ASSOCIATION OF WATER TECHNOLOGIES
Technical Reference and Training Manual
2. CHAPTER 2
External Treatment (Pretreatment)
Table of Contents
4.0 INTRODUCTION
14 OVERVIEW
1.2. THE AWT BOILER PRETREATMETN MATRIX
2.0 AERATION
24 INTRODUCTION
2.2 PRINCIPLES OF AERATION
2.3 IRON AND MANGANESE OXIDATION
24 REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED GASES
2.4.1 Stripping Mechanisms
2.4.2. Effects of Temperature, Pressure and pH on Stripping Efficiency
2.5 AERATION EQUIPMENT
2.6 MONITORING AND TROUBLESHOOTING
3.0 CLARIFICATION
3.1 INTRODUCTION AND PRINCIPLES
3.2 CHEMICAL TREATMENT
3.2.1 Inorganic Coagulants and Flocculants
3.2.2 Organic Polyelectrolytes
3.2.3 Process Variables
3.2.4 Jar Testing
3.3 CLARIFIER OPERATING VARIABLES.
3.3.1 Rise Rate
3.3.2 Turbine/Rapid Mix Speed
3.33 pH
3.3.4 Temperature
3.3.5 Slow Mix/Flocculation Zone Center Well Observations
3.38 Rake Speed
3.3.7 Sludge Blanket Location
3.3.8 Solids in the Centerwell
3.3.9 Blowdown
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3.4 CLARIFICATION EQUIPMENT
3.4.1 Horizontal Clarifiers
3.4.2 Upflow Clarifiers
3.4.3. Sludge Blanket (Solids Contact) Clarifiers
3.4.4 Tube Settlers
3.5 MONITORING CLARIFICATION PROGRAMS
3.6 TROUBLESHOOTING CLARIFIER PERFORMANCE
4.0 PRECIPITATION SOFTENING
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 PRINCIPLES OF PRECIPITATION SOFTENING
42.1 Lime Softening
422 Lime-Soda Softening
42.3 Other Chemicals Used in Lime Softening Processes
42.4 Lime Softening Calculations
43 LIME SOFTENING OPERATIONS
5.0 FILTRATION
541 INTRODUCTION
5.2. PRINCIPLES OF FILTRATION
5.3 _ FILTRATION SYSTEMS
5.3.1 Filter Media
5.3.2 Sand Filters
5.3.3. Dual Media Filters
5.3.4. Mixed or Multi-Media Filters
53.5 Pressure Filters
5.3.6 Upfiow Filters
5.4 SPECIAL FILTRATION PROCESSES
5.4.4 Direct Or In-Line Filtration
5.4.2 Precoat Or Septum Filters
5.4.3 Microfitration
6.4.4 Uttafiltration
6.5 _BACKWASHING
5.6.1 Procedures
5.5.2 Backwash Water Supply
5.8 BAG AND CARTRIDGE FILTERS
5.7 ADSORPTION PROCESSES
5.7.1 Introduction
5.17.2 Dechiorination
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Technical Reference and Training Manual
5.7.3 Removal of Organic Matter by Adsorption
5.7.4 Final Filtration
5.7.5 Principles of Operation
5.7.6 Control Tests
6.0 ION EXCHANGE - GENERAL
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 PRINCIPLES OF ION EXCHANGE
6.3 _TYPES OF ION EXCHANGE RESIN PROCESSES
6.3.1 Strong Acid Resins
63.2 Weak Acid Resins
6.3.3 Strong Base Resins
63.4 Weak Base Resins
6.4 ION EXCHANGE RESIN CHARACTERISTICS
64.1 Resin Type and Structure
64.2 lon Exchange Capacity
64.3. Kinetics
6.5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF RESINS
65.1 Particle Size
65.2 Classified Density
65.3 Water Retention Capacity
65.4 Physical Stabilty
65.5. Thermal Stability
65.6 Chemical Stability
65.7 Regeneration Efficiency
6.5.8 Organic Fouling Resistance
6.6 INSPECTING ION EXCHANGE EQUIPMENT
6.6.1 Mechanical inspection Checklist
66.2 Resin Bed Inspections
68.3 Operational Checks During Vessel Inspection
6.7 _ RESIN SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION
67.1. Resin Analyses
6.7.2. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) In Regenerant Effluent
6.8 CLEANING ION EXCHANGE UNITS
68.1 Routine Maintenance
68.2 Cleaning Severely Fouled Resin Beds
6.8.3 Inorganic Resin Contaminants
6.8.4 Organic Contamination
7.0 SODIUM ZEOLITE SOFTENING
7.4 INTRODUCTION
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Technical Reference and Training Manual
7.2. PRINCIPLES OF ION EXCHANGE SOFTENING
7.3 ZEOLITE SOFTENING OPERATIONS
7.3.1 Softening
7.32 Regeneration
7.3.3 Operations
7.34 Control Tests
7.4 TROUBLESHOOTING
7.5 BRINE ELUTION STUDIES
8.0 DEMINERALIZATION
81 INTRODUCTION
82 PRINCIPLES OF DEMINERALIZATION
8.2.1 Basic Demineralization Reactions
8.2.2 The Basic Demineralization Process
8.3 ALKALINITY REMOVAL
8.3.1 Strong Acid/Strong Base Resins plus Decarbonator
8.3.2 Weak Acid/Strong Acid Cation Resins plus Decarbonator
8.3.3 Demineralized Water Quality
8.3.4 Regeneration
84 DECARBONATION
8.4.1 Principles
8.4.2 Operating Problems
8.5 DEMINERALIZATION EQUIPMENT
86 CONTROL TESTING
&.7 TROUBLESHOOTING
8.8 MIXED BED DEMINERALIZATION
88.1 Equipment
8.8.2 Effluent Expectations
8.8.3 Regeneration Practices
8.8.4 Control Testing
8.8.5 Troubleshooting
8.8.6 Inspection Procedures
9.0 CONDENSATE POLISHING
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 TYPES OF POLISHING SYSTEMS
9.3. POLISHING FILTERS
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9.3.1. Precoat Filtration 97
9.3.2. Magnetic Filters 7
9.4 ION EXCHANGE POLISHING 7
9.4.1 Deep Mixed Beds 7
8.4.2 Precoat Mixed Beds 98
9.4.3. Sodium Cycle Polishers 98
9.6 CONTROL TESTS 99
10.0 REVERSE OSMOSIS 100
10.1 INTRODUCTION 100
10.2 PRINCIPLES OF REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) 101
10.3 SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANES 102
10.3.1 Membrane Compositions 102
10.3.2. Membrane Comparisons 102
10.3.3 Membrane Modules 103
10.3.4 Membrane Fouling 104
10.3.5 The Sill Density Index (SD!) 105
10.3.6 Membrane Degradation 105
10.3.7 Organic and Microbiological Problems 106
10.3.8 Mineral Scale Formation 107
10.4 CHEMICAL TREATMENT IN RO SYSTEMS 107
10.4.1 Pretreatment Summary 108
10.4.2 Microbiocides 109
10.4.3 Mineral Scale Control 109
10.4.4 Cleaning Chemicals 109
10.5 MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE 109
10.5.1 Monitoring Data 110
10.5.2 Normalization "1
10.5.3 Maintenance and Cleaning 114
10.5.4 Storage and Layup 112
10.6 TROUBLESHOOTING 112
11.0 ELECTRODEIONIZATION 114
11.4 INTRODUCTION 114
11.2 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRODEIONIZATION 414
12.0 GLOSSARY OF EXTERNAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY 7
12.1 REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM DESIGN TERMS 47
42.2 ION EXCHANGE GLOSSARY 47
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43.0 REFERENCES
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Chapter 2
External Treatment
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Technical Reference and Training Manual External Treatment
CHAPTER 2
Pretreatment
1.0 Introduction
1
OVERVIEW
Chapter 2 discusses pretreatment, or external water treatment technology.
Pretreatment, as used in this context, means mechanical and chemical
treatment of a raw makeup water supply, to make the water suitable for use as
boiler fecdwater, cooling tower makeup, or process water.
As explained in Chapter 1, the two related primary objectives of water
treatment are to keep heat transfer systems clean and to protect the system
equipment from corrosion and fouling damage. Makeup water supplies vary
widely in both quality and purity, and available supplies may not be suitable for
intended applications. The purpose of water pretreatment is to remove
suspended and dissolved solids, dissolved gasses and other materials that
can cause problems and that cannot be cost-effectively controlled by internal
chemical treatment.
Water pretreatment has a tremendous effect on the reliable and efficient
operation of boiler, cooling and process water systems. Without effective
pretreatment, chemical treatment would be either ineffective or too costly.
Since there are limitations on what chemical treatment alone can do, such as
handling very high suspended solids or high hardness waters, external
treatment systems are installed to remove the contaminants or reduce them to
levels that can be effectively treated.
Pretreatment eyetems must be designed to meet specific on-site needs. Water
used for cooling system makeup may be simply chlorinated if it is otherwise
good quality water. However, in many large cooling systems, the makeup may
be chlorinated, clarified and filtered and sometimes zeolite-softened. Water
used for high pressure boiler feedwater will be further processed through
reverse osmosis or demineralization, depending on the pressure. If returned
condensate is contaminated, it may be treated by a suitable combination of
these processes to bring the condensate back to feedwater quality. This is
called condensate polishing (see chapter 3),
The terms quality and purity are used throughout this manual, and are
sometimes assumed to be interchangeable. They are not. Purity is a
quantitative term that defines the amount of impurities of all types in a water.
Quality is a qualitative term defining suitability for use. For example, a surface
water supply may be good quality for cooling tower makeup, but poor quality,
requiring pretreatment, for use as boiler feedwater (more on this in chapter 1.)
There are many complex factors involved in the effective operation of external
treatment systems. If the systems are not run effectively, system corrosion and
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