Data Analysis Sample

Lexical items analysed are taken from Russell Jones’ Loan-Words in Indonesian and Malay
(2008)

Consonants and vowels distribution in Italian according to Rogers and d’Arcangeli

(2004)

Consonant and vowel distribution in English (RP variant) according to Roach (2004)
Consonant and vowel distribution in Indonesian according to Soderberg and Olson
(2008)

It is observable in the previous graphs of distribution that there are phonemes that are present
in one language but absent on the other, such as the case of the phoneme /ʎ/ in Italian and the
glottal plosive /ʔ/ in Indonesian, or the phonemes / θ/ and /ð/ in English.

Phoneme Correspondences of Italian Loanwords in English and Indonesian in Music

Terminology

Italian Lexical Items English Lexical Items Indonesian Lexical Items

Adagio /aˈdaʤo/ Adagio /əˈdɑːʤɪəʊ/ Adagio /aˈdagio/
Crescendo /kre.ʃen.do/ Crescendo /krɪˈʃɛndəʊ/ Kréséndo /kresenˈdo/
The sample above shows how the sound of the phoneme of the Indonesian word adagio
corresponds to the letters differently from its English and Italian cognates. In Indonesian, the
letter g is represented by the phoneme /g/ while in English it is represented by a /ʤ/. In
Italian, on the other hand, there are no vowels preceding the phoneme /o/, as present in the
English cognate in /əˈdɑːʤɪəʊ/ and Indonesian /aˈdagio/. In Italian, the phoneme /ʤ/ is
immediately followed by an /o/ without any linking vowels in between.