General Question For Pipe

1. What is Pipe?
Answer: - A Pipe is a hollow cylinder, circular cross-section, used mainly to convey
substances which can flow — liquids and gases (fluids), slurries, powders, masses of
small solids.

2. List type of pipe on basis of manufacturing process?

Answer: - Type of pipe on basis of manufacturing process
1) Seamless pipe. { good quality pipe, probability of fewest defect}
2) ERW (Electric resistance welded). {Cheaper and faster to produce
than seamless pipe but nearly to perfect. SAES-L-136 prohibits the
use of ERW pipes in hazardous service in plant piping }
3) SAW (Submerged arc welded).
4) Spiral welded pipe.
5) Furnace welded pipe. { lowest cost & low quality pipe, Saudi Aramco
prohibits the use of these pipes in Hazardous Services (SAES-L-136) }

3. Where ERW or Seamless Pipe is used?

Answer: - Above 18” ERW or SAW longitudinal seam welded pipe is used, below 18”
Seamless pipe used.

4. What is schedule in piping?

Answer: - For all pipe sizes the outside diameter (O.D.) remains relatively constant. The
variations in wall thickness affects only the inside diameter (I.D.).

A schedule number indicates the approximate value of

Sch. = 1000 P/S

Where

P = service pressure (psi)

S = allowable stress (psi)

The higher the schedule number is, the thicker the pipe is. Since the outside diameter of
each pipe size is standardized, a particular nominal pipe size will have different inside pipe
diameter depending on the schedule specified
 General Question For Pipe
5. What do you mean by Jacketed Piping?

Answer: -Piping which is recognized as providing the most uniform application of heat
to the process, as well as maintaining the most uniform processing temperatures where
steam tracing is not capable of maintaining the temperature of fluid constant. Usually
used for molten sulphur, Polymers service.

6. What is dead leg?

Answer: - Components of a piping system that normally have no significant flow.
Examples, stagnant control valve bypass piping, drains.

7. What is a drip leg? Why it is provided?

Answer: - Condensate must be removed from the steam line as soon as possible by the use
of steam traps and drip legs . Drip legs collect condensate and are located at all low points
in steam lines and at intervals in horizontal piping. A steam trap is connected to the drip leg
and will open to allow the condensate to escape, then will close when it senses steam
thereby not allowing any steam to escape from the line. Strainers must be provided
upstream of the steam trap to prevent any scale or grit from entering the trap and causing
them to stick in an open position. Some traps have built in strainers.

If drip leg is not provided in steam line, the condensate which forms inside the pipe will
result in Water Hammer effect causing damage to piping system

8. What is difference between pipe and tube?

Answer: - Pipe is identify by its NB and thickness is defined by Schedule whereas tube is
identify by OD and its thickness by BWG. (Birmingham wire gauge or 1/100 inches) {The
difference is in size designation with respect to its outside diameters. PIPE NPS 12 and
 General Question For Pipe
smaller have Outside Diameters (OD) numerically greater than their corresponding sizes,
whereas for TUBE the Outside Diameter is numerically identical with their size designation
for all sizes.}

9. From which size onward OD of pipe is equal to NB of pipe?

Answer: - from 14” onward

10. Up to what temperature the CS material shall be used?

Answer: - CS shall be used up to 425 deg C

11. Which material shall be used above 426 deg C

Answer: - AS material

12. Which material shall be used for corrosive fluid?

Answer: - SS materials

13. Which material shall be used for drinking water instrument air and NI (LP)?
Answer:-Galvanized material

14. What is bolt?

Answer: - Bolt is a type of fastener characterized by a helical ridge, known as an external
thread or just thread, wrapped around a cylinder.

15. Flanges pre assemble inspection {Saudi Aramco}?

Answer: -
 The gasket shall be verified for correct type, rating, dimension and compatibility
with the flange facing. Also, it shall be free from any damage particularly in the
seating element. Ensure that spiral wound gaskets are stored flat especially for
large sizes, 24 inches and larger.
 Bolts, nuts and washers shall be visually checked for proper size, grade, and
dimension and for any physical damage to shanks or threads which would affect
the bolt assembly or performance. Also, check the suitability of the stud bolts
and nuts material for the service temperature and the compatibility with the
flange material.
 The flange facing, particularly the seating area, shall be visually examined for
cleanliness and ensure that no damage, such as scratches exist.
 General Question For Pipe
For ring joint type flanges, the ring and the ring groove shall be free of damage
and dirt.
 Verify that proper lubricant is used. Lubricant for bolts and nuts shall be Jet-Lube
SS-30 or other acceptable lubricants listed in Table-SAEP-351-01.
 Tightening tools shall be checked for adequacy, performance and calibration, if
required.
 Verify that lubricant is not used on the gasket seating area.
 Verify that flange shielding is installed if required.
Commentary Note:
Flange shielding is normally used for personnel protection against possible
liquid splash or high temperature.

16. What is bolt torquing procedure? { Saudi Aramco Procedure }

Answer:-

 Align flanges and gasket. Forced tightening is not allowed to overcome non
acceptable alignment tolerances. Clamp securely in place.
 Apply lubricant to stud threads over length and nut engagement and to face of
nut which contacts flange. Ensure that the nuts run freely down the thread of the
studs.
 Install all studs and nuts hand tight, ensure that studs pass freely through the
flange holes. Position the nut on one end of the stud such that only the crown of
the stud projects beyond the face of the nut. The excess stud length should
project beyond the nut on the other side.
Commentary Note:
By doing this, the nut that is installed nearly flush with the end of the stud
can be easily removed since the threads are not coated, and normally
have not been subjected to corrosion. The side of the stud with the flush
nut should be chosen by taking into consideration factors such as whether
one side has better access for maintenance personnel and/or tightening
tools, e.g., torque wrench or impact wrench, etc.
 Number each stud according to its position in the flange as shown on Figure Stud
Bolt Tightening Sequence.
 General Question For Pipe
 Tighten studs per the Stud Bolt Tightening Sequence per Figure SAEP-351-01 with
an appropriate tool such as an air impact wrench or equal.
17. Stud bolt additional tightening procedure where leak occur during hydro testing?
{Saudi Aramco}
Answer: -

 Depressurize the piping system and re-torque stud bolts to maximum torque
value shown on Table-SAEP-351.
 If leak does not stop after re-torquing has been performed, disassemble the
flange joint and inspect as follows:
a. Inspect stud bolts and nuts for defects or damage to threads or
improper cleaning of threads.
b. Inspect flange faces for damage, misalignment.
c. Inspect gasket for damage or defects.
 After all defective and damaged items have been repaired or replaced,
reassemble the flange joint using a new gasket and tighten the bolts using the
maximum torque values.
18. Torque wrench calibration duration?
Answer: - 6 months {Saudi Aramco}

19. What difference between torquing of CS and SS bolt?

Answer: - yield strength in greater carbon steel and torque value is greater.

20. What different between machined bolt and stud bolt?

Answer: - Machine bolt has a head on one side and nut on other side but stud bolt have
nuts on both sides.

21. What is a gasket?

Answer: - A gasket is a mechanical seal which fills the space between two mating
surfaces, generally to prevent leakage from the joined objects while under pressure.

22. What type of gasket is recommended for high temperature & high pressure
application?
Answer: - spiral wound metallic gaskets
 General Question For Pipe
23. Which material is used as filler material for spiral wound gasket in case of high
temperature service?
Answer: - for very high service, graphite filler used

24. What will the AARH finish on flange face for using spiral wounded gasket?
Answer: - 125-250 micro inches AARH

25. What is AARH? Measuring Surface Roughness

Answer: - Flange finish is generally measured by visual and tactile means. Comparing the
feel of the machined face with that of a surface finish comparator gauge, occasionally
referred to as a Rupert gauge, is considered adequate.
There are two common methods of expressing roughness. They are the Arithmetic
Average Roughness Height (AARH) and the Root Mean Square (RMS) Average.
Arithmetic Average Roughness Height- Calculation of the Arithmetic Average
Roughness Height involves measuring the distance of the peaks and valleys and
performing an arithmetic average of the measurements.
Root Mean Square Average - Calculation of the Root Mean Square Average involves
measuring the distance of peaks and valleys, adding the square of these measurements
and calculating the square root of the total. The RMS value is approximately 11% higher
than the

Arithmetic Average Roughness Height (AARH) is a way of describing surface finish on

gasket surfaces on flanges.

The approximation formula is Ra=y1+y2+y3...+yN / N

Where
Ra = arithmetic average deviation from the center line (of the surface)
y = ordinate of the curve of the profile (absolute value)
N = number of increments

The numbers below represent micro inches.

250-500 AARH is suitable for FF (flat face) flange with nonmetallic gasket sheet which is
compressed to the flange serration.

125-250 AARH is used for spiral wound gaskets and RF (raised face) flanges.

Very smooth flange surface (63 AARH) is suitable for metallic and metal jacketed
gaskets.
 General Question For Pipe
250 micro inches can be achieved with power saws. 125 can be achieved with milling,
and 63 can be done with laser cutting. Less than 63 require grinding or honing.

Metric equivalent

For example:

3.2 And 6.3 micrometers Ra is 125 to 250 AARH.

0.4 And 1.6 micrometers Ra is 16 to 63 AARH

26. What is centering ring in connection to spiral wound gasket?

Answer: -Spiral wound gaskets are provided with carbon steel external ring( OUTER RING)
called centering ring. This ring is fabricated in such a way that it will touch the bolts of
flange, to keep the gasket in centre.

27. What kind of inspection required during gasket inspection?

Answer:-
 Check gasket material as per isometric drawing
 Specification
 Size
 Rating
 Color code
 Visual inspection of surface damage

28. What is a flange?

Answer: - A flange is a method of connecting pipes, valves, pumps and other equipment
to form a piping system. It also provides easy access for cleaning, inspection or
modification. Flanges are usually welded or screwed. Flanged joints are made by bolting
together two flanges with a gasket between them to provide a seal.

29. How will you identify flanges if you had doubt about its rating?
Answer:-
 By checking no. of bolts holes
 By checking marking punched on it

30. Type of flange on basis of flange faces finish?

Answer:-
 Smooth finish
 Serrated finish
 General Question For Pipe
31. Where smooth finish flange & serrated finish flange find its use?
Answer: - The smooth finish flange is provided when metallic gasket is provided and
serrated finish flange is provided when non metallic gasket is provided.

32. How the serration on flange is specified?

Answer: - The serration on flange is specified by number, which is the Arithmetic
Average Rough Height (AARH)

33. Type of flange on basis of flange face?

Answer: -
 Flat face (FF)
 Raised face (RF)
 Male and Female Type(M/F)
 Ring Type Joint(RJT)
 Tongue and Grove(T/G)

34. Types of flanges on basis of pressure temperature rating?

Answer:-
 150#
 300#
 400#
 600#
 900#
 1500#
 2500#

35. Type of flanges on basis of Pipe end Attachment?

Answer:-
 Welded Neck flanges {attached by butt welding to the pipe, mostly used for
critical services where weld joint required Radiographic Inspection}
 Socket weld flanges {mostly used for small bore line only}
 Threaded flanges
 Slip on flanges
 Blind flanges
 Reducing flanges
 Lap joint flanges
 Integral { flanges which are cast along with pipe or equipment}
 General Question For Pipe
36. What item to be checked during orifice flange fabrication?
Answer: - flush grind of butt welds of orifice flange inside and seal welding of orifice
tapping pipe.

37. What are NDT method are required during orifice flange installation?
Answer: - visual and PT/MT

38. What is a jack screw? When they are required?

Answer: - jack screw is additional female threaded hole expect bolt holes on flange to
facilitate maintenance by easy disengage of flanges and in orifice flange it provide easy
maintenance of orifice plate.

39. What should be radius of long radius elbow?

Answer: - 1.5D [where D is diameter of pipe]

40. What should be radius of short radius elbow?

Answer: - 1D [where D is diameter of pipe]

41. What is basis of using of short radius & long radius elbow?
Answer: - LR elbow are used for small pressure drop & SR elbow are used for high
pressure drop. For catalyst flow very long radius elbow are used.

42. What is valve?

Answer: - A valve is a device which can be used to control the flow of liquids, gases, and
slurries by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are
technically pipe fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category.

43. How the valve is classified based on its method of operation?

Answer:-
 Self operated valve
 Operated valve

44. Name self operated and operated valve?

Answer: - Mainly check valve come under self operated valve, all other valve type come
under operated.
 General Question For Pipe
45. What is the function of valves?
Answer:-
 Isolation
 Regulation
 Non return
 Special purpose

46. How the valve classified based on their function?

Answer:-
 Isolation
a) Gate valve
b) Ball valve
c) Butterfly valve
d) Plug valve
e) Piston valve
f) Pinch valve
g) Diaphragm valve
 Regulation
a) Globe valve
b) Butterfly valve
c) Needle valve
d) Piston valve
e) Pinch valve
f) Diaphragm valve

 Non return
a) Check valve
 Special purpose
a) Multi port valve
b) Flush bottom valve
c) Float valve
d) Foot valve
e) Line blind valve
f) Knife gate valve

47. What is Min. clearance between pipe to pipe or pipe to structure?

Answer: - 50 mm rule between all piping and support.{ SAES – L – 310, Para 12}
 General Question For Pipe
48. What is Min clearance between structure with dead leg, drain, vents and branch
connection below 4 “and smaller?
Answer: - 24” (610mm) clearance is required.{ SAES-L-310,Para 12}

49. What is min. clearance between BOP of above ground pipe and ground level?
Answer: - 300mm

50. Why shim plate is installed and it is A punch item or B punch item?
Answer: - To fill gap between support and structure and it’s A Punch item.
 Shim provides correct movement.
 Corrects misalignment
 And provide full bearing of support as needed.

51. Why guides are used for?

Answer: - Guide controls the horizontal movements of pipe.

52. Socket Joints (SAES-L-010, PIPs, Checklists)

Min. and Max. Gap allowed for socket welding in new construction of
piping?
Answer: - 1.5 to 3 mm gap prior to welding. (To avoid crack caused by thermal
expansion)

 What is the best way to assure consistent gap is maintained?

Answer: - Use of gap-o-let rings, use pull and push technique.

 What is the minimum fillet weld size for a socket welded connection?
Answer: - 1-1/4t but not less than 3.2mm.

53. Threaded Joints (SAES-L-010, PIPs, Checklists)

 What is the maximum diameter piping allowed in hazardous service?

Answer: - 1-1/2”

 What is the minimum sized piping that can be installed on pipe racks?
Answer: - 1” (AB-036207-Pipe spacing)

 What is the required thread engagement for piping at SA and where can it be
Found?

 What is the requirement for seal welding at SA?

 General Question For Pipe
Answer: - SAES-L-010 and specifications.

 Can Teflon tape be used prior to seal welding?

Answer: -Teflon tape is not allowed prior to
Welding

 How many threads can be visible after seal welding threaded joints?
Answer: - All exposed thread shall be covered during seal welding, no thread
shall be exposed. Seal welding provide no strength to the joint; it’s only used to
prevent leakage.

54. What inches above saddle support is provided?

Answer: - 30” NPS above piping {SAES-L-310, Para 16}

55. What is steam trap?

Answer: - Steam traps are a type of automatic valve that filters out condensate (i.e.
condensed steam) and non-condensable gases such as air without letting steam escape.
In industry, steam is used regularly for heating or as a driving force for mechanical
power. Steam traps are used in such applications to ensure that steam is not wasted.

56. Which parameters will u check during checking Piping Isometrics?

Answer: - Bill of Material, Pipe Routing wrt GAD, Supporting arrangement, details of
Insulation, hydro test pressure, painting specs and provision of Vent and Drains at
Appropriate locations.

57. What is the minimum distance to be maintained between two welds in a pipe?
Answer: - Minimum spacing of circumferential welds between centerlines shall not be
less than 3 times the pipe wall thickness or 20 mm whichever is greater. {SAES –W – 11}

58. What is P No.?

Answer: - To reduce the number of welding and brazing procedure qualifications
required base metals have been assigned P-Numbers by the ASME BPVC. Ferrous
metals which have specified impact test requirements have been assigned Group
Numbers within P-Numbers.

These assignments have been based on comparable base metal characteristics, such
as:

      Composition
      Weldability
 General Question For Pipe
      Brazeability
      Mechanical Properties

Indiscriminant substitution of materials in a set of P-Numbers or Group Numbers may

lead to problems or potentially failures. Engineering assessment is necessary prior to a
change in materials.

59. Few item removed during hydro?

Answer: -

 Pressure relief valve

 Pressure gauge

 Control valve

 orifices plate

 Venture meter

 Equip that cannot be drained

 Strainer and filter elements.

60. What is a reason to install expansion loop in piping?

Answer: - Expansion loop is a piping arrangement .To control expansion and contraction
in pipeline due to fluid temperature change /climatic effect

61. What is formula to calculate 1 deg

Answer: - pie D/360
D = outer dia of pipe
Result will be 1 deg of that pipe
62. What is a layup procedure?

Answer: - Among all the alternatives of laying up a pipeline for mothballing, or following a
hydrostatic test prior to commissioning, wet lay-up using chemically treated water is considered
the most cost-effective approach. The water is usually treated with oxygen scavenger and
bactericide to minimize corrosion damage. However, at the end of the lay-up period (which can
be a few years), disposal of bactericide-treated water has created environmental concerns
because of the potential toxic impact to the receiving environment. Procedures for disposal of
such water have yet to be resolved.
 General Question For Pipe
Bactericide used for wet lay-up application should provide adequate long-term corrosion
protection and is environmentally acceptable as well. However, studies have shown that the most
effective bactericides in terms of antimicrobial performance were highly toxic to marine
organisms, whereas the least toxic bactericides performed poorly in microbial growth inhibition
tests. These results suggest that it is unlikely to find a chemical which can meet both
requirements (highly effective antimicrobially and with the lowest aquatic toxicity). A more
practical approach to resolve this problem is probably to use physical or chemical methods to
detoxify the bactericide-treated water, reducing the toxicity to below detectable limit prior to
discharge. This approach should be more economical compared to other options, such as (1) dry
lay-up, (2) reducing or eliminating bactericide treatment in the water, thereby taking the risk of
corrosion damage during the lay-up period, (3) discharging bactericide-treated water into a lined
evaporation pond, (4) rescheduling hydrostatic testing, or (5) using high pH water without
bactericide for wet lay-up.

63. What are normally used Aramco Standards?

Answer:-

Normally used STDS

SAES-A-004-General Requirements for Pressure Testing

SAES-A-007- Hydrostatic Testing Fluids and Lay-Up Procedures

SAES-L-150- Pressure Testing of Plant Piping and Pipelines

SAES-L-310- Design of Plant Piping

SAES-L-350-Construction of Plant Piping

SAES-W-011 - Welding Requirements for On-Plot Piping

Normally used SAEP

SAEP-351 - Bolted Flange Joints Assembly

Bolt Torquing SAIC &SATR

SAIC-L-2014 - INSPECTION OF BOLTED FLANGE JOINT ASSEMBLY

SAIC-L-2043 - Valve Installation Inspection & Valve Stroking

SATR-L-2001 - Flange Joint Assembly & Gasket Installation Report

Hydro Test

SAIC-A-2011- Inspection of Pressure Test Preparation

 General Question For Pipe
SAIC-A-2013- Inspection of Filling & Pressurization (Hydrotest)

SAIC-A-2015 - Visual Inspection at Test Pressure

SAIC-A-2017 - Depressurization & Disposal of Hydrotest Water

SAIC-L-2017 - Piping / Equipment Internal Cleaning Inspection

SATR-A-2001- Pressure Test Report

SATR-A-2008 - Internal Cleanliness Report (Piping Systems & Equip)

64. What is a min dia of weep hole in Aramco Standard? Why it is required? What its
position in dummy support?
Answer: - A 6 mm dia weep hole shall be drilled for all dummy support. The weep hole
shall be drilled near the base plate of vertical dummy support and 6 o clock position in
horizontal dummy. Weep holes are provided for venting of hot gas produced during
welding. {SAES- L – 350 , PARA 13 .2 .3]
65. If U work on documentation how can u work as piping inspector?
Answer:-
 Should have knowledge of about project standard, specs and code.
 Reviewing of calibration certificates of valve, manifold and pressure gauge.
 Reviewing of mill test certificate.
 Analyzing the ISO drawing, checking whether the design pressure is as per the
line class.
 Reviewing of hydro test package ( all document such as NDE reports, PMI reports
Orifice flange report, joint summary sheet shall be reviewed)

66. What is difference between hydro test, pneumatic test and service test?
Answer:-
 Hydrostatic Test: A pressure test conducted using water or other approved liquid as the
test medium

 Pneumatic Test: A pressure test conducted using air or other approved gas as the test
medium or in conjunction with liquid.
 Service Test: A leak test conducted at operating pressure using the service fluid.(fire
water line)
67. What is the value of test pressure in hydro and pneumatic test?
Answer:-
 Hydro test: - not more than 1.5 times the design pressure.
 General Question For Pipe
 Manifold test :- at least 1.2 times the system pressure but not less than
discharge pressure of pump used for pressure testing
 Pneumatic test:- a set pressure not higher than the test pressure plus lesser of
345 kpa (50 psi) or 10 % of the test pressure….. the instrument impulse line,
weather piping or tubing, between root isolation valve and the instrument
isolation shall be pneumatically pressure tested (using air or nitrogen) at 1.25
times the design pressure of piping system or process equipment to which it is
connected.
68. What are calibration requirement for pressure gauge, min number used and its
location?
Answer:-
 The calibration interval shall not exceed one (1) month. Calibration certificates shall be
made available to Inspection personnel prior to commencement of the pressure test.
Stickers shall be applied indicating the latest calibration date.
 All gages shall have a range such that the test pressure is within 30 to 80% of the full
range.
 A minimum of two pressure gages are required for the test system. One pressure gage
shall be on the test pump and the other(s) on the test system. Their accuracy shall be
within 5% of one another.
 When large systems are tested, Inspection personnel will determine the need for
additional gages.
 Recording gages shall be used where it is necessary to keep a permanent record, e.g.,
when the test duration exceeds four hours, or otherwise as required by this standard.

69. Where do we attain test pressure and why?

Answer:- we attain test pressure at highest pressure gauge because due to gravity, at
every 10 m height 1 bar pressure reduces.

70. What we will check in water analysis report and its value for CS and SS?
Answer:- in water analysis report we will check the PH value and chloride content of
water.
 CS – PH Value is 7.5 +_ 5 and chloride content less than 250 ppm
 SS - PH Value is 10.5 +_ 0.5 and chloride content less than 50 ppm
71. Can you use hydro test instead of pneumatic test pressure?
Answer:-
 Pneumatic is not permitted without written approval of the company inspector ,
unless specifically allowed by standard
 When pneumatic testing is not practical(e.g. : pressure greater than 1000 psig.
physical configuration etc)testing with liquid is permitted.
 General Question For Pipe
72. What are Saudi Aramco standard for hydro test?
Answer:-
 SAES- A- 004 – General requirement of pressure testing.
 SAES- A- 007 – Hydrostatic testing fluids and lay up procedure.
 SAES- L- 150 - Pressure testing of plant piping & pipelines.

73. What are the equipment excluded from pressure test?

Answer:-
 Rotating machinery, such as pumps , turbines and compressor
 Strainers and filter elements
 Pressure relieving devices, such as rupture disks and pressure relief valve
 Locally mounted indicating pressure gauge, where the test pressure will exceed
their scale range,
 Equipment that cannot be drained.
 Instrument Devices.

74. What are type of valve on based on end connection

Answer:-
 Screwed ends.
 Socket ends.
 Flanged ends.
 Butt weld ends.
 Buttress ends.
 Wafer type ends.
75. Where we use temporary gaskets?
Answer: - Used as a test limit during hydro test.

76. What are the type gasket

77. Answer:-
A. Based on construction
 Full Face
 Spiral wounded metallic
 Ring type
 Metal Jacketed
 Inside Bolt Circle
B. Based on material
 Synthetic rubber
 General Question For Pipe
 Solid Teflon
 Compressed Asbestos
 CS ( High Pressure Fluid)
 SS(High Fluid Corrosive)
 Spiral Wound a)Teflon b)CS c)SS
78. Explain orifice plate?

Answer: - An orifice plate is a device used to measure the rate of fluid flow. It uses the
same principle as a Venturi nozzle, namely Bernoulli's principle which says that there is a
relationship between the pressure of the fluid and the velocity of the fluid. When the
velocity increases, the pressure decreases and vice versa.

An orifice plate is basically a thin plate with a hole in the middle. It is usually placed in a
pipe in which fluid flows. As fluid flows through the pipe, it has a certain velocity and a
certain pressure. When the fluid reaches the orifice plate, with the hole in the middle,
the fluid is forced to converge to go through the small hole; the point of maximum
convergence actually occurs shortly downstream of the physical orifice, at the so-called
vena contracta point . As it does so, the velocity and the pressure changes. Beyond the
vena contracta, the fluid expands and the velocity and pressure change once again. By
measuring the difference in fluid pressure between the normal pipe section and at the
vena contracta, the volumetric and mass flow rates can be obtained from Bernoulli's
equation

79. SAES standard for flanges?

Answer:-
 SAES – L- 109- Selection of pipe flanges ,stud bolts and gaskets
 SAEP – 351 – Bolted flange assembly
80. What is a tack weld
Answer:- tack weld is the temporary weld to maintain joint alignment. All tack welds
shall be made by qualified welders. Recommended tack weld thickness is 3.2 – 4.8mm &
length is 12.5 – 25.4 mm. the minimum number of tack welds for 3.5 inch and below are
3 equally spaced tacks. Above 3.5 inch 4 equally spaced tacks. If joint alignment is not
achieved assigned inspector can advise for more tack welds.

81. What is general requirement should be checked during hydro test stainless steel?
Answer: During hydro testing stainless steel chloride ion content shall be 50 mg/L
And after draining, system should be dried to Deg C and protected against corrosion.

82.
83.
 General Question For Pipe
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.

http://www.wermac.org/flanges/flanges_general_part2.html

http://www.pipingguide.net/2010/08/piping-layout.html

http://www.gowelding.com/wp/asme4.htm

http://www.wes.ir/files/2326318welding%20qualification.pdf guide book sec 9

http://www.scribd.com/ukrishnan_53/d/57113134-ASME-9-TIPS sec 9 tips