AS Physics data and formulae

For use in exams from the June 2016 Series onwards

DATA - FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS AND VALUES

Quantity Symbol Value Units

speed of light in vacuo 𝑐 3.00 × 108 m s –1
permeability of free space 0 4π × 10–7 H m–1
permittivity of free space 0 8.85 × 10–12 F m–1
magnitude of the charge of electron 𝑒 1.60 × 10–19 C
the Planck constant ℎ 6.63 × 10–34 Js
gravitational constant 𝐺 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg –2
the Avogadro constant 𝑁A 6.02 × 1023 mol–1
molar gas constant 𝑅 8.31 J K –1 mol–1
the Boltzmann constant 𝑘 1.38 × 10–23 J K –1
the Stefan constant 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K –4
the Wien constant 2.90 × 10–3 mK
electron rest mass
𝑚e 9.11 × 10–31 kg
(equivalent to 5.5 × 10–4 u)
𝑒
electron charge/mass ratio 1.76 × 1011 C kg –1
𝑚e
proton rest mass
𝑚p 1.67(3) × 10–27 kg
(equivalent to 1.00728 u)
𝑒
proton charge/mass ratio 9.58 × 107 C kg –1
𝑚p
neutron rest mass
𝑚n 1.67(5) × 10–27 kg
(equivalent to 1.00867 u)
gravitational field strength 𝑔 9.81 N kg –1
acceleration due to gravity 𝑔 9.81 m s –2
atomic mass unit
u 1.661 × 10–27 kg
(1u is equivalent to 931.5 MeV)

ALGEBRAIC EQUATION GEOMETRICAL EQUATIONS

arc length =r
quadratic equation − b ± b 2 − 4 ac
x=
2a circumference of circle = 2πr
ASTRONOMICAL DATA area of circle = πr2
curved surface area of = 2πrh
Body Mass/kg Mean radius/m
cylinder
Sun 1.99 × 1030 6.96 × 108 area of sphere = 4πr2
4
Earth 5.97 × 1024 6.37 × 106 volume of sphere = πr3
3

Version 1.4 1
Particle Physics Waves
Class Name Symbol Rest energy/MeV 1
wave speed 𝑐 = 𝑓𝜆 period 𝑓 =
𝑇
photon photon 0
lepton neutrino ve first 1 𝑇
0 𝑓 = �
harmonic 2𝑙 𝜇
vµ 0
fringe 𝐷 diffraction
electron e± 0.510999 spacing 𝑤 = grating
𝑑 sin 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜆
𝑠
muon µ± 105.659 refractive index of a substance s, 𝑛 = 𝑐
𝑐
s
mesons π meson π± 139.576
for two different substances of refractive indices n1 and n2,
0
π 134.972 law of refraction 𝑛1 sin 𝜃1 = 𝑛2 sin 𝜃2
±
K meson K 493.821 critical angle sin 𝜃𝑐 =
𝑛2
for 𝑛1 > 𝑛2
𝑛1
0
K 497.762
baryons proton p 938.257 Mechanics
neutron n 939.551 moments moment = 𝐹𝑑
velocity and ∆𝑠 ∆𝑚
Properties of quarks acceleration 𝑚 = 𝑎 =
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
antiquarks have opposite signs
equations of 𝑢+𝑚
𝑚 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑠 =� �𝑡
Baryon motion 2
Type Charge Strangeness
number 𝑎𝑡 2
𝑚 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 +
2
2 1
u + e + 0 force 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
3 3
∆(𝑚𝑚)
1 1 force 𝐹 =
d − e + 0 ∆𝑡
3 3
impulse 𝐹 Δ𝑡 = Δ(𝑚𝑚)
1 1 work, energy 𝑊 = 𝐹 𝑠 cos 𝜃
s − e + −1
3 3 and power
1
𝐸k = 𝑚 𝑚2 Δ𝐸p = 𝑚𝑔Δℎ
2
Properties of Leptons ∆𝑊
𝑃 = , 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑚
∆𝑡
Lepton number 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑝
− − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
Particles: e , νe ; µ , νµ +1 𝑒𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑝

Antiparticles: e+ , ν e , µ + , ν µ −1
Materials
𝑚 Hooke’s law 𝐹 = 𝑘 𝛥𝛥
Photons and energy levels density 𝜌 =
𝑉
ℎ𝑐 𝐹
photon energy 𝐸 = ℎ𝑓 = tensile stress =
𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐴
Young modulus
𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑛 ∆𝐿
photoelectricity ℎ𝑓 = + 𝐸k (max) tensile strain =
𝐿
energy levels ℎ𝑓 = 𝐸1 – 𝐸2 1
energy stored 𝐸 = 2 𝐹Δ𝛥
ℎ ℎ
de Broglie Wavelength 𝜆 = =
𝑝 𝑚𝑚

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 AQA AS PHYSICS DATA AND FORMULAE

Electricity
∆𝑄 𝑊 𝑉
current and pd 𝐼 = 𝑉 = 𝑅 =
∆𝑡 𝑄 𝐼
𝑅𝑅
resistivity 𝜌=
𝐿
resistors in series 𝑅T = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + …

1 1 1 1
resistors in parallel = + + +⋯
𝑅T 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

𝑉2
power 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑅 = 2
𝑅
𝐸
emf 𝜀 = 𝜀 = 𝐼(𝑅 + 𝑟)
𝑄

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