system requiresspecialistadvice. Preliminary Forpaternoster elevators —Bib123. Cardimensions limited tomm clear
design can be made with aid —(2)(3); —*(1) gives typical values of height of 2200; width and depth to between 900 and 1000with max
elevatortraffic flow and acceptable interval betweensuccessivedepartures floor area 0.93 m2. Landing entrances must be same width as open
of elevators. sides of cars with height between 2600 and 2800. Max permissible
speed 0.4 m/s.Stringent recommendationsonsafety devices—+(4)(5).
Example: multi-storey office bldg in several tenancies of similar type
with 600 people occupying 10storeys above ground level. Number of Traffic capacity
peoplearriving inpeak 5mm period: 600 x 15% =90. Rateofflow90/5 Paternosters appropriate for random interfloor traffic with able-bodied
= 18 P/mm. From .—*(2)will beseen that 4 x 1.5m/s elevatorscancarry
users, having total trafficcapacity significantly greater than that of con-
21 P/mm with 30sinterval; for 18 P/mm carsize required 900 kg. From ventional elevators of similar plan area. With random interfloor traffic
—(3) 3 x 1.5 m/s elevators would give interval of 45 s. evenly distributed through bldg total of about 30 P/mm can be carried
with little waitingwhen installation serves 5floors,35 P/mm when 11 floors
served and approx42 P/mm with 16floors, Ifqueuestolerated capacity
numberof Parrivingin5mm, givenas% occupants interval(s)
abovegroundfloor level can beabout 60% more. Withtraffic emanatingfrom1 floor flow capacity
significantly less: for upward traffic only from ground floor max approx
12 P/mm. In real conditions interfloor traffic not usually even over all
singleoccupancyoff bldg, storeys: intermediate figureshould be adopted.
industrial bldg 15—20% 25—35
multipletenancyoff bldg 11—15% 25—35 Longjourneys slow: ifdominant traffic pattern flow to and fromground
hotels 10—15% 30—60 conventional elevators should be used. Paternostersgenerally inappro-
housing 5—7% 60—90 priate in bldg used by general public, bychildren and by disabled.
leisurebldg, multi-storey individual assessment required 40—50
carparks,dept sto
crossseCtion longitudinal
5 Paternoster:typicalshaftdimensions
412 Components
Elevators
ELEVATORSFOR DISABLED
fo5Q6Q
I
•0
80
20
mOIen
la
main
entry
do dosed
b
In rnulti-storey bldg elevators are principal means ofvertical circulation
forthoseconfined towheelchairs and for others with difficulty inwalking.
Mm dimensionsof elevator car to accommodate standard wheelchair:
1100 internal depth,900 width, 700 clear dooropening: 6-person light
traffic passenger elevator —6ib123 just meets thesedimensions but
largercars preferable. In public bldg thereshould besufficient space for
another person to accompany chair-bound: 1400 mm depth, 1100
_______
I atann
width. In special residential homes largewheelchairs need to be accom-
emeency
stop modated; dimensions for these: 1 800 depth, 1 000 width, 800 door
opening.ANSI standards —(1)(2).
Elevatorcars must beaccuratein levellingatlandings;must notaccelerate
or brake with jerk, requirements which dictate use of either variable-
voltage traction motors or electro-hydraulic elevators. Doors should
close slowly (0.3 m/s residential homes, 0.5 rn/s elsewhere); photo-
-
electricdevicesto prevent premature closing desirable.
Control buttons should light to operate. For general purposes normal
vertical layout is best, with buttons at 30 centres mm spacing. Mean
height should be 1 400, max 1600. In bldg used by unaccompanied
wheelchair userscontrols should notbe higherthan 1 300. In residential
C d homes horizontal arrangementofcontrol buttonsin carscan be desirable,
at height 1 050and setin wall atleast600backfromdoor.
1 ElevatorcarcontrolsforwheelchairusersANSI standardsapaneldetail
bcontrolh calternativeplacingofpanel withcentreopeningdoor At landings floor numbers should be very clearly indicated. To position
d alternativeswith sideopeningdoor wheelchairs there should be clear space at least 1 500 x 1 500 before
each liftdoor.
PLANNING
Elevators serving single zone of upperfloor should begrouped inplan
a with interlinked controls. Arrangement of lobbies should allow waiting
passenger moverapidly to whichever car arrives first. No more than 4
elevator entrances should be alongside each other; facing entrances
should be 2500—3500 apart. Elevator entrances should not lie on
opposite sidesof circulation route—+(3).
In large bldg lobbyareatendstobe 5—6m2 per elevator on upper floors
F
915
and 15—20 m2perelevator atground floor with singlegroupofelevators.
Forefficient performances under heavy flowsoftraffic numbers ofstops
made byelevator cars should be kept to mm. In largebldg there should
L be single main loading floor; passengers entering bldg at other levels
should be brought by secondary circulation to main lobby at ground
level. Use ofelevators for mail deliveries orforotherinterfloor trafficat
peak arrival or departure periodsshould bediscouraged.
In residential bldg and hotels noise to be generated by elevators must
be considered at early planning stage. Bedr should be remote from
machine rm and walls carrying landing door eqp should not be adjacent
to them. Risk of noise carried through structural continuity should be
examined.
Totalvolume of elevator shafts in very tall bldg reduced when different
groups of elevators serve separate zones of upper floors. Generally
justified only in bldg higher than 15 storeys but normal practice in
commercial bldgof 30storeys or more.
b
maindrculation
rome
4lifts
max
2500—3500
3 Liftlob dimensions
2 Mm dimensionselevatorcarsANSIstandardsacentreopeningdoors
bsideopening doors NBcarswith mm wlessthan shownbutnotlessthan Elevator references:
1370canbeusedforelevatorsof less capacitythan900 kg —Bibliography entries 053 123504613628
413
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ARRANGEMENT 015 AIoi A Architettureperlospettacolo Hoepli Milan Italy 1964
Thebibliography has3 parts: 016 AIoi R Ristoranti Hoepli Milan Italy 1972
basiccomplete listof publications, numberedconsecutively
extracted fromthat a list ofcodes, guides, reg, standardsand statutes 017 AIoi R & Bassco C Ospedali: hospitals Hoepli Milan Italy
reference numbers of publications listed undertopics 1973
018 Alpern A Apartments forthe affluent McGraw-Hill NewYork
Initials are used for the following: USA 1975
AlA American Institute ofArchitects 019 Aluminium Window Association Aluminium window edgeprofiles
AJ Architects Journal (Technical report 1) London England 1976
ANSI American National Standards Institute 020 American Association of Hospital Consultants(Mills B (ed))
AR Architectural Record Functionalplanning ofgeneral hospitals McGraw-Hill New York USA
BRE Building Research Establishment & Maidenhead England 1969
BSI British Standards Institution
CIB International Council for Building Research,Studies & 021 American Federation of Arts Fountainsincontemporary
Documentation architecture distributed byOctober House NewYorkUSA 1965
CIBS Chartered Institute of Building Services 022 American Hospital Association Theextended care unitina
CIRIA Construction Industry Research& InformationAssociation general hospital: a guidetoplanning, organization & management
DES DeptofEducation & Science AHA Chicago USA 1973
DHSS DeptofHealth &Social Services
023 American Hospital Association Hospitalengineering handbook
DoE Deptofthe Environment AHA Chicago USA 1974
ES Illuminating Engineering Society
ISO InternationalOrganization forStandardization 024 American HospitalAssociation Thepractice ofplanning inhealth
HMSO HerMajesty's Stationery Office careinstitutions AHA Chicago USA 1973
PSA Property Services Agency 025 American Hospital Association (committee oninfections within
RIBA Royal Institute ofBritish Architects
hospitals) Infection control inthe hospital AHA ChicagoUSA 3rdedn
1974
Sources
In additionto publicationslisted inthe bibliographysome general sources 026 American Insurance Association Fireprevention code American
of information may befound useful: Insurance Association NewYork USA latest edition
BRE information directory BRE Garston England annually 027 American InsuranceAssociation Nationalbuilding code American
British Architectural Library Architectural periodicals index Insurance Association New York USA latest edition
RIBAPublications London England quarterly 028 ANSI Specifications formaking buildings &facilities accessible
Building Centre/CIRIA Guide tosources ofinformation to & usable bythephysically handicappedpeople ANSI NewYork
Building Centre Group London England every second year USA 2ndedn 1979
Building Centre Group Booksforthe construction industry annual list
029 ANSI Standards ANSI NewYork USA latest edition
HMSO Government publications section list61: Building
HMSO Government publicationssection list65: Scottish Development 030 American Society of Heating Refrigerating& Air-Conditioning
Dept Engineers ASHRAE standard 90—75; energy conservationin new
RIBA Book list RIBA Publications London England annual buildingdesign ASHRAE NewYork USA 1975
031 American Society ofHeating Refrigerating& Air-Conditioning
BASIC LIST Engineers ASHRAE handbook offundamentals ASHRAE NewYork
Reference numbers of publications in this listare used for in-text USA 1977
references throughout the book 032 American Society of LandscapeArchitects Handbookof
Abraben E Resort hotels, planning &management Reinhold landscape ASLA McLean Va USA 1973
001
NewYorkUSA 1965 033 American SocietyforTesting Materials Standards ASTM
Philadelphia USA latest editions
002 Abraham G The green thumb bookoffruit & vegetable
gardening Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs NJ USA 1970 034 Amery C The National Theatre:an architecturalguide
Architectural Press London England 1977
003 Ackroyd P Sports pavilions NationalPlaying FieldsAssociation
035 Annett F Elevators McGraw-Hill NewYork USA 3rd edn 1960
London England 1970
004 Adams R & M & Willens A& A Drylands; man & plants
Architectural Press London England 1978
I
036 Anton J Occupational safety &health management
McGraw-Hill NewYork USA 1979
0
005 Addleshaw G W & Etchells F Thearchitecturalsetting of 037 AR Apartments, townhouses &condominiums McGraw-Hill
anglican worship Faber&Faber London England 1948 NewYorkUSA 1975
006 Adie D Marinas: aworking guideto their development & design 038 AR TheArchitectural Recordbookofvacationhouses
Architectural Press London England 2nd edn 1977 McGraw-Hill NewYork USA 2ndedn1977
007 A4 Publications Officeplanner A4 Publications Edenbridge 039 AR Buildings forresearch FW Dodge NewYork USA 1958
England 1976 040 AR Buildings for thearts McGraw-Hill New York USA 1978
008 AJ Handbook ofbuilding structure (Hodgkinson A (ed)) 041 AR Campus planning & design McGraw-Hill New York USA
Architectural Press London England 1974 1972
009 AJ Legalhandbook (Davey P & Freeth E (ed)) Architectural 042 AR Greathouses forviewsites, beachsites, woodsites, meadow
Press London England 2ndedn 1978 sites,smallsites, slopingsites, steepsites, flatsites McGraw-Hill New
010 AJ Newmetrichandbook (Tutt P & Adler D (ed)) Architectural York USA 1976
Press London England 1979 043 AR Hotels, motels, restaurants & bars F W Dodge New York
011 AJ Principles ofhoteldesign Architectural Press London USA 2ndedn 1960
England 1970 044 AR Houses, architects design forthemselves McGraw-Hill
012 AJ Urban landscape handbook (Tandy C (ed)) Architectural NewYork USA 1974
Press London England 1972 reprinted 1978 045 AR Places forpeople;hotels, motels, restaurants,bars, clubs,
013 AJ/MoH Hospital planning & design guide Architectural community recreation facilities, camps,parks,plazas, playgrounds
Press London England 1967 (Davern J (ed)) McGraw-Hill NewYork USA 1976
014 Allen R W Hospital planning handbook John Wiley & Sons 046 Arlott J (ed) The Oxford companion tosports &games Oxford
NewYork USA 1976 University Press Oxford England 1975
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047 Aronin JE Climate & architecture Reinhold NewYork USA England 1979
1953 080 BRE Ventilation requirements (Digest 206) HMSO London
048 Ashford N & Wright P Airport engineering John Wiley&Sons England 1977
NewYork USA 1979 081 BRE Working drawings (Digest 172) HMSO London England
049 Atkins W W & Adler J Interiorsbookofrestaurants Whitney 1973
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050 Baker G & Funaro B Motels Reinhold New York USA 1955 (Current Paper 18/73) BRE Garston England 1973
051 Banham R Architecture ofthewell-tempered environment 083 British Horse Society Basicrequirementsofaridingcentre BHS
Architectural Press London England 1969 Kenilworth England 1947
052 Barron I & Curnow R The future with microelectronics Francis 084 British Industrial-Scientific Film Association Filmguideforthe
Pinter London England 1979 construction industry Construction Press LancasterEngland 1979
053 Bates W Introduction to thedesign ofindustrialbuildings 085 Broadbent G & Ward A (ed) Design methods inarchitecture
Constrado London England 1978 LundHumphries London England 1969
054 Baynes K Langslow B & Courtenay C C Evaluatingnew 086 Brock G Road widthrequirements ofcommercial vehicleswhen
hospital buildings King Edwards Hospital Fund London England cornering Transport &Road ResearchLaboratory DoE London 1973
1969
087 Brooks J The smallgarden MarshallCavendish London
055 Bays K & Franklin S Designing forthehandicapped George England 1977
Goodwin London England 1971 088 BSI BS CP96 Accessforthe disabledtobuildings Part 1
056 Beazley E Design & detail ofthespace between buildings Genera/recommendations BSI London England 1967
Architectural Press London England 1960
089 BSI BS 5606 Accuracy in building BSI London England 1978
057 Beazley E Designed forrecreation: apracticalhandbook fora/l 090 BSI BS5440 Part2 Airsupply BSI London England 1976
concernedwithprovidingleisure facilities in thecountryside Faber&
Faber London England 1969 091 BSI BS4873 Aluminium alloy windows BSI London England
1972
058 Beckett H E & Godfrey AJ Windows:performance, design &
installation RIBA/Crosby Lockwood Staples London England 1974 092 BSI BS CP3 Basic data forthe design ofbuildings, codeof see
Daylighting Fire precautions Loading Sunlight Thermal insulation
059 Beckman WA Klein S A & Duffie JA Solar heating design by
the f-chart method John Wiley & Sons NewYork USA 1977 093 BSI BritishStandards Handbook 3 vol 1—4 Summariesof
060 Bedhar M (ed) Barrier-free environments Dowden Hutchinson Britishstandards ofbuilding BSI London England latest edition
& Ross Stroudsburg Pa USA 1977 094 BSI British standards yearbook BSI London England annual
061 Bellis H & Schmidt W Architectural drafting McGraw-Hill 095 BSI BS 1192 Building drawing practice (metric units),
NewYorkUSA 2ndedn 1971 recommendations BSI London England 1969 (revision in progress)
062 Bengtsson A Adventure playgrounds Crosby Lockwood 096 BSI BS 4104 Cateringequipment burning liquefiedpetroleum
London England 1972 gases BSI London England 1967
063 Beranek LL Music, acoustics & architecture John Wiley& Sons 097 BSI BS 2512 Catering equipment, gasheated BSI London
NewYorkUSA 1962 England 1963
064 Beranek LL Noise& vibration control McGraw-Hill New York 098 BSI BSCP 1007 Cinemas, maintainedlighting for BSI London
USA 1971 England 1955
065 Berriman S G & Harrison K C British public library buildings 099 BSI BS5382 Cinematographscreens, specification BSI
Grafton/Deutsch London England 1966 London England 1976
066 Bishop M L(ed) Fountainsin contemporaryarchitecture 100 BSI BS 5252 Colour co-ordination forbuilding purposes,
American Federation of Arts NewYork USA 1965 framework for BSI London England 1976
067 Blankenship E G Theairport Praeger NewYork USA Pall Mall 101 BSI BSLP 110 Concrete, structural useof
London England 1974 Part 11972 Design materials & workmanship
Part 2 1972 Design charts forsinglyreinforced beams & rectangular
068 Bockrath JT Environmental lawforengineers, scientists &
columns
managers McGraw-Hill NewYork USA 1977 Part 3 1972 Design charts forcircular columns &prestressed beams
069 Boje A Open-plan offices Business Books London England BSI London England 1972
1971
102 BSI BS350: Part 1 Conversion factors, basis oftables BSI
070 Borchardt S Religiousarchitecture in America 1632—1979 London England 1974
StJohn's Church Washington DC USA 1976 103 BSI PD6444Part 1 Co-ordinationofdimensions inbuilding,
071 Boswell 0M & Wingrove J M The handicappedperson inthe recommendations: Basic spaces forstructure, external envelope &
community Tavistock Publications/Open University Press London internalsub-divisions BSI London England 1969
England 1974 104 BSI BS4330 Co-ordination ofdimensions in building,
072 Bower J Theevolution ofchurch buildings Whitney Library of recommendations: Controlling dimensions BSI London England
Design NewYorkUSA 1977 1968
073 Brawne M Libraries: architecture 8 equipment Praeger New 105 BSI BS4011 Co-ordination ofdimensions in building,
York USA 1970 recommendations: Co-ordinating sizes forbuilding components &
074 BRE Availability ofsunshine (Ne'eman E & Light W) (Current assemblies BSI London England 1966
Paper 75/75) Garston England 1975 106 BSI BS2900 Co-ordination ofdimensions inbuilding,
075 BRE Co-ordinating working drawings (Crawshaw D T) (Current recommendations: Glossary ofterms BSI London England 1970
Paper 60/76) BRE Garston England 1976 107 BSI BSCP3: Ch 1: Part 1 Daylighting BSI London England
076 BRE Estimating daylight inbuildings (Digests 41 42) HMSO 1964
London England 1970 108 BSI BS 5502 Design ofbuildings & structures foragriculture,
077 BRE Information directory BRE Garston England annual codeofpractice BSI London England 1978
078 BRE Noiseabatement zone Parts 1 &2 BRE Garston England 109 BSI BS 5619 Design ofhousing fortheconvenienceofdisabled
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BSI London England 1979
110 BSI DD 51 Dimensional co-ordination inbuildings, guidance on 137 B51 B5 1754 Steelbarns with covered roofs BSI London
BSI London England 1977 England 1961
111 BS I BSCP 413 Ducts forbuilding services BSI London 138 BSI BS 990 Steelwindows generally fordomestic & similar
England 1975 buildings Part 2 Metric units BSI London England 1972
BSI BS 5873 Educationalfurniture see 134 below
139 BSI BS CP 117 Structural steel& concrete, composite
112 BSI BS 5266Part 1 Emergency lighting forpremises other than structures in Part 1 Simplysupported beamsinbuildings BSI London
cinemas & certain otherspecified premises used forentertainment, England 1965
code ofpractice BSI London England 1975
140 BSI BS 449 Structural steelin buildings,use of Part 2 1969
113 BSI BS 2560 Exitsigns, internally illuminated BSI London Metricunits BSI London England 1969
England 1976
141 BSI BS CP 3: Chap i(B) Sunlight (houses, flats &schools only)
114 BSI BS 4218 Exit signs, self-luminous BSI London England BSl London England 1945
1978
142 BSI PD 6479 Symbols aothergraphic conventions forbuilding
115 BSI BS 2053 Farm buildings offramed construction, general
productiondrawings, recommendations BSI London England 1976
purpose BSI London England 1972
143 BSI BSCP3: Chap ii Thermalinsulationinrelation tothecontrol
116 BSI BS5588 Fireprecautions inthedesign ofbuildings,codeof
ofthe environment BSI London England 1970
practice Part 4 Smoke controlinprotected escape routes using
pressurisation BSI London England 1978 144 BSI BS CP 112 Timber,structural useof
Part 2 1971 Metncunits
117 BSI BSCP 3: Chap iv: Fire,precautions against Part 3 1973 Trussed rafters forroofsofdwellings
Part 11971 Flats a maisonettes(inblocksovertwostoreys)
Part 2 1968 Shops & department stores BSI London England 1971 & 1973
Part 3 1968 Office buildings 145 BSI BS 4787 Part 1 Wooddoorsets, door leaves & frames BSI
BSI London England 1968& 1971 London England 1972
118 BSI BS 2505 Fixedequipment forcowsheds 146 BSI BS CP 153 Windows & rooflights Part 1 Cleaning asafety
Part 11965 Imperial units BSI London England 1969
Part 2 1972 Metric units
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197 DES Furniture & equipment dimensions; further & higher
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USA 1979
167 Clouston B (ed) Landscape design with plants Heinemann
8
198 DES Furniture equipment: working heights & zones for
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London England 1978
199 DES Guidelines forenvironmental design & fuel co,iservationin
168 Coates DS lndustnal catering management Business Books educational buildings (DN 17) DES London England 1974
London England 1971
200 DES JDPCLASP system building forhighereducation (BB 45)
169 Cochrane A & Brown J (ed) Landscapedesign forthe Middle HMSO London England 1970
East RIBA Publications London England 1978
201 DES Thedesign ofschoolkitchens (BB 11) HMSO London
170 Collins I D & Collins EJ Windowselection Newnes-
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Butterworth London England 1977
202 DES Lightinginschools(BB 33) HMSO London England 1967
171 Colvin B Trees fortown & country Lund Humphries London
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HMSO London England 1966 revised 1973
172 Considine D M (ed) Energy technology handbook McGraw-Hill
NewYork USA 1977 204 DES Nurseryeducation in converted space (BB 56) HMSO
London England 1978
173 Constructional Steel Research & DevelopmentOrganisation
Steel Designer's manual Crosby Lockwood London England 4th edn 205 DES Playing fields&hard surfaceareas (BB 28) HMSO London
1972 England 1966 reprinted 1973
174 Construction Industry Research&InformationAssociation Index 206 DES Safety insciencelaboratories (Safety series 2) HMSO
oftechnical publications CIRIA London England 1970 London England 1976
175 Correale W H & Parker H W Abuilding code primer McGraw- 207 DES Schoolfurniture dimensions: standing & reaching (BB 38)
Hill NewYork USA 1979 HMSO London England 2nd edn (metric) 1974
176 Cottam DJ Technicalplanning manual forhotels, restaurants, 208 DES Schoolfurniture: standing & sittingpostures (BB 52)
grill&snack bars, industrial restaurants,universities,schools, hospitals, HMSO London England 1976
cook/freezereheat & convenience foodkitchens Stotts Oldham 209 DES Secondary school design: designing forarts & crafts
England 5th edn 1973 (BB 34) HMSO London England 1967reprinted 1972
177 Cullingworth J B Town &countryplanninginBritain Allen& 210 DES Seconda,y schooldesign: drama &music (BB 30) HMSO
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178 Cusworth C R N Thehealth & safety atwork etcact 1974 211 DES Secondary schooldesign: modern languages(BB 43)
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179 Cutler L S &Cutler S S Handbookofhousing systems for 212 DES Secondary schooldesign: physical education (BB 26)
designers &developers Van Nostrand Reinhold NewYork USA 1974 HMSO London England 1965
180 Dattner R Design forplay Van Nostrand Reinhold New York 213 DES Standards forschoolpremises HMSO London
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181 Davis B & E Spon'sarchitect's & builder's price book E & F N 214 DES Storage ofpupils'belongings (BB 58) HMSO London
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183 Dawes J Designing &planning ofswimmingpools Architectural guidance material DHSS London England 1978
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217 DHSS Clean catering: a handbook onhygiene incatering
184 De Breffney B The synagogue Macmillan NewYork USA establishments HMSO London England 4thedn 1972
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218 DHSS Hospital building notes(various subjects) HMSO
185 DeChiara J &Callender JH Time-saverstandardsforbuilding London England 1963
types McGraw-Hill NewYorkUSA 1973
219 DHSS Planning, design &construction ofhospital buildings for
186 De Neufville R Airportsystemsplanning MITPress Cambridge the national health service(Cruickshank H J) DHSS London England
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187 Department of Housing & UrbanDevelopment Barrier-free site 220 DHSS Residential accommodation formentally handicapped
design HUD Washington DC USA 1975 adults (Local authority building note 8) HMSO London England 1973
188 Department of Industry Technicalservices forindustry Dol 221 DHS/Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre Equipment forthedisabled
London England latest edn (10parts) Oxford Regional HealthAuthority Oxford England 1974/8
189 DES Access forthe physically disabledtoeducationalbuildings (continuously revised)
(ON 18) HMSO London England 1979 222 Dickens A Structural & servicesystems inoffice buildings:
190 DES Acoustics ineducationalbuildings (BB 51) HMSO London abackground review(Land use& builtformstudies working paper 35)
England 1976 University School ofArchitecture CambridgeEngland 1970
191 DES Boarding school formaladjustedchildren (BB 27) HMSO 223 Dodge FW Motels, hotels, restaurants&bars FWDodge New
London England 1965 York USA 2nd edn 1966
192 DES Britishschoolpopulation. dimensional survey (BB 46) 224 DoE Building legislation: aguideto sources ofinformation DoE!
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193 DES Colour inschoolbuildings (BB 9) HMSO London England 225 DoE Cars in housing2(DB12) HMSO London England 1971
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194 DES Energyconservation ineducationalbuildings (BB 55) 227 DoE Children atplay (DB27) HMSO London England 1973
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228 DoE Co-ordination ofcomponents inhousing: metnc
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642 Webb J D (ed) Noisecontrol inindustry Sound Research
615 Szokolay SV Solarenergy & building John Wiley& Sons New
Laboratories Sudbury Suffolk England 1976
YorkUSA 2ndedn 1977
643 Weddle A E (ed) Landscape techniques Heinemannfor
616 Tandy C Landscape ofindustry John Wiley& Sons New York
Landscape Institute London England 1979
USA 2ndedn 1977
644 Weiss J Better buildings fortheaged McGraw-Hill New York
617 Tannehill I R Hurricanes, theirnature & history,particularly those USA 1971
ofthe WestIndies&thesouthern coastsofthe UnitedStates Princeton
University Press Princeton USA 9thedn 1956 645 Weisskamp H Hotels: an internationalsurvey Architectural
Press London England 1968
618 Tansley A G The British islands & theirvegetation Cambridge
University Press Cambridge England 1939 646 Weller J Modern agriculture & ruralplanning Architectural
Press London England 1967
619 Taylor J & Cooke G Thefireprecautions actinpractice
Architectural Press London England 1970 647 Wheeler E T Hospital modernization & expansion McGraw-Hill
NewYorkUSA 1971
620 Thiry P Bennett R M & Kamphoefner H Churches & temples
Reinhold NewYorkUSA 1953 648 White B Theliterature & study ofurban & regional planning
Routledge & Kegan Paul London England 1974
621 Thomas M L Architectural working drawings: a professional
technique McGraw-Hill New York USA 1978 649 Whittaker C Brown P & Monahan J Thehandbookof
environmental powers Architectural Press London England 1976
622 Thompson A Library buildings ofBritain & Europe Butterworth
London England 1963 650 Whyte WS & Powell-Smith V Thebuilding regulations
623 Thompson E K Apartments, townhouses & condominiums
8
explained illustrated Crosby Lockwood Staples London England
McGraw-Hill NewYork USA 1975 5thedn 1978
651 Wild F Factories Van Nostrand Reinhold NewYork USA 1972
624 Thompson E K Houses ofthe west McGraw-Hill New York
USA 1979 652 Wild F Libraries forschools& universities Van Nostrand
Reinhold NewYork USA 1972
625 Thompson G Planning & design oflibrary buildings Nicols
Publishing Co NewYork USA Architectural Press London England 653 Williams C H Guideto Europeansources oftechnical
2nd edn 1977 information Francis Hodgson Guernsey CI 1970
626 Tidworth S Theatres:anarchitectural & cultural history Praeger 654 Wozniak S J Solar heating systems forthe UK: design,
NewYork USA 1973 installation & economic aspects HMSO London England 1979
627 Townroe P Planningindustrial location Leonard HillBooks 655 Yerges L F Sound, noise& vibrationcontrol Van Nostrand
London England 1976 Reinhold NewYork USA 2nd edn 1978
424
Bibliography
CODES columns
This listcites Part 3 1972 Design charts forcircular columns & prestressed beams
a the principal codes, guides, reg,standardsand statutesthought likely BSI London England 1972
to be mostoftenneeded 102 BSI BS 350 Part 1 Conversion factors, basis oftables BSI
b someless known whichare thought likelyto be useful London England 1974
103 BSI PD 6444 Part 1 Co-ordinationofdimensions in building,
Because USA and UKpracticesdifferUKcodes predominateinthislist. recommendations. Basicspaces forstructure, external envelope 8
In the UKmost such standards and reg are produced bygovernment internalsub-divisions BSI London England 1969
bodies orby nationalinstitutions. In the USA some are produced bysuch
104 BSI BS 4330 Co-ordination ofdimensions in building,
national bodies asANSIbut farmore originate with state and municipal
authorities: theseare too many and too variousto list, recommendations: Controlling dimensions 851 London England
1968
Titles otsome BSI publications are citedon a key word insteadofwith 105 BSI 4011 Co-ordination ofdimensions in building,
the formal title, egBSCP 114 The structuraluseofreinforced concrete recommendations: Co-ordinating sizes forbuilding components &
inbuildings isgiven asBSCP114 Reinforced concrete,structuralusein assemblies BSI London England 1966
buildings, BS 5572 is given asSanitary pipework, code ofpractice. It is 106 BSI BS 2900 Co-ordination ofdimensions inbuilding,
hopedthatthiswill make things easier for theuser. recommendations: Glossary ofterms BSI London England 1970
013 AJ/MoH Hospital planning & design guide Architectural Press 107 BSI BS CP3: Ch 1: Part 1 Daylighting BSI London England
London England 1967 1964
019 Aluminium WindowAssociation Aluminium window edgeprofiles 108 BSI BS 5502 Design ofbuildings & structures foragriculture,
(Technical report 1) AWA London England 1976 code ofpractice BSI London England 1978
023 American Hospital Association Hospital engineeringhandbook 109 BSI BS 5619 Design ofhousing fortheconvenience ofdisabled
AHA Chicago USA 1974 people, code ofpractice BSI London England 1978
026 American Insurance Association Fireprevention code AlA New 110 BSI DD 51 Dimensional co-ordinationinbuildings, guidance on
YorkUSA latest edition BSI London England 1977
027 American InsuranceAssociation Nationalbuilding code AlA 111 BSI BS CP 413 Ducts forbuilding services BSI London
NewYorkUSA latest edition England 1975
BSI BS5873 Educationalfurniture see 134 below
028 ANSI Specifications formaking buildings & facilities accessible
to & usable by thephysically handicappedpeople ANSI NewYork 112 BSI BS 5266 Part 1 Emergency lighting forpremises other than
USA 2ndedn 1979 cinemas & certain otherspecified premises used forentertainment,
code ofpractice BSI London England 1975
029 ANSI Standards ANSI NewYork USA latest edition
113 8Sf BS2560 Exitsigns, internally illuminated BSI London
030 American Society of Heating Refrigerating& Air-Conditioning
England 1976
Engineers ASHRAE standard 90—75; energy conservationin new
building design ASHRAE NewYork USA 1975 114 BSI BS 4218 Exitsigns, self-luminous BSI London England
1978
031 American Society of Heating,Refrigerating& Air-Conditioning
Engineers ASHRAE handbook offundamentals ASHRAE NewYork 115 BSI BS2053 Farm buildings offramedconstruction, general
USA 1977 purpose BSI London England 1972
033 American Society forTesting Materials Standards ASTM 116 BSI BS5588 Fireprecautions inthedesign ofbuildings,codeof
Philadelphia USA latest editions practice Part 4 Smoke controlin protected escape routes using
pressurisation BSI London England 1978
084 British Industrial-Scientific Film Association Filmguidefor the
construction industry Construction Press LancasterEngland 1979 117 BSI BS CP 3: Chap iv: Fire, precautions against
Part 11971 Flats & maisonettes (in blocks overtwo storeys)
088 BSI BS CP96 Accessforthe disabledtobuildings Part 1 8
Part 2 1968 Shops department stores
General recommendations BSI London England 1967 Part 3 1968 Office buildings
089 BSI BS 5606 Accuracy inbuilding BSI London England 1978 BSI London England 1968 & 1971
090 BSI BS 5440 Part 2 Airsupply BSI London England 1976 118 BSI BS 2505 Fixedequipment forcowsheds
Part 11965 Imperial units
091 BSI BS 4873 Aluminium alloywindows BSI London England Part 2 1972 Metric units
1972 BSI London England 1965& 1972
092 BSI BS CP3 Basic data forthedesign ofbuildings, code of see 119 BSI BS 5440Part 1 Flues BSI London England 1978
Daylighting Fire precautions Loading Sunlight Thermal insulation
120 BSI CP 2004 Foundations, general BSI London England
093 BSI British Standards Handbook 3 vol 1—4 Summariesof 1972
British standards ofbuilding BSI London England latest edition
121 BSI CP 101 Foundations & sub-structure fornon-industrial
094 BSI British standards yearbook BSI London England annual
buildingsofnotmore than fourstoreys BSI London England 1972
095 BSI BS 1192 Building drawingpractice (metnc units), 122 BSI BS 3202 Laboratory furniture & fittings BSI London
recommendations BSI London England 1969 (revision in progress)
England 1959
096 BSI BS4104 Catering equipment burning liquefiedpetroleum 123 BSI BS 2655 Parts 1—10 Lifts, escalators,passenger
gases BSI London England 1967 conveyors &paternostersBSI London England 1969—71
097 BSI BS2512 Catering equipment, gasheated BSI London 124 BSI BS 4727: Part IV: Group 03 Lighting technology
England 1963 terminology: Glossary ofelectrotechnical,power, telecommunication,
098 BSI BSCP 1007 Cinemas, maintainedlighting for BSI London electronics, lighting& colourterms BSI London England 1972
England 1955 125 BSI BSCP3: Chapv: Loading
099 BSI BS5382 Cinematograph screens, specification BSI Part 11967 Dead & imposed loads
London England 1976 Part2 1972 Windloads
BSI London England 1967& 1972
100 BSI BS5252 Colour co-ordination forbuildingpuiposes,
framework for BSI London England 1976 126 BSI 5628 Masonry, structural usecode ofpractice Part 1
101 BSI BS LP 110 Concrete, structuraluseof Universalmasonry BSI London England 1978
Part 11972 Design materials & workmanship 127 BSI PD 6031 Metric systemin theconstruction industry, use
Part 2 1972 Design charts forsinglyreinforced beams &rectangular of BSI London England 2nd edn 1968
425
Bibliography
CODES 234 DoE Houseplanning: aguideto userneeds wtih achecklist (OB
14) HMSO London England 1976
271 Electricity Council & Lighting Industry Federation Interiorlighting
128 BSI 5536 Micro-filming, preparation oftechnical drawings for design Electricity Council&LIF London England 1977
BSI London England 1978 276 Essex CountyCouncil Design guide forresidential areas ECC
Chelmsford England 1973
129 BSI BS5550: PartV: Section 5.1: Subsection 5.1.1
Motion-picture safetyfilm, definition testing & marking BSI London 284 Fire Officers'Committee Rules forautomatic sprinkler
England 1978 installations FOC London England 1970
130 BSI BS799: PartV Oilstoragetanks BSI London England 300 Greater London Council London building (constructional)
1975 by-laws GLC London England 1972
131 BSI BS3178 Playground equipment forparks BSI London 301 Greater London Council Means ofescape incaseoffire (code of
England various dates practice) GLC London England 1974
132 BSI BS CP 114 Reinforced concrete, structural use in 324 HMSO Guide to fireprecautionsAct 1971:hotels & boarding
buildings BSI London England 1969 houses HMSO London England 1972
133 BSI 5572 Sanitarypipework, codeofpractice BSI London 325 HoC Agriculture (miscellaneousprovisions) act 1968:codes of
England 1978 recommendations forthe welfare oflivestock HMSO London England
1968
134 BSI 3030 Schoolfurniture now replaced by:
BSI BS 5873 Educationalfurniture 326 HoC Agriculture (safety, health & welfare) act 1956 HMSO
Part 1 Specifications forfunctional dimensions, identification & finish of London England 1956
chairs& tables foreducational institutions. Part2 Specificationfor 327 HoC Chronically sick & disabledpersons act 1970 HMSO
strength & stability of chairs foreducational institutions. Part3 London England 1970
Specification for strength & stability of tables for educational
institutions BSI London England 1980 328 HoC Cinematograph act 1909 HMSO London England 1909
135 BSI PD 5686 SI units, use of BSI London England 1978 329 HoC Cinematograph act 1952 HMSO London England 1952
136 BSI BS 5709 Specification forstiles, bndle gates & kissing gates 330 HoC Civil amenities act 1967 HMSO London England 1967
BSI London England 1979 331 HoC Cleanairact 1956 HMSO London England 1956
137 BSI BS1754 Steel barns with covered roofs BSI London 332 HoC Cleanairact1968 HMSO London England 1968
England 1961
333 HoC Control ofpollution act 1974 HMSO London England
138 BSI BS 990 Steelwindows generally fordomestic & similar 1974
buildingsPart 2 Metric units BSI London England 1972
334 HoC Countryside act 1968 HMSO London England 1968
139 BSI BS CP 117 Structural steel& concrete,composite
structures in Part 1 Simplysupported beamsinbuildings BSI London 335 HoC Countryside (Scotland) act 1967 HMSO London England
England 1965 1967
140 BSI BS 499 Structural steelinbuildings, use of Part2: 1969 336 HoC Dangerous drugs act 1965 HMSO London England 1965
Metric units BSI London England 1969 337 HoC Dangerous drugs act 1967 HMSO London England 1967
141 BSI BS CP3: Chap i(B) Sunlight (houses, flats & schools only) 338 HoC Factoriesact 1961 HMSO London England 1961
BSI London England 1945
339 HoC Films act 1960 HMSO London England 1960
142 BSI PD 6479 Symbols & othergraphic conventions forbuilding
340 HoC Fireprecautions act 1971 HMSO London England 1971
production drawings, recommendations BSI London England 1976
143 BSI BSCP3: Chap ii Thermalinsulationinrelation to thecontrol 341 HoC Health & safety at worketcact 1974 HMSO London
ofthe environment BSI London England 1970 England 1974
144 BSI BS CP 112 Timber,structural useof 342 HoC Insulation act 1972 HMSO London England 1972
Part 2 1971 Metric units 343 HoC London building act 1930 HMSO London England 1930
Part 3 1973 Trussed rafters forroofsofdwellings
344 HoC London building (amendment) act 1935 HMSO London
BSI London England 1971 & 1973
England 1935
145 BSI 8S4787 Part 1 Wooddoorsets, doorleaves & frames BSI
345 HoC London building (amendment) act 1939 HMSO London
London England 1972
England 1939
146 BSI BS CP 153 Windows & rooflights Part 1 Cleaning & safety
BSI London England 1969 346 HoC Offices, shops& railwaypremises act 1963 HMSO
London England 1963
148 Building Officials & Codes Administrators International Basic
347 HoC Offices, shops& railwaypremises act 1971 HMSO
buildingcode BOCA Chicago USA triennial 7th edn 1978 London England 1971
164 CIBS Institution ofheating & ventilationengineers guide (vol
348 HoC Petroleum (consolidation) act 1928 HMSO London
AB&C) CIBS LondonEngland 1970
England 1928
173 Constructional Steel Research & Development Organisation
349 HoC Pharmacy & poisons act 1933 HMSO London England
Steel designer's manual Crosby Lockwood London England 4th edn
1933
1972
197 DES Furniture & equipment dimensions: further & higher 350 HoC Public health act 1936 HMSO London England 1936
education (BB44) HMSO London England 1970 351 HoC Publichealth act 1961 HMSO London England 1961
198 DES Furniture & equipment: working heights & zones for 352 HoC Public health (recurring nuisances) act 1969 HMSO
practicalactivities (BB 50) HMSO London England 1973 London England 1969
199 DES Guidelines forenvironmentaldesign & fuelconservationin 353 HoC Publiclibraries & museums act 1964 HMSO London
educational buildings (DN 17) DES London England 1974 England 1964
214 DES Standards forschool premises HMSO London 354 HoC Radioactivesubstances act 1960 HMSO London England
England 1972 1960
217 DHSS Clean catering: ahandbook onhygiene in catering 355 HoC Riding establishments act 1934 HMSO London England
establishments HMSO London England 4th edn 1972 1934
233DoE Homes fortoday & tomorrow (ParkerMorris report': 356 HoC Rivers (prevention ofpollution) act 1951 HMSO London
MHLG1961) HMSO London England reprinted 1975 England 1951
426
Bibliography
CODES 407 ISO Standard for the functional sizes of school furniture (ISO!
D1S5970:1978) ISO GenevaSwitzerland 1978
473 Metrication Board Howto write metric: a style guide to teaching
andusing SIunits HMSO London England no date
357 HoC Rivers (prevention ofpollution) act 1961 HMSO London
England 1961 504 National Elevator Industry Elevatorengineering standards
National Elevator Industry Inc NewYorkUSA 5th edn 1979
358 HoC Rivers (prevention ofpollution) (Scotland)act 1951
HMSO London England 1951 505 National Fire Protection Association Designing buildings forfire
safety NFPA Boston USA 1975
359 HoC Rivers (prevention ofpollution) (Scotland)act 1965 HMSO
London England 1965 508 National Fire Protection Association Life safety code NFPA
Boston USA latest edition
360 HoC Sewerage (Scotland) act 1968 HMSO London England
1968 509 National Fire Protection Association NationalFire codes NFPA
Boston USA 16vol 1976
361 HoC Theatres act 1968 HMSO London England 1968
510 National Fire ProtectionAssociation Nationalfireprevention code
362 HoC Therapeuticsubstances act 1956 HMSO London England NFPA Boston USA Latest edition
1956
512 National House Builders Council Registered house builders
363 HoC Town 8 country planning act 1971 HMSO London handbook NHBC London England 1974
England 1971
515 National Swimming Pool Institute Technical Council Minimum
364 HoC Town & country planning (Scotland)act 1972HMSO standards forpublicspas NSPI Washington DC USA 1978
London England 1972
516 National Swimming Pool Institute Technical Council Minimum
365 HoC Waterresources act 1963 HMSO London England 1963 standards forpublicswimming pools NSPI WashingtonDC USA 1974
383 IES The IES Code: recommendations forlighting building 517 National Swimming Pool Institute StandardsCodes Committee
interiors CIBS London England 1977
Suggested minimum standards forresidential swimming pools NSPI
387 IES(USA) Lightinghandbook ES NewYorkUSA 1972 Washington DC USA 1974
390 Institution ofElectrical Engineers Regulationsfortheelectrical 549 Ramsey & Sleeper/American InstituteofArchitects Architectural
equipment ofbuildings lEE London England latest edtion graphic standards (Packard RT (ed)) JohnWiley & Sons New York
391 InternationalAirTransport Assocation Airport Terminalreference
USA 7thedn 1980
manual IATA Montreal Canada 6th edn 1976 553 RIBA Cl/SfB construction indexingmanual RIBA Services Ltd
London England 1976
392 International Civil Aviation Organisation Aerodrome design
manual 573 Scottish Development Department Scottish Housing Handbook
Part 2 Taxiways,aprons& holding bays part3 Housing development layout, roads & se,vices HMSO
Part 3 Pavements Edinburgh Scotland 1977
ICAO Montreal Canada 1977 574 Scottish Development Department Scottish Housing Handbook
393 International Civil Aviation Organisation Airport planning manual part 6 Housing forthe disabled HMSO Edinburgh Scotland 1979
Part 1 Masterplanning 581 Simmonds M F Accommodation standards foreducational
Part 2 Landuse & environmental control
buildings BRE Garston England revised edn 1977
ICAO Montreal Canada 1977
584 Southern Building Code Congress Standard building code
394 InternationalCivil Aviation Organisation Heliport manual ICAO SBCC Birmingham Ala USA latest edition
Montreal Canada 1979
587 Sports Council Specification forartificial sports surfaces
395 International Civil Aviation Organisation Internationalstandards,
(technical report prepared bythe Rubber & Plastics Research
recommended practices: aerodromes.Annex 14 tothe convention on Association of Great Britain) Sports Council London England 1978
international aviation IACO MontrealCanada 1976
589 Statutory instruments 1959:428 Agriculture (safeguardingof
396 InternationalCivil Aviation Organisation Stolport manual ICAO
Montreal Canada 1976 workplaces) regulations 1959 HMSO London England 1959
590 Statutory instruments 1966:99 Building operations, construction
397 InternationalCommission on Illumination International health & welfare regulations HMSO London England 1966
recommendations forthe calculationofnatural daylight (publication
16) CIE ParisFrance 1970 591 Statutory instruments 1976:1676 Thebuilding regulations
HMSO London England 1976
398 InternationalConference of Building Officials Uniform building
code ICBO Whittier Calif USA latest edition 592 Statutory instruments 1976:1676 Thebuilding regulations Part
399 International Federation of Library Associations Standards for E Safety in fire
publiclibraries Verlag Dokumentation Munich Germany IFLA E3 Rules formeasurement
The Hague Netherlands 1973 E4 Provision ofcompartment walls & compartment floors
400 ISO Modular co-ordination: basic module (ISO 1006:1973) ISO E5 Fireresistance ofelements ofstructure
GenevaSwitzerland 1973 HMSO London England 1976
401 ISO Modular co-ordination: co-ordinating sizes fordoor-sets, 593 Statutory instruments 1978:723 Thebuilding (first amendment)
external & internal (ISO 2776: 1974) ISO Geneva Switzerland 1974 regulations HMSO London England 1978
402 ISO Modular co-ordination: multi-modules for horizontal co- 594 Statutory instruments 1971:2052 Thebuilding standards
ordinating dimensions (ISO 1040: 1973) ISO Geneva (Scotland) (consolidation) regulations HMSO London England 1971
Switzerland 1973
595 Statutory instruments 1973:794 Thebuilding standards
403 ISO Modular co-ordination: principles & rules (ISO 2848:1974) (Scotland) amendment regulations 1973 HMSO London England
ISO Geneva Switzerland 1974 1973
404 ISO Modular co-ordination: reference lines ofhonzontal 596 Statutory instruments 1975:404 Thebuilding standards
controllingdimensions (ISO R 1970: 1970) ISO Geneva (Scotland) amendment regulations 1975 HMSO London England
Switzerland 1970 1975
405 ISO Modular co-ordination: storey heights & room heights for 597 Statutory instruments: Statutory regulations& orders 1922:73
residential buildings (ISO 1789: 1973) ISO Geneva (as amended by SI 1961:2435) Chemical works regulations HMSO
Switzerland 1973 London England 1961
406 ISO Modularco-ordination: vocabulary (ISO 1791:1973) ISO 598 Statutory instruments 1955:1129 Cinematographsafety
GenevaSwitzerland 1973 regulations HMSO London England 1955
427
Bibliography
CODES REFERENCE BY TOPICS
599 Statutory instruments 1959:282 Cinematographsafety Access
regulations HMSO London England 1959 056086088136158189231242244276557
600 Statutory instruments 1948:1547 Clay workswelfare special Acoustics
regulations HMSO London England 1948 063 064 190 254 268 408428503 522 532544 545642655
601 Statutory instruments 1976:2010 Fire precaution (non-certified Air conditioning —ventiIation
factory, office, shop & railwaypremises) regulations HMSO London Airports
England 1976 048 067 165 186 341 370 391 392 393 394 395396 635
602 Statutory instruments: rules
Statutory & orders 1917:1067 Metal Apartments also—housing
worksas amended by SR&O 1926:864 & SI 1961:2434 HMSO 018037 464 533 623 628
London England 19171926& 1961
Auditoriums
603 Statutory instruments: Statutory rules & orders 1929:534 Oil 063408413
cakewelfare order HMSO London England 1929
Banks
604 Statutory instruments 1964:966 Sanitaryconveniences 007249 259 374 477
regulations HMSO London England 1964
Building services
605 Statutory instruments: Statutory rules &orders 1925:864 Saw 090 111 119 130 133 143 150 151 246 377 390 416461 489 490503
mills & woodworking factories welfare (ambulance& firstaid) as 593
amended by SI 1961:2434 HMSO London England 1925& 1961
Canteens —refectories
606 Statutory instruments: 1960:1932 Ship building & ship repairs Car parks
regulations HMSO London England 1960 086 308 424435 513 555 557
607 Statutory instruments 1972:2051 Standardsforschool premises Cinemas
regulations HMSO London England 1972 084098099113114129328329339347426598599
608 Statutory instruments 1964:965 Washingfacilities regulations Climate
HMSO London England 1964 047 285 291 433434467520527529536617
610 SteelWindowAssociation Specification forthe metricpreferred Colleges
range W20 steelwindows SWA 201 SWA London England 1972 039040041063096097113114147168176200217226261377
629 United Nations EducationalScientific & Cultural Organization 413437441 446472476485526556569581 612629630652
(UNESCO) Planning buildings & facilities forhigher education Construction
Architectural Press London England UNESCOPress Paris France 008089092101120121125126132139140144173175200228
1975 277288289316341 371 375378422445467491 494495498502
553 568 590
630 University Grants Committee Plann,ngnorms foruniversity
buildings HMSO London England 1974 Daylighting also—*lightingsunlight
631 Urban Land Institute Residential developmenthandbook ULI 047059074076107251252291367368375380381382383397
Washington DC USA 1978 452 457 527 528 529 567
632 USCongress Architectural barriers act US Superintendentof Design
Documents Washington DC USA 1968 085163169173179185209210211 212213214247276279292
294302303313322375417425445462549567628638
633 US Congress National environment policy act
US Superintendent of Documents Washington DC USA 1970 Dining rooms
096097147168176217226439441
634 US Congress Occupational safety & healthact
US Superintendent of Documents Washington DC USA 1971 Disabledalso —foldpeople
028055060071088109157187189191220221281286287296
635 US Federal Aviation Agency Theapron & terminal building. 317327423432438447469488518535574628632639
planning manual3 vol National Technical InformationService
Doors
Springfield Va USA 1975
117145401549574592628
Drawing practice
061 075081082095127128135142290322448463553621638
Elderly —.oldpeople
Elevators also —.stairs
035123504613628
Energy conservation also —.climateheating
030059149172194195199250257258304427460558611615
Equitation—sport
Escalators —.stairs
Factories —industrial buildings
Farm buildings
108115118137288325326333334335340341347348351352
356357358359360363364365415582589601 646
Fire precautions
026079116117154196269284301324340412436492501505
506507508509510546592601 619
Flats—apartments
Garages
225 276 348435 636 650
Gardens
002 021 032066087 155 161 166 167 171 263 264 320 376 410 411
430431 466 482 550 562 563
428
Bibliography
REFERENCE BYTOPICS Old people
232235236247295302438444469499644
Pools—gardens sport
Handicapped —.disabled Proportions
075081082445
Heating also—.energy solar ventilation
031 059164172199230304416467487493500503536558611 Recreation also —.cinemas museums sport theatres
654 062 131 180227239443475
Insulation Shoppingcentresshopsstores
143342503558 116117306340341 369374450477552601
Kitchens SI—metricsystem
176 226 248 372 575 Solarenergy
059256528615654
Laboratories
039 122 206 278 283 336 337 341 349354362524571 Spacestandards
103104105110400401 402403404405406407607
Landscape
012051 056057 166 167 169 171 229231239279334335363453 Sport
454 482 563616618633643 003006046083183205212297355384388475514515516517
Lavatories
537538549585586587588639
029246 248 341 347 480 604 608 Stairs
Law 117123300338340346501591594613628
009068177178224300310321 373453649650 Standards, international
Lecture rooms& theatres —.colleges 400401 402 403 404 405406407 530
Students hostels —colleges
Libraries
065 073 314 323 353399 437447 455471 472474476622625641 Sunlight also—*daylightingsolar
652 074 141 251 252
Lighting also—daylighting Theatres also —cinemas
112124202271367380381382383384385386387397449457 015034113114152266298309340343350351352361408409
523 413475556572626
Man & his buildings Toilets —.lavatories
086 256445557 Universities—.colleges
Marinas —sport Vehicleservices —car parks garages
Metric system Ventilation also ---.heating
010102127135228473479494495531610
080090164416496
Museums
Warehouses—industriaI
buildings
040318385476612
Windows
Offices
069177178222241 249257 259 260341346347 363364366374 019058091103138146170375380381434459467520536543
389429465477480540541 542 545554564565566570580592 549567610
601 614 Workshops —.industrial buildings
429
Index
indicates an illustration Bell curveconcept—human dimensions accommodation 140
Bibliography: basiclist 413—23, codes 424—7, Conversion factors 364—5
topicreferences 427—8 Conversion tables 366—81, list 366
Abbreviations: listxiii—xiv,principles xi Bicycle stands 257(12)(13) Corridors14,407:capacity 407, hospital 157,
Access: air handling plant rooms 392, Blinds —windows 171, hotel 216, passenger conveyors 409,
ambulances 166(2), buildings 19, cinemas Body measurements —cattle, children, man, queues407, waiting areas 407,walking
354, cinemas, drive-in358,disabled 43, pigs speeds 407
disabled housing86, doors 401—2, ducts Boilerrooms387—8 Crawlways 13, 383
383, flats & apartments 90, flats & Book storage: domestic shelving 69, floor Crematoria 187
apartments, internal 97, garages, private21, loading 177, library shelves 146, space Cupboards: bathroom 62(9)( 10), bedroom,
100—1, gardens 47, hospital accident needs 177 built-in 71, 73, 74, hotel bedroom 217,
department 168, hotels212, houses 41—3, Building materials: physical characteristics kitchen75, reach height, disabled 86, reach
industrial buildings 264,273, 282—3, libraries (table) 382, sound absorption coefficients height, old people 83, walk-in 73—4---also
146, manhole dimensions 13, manholes,oil (table) 397, thermal conductivities 393(2) lockers
storage tank 387, motels 219, offices 230, Bus stations —carparks Cylinders, hot water389—90
oldpeople'shousing 83, security 76,
services13, shops& stores 188, theatres
348, windows forcleaning 404(12), workon Cabinets —cupboards Daylight 27—32: daylight factor (DF) 27—9, OF
buildings 13—also stairs Calorifier rooms 388 calculation28—31,OFfortypes oftask 17(3),
Accessroads 41—2 Calorifiers 390—1 distribution of28, diversity of28, in hospitals
Accommodation: boarding schools 127, Carparks248—52:buses249(1 )(3), bus 154, obstruction 40, quality of, glare32, sky
conventions 140,221, hotels 210, schoolsof stations, 255—6, bus station roadways256, components (table) 30,window positions
art,design, drama, music 137, student 99, busstation trafficorganisation 256, drive-in 404—+alsoorientation, sunlight
studenthostels140—1, youth hostels 143—4 cinemas 358, industrial buildings 263, multi- Daylight factor —*daylight
Acoustics 18:collegelecture room 136, theatre storey 251—2,off-street 249, ramps 251, Design: convention hotel concept 221, houses
350, unitsof measurement 2(7), —also road parking 248, space requirements 248, 38etseq, hospital 149,150,153,154, office
sound insulation 249, stall widths USA 250, 'standard design buildings factors 225—7, operating theatre
Air: common contaminants 15(2),quality of 15, car'251, theatre 348,truck,249, USA 171, primary schooltrends120, workshop
saturated, moisture content 394(1), supply dimensions 250, vehiclecontrol 252 —also factors 290, workplace 278, 279
rates 15 parking Design schools 137—S
Air-conditioning: cinemas 356, duct sizes 384, Cattle, dimensions 294 —*also farm buildings Dimensions, controlling, forhouses 44
hotels218, offices233 Ceiling heights, USA minimum 44 Dimensions & space requirements: air
Air contaminants, ratesof production 15(3)(5) Changing rooms: hospital staff 178, industrial handling plant 392, ambulance 166(2),
Air handling plant rooms 392 buildings 280, 281, swimming pool 336—7 bedrooms, old people 83, busparking 256,
Airports 258—62:aircraft maintenancebuilding Check lists: energy saving, earth 80, house beds 70, 71, 159, 216, calorifiers 390—1, car
262, aircraft parking 261, airfreight building userrequirements 48, old people's housing parks 248, 249, 250, 251, cars USA 251,
262, baggage handling 260, 261, catering preferences 82, old people's housing safety cattle 294,296,church furnishings 183,
building 262, components 258, flow precautions 84, pig husbandry data 303, crawlways 13, 383, cylinders 389—90,
diagrams 260, ground transport 260, layout services in flats &apartments 93, sporthall disabled access 43, 85—6, drawing studio
258, orientation of runways259, passenger equipment 321, window choice 405 equipment 139, elevators 410—12,
terminals 259, 260, 261, runways258, 259, Children body measurements 131—2 escalators 409, extract fans 392(5), farm
taxiways 258,259 Churches 182—4: furnishings 183, galleries machinery 298,314, fire engine 20, 21(1),
Ambulances, dimensions 166(2) 184, interiors 183, organs 184 footways 19,43,85, 106, fork-lifts271,
Ambulance rooms, industrial buildings 280 Cinemas 354—8: auditorium levels 357(4), furniture, garden 107, furniture hotel2l7,
Apartments —*ffats college halls 134, 135, drive-in 358, lighting furniture old people 83,furniture school
Apostilb, definition 26 356, projection 355, prolection, drive-in 358, 130—3, furniture snack bar 202, 205, garden
Architects'data:languagexii, style xi rear projection ofimage 134, seating 354, paths 106, gardentools107, gasboilers 388,
Art galleries —museums screen sizes 355, 358, screen systems 357, 389, hospital corridors 157, hospital
Artificial lighting —.lighting 16 mm 134—5, 356, sound systems 357, equipment 156, 158, 159, 167, 169,
Art schools137—8 —also colleges ventilation 356, viewing criteria, college 135 172(operating theatres), 1 79(stores), hotel
Aspect, houses 46, 81, gardens 104, loading Circulation: houses, internal 47, 52, operating bedroom 217, hotel kitchen 213, hotel
bays283 theatre 171, people 19, traffic 20—1 —also reception equipment 212, human beings
Athletics tracks, indoor326, outdoor 324 —also access, car parks 11—14, kitchen equipment 59, kitchenovens,
sport Classification of technical drawings—drawing domestic 58, laboratory bench 291,
Auditorium: exitrequirements 136, 348, 354, practice laboratory equipment, hospital 176, laundry
lecture room 134—5, levels, cinema 357(4), Cl/Sfb 6 domestic 60, library equipment 146, 177,
multiple 351(7), 354, seating 135, 136, Cloakrooms: cinema 355, industrial buildings loading bays282—4, lockers 133, 178,280,
349—51,354, theatre 350, 353 281, swimming pool 337,theatre 348, manual handling 278, meter, external 74,
windows404(11) gas, domestic 386, milk delivery box 99,
Closets —cupboards officeequipment 243—4, office filing241—2,
Balconies: access, flats & apartments88, 90, Codingsystems for near-sighted 162 oil fuel tanks 387(3)(4), pedestrian
theatre 349,350,351 Cold bridges 394 movement 19, pallets 269—72, pigs303, 306,
Banks 245—7: cashier positions 246, drive-in Colleges 134—42: art, design, drama,music poultry309, prams, moving 19, prams,
246, examples 247, layout diagram 245(3) 137—8, arts centre layout 138(5), dining stored74, pressure jet boilers 389, ranges
Barbecues 77(4), 107(8) rooms 142, drawing studios 139, lecture 58, refrigerators 58—9, restauranttables
Bars: hotel 211, public houses 224 rooms 134—6, lecture room acoustics 136, 202—4,school bags 133, school children
Baths, domestic 63, swimming —.pools lecture rooms, convertibility 134, lecture 131—2, school children'scoats 133, school
Bathrooms: disabled housing 86—7, domestic roomsmeans ofescape 136, lecture rooms, furniture 130—1, self-service shop
61—5, equipment 61—3, hospital,geriatric tv in 136, student hostels 140—1 equipment 195, service ducts 384, 'standard
158, hotels 216, industrial buildings 281, old Community health care —hospitals design car' 251, trucks turning 282(4), 283,
people, aids83, pre-fabricated units 65 Compartmentation (fire controD: hotels 211, vehicle parking USA 250, vehicles USA
Bedrooms: boarding school 127, disabled87, hospitals 151, industrial buildings 277, shops 21(1), walkways 383, waterstorage tanks
domestic 70—2, domestic, USA sizes70, & stores 189, 192, 198 391, wheelchair car parking 85, 166,
fitments 71, hotel 210, 216, motel 220, old Colour: in buildings 17, classification 17 wheelchair moving 19,43,workshop
people's, dimensions & data 83, student Concerts, hallsused for350 equipment 288, youthhostels 144
hostels 140, wheelchair users 87, youth Condensation 394 Dining rooms:boarding school 128, college
hostels 143, 144 Conferences —*conventions 142, domestic 66, outside spaces 66
Bed sizes: domestic 70, 71, hotel 216, hospital Controls forhandicapped86, 162,412 Disabled: access to dwellings 43, 85—6,
159 Conventions: hotels221—3, student hostel bathroom 86, 87, changing room, cubicle
430
Index
size 337,codes&switches 86, 162,412, 311, domestic poultry3l0, doves 310,ducks Golden section 10
doors 401, elevators 412, gardens for 110, 311,feeding, cattle 297—8, geese 311, grain Grandstands, sportstadia 316
hospital baths 163, housing 85—7, kitchen drying 313, humanwelfare 294, milking
layout 86, limbfitting centre 174, long stay 299—300,pigs 303—6, pig behaviour, building
ward 162, parking spaces for22, 85,166, implications 303,pigs,dimensions 303, pigs, Health centres 181
ramps 85, 87(11), 407, stairs 86, 408, wc86, space needs 306, pigs,thermal needs303, Heating industrial buildings 276, 290
87—also wheelchair pigs,ventilation 305, pigs, watering 304, Heating systems 385—91:boilerrooms 387—8,
Diving boards 334 poultry308—9, poultryspace requirements calorifier rooms 388, calorifiers 391, capacity
Doors14,401—2: automatic 166(4), 190(7), 309, rabbits, 310, sheep 307—8, sheep, 386, cylinders, hotwater389—90,heat
bathroom opening 64, bedroom opening 72, flooring307, sheep, handling 308, slatted emittertypes 385, gas386, gas boilers 388,
cinema 354, dimensions 401, disabled 86, floors295, 296(2), 307, slurry handling 295, 389,oil 386—7, oil-filledboilers 389, pressure
fire safety 401, flowcapacity 401, folding 304,storage, crops312—3, storage,fuel314, jet boilers 389, solid fuel 387, tank rooms
402, hospitals sizes 157, industrial types storage, machinery 314, straw-bedded pens 391, thermal comfort 16,385
402, private garage 102, shops&stores 190 296, sucklercowhousing 302, ventilation, Heattransfer393
Dormitories —bedrooms cattle housing 298, ventilation, pigs 305, Hedges 103, 104
Drainage: garden 109, industrial buildings 290, ventilation, poultry 308,ventilation, sheep Hospitals 149—81: ambulance critical
laboratories 292, petrol stations 254 307, waste production, cattle 295, waste dimensions 166(2), accident & emergency
Drama schools137—8 production, pigs304, waste storage, external 168, administration 179—80, base concepts
Drawing practice 6—8: classification &coding 8, 301, waterconsumption, cattle 294, 298, 153, bathroom, geriatric 158(4), bathroom,
levels 8, minimum character height 7(4), waterconsumption, pigs303, water incontinent 163(2), bed/base ratios 153, bed
working drawings 6—7 consumption, sheep 307 concepts 153, bedsizes 159, burn units 175,
Drawing sheets: layout & identification 3, sizes Fences 103 cardiac surgical units174, casualty
& folds4—5 FHAstandards 44 department 168, casualty entrances 166,
Drawings technical, preparation for micro- Fire, means ofescape, flats& apartments91, cobalt units170, community healthcare 181,
filming7 93 houses 44, hospitals 151, 152, industrial dental clinic 181,design 149, 150, 153, 154,
Drive-in: banks 246, cinemas 358, restaurants buildings 277, offices 231, stairs 408 dietary services 180, elevators 151(6)(7),
206 Fire precautions: collegelecture room 136, escape, means of 151, 152, fire precautions
Ducts: access 383, air-conditioning, sizes 384, flats & apartments 91,93, hospital 151, 152, 151, hand basin unit 158(2), health centres
services distribution 384, ventilation, sizes hotel 211, 216,218, hypermarket 198, 181, Health Maintenance Organization 181,
384 —*alsoservices industrial building 264, 277, 290, multi- health services structure 149, intensive care
storey carpark252, office231,shops& 173, kitchen 180, laundry/linen service 180,
stores 189, 190, 192, sports hall 320, youth lavatory, assisted 163(3), staff 178(3),
Elevators 410—2:coding systems 162,412, hostel143 wheelchair 167(6), library 177, limb fitting
dimensions 410, disabled 412, grouping Fire safetydoors 401 174, maternity 160, neurosurgery 173,
412, hospital 151(6)(7), hotels 210, industrial Firespreadbetween houses 45 nuclear medicine 170, nurse working rooms
buildings 286, lobby dimensions 412, offices Flats & apartments 89—97: access90—1, 156, 157, offices179, operating theatres
228, paternoster 411, shops & stores 189, balconies 88, building types 89, escape 171—2, operating theatre equipment 172,
trafficcapacity 411, wheelchair dimensions routes93, fire precautions 91, internal outpatients department 166—7, outpatients
412 access 97, internal planning 92—3, entrances 166, pathology laboratory 176,
Emergency electrical supply, hotel 218 maisonettes 89, penthouses 88, point blocks pharmacy 177, physical medicine 175, post
Emergency lighting, cinemas 356, hotels 218, 94—5, roofgardens 110, 112, services check mortem room 176, psychiatric centre 164,
shops191 —4Bibl12 list 93, split-level 96 radiology department 169, 170, spinal injury
Energy, unitsof measurement 2 Floodlighting garden features 110 173, staff changing rooms, non-resident 178,
Energyconservation: double window 405, Flow capacity: doors 401, corridors & ramps supply &storage 179, transplant units 174,
house plan shape 80, house ventilation 81, 14,407,stairs 14,408 types 149, ward design 154,158,159,
indoor pool 115, industrial buildings Footways 19: disabled housing 85,86,garden wards, acute 154, wards, children's 161,
compartmentation 278, loading bays 283, 106(22) minimum clearwidth 43, wheelchair wards, geriatric 158, wards, long stay 162,
office 233, lighting control 400, position of widths43, 85 163, ward types 155, ward upgrading 165
windows81, underground houses 79, 80, Fruit trees, trained 108 Hostels: student140—1,youth 143—4
ventilation 81 Fuel storage: domestic 75, farm 314, oil tanks Hotels 208—24: administration215, bars 211,
Equipment space needs: bathroom,domestic 387 bedrooms 210, 216, 217, building services
61—4, bedroom, domestic 71, dining room, Furniture: garden, dimensions 107, hotel 218, convention 221—3, fireprecautions 216,
domestic 66, domestic storage 73—5, bedroom 217, office 239, 240, old people, 218, floor service 216, flow diagram 209,
drawing studios 139, farm machinery 314, dimensions 83(1)—(4), 84, school 130—3, food stores 213, front of house 212, kitchen
handbasin unit, hospital 158(2), household school dimension data 132, school stature layouts 214, kitchenplanning 213, kitchen
cleaning 75, kitchen, domestic 55—6, 58—9, data 131 storerequirements 214, motels 219—20,
laundry, domestic 60, living room, domestic motelroom sizes 220, plan forms 210, public
67—8, meters, domestic 74, 386, offices houses 224, publicrooms 211, restaurants
241—4, operating theatre 172, schoolofart& Garage, private: 41,100—2, doors 102, 211, space allocations 208, staff
design 137—8, security bellpush 76, entrances 21, ramps 21, UK regulations102, accommodation 215, types 208, vertical
workshop 288 vehicle dimensions 21, 100, 251, wheelchair circulation 210—also restaurants
Escalators: 409, shops& stores 189, traffic userspace85—also carparks Houses 38—102:access 41—3, access roads
capacity 409 Gardens 77, 103—14: banks 105, disabled 110, 41, 42, adaptable 78, aspect 40, 46,
Escape: collegelecture room 136, flats& drainage 109, fences 103, fruit, trained 108, balconies 88, bathroom61—5, bedroom
apartments traveldistance 91, hospital 151, fruittrees, planting distances 108, furniture 70—2, bedroom sizes USA 70, ceiling
152, hotel 211, 216, office 231, multi-storey 107, gates103, glasshouses 111, hedges heights USA44(2), children's room 67,
car park 252 —also fire 103,104,indoorll2,layout 104,110,112, circulation, internal 47, combined rooms 49,
Exits: cinema 354, lecture room 136, prolection lighting, artificial110, 112, orientation104, controlling dimensions 44,design
room355, theatre 348, 352 112, paths106, pergolas 106, pools109, expression ofperiod 38, dining room 66,
113, reservoirs 109, retainingwalls 106, rock disabled 85—7, disabled, access for43,
110, roofilO, 112,shedslll,shrub energysaving 79—81, extendible 78,
Factories —.industrialbuildings planting 108, soil treatment 105, steps 106, favourable & unfavourable sites40, garages
Farm buildings 294—314:animal handling, swimming pools 114, tools, dimensions 107, built-in 101, garagingcar41, 100—2, gradient
cattle 298, 299, animal handling, sheep 308, tree planting 108, watersupply 109, wells effectonplan 46, guests' room 67, kitchens
beefcattle housing 302, beehouses 311, bull 109,windbreaks 81, 104 55—9, kitchen/bathroom relationship53,
pens 301, calf housing 302(5), calfpens Gas: atmospheric boilers 388, pressure jet kitchen/dining 55, kitchen equipment 55,
296—7,cattle 294—302,cattle housing boilers 389, supplies 386 58—9, laundry spaces 60, living room 67—9,
295—302,cattle, thermal needs294,cubicles Glare 17, 32, 276, 398: hospitals 154 living roomwindows 404, minimum room
296, dogs310,dogs,professional kennels Glasshouses 111 sizesUSA44, more than 1-storey53—4,
431
Index
music room 67, 69, north slopes 46,old Laboratories 291—3: benches 293, benches, Munsell scale 17—18,26
people82—4, officespaces 68, hospital 176, disposal systems 292,finishes Museums 359—61:examples 360, 361, fields
1-storey 50—2, orientation 40,45,46, 293, hospital pathology 176, internal of vision359, lighting 359, 360, painting
organisation (diagram) 39, outdoor living environment 293, services distribution 292, storage 359(10), room sizes359
areas 77(2)(3), plan ranges 49, planselection spacerequirements 291, storage 292 Musicschools137—8
46,47,50, pram space 74(5), privategarages Lamps: filament 399, fluorescent, aspect factor
100—2, private openspace 77, public rooms 399, fluorescent, properties 25(3)
66—9, relationship to otherbuildings 45, Laundry: hospital 180, hotel 213, spaces, National House-Building Council 44
security 76, services economy 53, shared domestic 60 Neufertix
accommodation 99, site topography 46, Lavatories: assisted for disabled 163(3), Noise18:hospital 154, industrial buildings 276,
siting40, space, sub-division of39, boarding school 127, collegedining room maximum intrusive levels (tables) 18, privacy
standards 44, 48, stepped 98, storage 73—5, 142, disabled 87(2)(3)(8), domestic 64,65, from45, sound insulation 395—7
underground 79, 80, user check list48, equipment dimensions 61,62, 65, hospital
vertical circulation 53 staff 178(3), industrial buildings 279, 281,
House plans: circulation 47, examples 49, 51, marina 347, office228, old people, aids83, Odours: air supply rate, sources, ventilation 15
52, 54, morethan 1-storey53—4, 1-storey 84, pre-fabricated units65,studenthostel Office buildings 225—44:access 230, building
50, plan ranges 49, selection 50 140, swimming bath 335, wheelchair 167(6), type225, computer room diagram 236(3),
Human beings, space requirements 12—14, wheelchair userspaces& fittings construction elements 234, cores228, 229,
257(1 )—(4) 87(2)(3)(8), youth hostel 143, 144 elevators 228, energyuse 233, equipment
Human body,basis ofdimensions 1, 9, 10 Le Corbusier 10 243—4,furniture 239—240,internal
Human dimensions: bell curve concept 9, Lecture halls —colIeges environment 233, lighting organisation 234,
significance for architecture 9 Le Modulor10 means ofescape 231, meetings, spaces for
Human scale1,10 Libraries 145—8: control 146, domestic 69, 237, 238, officeareas definition of226,
Hygiene: industrial buildings 280, 281, examples 146, 147,148, hospital 177, layout reception236(2), security 230,services 232,
swimming pools 335 146—7, school 129, services 147, space serviceducts 228, shell types227, space
standards 145 standards 235, special areas 236, stairs 228,
Identification controls& switches fordisabled Lifts—elevators 231, storage 241—2,table space, meetings
86,162,412 Lighting 25—6, 398—400:artificial 17, cinemas 238, workstations 239—40
llluminance 25, 26: for common tasks (table) 356,day 17,definitions 25—6, drawingstudio Offices:hospitals 179, private houses
139, farmbuildings, illumination levels 68(13)—(18),ventilation requirements 15(8),
17, daylight on working plane (tables) 27,
outdoor27 294(2), general, loading requirement 398, windows 404(8)(10)
glare prevention 398, hotel 218, illuminance Oil fuel, storage, tank capacities,siting386
'Imperial'measures —conversion factors,
conversion tables 25, 26, industrial buildings 276, 290, Old people, housing for 82—4, 94(4): bathroom
Indoor gardens 112 integration ofelectric& daylighting 400, aids83, 84, bedroom dimensions 83,
Industrial buildings 263—90:area/worker264, libraries 147, light sources 399, luminaires, communal amenities 82, grouped flatlets 82,
basicbuilding types 264, drainage 290, control in relation todepth ofinteriorspace lavatory aids83, 84, maximum reach in
doors 402,environmental compartmentation 400, luminance 26, maintenancefactor 26, furniture 83(1)—(4),planning factors 83,
museum 359, 360, office234, outdoor399, preferences check list 82, residential homes
278, factories 265—8,factory process flow reflectance 25, room index 26, task 399, 84, safetyprecautions check list 84,water
diagrams 266—8, factory structure 268, fire
control 277, fork-liftdimensions 271, heating utilisation factor 26—also daylight, sunlight temperature 84—also disabled, hospitals
276, 290, hygiene 280, 281, industrial parks Loading bays, industrial buildings 282—3, rail (geriatric, long stay)
284 1-room dwellings 69(1)
275, lavatories 280, lighting 276, 290,
Lockers: hospital staff 178, industrialbuildings Operating theatres 171—2
loading bays282—4, multiple development
layouts 274, 275, noise control 276, order 280(3)(4), office 242(6), school children 133 Orientation: aircraft runways 259, balconies88,
Lumen definition 2, 25 bedrooms 72, beds 72, buildings 33, drawing
picking 276, 279(1 )—(3), parking Luminance 26: sky, relation to glare 32 sheets 3, energyconservation 81, gardens
requirements 263, rail-served 284, roof
factors 265, sanitary installations281, Luxdefinition 2, 25 104, houses 40, 45,46, indoor gardens 112,
kitchens 55, for natural ventilation 81, sports
security, loadingdock283,selection strategy
264—5, services 279, service routes 273, pitches322(1),windows 33—aIso sunpath
Maintenance factor—Iighting
servicing standards 290, site development Maisonettes —fIats & apartments
263, site layout factors 273, structure
selection 265, vehicle parking standards Man 9: body measurements 11, dimensions & Paper, international sizes 7
286, ventilation 290, ventilation level 276, spacerequirements 11—13, 257(1)—(4),flow Parker Morris standards 44, 48—*Bib233
warehouses 269—72, warehouse handling capacity 14, space foraccess forworkon Parking: aircraft 261, fordisabled housing 85,
methods 272, warehouse pallet stacking buildings 13, universal standard 9,walking hypermarkets 198, industrial buildings 263,
diagrams 270, warehouse store flow speeds14 intersections USA250, motels 219—*also
diagrams269—70,workplacedesign 278—9,
Man & his buildings 15—24: access 19, colour car parks
17, noise & acoustics 18, parking 22, Parking spaces: basic 22, disabledpersons 22,
workshops 285—90,workshop circulation
parking, vehicle dimensions 24, pattern & shared housing 99, forwheelchair user 166
286, workshop design factors (table) 290, texture 18, quality of air15, roadways, —aIsocar parks
workshop equipment spaces 288, workshop dimensions20—1, thermal comfort 16, Passenger conveyors 409
handling equipment 288(1), workshop types
285 vehicleturningspaces 22—3, vibration, Paths —*footways
Industrial parks 275 sensitivityto 18, visual efficiency 17 Patios 77
thermal 393—4 Manholes: access dimensions 13, oil storage Penthouses 88
Insulation,
Insulation —aIso sound tank 387 Pergolas 106
Internal environment 15: industrial buildings Marinas 346—7 Petrol stations 253—4
Media centres 129 Pigs, body measurements 303 —aIso farm
278, laboratories 293, offices 233
Meters domestic 73, 74, 386 buildings
Meterrooms, gas386 Pitches, sport: indoor325—6, 328, outdoor
Kitchens: boarding school 128, college dining Metric system—SI 322—3
room 142, disabled housing 86, domestic Metric units—#conversionfactors Plant rooms, air handling 392
equipmentspaceneeds 55,58, 59, domestic Microfilming technical drawings 7 Planting distances, fruit 108
layouts 56, 57,domestic ovens 58, domestic Minimum spaces, restaurant cars 207 Pools: chemical treatment 113, filtersystem
storage 75, domestic working sequence 55, Modular coordination, windows 403 113, fish 113, garden swimming 114,
examples 57, fixtures &worktops 56, Modular systems: hospitals 150, schools 126 paddling 109, plumbing & pumping systems
hospital 180, hotel 213—4, oldpeople's Mortuaries: crematorium 187, hospital 176, 113, private indoor 115—6, private,
dimensions 83, relation to bathroom 52, temperatures 187 relationship to patio 77(7), public swimming
studenthostels 141, USA standards 56, Motels —hoteIs 329—37,waterlily 113
windows 404(9), youthhostels 143, 144 Mosques 185 Poultry houses, domestic 310
432
Index
Prams: spacesfor movement 19, storage 385—91, hotel 218, hypermarket 198, accommodation 99
space74 industrial buildings 279, 290, laboratory 292, Studios: drawing —colleges
Pre-fabricated sanitary units65 library 147, office 228, 232, sound insulation Storage: colleges (art, design) 137, farm crops
Privacy: designing for 45, 76, flats & 395—7, thermal insulation393—4, ventilation 312—3, farmmachinery 314, fuel, domestic
apartments 93, hospitals 154, houses &flats 392 75, handling methods in warehouses 272,
76, 77 Shadows cast bybuildings 33 hotel food213, hospital 179, kitchen,
Projection roomscinema 355,drive-incinema Shared accommodation 99 domestic 75, laboratory 292, office 241—2, oil
358 Shelving,shops&stores 195 fueltanks386, paintings 359(10), pallet
Proportions, relation to human scale10 Sheds, garden 111 stacking 270, 272, school children's
Public houses224 Shoppingmall, indoorwalking speeds 407(1) belongings 133, seating space 351, sports
Shops & stores 188—201:access 188, aisles halls 321, warehouse flow diagram269—70,
188, boutiques 192, entrances 190, 191, wine,domestic 75, hotels 213
Queues, dimensions 12(6)—(11),407 exits 191, goods delivery 189, hypermarkets Sun exposure of buildings 34—5
198, layout 193, 194, 195, movement Sunlight 33—7: building orientation 33, building
between floors189, self-service 196, service shadows 33, calculation ofradiation 37,
Radiators 385 details 190, shopping centres& precincts criteria foradmission 33, duration, prediction
Rail-served buildings 284 199—201, stairs 191, stock& despatch 37, exposure, methods offinding 34, sun
Railstations: baggage handling, ticketoffices, rooms191, storey heights 188, path diagrams 34—6, window shades 406
257 supermarkets, examples 197, windows 190, Sun pathdiagrams 34—6
Ramps 14, 85, 407: garageentrance 21, 101, 191 Swimming pools:garden 114, hotel 116,
kerbfordisabled 85(2), multi-storey car park Shops, petrol station 253 private indoor115—6, public indoor 329—32,
251, stadium, standing 317(10), for Showers: domestic space needs 61(8), 64, publicoutdoor333, temperature private
wheelchair user87(11), 407 hospital geriatric 158(5), industrial buildings indoor115 —*also sport
Rear projection ofimage, lecture room 134 280, forold people 83(9), pre-fabricated Synagogues 186
Refectories —dining room units65, swimming pool 335 Système internationale d'Unités —'SI
Reflectance 25 SI xi, 1: unitsofmeasurement 2—Bib127, 135 Systems building: hospitals 150, schools 126
Reiher-Meister scale18(4) Sickroom,boarding school 127
Religious buildings 182—7 Sidewalks —*footways Tables: college dining room 142, office 238, old
Reservoirs, garden 109 Sloping sites: effectofgradient 46, favourable people83(4), 84, restaurant202—4, school
Restaurants 202—7: drive-in& self-service & unfavourable 40(2), stepped houses98 130—1
206, hotel 211, kitchens 213—4, restaurant Sight lines:cinema 355, 357, drive-in cinema Tankrooms, water storage 391
cars 207, seating 202—4,snack bars 205, 358, lecture room 134,135, sportstadia3l6, Television: aerials, cables 43, closed circuit for
206,spaceallowances 203, table theatre 349, 350 hospitals 154, college lecture room 134, 136
arrangements 202, table sizes 204, types Soil:treatment 105, weights &angles ofrepose Temperatures: furnace crematorium 187,
203—*also colleges, diningrooms, schools 105 indoor16, mortuaries 187, oilstorage 387,
Reverberation times for rooms 397 Solargain 80, 81 pig housing 303, pool 115, 330, rail booking
Sound absorption coefficients 397 hall 257,sauna 117, 338, shops &stores
Riding schools344—5
Roads: access 41—2, dimensions 20, 21, Soundinsulation 395—7: absorbent materials 192, turkish bath 335
garage entrances 21, hierarchy in housing 397, absorbent treatments 397, absorption Terraces: domestic 77, orientation 66,sport
area 42, rule of roadxii, turning circuits, coefficients 397, reduction index calculation stadia 317
buses256,turningdimensions 250, turning 395, reduction indices, typical (table) 396, Theatres 348—53:access 348, auditorium 350,
lanes 21, USA categories 21, widths for reverberation time397 351,353,balconies 349,350,351,boxes
passing 20 Split-level: flats & maisonettes 96, houses 46 351(4),college 134—6, exits348,352, fire
Roofgardens 88, 110,112 Sport 315—47:centres 318—9,324(3),centres, precautions 352, multiform 353, multiple
Rooflights, calculation ofdaylight factor 31 examples 319, centres, features required auditoria 351, organisation 348, revolving
Room index —lighting (table) 318, dimensions standardsvii, stage352, ring stage 353, seating 135, 136,
Room sizes, minimum in houses (USA) 44 equitation 344—5, golf 343, halls 320—1, ice 351, seats/row 350, sightlines 134,135,
Running tracks: indoor 326, outdoor 324 events 341—2,indoor athletics tracks 326, 349, 350,sound diffusion 350, stage tower
indoorathletics training 327, indoor pitches 352
325—6, 328, indoor riding schools 344, Thermal comfort 16: human requirements 385,
Safety precautions: old people's housing 84, marinas 346—7, outdoor athletics 324, USAchart16
window cleaning 404 outdoorpitches322—3, riding centre Tools, garden 107
Sanitary unitspre-fabricated 65 premises 345, rollerskating rinks342, sauna Trade marts 274—5
Saunas 117,338 planning 338, ski-jumping slopes 340—1, Traffic capacity: corridors 14, 407, elevators
Schools 118—33: art, design, drama, music space allocation, halls (table) 320—1, stadia 411, escalators 409, ramps 407, stairs 408
137—8, boarding 127—8, boarding 315—7, stadia, access 316, stadia, sightlines Tree planting 108
accommodation 127, boarding dining room 316, stadia stands 316, 317, swimming
128, boarding site layout 127, definition of 329—37,swimming changing rooms 336—7,
spaces119, dimensions ofpupils 131, 132, swimming diving pools 334, swimming Underground houses 79, 80
film display, 16mm356, furniture 130—3, indoor pools 329—32, private indoor pools Unitsof measurement 1, 2: application xi,
furthereducation 126, media centres 129, 115—6, swimming openair pools 333, scales xi, —.alsoconversion factors,
middle age range 121—2, nursery level 118, swimming pools watercleaning 114,330,337, conversion tables
olderage range123—5, planning ingredients, swimming pre-cleanse 329, 335, swimming, Universities —.colleges
nursery 118, planning forolderpupils 123, showers, slipper baths 335, swimming water Utilisation factor —.lighting
planning trends119, 122, primary 119, chute 337(5), tennis339, water polo U values: common building structures 393(3),
primary design trends120, principles 118, 331 —*also pools formula 393
pupils equipment dimensions 131, rural 120, Stairs14,408:building regulations408,
stature data 131—2, storage, pupils' cinemas 354, disabled housing 86,fire
equipment 133, system building 126, work protection 91, fire requirements in houses Vehicles: dimensions 20, 21, 24, dimensions,
areas (diagrams)119, 121 44, flat & apartment access 90, hospital 151, ambulances 166(2), dimensions forprivate
Seating: cinemas 354, college dining room house52, office 228, 231,old people 86(5), garages 100, fork-lifts271, 'standard design
142, flexible 351, hotel function room 211, shops&stores 189, 191, theatre348,tread car' 251, truckturningdimensions 282(4),
lectureroom 135, 136, restaurant202—5, & rise proportions 408, walking speeds 408 283, turningdimensions USA250
retractable 135, stadia 317, storage space —also escalators Vehicle services 248—57:bus stations 255—6,
351, theatre 351 Standard overcast sky—.daylight car parks 248—52,petrol stations 253—4, rail
Security: houses 76, loadingdockdesign 283, Stature human adult 9—11 station passenger services 257
officedesign 230 Stature data schoolchildren 131—2 Vehicle turning spaces, farm 298, truck 282(4),
Services 383—97:access 13, distribution 383, Student hostels—.colleges 283
distribution ducts384, heating systems Student: married accommodation 140, shared Ventilation: air handling plant 392, cattle
433
Index
housing 298, ciriemas 356, duct sizes 384, Washrooms: domestic 64, industrial buildings daylight penetration 404, double 405,
energyconservation in houses 81, hospital 281 functions 17, hospital 154, position &size
154, industrial buildings 276, 290, pig Watercleaning: garden pools 113, 114, 404, shades 406, shops & stores 190, 191,
housing 305, potato stores 312,poultry swimming pools 330,337 viewout 404, viewout, wheelchair user86,
housing 308, rates 16, requirements 15, Watergarden supply109 87, worksizes 403
sheep 307, windows 405 Water closets—lavatories Winestorage, domestic 75, hotels213
Vibration, human sensitivity 18, industrial Watertanks 391 Work on buildings, access for 13
buildings 276 Wheelchair: doors for users 86,401,garage Workshops: artcollege 137, drawing studios
space for user85, elevator controls 412, 139 —*also industrial buildings
elevator dimension 412,garden design for Workstations, office239, 240
Waiting areas 407 110, parking space 166(3), passing width 43,
Walking speeds407: on level footway 14, on spaces formovement 19, 43,turningspaces
ramps 14 43, 85, userswc87(2)(3)(8)
Walkways 383 Windbreaks 81, 104 Youth hostels143—4: fire safety 143, kitchens
Wardrobes —*cupboards Windows 403—6: basic types 405, blinds & 143, 144, lavatories 144, space
Warehouses —iridustrial buildings louvre systems 406,coordinating sizes 403, requirements 144
CONVERSIONS METRIC +— IMPERIAL'/US Tables
length m metre
Factors Abbreviations mm in mdr maids roan(or au pair)
Mainabbreviations reedinteat& med medical
MF maintenance factor
metric diagrarna arehated below. Full list on mm in mm In
'lnsrtsl'/US p. aiii-aiv. NB: plurals arenot used MIT Maaaachuaetta Institute
In abbreviations. 25.4 1 0.04 254.0 10 0.39 of Tectinology
length rn/a metrea persecond
50.8 2 0.08 508.0 20 0.79
1.0mm 0039in A ampere 762 3 0.12 762.0 30 1.18 N newton
25.4mm 1 in ar area 101.6 4 0.16 1016.0 40 1.57 NFPA National Fire Protection
305.0mm 1ff AC alternating current 127.0 5 02 1270.0 50 1.97 Aaaociation
914.0mm lyd accri accommodation 152.4 6 024 1524.0 60 2.36 nur nursery
1000.Omm(1.om) 1.094yd admin administration 177.8 7 0.28 1778.0 70 2,76 off office
1000.Om 1 len) 1093.61 yd(0.621 mile) ANSI American National 203.2 8 0.31 2032.0 80 3.15
1609.3m 1.61 km) 1 mile
ASThI
Standards Institute
American Society for
226.6 9 0.35 2286.0
2540.0
90
100
3.54
3.93 panaI
Ad
Heatth
Satety &
area Teating& Materiaki
av average P
1.0cm'
6452mm2 (6.452cu')
0.155in'
1 in' B bed m —ft paaaenger, patient,
person,pupil
929.03cm2 (0.093ml 1 ft' b bath pa parents room/USA
bathr m ft m ft masterbedroom
0.836m' lyd' bathroom
physical education
lam' 1.196yd'(10.764lf) bedr bedroom
0.3 1 3.28 3.05 10 32.8
pe
plr penny
0.405ha lacre baic balcony
1.Oha 2.471 acre building 0.61 2 6.56 6.1 20 65.62 R radius
bldg 0.91 3 9.84 9.14 30 98.43
1.0km2 0.386mile' bldgreq building regulation 1.22 4 13.12 12.19 40 131.23 radr radiator
2.59kin'(259ha) 1 mile' B(tA Building Ottlciala& 1.52 5 16.4 1524 50 164.04 RC reinforced concrete
CodeAdministrators regulation
volume BRE Building Reaearch 1.83 6 19.69 18.29 60 196.85 relativehumidity
2.13 7 22.97 21.34 70 229.66
I0.765m'
litre(1cr') 61.025in' (0.035 fI') BS(l)
Eatabllahment
British Standards (Inat) 2.44 8 26.25 24.38 80 262.47 RHA Regional Health
Authority
lyd' Btu British thermal unit 2.74 9 29.53 27.43 90 295.28 RIBA RoyalInstitute olBritish
l.Om' 1.308yd'(35.314ft') 30.48 100 328.08 Architects
Corcpd cupboard/USA cabinel un roan
capacity
ci' children area a second
0.4731i1re lpintUS CIBS Chartered Instof SBCC Southern Building Code
0.S68Iitre lpintirnp Building Services cm2.—.in'
1.Olitre 1.76pintimp Congress
CIE Commiaaion ad
1.Olitre 2.ll3pirilUS intemationale de cm' in' cm2 in' ear
acullery
3.l8slitres lgalUS aervery
4.546litrea 1 gal rip l'Ectairage 6.451 1 0.16 64.52 10 1.55 SIB ayatem ofclaaaitlcation
(International (building literature)
Commission on 12.9 2 0.31 129.03 20 3.1
maaa 19.36 3 0.47 193.55 30 4.65 aho shower
Illumination) sitr sittingroom
11b cIt cooker/USArange 25.81 4 0.62 258.06 40 6.2
0.454kg SI Système International
1.0kg 2.205th daaar classroom 32.26 5 0.78 322.58 50 7.75 d'Unitèa
0.9071(907.2kg) lIonUS do cloakroom 38.71 6 0.93 387.1 60 9.3 ak sink
lOt 0.ge4tonimp car corridor 45.16 7 1.09 451.61 70 10.85 at seat
1.01 1.lO2tonUS 51.61 8 1.24 516.13 80 12.4 sb store(-age)
d dayordepth 58.06 9 1.4 580.64 90 13.95
1.016t(lOl6kg) ltoninp dB decibel 645.16 100 15.5 stu attaty
DC directcurrent
v— DES Deptof Education & ter
tonne
terrace
0.025nt/a (25.4mm/a) 1in/s Soence ft2
DF UDC universal decimal
1.0 rn/a 39.4in/s(196.9 ft/mm) daylight factor
1.0 km/hr 0.621 mile/hr DHSS DeptofHealth& m' ft' m' ft' UF
claaaification
utiliaation tactor
1.609kin/hr 1mile/hr SocofSecurity
DoE Deptofthe Environment 0.093 1 10.76 0.93 10 107.64 USHB UnitedStateaHospital
DPC Board
temperature dampproofcourse 0.19 2 21.53 1.86 20 21528 USPHS UnitedStates Public
Xt (x+32rF
dr
E
diningroom
illumination
0.28
0.37
3
4
32.29
43.06
2.79
3.72
30
40
322.92
430.56 Heafth Service
uty utilityroom
x(X-32C xi at
eqp
electrical
equTient
0.46
0.56
5
6
53.82
64.58
4.65
5.57
50
60
538.2
645.84 V volt
0.65 7 75.35 6.5 70 753.47
illumination FFL finished floorleveVIJSA 0.74 8 86.11 7.43 80 861.11 w watt
lix elevation 0.84 9 96.88 8.36 90 968.75 w width
0.O93tt-cancle wa wardrobe/USA closet
10.764Ix 1 ft-candle FHA Federal Houaing 9.29 100 1076.39
A waahr washroom
Ir tirereaiatant wc watercloset
kimmance worlcr workroom
9 volume
0.3183cd/m' 1 spoatilb gram wp working plane
1.0cd/rn' 0.000645 cd/fl' gar garage litre.—.ft' wr (a
waiting room area)
l0.764cci/m' lcd/If h heipltor high yd
1550.0cd/rn' 1cd/in2 ha hallorhectare lItre ft' lItre ft3
yr
yard
year
hb (waah)hand basin
hr hour 28.32 1 0.04 283.16 10 0.35 centre line
Hz hertz 56.63 2 0.07 566.32 20 0.7 0 diameter
84.95 3 0.11 849.48 30 1.06 greaterthanorequalto
ICBO International Conference 113.26 4 0.14 1132.64 40 1.41 equaltoorlessthan
ofBuilding Officials 141.58 5 0.18 1415.8 50 1.77
IES Illuminating Engineering 169.9 6 021 1698.96 60 2.12
IFLA Irinal
of
Federation
Library Aaaocialiona
198.21
226.53
254.84
7
8
9
025
0.28
0.32
1982.12
2265.28
2548.44
70
80
90
2.47
2.83
3.18
ISO International 2831.61 100 3.53
Organiaation br
Standardiaatiai
J joule m3..—.ft'
K degree Kelvin m3 ft3 m' ft3
k kitchen orthermal
conductivity 0.03 35.32 0.28 10 353.15
kgt kilograrn-torce 0.06 2 70.63 0.57 20 706.29
0.08 3 105.94 0.85 30 1059.44
ngthMng 0.11 4 141.26 1.13 40 1412.59
lab 0.14 5 176.57 1.42 50 1765.73
laboratory 0.17 6 211.89 1.7 60 2118.88
Iau laundry
liv 0.2 7 247.2 1.98 70 2472.co
For Comprehensivelistoffac.torsand lob
Inmng room 0.23 8 282.52 2.27 80 2825.17
lobby 0.25 9 2.55
wide rangeof further tables-.p364—81 Ix Iua 317.83
2.83
90
100
3178.32
3531.47