Term Papaer On West Reduction PDF

BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY
BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (BIT)
SCHOOL OF RESEARCH AND GRADUATE STUDIES
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT MSC PROGRAM
PROJECT MANAGEMENT TERM PAPER ON:
BARRIERS AND MOTIVATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION WASTE REDUCTION

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN BIHAR DAR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
PROJECT
BY: GASHAW ABEBAW BDU1100189
TO: MR. TADDESE A. (PHD, CANDIDATE)
15 JANUARY 2019
BIHAR DAR, ETHIOPIA

Barriers and motivations for construction waste reduction management practices in Bihar Dar
building construction project
Acknowledgement
Leading of all I would like to be grateful the Almighty God, Who gave me the pledge and
tolerance to pass various obstacles and come up to the deed of this term paper. I would like to
express my genuine appreciation to my Project Management Instructor Mr. Taddese A. for
spending his precious time for improving the knowledge about construction project management.
I am also deeply grateful to Construction Company, Bihar Dar city municipality office and my
colleges, for lending me the necessary books and materials in the field of study, and for his
comments and excellent advice throughout the preparation of this paper.
BY: MR. GASHAW A. I

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content page
Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................................... I
List of table................................................................................................................................................... IV
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................... V
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Statement of problem........................................................................................................................ 2
1.3. Research question.............................................................................................................................. 3
1.3. Objective of the research................................................................................................................... 3
1.4. Significance of the study .................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................................. 4
LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1. General introduction.......................................................................................................................... 4
2.2. The Ethiopian construction Industry.................................................................................................. 5
2.3. Waste and waste management in the Construction Industry ........................................................... 5
2.4. Barriers and Motivations for Improved Construction Waste Reduction Practices ........................... 7
2.5. Waste reduction practice ................................................................................................................. 13
2.6. Summary of literature review .......................................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 16
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................ 16
3.1. Introductions .................................................................................................................................... 16
3.2. Research strategy............................................................................................................................. 16
3.3. Research type................................................................................................................................... 16
3.4. Scope and limitation ........................................................................................................................ 17
3.5. Data source and collection............................................................................................................... 17
3.6. Research population ........................................................................................................................ 18
3.7. Sample size determination .............................................................................................................. 19
3.8. Methodology used in this study....................................................................................................... 20
3.8.1. Questionnaire approach ........................................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................................... 21
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................. 21
BY: MR. GASHAW A. II

4.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 21

4.2. Questionnaires response rate .......................................................................................................... 21
4.2.1. Respondent Responsibility........................................................................................................ 22
4.3. Waste and waste management plan practice from interviewing and questionaries’ response ..... 22
4.4. Barriers and Motivations for Improved Construction Waste Reduction Practices from
Questionaries’ response ......................................................................................................................... 23
4.5. Waste reduction practice from Questionaries’ response ................................................................ 26
CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 28
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................................... 28
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................................... 28
Recommendation.................................................................................................................................... 28
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 29
BY: MR. GASHAW A. III

List of table
Table 4.1: Summary of questionnaires response rate ______________________________21

Table 4.2: Summary of responsibility of respondent_______________________________22
Table 5.1. Barriers to implementing reduction of construction waste.__________________23
Table 5.1. Motivation to implementing reduction of construction waste.________________24
Table 5.3. Waste reduction practice_____________________________________________27
BY: MR. GASHAW A. IV

ABSTRACT
Many building construction project faced construction waste and thereby exceed initial contract
amount. In Bihar Dar city, the number of building construction projects is increasing from time to
time. However, it becomes difficult to minimize construction waste. Taking into account the
Environmental pollution and scarce financial resources of the country, construction waste is one
of the major problems in Bihar Dar city. Therefore, this research was carried out to dig-out
information on the Barriers and Motivations for Construction Waste management Practices during
construction and waste reduction practice for building construction projects in Bihar Dar.
Questionnaire survey together with interviewing was used to collect data on waste management.
A total of 14 questionnaires from contractors were collected and an interviewing with 2 project
manager on building construction projects in Bihar Dar were investigated and analyzed using both
descriptive and inferential statistics. From the results it was found all of the construction project
haven’t waste management plan as well assigned personnel for that purpose.
The most common Barriers for construction waste management practice is identified by this
research were Emphasis on investment cost, not on low cost on long term, Lack of coordination
among divisions, and Inadequate training of construction workers on waste handling issues. The
most common Motivations for construction waste management practice is identified by this
research were Additional profits, as a result of the reselling of sub-products , Promoting the image
of the company , Environmental awareness of the industry, and Service experience with recycled
materials. The most common waste reduction practice is identified by this research were Foster
environmental awareness in the building profession, Plan to reduce waste at the start of a project,
Talk with suppliers about the latest methods for product installation and uses so that you can
reduce, off-cuts, mistakes and damage that all create waste during construction.
Key words: waste, Barriers, motivations, waste reduction and building construction project.
BY: MR. GASHAW A. V

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The Construction Industry can be described as the sum of all economic activities related to civil
and building works: their conception, planning, execution, and maintenance. Such works normally
comprise capital investment in the form of roads, railways, airports, ports and maritime structures,
dams, power generating stations, irrigation schemes, health centers and hospitals, educational
institutions, warehouses, factories, offices and residential premises. Construction is widely
acknowledged as the most important single constituent in a developing country’s investment
program. Because of such a high contribution, the construction industry has a major influence on
the economic growth of a country (Wubishet Jakela, 2004).
Construction industry is an industry, which involved in the planning execution and evaluation
(monitoring) of all types of civil works. Physical infrastructures such as buildings, communication
& energy related construction works, water supply & sewerage civil works etc. are some of the
major projects (program) in the construction industry. Construction industry plays an important
role in social, economic & political development of a country. Construction is not only one of the
major sectors of an economy but it is also the largest and accounts from 12% to 25% of the GNP
of both developed & developing countries (tsgaw, 2004). It consumes the higher percentage of the
annual budget of a country; specifically in our country Ethiopia it covers 58% of the annual budget.
This analysis work is predicated on material waste management in building construction through
the treatise work, try is created to search out reasons of wastage in industry and the way it will be
reduced. In construction, 4-M (Material, Manpower, Money and Machine) play crucial role.
Reckoning on the sort of a public housing, building materials account for sixty to seventieth of the
project value. Through material waste management operate; we are able to scale back the general
project value by waste minimization or most utilization of resources (Material) (Abd. Majid,
1997).
Responsible management of waste is an important facet of property building. During this context,
managing waste means that eliminating waste wherever possible; minimizing waste wherever
feasible; and reusing materials which could otherwise become waste. Solid waste management
BY: MR. GASHAW A. 1

practices have known the reduction, recycling, and utilize of wastes as essential for property
management of resources (Karrar Raoof Karrem, February 2013) .
Management of building-related waste is pricey and sometimes presents unintended consequences.

However, logic suggests that failure to minimize, utilize and recycle social group wastes is
unsustainable. It stands to reason that economical and effective elimination and minimization of
waste and utilize of materials are essential aspects of style and construction activity. Creativity,
persistence, information of accessible markets and businesses, and understanding of applicable
rules are vital skills for style and construction professionals ((CIOB), 1989).
1.2. Statement of problem
The lack of data about managing and minimizing construction materials waste composition and
quantities is a major factor, which has inhibited the development of waste management in Ethiopia.
Now a days in Ethiopia construction industries are booming due to implementing major
infrastructure projects together with many public buildings, commercial building and housing
development programmers. However, construction materials waste is becoming a serious problem
in Ethiopia, especially on selected public building construction projects at Addis Ababa and no
attention is given to such subject. Construction managers often fail to identify and control waste
in the construction process, because the absence of appropriate tools to measure waste. In the
present situation, the contractors and the design consultants are mainly concerned on how to
control cost without any emphasis on waste control measures (Joro, 2015).
This problem is a result of lack of managerial skills, low labor productivity, lack of planning, fraud
and corruption, surplus of materials, environment factor, complex of project, and others. For that
it is of key importance to exert the utmost effort to accomplish such study, to detect the previously
mentioned factors and to treat all the weakness points and from all sides and so giving specific
priorities in order to minimize and avoid wastage of construction material at construction projects
especially in Bihar Dar city.
BY: MR. GASHAW A. 2

1.3. Research question
The research will answer the following questions
1. What are the barrier and motivation of Construction Waste management Practices in Bihar
Dar city.
2. What are the efficiency and effectiveness way of construction-waste-reduction practices
1.3. Objective of the research
This research will undertake the following main objectives.
 The main objective of this paper is to report the findings of a study that was performed
on barriers and motivations, in addition to those found in the revised literature, that
influence the efficiency and effectiveness of construction-waste-reduction practices,
including the reuse and recycling of construction materials.
This research will undertake also the following specific objectives
1. Identifying the barrier and motivation of Construction Waste management Practices in Bihar
Dar.
2. Identifying the efficiency and effectiveness way of construction-waste-reduction practices.
1.4. Significance of the study
This research is significant in that it may help the people engaged in the construction industry how
they can managing and reduction wastage of construction materials while they produce, transport
and stored at construction site. In addition, this study intends to provide some framework for the
development of policies and rules in the management of construction waste.
BY: MR. GASHAW A. 3

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. General introduction
Construction as defined by the United Nations Statistics Division is “an economic activity
directed to the creation, renovation, repair or extension of fixed assets in the form of buildings,
land improvements of an engineering nature, and other such engineering constructions as roads,
bridges, dams and so forth. It is a process that consists of the building or assembling of
infrastructure in the fields of architecture and civil engineering. It comprises the building of new
structures, including site preparation, as well as additions and modifications to existing ones. It
also incorporates maintenance, repair, and improvements on these structures. It is the process of
adding structure to real property (Centeral statical, 2008/09).
Now a day’s building construction industries are boosting globally and consuming huge amounts
of resources. Responsibly managing waste on a building construction project is a vital component
of optimum use of the limited resources we have that sustain the ongoing development. In this
context, managing waste means minimizing the construction waste or demolition debris that leaves
the jobsite for landfill disposal (Mansi, 2012). Control of material is relatively a new practice in
the construction industry. In the present situation, the contractors and the designers are mainly
concerned on how to control cost without any emphasis on waste control measures. Generally, it
is accepted that cost of materials accounted for a great percentage of the total cost of construction
projects. Therefore, a critical control of materials on site together with good construction
management is expected to decrease the cost of construction projects. Materials wastage on site
cannot be treated fully without good construction management (Joro, 2015).
In fact, material waste level on site is a measure of site management. It is also one of the enemies
of contractors. This thesis is tries to show the level of the construction material wastage, its cause
and effect and finally come up with recommendation how to minimize.
BY: MR. GASHAW A. 4

2.2. The Ethiopian construction Industry
Ethiopia has a rich history of magnificent construction endeavors. The obelisks of Axum the rock
hewn churches of Lalibela and the castles of Gondar are a few examples of this expertise. With
the advent of modern civilization, particularly during the reign of Emperor Menelik, there have
been some significant developments in this regard. The Addis-Djibouti railway line is one example
where such a venture has been successfully carried out. During the Italian occupation of the 193 ‟
s there were some construction activities, particularly in the development of long trunk roads. After
the Italian occupation and before the 1960‟s, expatriate contractors generally dominated most of
the medium and small civil and building projects (Kahssay, 2003).
Now a days the construction industry in Ethiopia has been providing a wide variety of buildings,
ranging from houses to high rise buildings and from schools and hospitals to factories and shopping
centers, and has been carrying out an equally wide variety of engineering construction projects,
ranging from highways to hydro – electric dams and irrigation dams / canals. Construction in
Ethiopia has also been affording various job opportunities. It keeps employees working full time,
and thus, enables many to work over 40 hours a week to earn more money. The workers in the
industry even sometimes work evenings, weekends, and holidays to finish a job or take care of an
emergency or offset the disruption caused by rain, snow, wind, etc. since much of the work is done
outside or in partially enclosed structures (Centeral statical, 2008/09).
2.3. Waste and waste management in the Construction Industry
The Construction industry, while contributing to overall socio-economic development of any

country, is a major exploiter of natural non-renewable resources and a polluter of the environment
whereby it contributes to the environmental degradation through resource depletion, energy
consumption air pollution and generation of waste in the acquisition of raw materials (Watuka, 11-
13, Novemebr 2002).
Construction activities generate a large amount of waste compared to other industries. In European
countries, about 200 to 300 million tons of construction and demolition waste is produced
annually, which translates to roughly a 400 km2 area covered with demolition debris one meter
BY: MR. GASHAW A. 5

high (Elias-Ozkan S.R. and Duzgunnes, 11-13, November, 2002). In the United States alone, about
136 million tons of construction waste is generated.
There are differing views held by researchers as to what constitutes Construction waste. Cheung,
(1993) stated that Construction Waste can be defined as the byproduct generated and removed
from construction, renovation and demolition workplaces or sites of building and civil engineering
structures. According to Formoso, (1999), it should be understood as any inefficiency that results
in the use of equipment, materials, labour, or capital in larger quantities than those considered
necessary in the production of a building. (Shen, July Augest 2004)defined building material
wastages as the difference between the value of materials delivered and accepted on site and those
properly used as specified and accurately measured in the work, after deducting the cost savings
of substituted materials transferred elsewhere, in which unnecessary cost and time may be incurred
by material wastages.
The practice of waste management for construction activities has been promoted with the aim of
protecting the environment and the recognition that wastes from construction and demolition
works contribute significantly to the polluted environment (Shen, July Augest 2004). This
increasing awareness of environmental impacts from construction wastes has led to the
development of waste management as an important function of construction project management
(Shen, July Augest 2004).
There are several approaches to construction waste management. The process of managing
construction waste goes far beyond the disposal of the wastes itself. It is an all-encompassing
strategy to effectively utilize construction resources, with the view to reducing the quantity of
waste and also utilizing the generated waste in the most effective manner. The most common
approach to management of construction waste is dumping in landfill sites. However, decreasing
landfill space has led to increasing costs of landfill disposal to the contractor (Lingard, 2000). Also,
a relatively large amount of materials is being wasted because of poor material control on building
sites (Poon C. S, 2004).
BY: MR. GASHAW A. 6

2.4. Barriers and Motivations for Improved Construction Waste Reduction

Practices
To determine the barriers and motivations for implementing good practices for construction waste
faced by the construction industry in low- and middle-income countries, seven journals in
construction and waste management for the period 2000–2017 have been reviewed: Resources,
Conservation and Recycling, Waste Management Journal, Waste Management and Research,
Construction Management and Economics, Construction Management and Engineering, and
Building Research and Information. The major barriers and motivations for construction waste
reduction reported in literature are grouped around six different aspects: financial, institutional,
environmental, socio-cultural, technical, and legal (Guerrero, Mass, & Hongland, 2013).
i. Financial
Literature suggests that financial obstacles are related to the absence of markets receiving recycled
construction products, which jeopardize efforts for construction waste recycling or minimization
practices (Yuan & Wang, 2011). They also mentioned that the sector is reluctant to conduct
construction waste management because they perceived that it would result in higher project costs.
Moreover, there is an absence of economic penalizing methods for inappropriate waste
management, thus hampering construction waste reduction practices. (Teo, 2011)Found that the
workers consider the financial benefits from waste reduction to be inequitably distributed. There
is also a perception that waste reduction activities are not cost-effective, efficient, practical, or
compatible with core construction activities. They also determined the unwillingness of the
workers to separate for recycling or re-using materials that have low economic value or are difficult
to reuse.
The following are the Barriers to implementing reduction of construction waste (Lilliana Abaraca-
Guerrorro, 12 December 2107).
 Lack of a well-developed waste recycling market

 Reluctance to conduct construction waste management due to intense competitiveness
with the result of higher project costs
 Contractors lacking economic penalizing methods for waste management
BY: MR. GASHAW A. 7
 Perception that waste reduction activities are not cost-effective, efficient, practical or
compatible with core construction activities
 Reluctance to segregate for recycling and re-using materials with a low economic value
or difficult to reuse
 Financial benefits from waste reduction are inequitably distributed, providing little
incentive for operatives
 Construction price does not reflect the environmental cost
 First priority is financial profit and not environmental issues
 Emphasis on investment cost, not on low cost on long term
The following are the motives to implementing reduction of construction waste (Lilliana Abaraca-
Guerrorro, 12 December 2107).
 High disposal costs at disposal sites

 Awareness of reduction of costs due to: reduction material loss and savings of
raw materials
 Diminishing of legal costs associated with environmental problems and insurance (fines,
compensation)
 Additional profits, as a result of the reselling of sub-products
 Savings on energy (electricity, fossil fuels)
ii. Institutional
Various authors have suggested that the institutional barriers are related to the fact that
designers do not pay attention to waste reduction while designing a building, inconsistencies
between different governmental agencies and the lack of coordination among divisions for the
application of environmental regulations, the unavailability of waste management procedures
(collection, separation, transportation, and disposal of construction waste), lack of managerial
commitment and support for the application of better construction practices, absence of norms or
performance standards for managing construction waste, and lack of integration of operatives’
expertise and experience in waste management processes (Shen, July Augest 2004). In addition,
internally, individual responsibilities for waste management is poorly defined, inadequately
communicated, and are perceived as irrelevant to operatives (Teo, 2011).
BY: MR. GASHAW A. 8

There are sufficient technologies available for building with less production of construction waste
but there are technical barriers hampering those practices such as insufficient knowledge on how
to implement eco-technologies, deficient education for practitioners, and on site operatives on
waste reduction practices, which results in a lack of these skills during the construction process
(Kuijsters, 2004).
Guerrorro, 12 December 2107)
 Inconsistencies between different governmental agencies

 Lack of coordination among divisions
 Waste reduction does not receive sufficient attention in building planning and design
 Unavailable waste management procedures
 Lack of managerial commitment and support for the issue of waste
 Absence of industry norms or performance standards for managing waste
 Lack of integration of operatives’ expertise and experience in waste management process
 Individual responsibilities for waste management are poorly defined, inadequately
communicated and are perceived as irrelevant to operatives
 The building users do not participate in the planning and design process
 Lack of time to develop plans for waste reduction
 Waste management culture within the organization

 Promoting the image of the company
 Improve market share/competition
 Following what the competitors have done
iii. Environmental
Awareness and education have been mentioned as two major topics in relation to environmental
barriers for improved construction practices, as well as a lack of sustainable building education at
university level, inadequate training by construction workers on waste handling issues, absence of
BY: MR. GASHAW A. 9

awareness on clients about sustainable housing, and the impact of the activity on the environment.
The government and the private sector are more interested in the housing deficit than in
environmental issues. Furthermore, healthcare and waste handling training are essential to prevent
risks from being exposed to wastes on-site and off-site. When this is provided, stakeholders feel
more motivated to voluntarily deal with wastes (Manowong, 2012). There are sufficient
technologies available for building with less production of construction waste but there are
technical barriers hampering those practices such as insufficient knowledge on how to implement
eco-technologies, deficient education for practitioners, and on site operatives on waste reduction
practices, which results in a lack of these skills during the construction process (Thomas, 2002 ).
 Lack of sustainable building education at university level

 Inadequate training of construction workers on waste handling issues
 Lack of awareness on clients about sustainable housing
 Insufficient environmental awareness by the industry, political decision makers,
and clients.
 Attention by government and private sector on housing deficit than on environmental
issues.
 Absence of healthcare and waste handling training for workers
 Environmental awareness of the industry

iv. Socio-cultural
Reported socio cultural barriers are the lack of awareness on the clients and construction workers,
which has created a behavior in which clients have a low demand for sustainable buildings,
traditional construction culture, and behavior, e.g., in China, conventional cast in-situ construction
is still the preferable technique against prefabrication (Poon C. S, 2004). Furthermore, waste
reduction efforts will never be sufficient to completely eliminate waste because it has been
BY: MR. GASHAW A. 10

accepted as an inevitable by-product of the construction activity. (Teo, 2011) Reported that gender
equality has a direct causal effect on construction waste management efforts because women are
generally more aware of these issues and can influence stimulating the effectiveness of policies
and planning for management of construction waste and pollution. Furthermore, they found that
the major practitioners are unlikely to perceive waste management with great importance on
projects unless managers make it a priority and provide the necessary supporting facilities,
incentives, and resources.
 Low demand by clients for sustainable buildings

 Traditional construction culture and behavior
 Difficulties in changing work practices of workforce
 Insufficient gender diversity recognition by the sector
 A belief that waste reduction efforts will never be sufficient to completely eliminate waste
 Attitudes of major practitioners

 Demand by clients of sustainable buildings
v. Legal
Construction waste reduction practices are motivated when a legal framework is in place that
considers environmental regulations and recycling mandates (Pariathamby, 2008). Many low- and
middle-income economies have created regulations that address the generation of waste by the
construction sector. (Yuan & Wang, 2011) and (Manowong, 2012) have reported that legal barriers
hampering waste reduction practices are related to insufficient policies in place, if policies exist
they are difficult to put into practice, and very often in the absence of enforcement mechanisms.
 Insufficient regulation support

 Existing regulations are difficult to operate in practice

 Lack of enforcement of construction and waste management policies and plans
 Deficiency of environmental regulations
 Lack of available information regarding the requirements of environmental norms
 Government recycling mandates

 Government environmental regulation
 Specific guidelines for use of recycled material
 Legal framework in place
 Government environmental enforcement
vi. Technical
Some scholars have identified financial, technical, and institutional motivations in relation to
construction waste reduction. (Chini, 2007) Has indicated that higher disposal cost at landfill site
has increased the use of recycled materials. Moreover, he reported that recycled aggregates would
have greater acceptance by the public when there are specific guidelines for their use. Companies
with a waste management culture within the organization invest in construction waste management
by employing waste management workers, purchasing equipment and/or machines for waste
minimization, and improving workers’ skills. Other technical motivations include: site space for
performing waste management, low-waste construction technologies, service experience with
recycled materials, development of specifications, and guidelines for the use of recycled materials
(Pariathamby, 2008).
 Insufficient knowledge on how to implement eco-technologies

 Construction waste management cannot be effectively carried out due to limited space
 Poor skills in construction practices of on-site operatives

 Service experience with recycled materials

 Development of specifications and guidelines for the use of recycled materials
 Site space for performing waste management
 Low-waste construction technologies
 Purchasing equipment and/or machines for waste minimization
 Improving workers’ skills
 Assistance or information from suppliers
2.5. Waste reduction practice
Waste reduction is likely to have other consequences; which may be just as significant. Worker
productivity may increase as a result of particular waste reduction action; while product quality
might decrease as result of another action. There are costs, benefits, and site specific constraints
to waste reduction which cannot be totally predicted. The feasibility of waste reduction is in the
entire production system within which it takes place. Waste reduction activities are very open-
ended and very difficult to assess comprehensively. Certain activities often related to technology
use and assessment and are not easily undertaken for waste reduction (Paul N. Cheremisinoff P.E.,
1995). Include are:
 Forecasting, how much waste reduction is feasible;

 Suggesting how government might require companies to achieve a given level of waste
reduction.
This guide is part of the REBRI series developed to encourage and assist everyone involved in the
building industry to reduce waste (Project, 2014). The aims of this guide are to:
 assist developers, builders and all other trades and professions involved in construction to
consider how and why waste is created during building projects

 provide practical guidance on how to reduce waste to landfill and clean fill by being
efficient with materials during the project and by setting up good systems for recycling and
reuse
 Foster environmental awareness in the building profession.
The project waste management plan is a subsidiary of the project management plan. Most
construction projects will produce some degree of waste, and some projects will generate
significantly more waste than others (e.g., office development versus infrastructure development).
Project waste management generally employs the “3R process”—reduce, reuse, recycle—to
address environmental management. The project waste management plan details the controls to be
applied to each particular category of waste, ranging from general office waste (paper, etc.), food
waste (from site canteens), sanitary waste (from site welfare facilities), to the different categories
of waste generated by construction processes (excavations, metal, packaging, lumber, etc.) (Project
Management Institute, 2016).
Product design and materials selection, manufacturing specifications and methods, the way
products are packaged and delivered to site and the instructions on product use and installation
contribute to the waste on construction and demolition sites (Project, 2014).
10 top tips for waste reduction (Project, 2014)
1. Plan to reduce waste at the start of a project – set goals, identify waste recycling
opportunities and target specific
2. Wastes you expect from the project. Use the Waste Management Plan.
3. All staff and subcontractors need to follow the waste management systems. Include waste
reduction instructions or standards in your contracts in your induction material and other
communications with staff and subcontractors. Make it a regular item on toolbox and
project management meetings.
4. Order just-in-time delivery of products to reduce the storage time on site (and the potential
for damage). Have accurate cutting lists and quantity surveys to avoid over ordering and
product wastage.
5. Talk with suppliers about the latest methods for product installation and uses so that you
can reduce off-cuts, mistakes and damage that all create waste during construction.

6. Keep waste materials separate for recycling and reuse. Store them in different skips, bins
or piles, and use clear signage so that everyone knows what to do.
7. Set up a single waste storage area – many smaller bins over one site encourages people to
use the nearest bin (and mix up the various waste types making it harder to recycle).
8. Different waste types occur at different times in the project so plan your waste separation
system around this. Concrete, steel and timber waste occurs during foundations and
framing; cladding, plasterboard, electrical cable and insulation waste occurs during the next
phase; cardboard, plastic wrap, paint tins and other packaging waste occurs during fit-out.
9. Encourage reuse of off-cuts, scraps and so on. Keep them in a handy place until the end of
the project.
10. Keep a current list of recycling operators in the site office for easy reference.
11. Have incentives such as morning tea shouts if waste reduction is achieved on the project.
2.6. Summary of literature review
The literature review was collected through privies research studies, internet, construction
management books, and engineering journals. By referring to the previous literature, the
information from the construction waste management, and the method of waste reduction and
controlling this problem. This would be used to develop the questionnaire survey in order to collect
data from the targeted respondent.

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Introductions
This chapter describes the methodology of the paper. Mainly this chapter included are research
strategy, research design and data collection. The objective of this thesis is to identify Barriers and
Motivations for Construction Waste management Practices in Bihar Dar and gives conclusions
and recommendations based on the findings.
3.2. Research strategy
According to (Saundes, 2003), research strategy is a general plan that helps researcher in answering
the research questions in a systematic way. Two types of research strategies are used at studies,
quantitative and qualitative research. Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research.
Qualitative data collection methods vary using unstructured or semi-structured techniques. Some
common methods include focus groups (group discussions), individual interviews, and
participation/observations (Wyse, 2011). Quantitative Research is used to quantify the problem by
way of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into useable statistics.
Quantitative Research uses measurable data to formulate facts and uncover patterns in research.
Quantitative data collection methods are much more structured than Qualitative data collection
methods (Wyse, 2011).
The research strategy adapted for this research is both Qualitative and Quantitative chosen to know
stakeholders perception regarding on Barriers and motives on construction material waste
management practice.
3.3. Research type
The research is a practical problem developed from the observation of construction projects and
the research questions are oriented to investigate the Barriers and Motivations for Construction
Waste management Practices in Bihar Dar. This research can be categorized as applied,

exploratory and descriptive. It is applied and exploratory because the research was initiated from
practical problems and finds whether there exists construction material waste management or not.
It is also descriptive because it tried to describe the actual of construction waste management
practice barrier and motives and the variables of construction waste management in Building
construction project in Bihar Dar city.
3.4. Scope and limitation
Building construction material wastage is caused by numerous factors. Each causes of construction
waste have different rates of occurrences and their impact on the final cost of the construction
project also varies. Therefore, it is important to identify both key Barriers and waste reduction
methods based on their occurrence and their impact on building construction projects. The effects
of construction waste reduction methods on the contractors will be identified.
The research topic deal with “Barriers and Motivations for Construction Waste management
Practices in Bihar Dar ” could be enough to deal with all Barriers and Motivations and those effects
in G+4 and above Public building construction project in Bihar Dar City.
The research work was not without its problems and limitations which were encountered
throughout the preparation of this research. Its limitation is the unavailability of adequate
documented information in the field of the study; the respondent is not voluntary to answer the
questioner and answers the questions improperly are some limitation.
3.5. Data source and collection
The study has used the data sources to produce the following basic document, respondents’
documents. The respondents’ documents were collected using questionnaires from contractors.
There are two basic types of survey questions from which to choose: open-ended and closed-ended.
This questionnaire survey has closed-ended questionnaires.
Data collection part of the research is the most tedious part; the most difficult one is the
respondents’ unwillingness to do the questionnaires as per their promised time. The time schedule

that was allocated to the research and respondents reluctance not to respond quickly made the
research stressful for the period of data collection.
The questionnaire was designated carefully in simple way in order to gate high response rate from
respondents. The structured parts of the questionnaires are based on Likert’s Scale of five ordinal
scale of measurement towards each statement (from 0 to 4) as shown in the following sections.
The reasons for adopting this simple scale are:
 To provide simplicity for the respondent to answer, and
 To evaluate the collected data easily and simply
After the variable of Barriers and motivations for construction waste management in building
construction projects are identified; respondents are asked about their agreement on these
variables. Accordingly the respondents choose one of the following based on their feeling.
Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree or Disagree Agree Strongly Agree
0 1 2 3 4
After expressing their agreement and/or disagreement on the variables of Barriers and motivations
for construction waste management respondents are asked about the about the efficiency and
effectiveness way of construction-waste-reduction practices.
Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree or Disagree Agree Strongly Agree
0 1 2 3 4
The questionnaires are prepared in such a way that detailed information can be gathered in a
systematically prepared matrix table.
3.6. Research population

A research population is generally a large collection of individuals or objects that is the main focus
of a scientific query. It is for the benefit of the population that researches are done. However, due
to the large sizes of populations, researchers often cannot test every individual in the population
because it is too expensive and time-consuming. This is the reason why researchers rely on
sampling techniques (Mizner, 2008). In this thesis the populations are the stakeholder such as
contractor those are participate in Bihar Dar city building construction projects and their
representatives for each target group. Building projects with G+4 and above are surveyed in this
desk study, those are 42 building.
3.7. Sample size determination
Sample size determination is the act of choosing the number of observations or replicates to include
in a statistical sample. The sample size is an important feature of any empirical study in which the
goal is to make inferences about a population from a sample. In practice, the sample size used in
a study is determined based on the expense of data collection, and the need to have sufficient
statistical power. In complicated studies there may be several different sample sizes involved in
the study (wikipedia, 2014).
The research samples are taken from stakeholders in the building construction project in Bihar Dar
city which are contractors that are selected depending on their direct exposure to building
construction activities.
According to the formula used to determine the sample size (Yamane, 1967)
( )
No = ( )
……….equation 3.1
²
Where:
No= sample size
Z= confidence interval corresponding to a level of confidence
N= population size
e = precision error limit

Taking the value of N=42, which is the total size of the population (contractor), Z=1.96 (95%
Confidence Interval), p=0.5 and level precession e=10%, the required sample size found were 28.
3.8. Methodology used in this study
The procedure used in analyzing the results aimed at establishing the mean score of the various
variables and other closed end questions responsible for building construction waste management
barriers and motivations . The score for each factor is calculated by summing up scores assigned
to it by respondents. Therefore, the level of importance as indicated by the contractors were used
to measure the mean score of each factor.
The mean score (MS) for each variables of cost overrun is computed by using the following
formula;
∑( )
= Equation 3.2
Where:
MS= Mean Score
F=Frequency of responses for each score
S= Scores given to each factor (from 0 to 4)
N – Total number of responses concerning each factor
3.8.1. Questionnaire approach

A questionnaire was formulated to know the perceptions of contractor’s representatives due to the
importance index of Barriers and Motivations for Construction Waste management Practices in
Bihar Dar city. These formats were developed to know about the organization type, respondent
responsibilities, grade of contractor, academic level of the respondent and finally the relevant work
experience. (The questionnaires is included in Appendix I).

CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Introduction
This part of the research deals with the analysis and discussion of the data gathered from the
interviewing and questionnaire survey concerning Barriers and Motivations for Construction
Waste management Practices in Bihar Dar from the point of view from the contractor
representatives’ point of view. Finally the research dealt with what expected from contractor, to
minimize construction waste occurrence. The interviewing methods of data gathering were used
to collect data by interviewing the respondents about the Barriers and Motivations for Construction
Waste management and waste reduction practice.
4.2. Questionnaires response rate
The questionnaires were prepared and distributed in order to study on Barriers and Motivations for
Construction Waste management Practices in Bihar Dar, for this purpose the questionnaires were
distributed to major stakeholders in the construction industry; these are Contractors. To make the
analysis a total of 28 questionnaires were distributed to contractors out of whom 19 questionnaires
were filled and returned. Table 4.1 below shows the number of questionnaires distributed to clients,
consultants and contractors and the number of questionnaires returned from these stakeholders
including their percentage response rate.
Table 4.1: Summary of questionnaires response rate
No Respondent Questionnaires Questionnair Percentage Questionnaires Response rate

prepared (QP) es distributed = 100 returned (QR) = 100
(QD)
1. Contractor 28 20 71.43 % 14 70 %

4.2.1. Respondent Responsibility

Table 4.4 shows that 14.3 % (2) of contracting companies respondents were Project manager, 7.14
% (1) were Technical Manager 28.6% were office Engineer and 50% (7) site engineer. I
Table 4.2: Summary of responsibility of respondent
Respondent responsibility Contractor Percentage

(%)
Project manager 2 14.3
Technical manager 1 7.14
Site engineer 7 50
Office engineer 4 28.6
contractor
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
project manager Technical manager site Engineer office Engineer
contractor
4.3. Waste and waste management plan practice from interviewing and
questionaries’ response
It has been found from the desk study that most construction project haven’t pre developed waste
management plan. As I interviewing project manager of selected project they said that construction

waste management is performed but there is not well developed plan for specific purpose on waste
management.
The waste management plan practice from the questionnaire survey are identified based on
respondents’ response on does your company have waste management plan, management or
someone in charge of environmental topics for the construction sites. Based on this response
among 14 respondent none of them have waste management plan but the project manager has
double duty on it. This reflects the fact that working in an environmental friendly way is not yet
institutionalized within the construction companies in Bihar Dar city construction project.
4.4. Barriers and Motivations for Improved Construction Waste Reduction

Practices from Questionaries’ response
The causes of Barriers and Motivations for Improved Construction Waste Reduction from the
questionnaire survey are identified based on respondents’ response on each variables of Barriers
and motivations. factors which are chosen by the respondents to be Barriers and Motivations for
Improved Construction Waste in the Bihar Dar city building construction projects are identified
from the returned questionnaires based on the mean scores (MS) of the of respondents, contractors
for each variables Barriers and Motivations for Improved Construction Waste. In this research
variables of Barriers and Motivations for Improved Construction Waste which have a mean score
of greater than 3.00 are taken as Barriers and motivations of Construction Waste Reduction; since
a mean score of less than 3.00 means the respondents do not agree that the variable will be a
barriers and motivations on Construction Waste Reduction. The queries proposed from literature
were used to analyses the barriers and motivations that are faced by the Bihar Dar construction
sector to apply practices for waste reduction.
Table 5.1. Barriers to implementing reduction of construction waste.
Financial Barrier M.S

Lack of a well-developed waste recycling market 3.00
Reluctance to segregate for recycling and re-using materials with a low economic 3.21
value or difficult to reuse

Construction price does not reflect the environmental cost 3.14

Emphasis on investment cost, not on low cost on long term 3.43
Institutional
Lack of coordination among divisions 3.43
Waste reduction does not receive sufficient attention in building planning and design 3.43
Unavailable waste management procedures 3.64
Absence of industry norms or performance standards for managing waste 3.36
Institutional M.S
Lack of integration of operatives’ expertise and experience in waste management 3.29
process
Individual responsibilities for waste management are poorly defined, inadequately 3.43
communicated and are perceived as irrelevant to operatives
The building users do not participate in the planning and design process 3.07
Environmental M.S
Inadequate training of construction workers on waste handling issues 3.21
Lack of awareness on clients about sustainable housing 3.43
Absence of healthcare and waste handling training for workers 3.21
Socio-cultural M.S
Traditional construction culture and behavior 3.29
Legal
Insufficient regulation support Lack of available information regarding the 3.07
requirements of environmental norms
Lack of enforcement of construction and waste management policies and plans 3.57
Technical
Insufficient knowledge on how to implement eco-technologies 3.29

Table 5.2. Motivations to implementing reduction of construction waste
Financial M.S
Additional profits, as a result of the reselling of sub-products 3.36
High disposal costs at disposal sites 3.00
Savings on energy (electricity, fossil fuels) 3.00
Institutional
Waste management culture within the organization 3.14
Promoting the image of the company 3.93
Environmental
Environmental awareness of the industry 3.79
Socio-cultural M.S
Attitudes of major practitioners 3.43
Legal
Government environmental regulation 3.00
Specific guidelines for use of recycled material 3.14
Technical M.S
Service experience with recycled materials 3.57
Development of specifications and guidelines for the use of recycled materials 3.07
Low-waste construction technologies 3.43

Assistance or information from suppliers 3.14
Improving workers’ skills 3.71
Purchasing equipment and/or machines for waste minimization
The financial barriers that were found during this study are related to prices of the construction
projects, which do not reflect the costs of the environmental impact: reduction of natural resources
that are disposed of and pollution caused to water sources, soil or air by disposal of hazardous
materials. The companies are not interested in improving their processes environmentally due to
their first priority, which is financial profit. The emphasis is on investment costs in the short term
over savings in the long term.
Contractors indicated that they do not develop waste management plans for various reasons.
Firstly, it is not obligatory under the present country’s legislation, it is not requested by the client
and they have no knowledge on how to set one up. It is important to point that the Bill of Quantities
that is prepared by the project director already includes an extra 10% in the budget, which is
earmarked as “debris”. This practice, which is common among all of the construction companies,
already reduces the need to save materials. Additionally, they have the belief that waste reduction
efforts will never be sufficient to eliminate waste.
Legal barriers that are provided during the study indicate that though Bihar Dar has laws related
to waste management, the city lacks regulations to operationalize the laws and the government
is not capable to enforce the laws while the companies do not have sufficient information on the
environmental norms and the requirements expected to follow these norms.
Table 2 shows the different motivations to prevent construction waste. Some of them are related
to removing the barriers for better construction material management and few mentioned the lack
of awareness on the reduction costs by reducing materials losses, savings in raw materials, energy
and the profits by reselling of sub-products. They also mentioned that if the law would be enforced
and fines or compensations are to be paid, then the company would make efforts to reduce the
pollution.
4.5. Waste reduction practice from Questionaries’ response
The Waste reduction practice for Improved Construction Waste Reduction from the questionnaire
survey are identified based on respondents’ response on each variables of Waste reduction
practice. factors which are chosen by the respondents to be Waste reduction practice for Improved
Construction in the Bihar Dar city building construction projects are identified from the returned
questionnaires based on the mean scores (MS) of the of respondents, contractors for each variables
Waste reduction practice. In this research variables of Waste reduction practice for Improved
Construction Waste which have a mean score of greater than 3.00 are taken as Waste reduction
practice; since a mean score of less than 3.00 means the respondents do not agree that the variable
will be a Waste reduction practice on Building Construction.

Table 5.3. Waste reduction practice
Waste reduction practice M.S

Forecasting, how much waste reduction is feasible; 3.07
Provide practical guidance on how to reduce waste to landfill and clean fill by being 3.64
efficient with materials during the project and by setting up good systems for
recycling and reuse.
Foster environmental awareness in the building profession 3.50
Plan to reduce waste at the start of a project 3.93
All staff and subcontractors need to follow the waste management systems 3.86
Order just-in-time delivery of products to reduce the storage time on site 3.21
Talk with suppliers about the latest methods for product installation and uses so that 3.86
you can reduce off-cuts, mistakes and damage that all create waste during
construction.
Encourage reuse of off-cuts, scraps and so on. 3.07
Table 3 shows the different waste reduction methods to minimize construction waste. Some of
them are related to methodology of waste reduction for better construction material management
and few mentioned Encourage reuse of off-cuts, scraps and so on, savings in raw materials, Order
just-in-time delivery of products to reduce the storage time on site, Plan to reduce waste at the start
of a project and others as mentioned above.

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
CONCLUSION
This paper presented the findings from a research conducted in Bihar Dar, which looked at
barriers and motivations for the construction sector to be more efficient and effective in the
reduction of construction materials. This study adds extra barriers to those already reported in
existing literature: “construction price does not reflect the environmental cost”, “first priority is
financial profit and not environmental issues”, “emphasis on investment cost, not on low cost on
long term”, “lack of time to develop plans for waste reduction”, “Absence of industry norms or
performance standards for managing waste”, “deficiency of environmental regulations”, and “lack
of available information regarding the requirements of environmental norms”. Motivations were
analyzed and additional barriers and motivations were found: “ waste management culture within
the organization’’, “additional profits, as a result of the reselling of sub-products”, “savings on
energy (electricity, fossil fuels)”, “promoting the image of the company”, “improve market
share/competition”, “environmental awareness of the industry”, “improving workers’ skills”,
assistance or information from suppliers”, “demand by clients of sustainable buildings”, and
“government environmental enforcement” and ‘Low-waste construction technologies’’.
Recommendation
Based on the findings of the research, the contractor organize waste management team for effective
waste management. From the study there are some barriers and motives for construction waste
management so as a construction profession I recommend the contractor should align waste
management plan, measure the performance of plan and finally compare evaluate and the
contractor should have given training for workers how to mitigate construction waste.

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Appendix I
SECTION A: GENERAL ORGANIZATION INFORMATION (optional)
Company Name: __________________company size: ____________________

academic level: ____________________________ Type of project: ______________________
Does your company have a waste management plan, management or someone in charge
of environmental topics for the construction sites?
Plan Manager/someone
Yes
No
Yes (depend on the project)
How important are the following barriers for the incorporation of environmental friendly
technologies in your projects? Place an X for each of the barriers in the categories, knowledge,
financial, technology, and governmental, that apply to your situation.
Importance
Strongl Disa Neither Agr Agree

y gree Agree or ee Strongl
Financial Barrier
Disagre Disagree y
e (1) (3)
(2) (4)
(0)
Lack of a well-developed waste recycling market
Reluctance to conduct construction waste management due to
intense competitiveness with the result of higher project costs
Contractors lacking economic penalizing methods for waste
management
Perception that waste reduction activities are not cost-
effective, efficient, practical or compatible with core
construction activities

Reluctance to segregate for recycling and re-using materials

with a low economic value or difficult to reuse
Financial benefits from waste reduction are inequitably
distributed, providing little incentive for operatives
Construction price does not reflect the environmental cost
First priority is financial profit and not environmental issues
Emphasis on investment cost, not on low cost on long term
Institutional Strongl Disa Neither Agr Agree
Disagre Disagree y
e (1) (3)
(2) (4)
(0)
Inconsistencies between different governmental agencies
Lack of coordination among divisions
Waste reduction does not receive sufficient attention in
building planning and design
Unavailable waste management procedures
Lack of managerial commitment and support for the issue of
waste
Absence of industry norms or performance standards for
managing waste
Lack of integration of operatives’ expertise and experience in
waste management process
Individual responsibilities for waste management are poorly
defined, inadequately communicated and are perceived as
irrelevant to operatives
The building users do not participate in the planning and
design process
Lack of time to develop plans for waste reduction
Environmental Strongl Disa Neither Agr Agree
Disagre Disagree y
e (1) (3)

(0) (2) (4)

Lack of sustainable building education at university level
Inadequate training of construction workers on waste handling
issues
Lack of awareness on clients about sustainable housing
Insufficient environmental awareness by the industry,
political decision makers, and clients.
Attention by government and private sector on housing deficit
than on environmental issues.
Absence of healthcare and waste handling training for
workers
Socio-cultural Strongl Disa Neither Agr Agree
Disagre Disagree y
e (1) (3)
(2) (4)
(0)
Low demand by clients for sustainable buildings
Traditional construction culture and behavior
Difficulties in changing work practices of workforce
Insufficient gender diversity recognition by the sector
A belief that waste reduction efforts will never be sufficient to
completely eliminate waste
Legal Strongl Disa Neither Agr Agree
Disagre Disagree y
e (1) (3)
(2) (4)
(0)
Insufficient regulation support Lack of available information
regarding the requirements of environmental norms
Existing regulations are difficult to operate in practice

Lack of enforcement of construction and waste management

policies and plans
Deficiency of environmental regulations
Technical Strongl Disa Neither Agr Agree
Disagre Disagree y
e (1) (3)
(2) (4)
(0)
Insufficient knowledge on how to implement eco-
technologies
Construction waste management cannot be effectively carried
out due to limited space
Which aspects motivate your company to use environmental friendly products or processes?
Financial Strongly Disagree Neither Agree Agree

Disagree Agree or Strongly
(1) (3)
Disagree
(0) (4)
(2)
Additional profits, as a result of the reselling of sub-

products
High disposal costs at disposal sites
Awareness of reduction of costs due to: reduction

material loss and savings of
raw materials
Diminishing of legal costs associated with

environmental problems and insurance (fines,
compensation)
Savings on energy (electricity, fossil fuels)
Institutional

Waste management culture within the organization
Following what the competitors have done
Improve market share/competition
Promoting the image of the company
Environmental
Environmental awareness of the industry
Socio-cultural
Attitudes of major practitioners
Demand by clients of sustainable buildings
Legal
Government recycling mandates
Government environmental regulation
Legal framework in place
Specific guidelines for use of recycled material
Government environmental enforcement
Technical Strongly Disagree Neither Agree Agree

(1) (3)
Disagree
(0) (4)
(2)
Service experience with recycled materials
Development of specifications and guidelines for the

use of recycled materials

Site space for performing waste management
Low-waste construction technologies
Assistance or information from suppliers
Improving workers’ skills
Purchasing equipment and/or machines for waste

minimization
Waste reduction practice Strongly Disagree Neither Agree Agree

(1) (3)
Disagree
(0) (4)
(2)
Suggesting how government might require

companies to achieve a given level of waste
reduction.
Forecasting, how much waste reduction is feasible;
Provide practical guidance on how to reduce waste to

landfill and clean fill by being efficient with
materials during the project and by setting up good
systems for recycling and reuse.
assist developers, builders and all other trades and

professions involved in construction to consider how
and why waste is created during building projects
Foster environmental awareness in the building

profession
Plan to reduce waste at the start of a project

Wastes you expect from the project
All staff and subcontractors need to follow the waste

management systems
Order just-in-time delivery of products to reduce the

storage time on site
Talk with suppliers about the latest methods for

product installation and uses so that you can reduce
off-cuts, mistakes and damage that all create waste
during construction.
Keep waste materials separate for recycling and reuse
Set up a single waste storage area
Different waste types occur at different times in the

project so plan your waste separation system around
this
Encourage reuse of off-cuts, scraps and so on.
Keep a current list of recycling operators in the site

office for easy reference.
Have incentives such as morning tea shouts if waste

reduction is achieved on the project
Thank you very much for your Alliance

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BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (BIT)

SCHOOL OF RESEARCH AND GRADUATE STUDIES

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT MSC PROGRAM

PROJECT MANAGEMENT TERM PAPER ON:

BARRIERS AND MOTIVATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION WASTE REDUCTION

BY: GASHAW ABEBAW BDU1100189

TO: MR. TADDESE A. (PHD, CANDIDATE)

BIHAR DAR, ETHIOPIA

BY: MR. GASHAW A. I

BY: MR. GASHAW A. II

4.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 21

BY: MR. GASHAW A. III

Table 4.1: Summary of questionnaires response rate ______________________________21

BY: MR. GASHAW A. IV

BY: MR. GASHAW A. V

BY: MR. GASHAW A. 1

Management of building-related waste is pricey and sometimes presents unintended consequences.

1.2. Statement of problem

BY: MR. GASHAW A. 2

1.3. Research question

The research will answer the following questions

2. What are the efficiency and effectiveness way of construction-waste-reduction practices

1.3. Objective of the research

This research will undertake the following main objectives.

This research will undertake also the following specific objectives

2. Identifying the efficiency and effectiveness way of construction-waste-reduction practices.

1.4. Significance of the study

BY: MR. GASHAW A. 3

BY: MR. GASHAW A. 4

2.2. The Ethiopian construction Industry

2.3. Waste and waste management in the Construction Industry

The Construction industry, while contributing to overall socio-economic development of any

BY: MR. GASHAW A. 5

BY: MR. GASHAW A. 6

2.4. Barriers and Motivations for Improved Construction Waste Reduction

 Lack of a well-developed waste recycling market

 High disposal costs at disposal sites

BY: MR. GASHAW A. 8

 Inconsistencies between different governmental agencies

 Waste management culture within the organization

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 Lack of sustainable building education at university level

 Environmental awareness of the industry

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 Low demand by clients for sustainable buildings

 Attitudes of major practitioners

 Insufficient regulation support

 Existing regulations are difficult to operate in practice

 Government recycling mandates

 Insufficient knowledge on how to implement eco-technologies

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 Service experience with recycled materials

2.5. Waste reduction practice

 Forecasting, how much waste reduction is feasible;

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10 top tips for waste reduction (Project, 2014)

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2.6. Summary of literature review

BY: MR. GASHAW A. 15

3.2. Research strategy

3.3. Research type

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